Compounds > adenine
Page last updated: 2024-12-04

adenine

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Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID190
CHEMBL ID226345
CHEBI ID16708
SCHEMBL ID8110
MeSH IDM0000347

Synonyms (217)

Synonym
smr000471871
MLS001066342
6-aminopurine (adenine)
einecs 200-796-1
adenine [jan]
nsc 14666
adenin
CHEBI:16708 ,
KBIO1_001575
DIVK1C_006631
SDCCGMLS-0066584.P001
9h-purine,6-dihydro-6-imino-
wln: t56 bm dn fn hnj iz
1h-purine, 6-amino-
nsc-14666
nsc14666
leucon (tn)
D00034
adenine (jan/usp)
SPECTRUM4_001891
SPECTRUM_001106
SPECTRUM5_000542
CMAP_000085
ADE ,
OPREA1_057274
BSPBIO_002152
inchi=1/c5h5n5/c6-4-3-5(9-1-7-3)10-2-8-4/h1-2h,(h3,6,7,8,9,10
9h-purin-6-amine
6-amino-3h-purine
6-amino-1h-purine
pedatisectine b
adeninimine
9h-purine, 1,6-dihydro-6-imino-
ccris 2556
usaf cb-18
1h-purin-6-amine
1h-purine, 6-amino
6-amino-7h-purine
1,6-dihydro-6-iminopurine
leuco-4
ai3-50679
3,6-dihydro-6-iminopurine
purine, 6-amino-
vitamin b4
6-amino-9h-purine
1h-purin-6-amine (9ci)
adenine (8ci)
73-24-5
ADENINE-RING ,
adenine ,
6-aminopurine
C00147
adenine, >=99%
adenine, bioreagent, plant cell culture tested, >=99%
adenine, suitable for cell culture, bioreagent
1JYS
1NLI
DB00173
1WEI
NCGC00094856-02
NCGC00094856-01
7h-purin-6-amine
KBIO2_004154
KBIO2_001586
KBIOSS_001586
KBIOGR_002562
KBIO3_001652
KBIO2_002562
KBIO2_007698
KBIOGR_002447
KBIO3_003040
KBIOSS_002571
NCI60_000998
KBIO2_006722
KBIO2_005130
SPECPLUS_000535
SPECTRUM3_000616
SPBIO_000426
SPECTRUM2_000583
SPECTRUM1500807
NCGC00094856-03
4, vitamin b
2P8N
vitamin b 4
b 4, vitamin
STK387542
adenine, 1
chembl226345 ,
bdbm33218
HMS2092K20
AC-2028
6379C0E0-C1BB-4087-96C5-1DE281B8EA4C
A0149
2PQJ
P50008
AKOS000118903
BMSE000060
purin-6-amine
FT-0656198
HMS1921I14
jac85a2161 ,
unii-jac85a2161
adenine [usp:jan]
BMSE000861
BBL007925
cas-73-24-5
dtxcid502557
NCGC00255120-01
tox21_302108
dtxsid6022557 ,
nsc-757793
nsc757793
BCP9000233
pharmakon1600-01500807
tox21_111348
BMSE000995
HMS2269I04
71660-30-5
71660-29-2
3h-purin-6-amine (9ci)
7h-purin-6-amine (9ci)
CCG-38506
AKOS005171607
BCPP000433
(s)-norfluoxetine-d5
EPITOPE ID:140097
Z-1043
S1981
BL008313
gtpl4788
AB00052833-19
AB00052833-18
FT-0620943
adenine [mart.]
adenine [usp impurity]
adenine [who-dd]
adenosine impurity a [ep impurity]
adenine [vandf]
adenine [inci]
adenine [usp-rs]
adenine [mi]
adenine [ep monograph]
adenine [usp monograph]
HY-B0152
CS-1984
AM83908
SCHEMBL8110
3KPV
tox21_111348_1
NCGC00094856-05
9h-purin-6-ylamine
[3h]adenine
6-amino purine
7h-purin-6-ylamine
9h-purin-6-yl-amine
1h-purine-6-amine
9h-purin-6-amine #
9h-purine-6-amine
134434-49-4
134454-76-5
W-106856
Q-200595
66224-66-6
3h-purin-6(7h)-imine
1h-purin-6(9h)-imine
AB00052833_23
AB00052833_24
AB00052833_20
AB00052833_22
mfcd00041790
us9138393, adenine
bdbm181146
us9144538, adenine
F0001-1848
adenine, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
SR-05000001754-2
sr-05000001754
adenine, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
SR-05000001754-1
6,7-dihydro-3h-purin-6-imine
adenine, vetec(tm) reagent grade, >=99%
adenine, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
adenine; 7h-purin-6-amine
3h-adenine
SBI-0052324.P002
6-amino-purine
9h-purin-6-yl-amin
6h-purin-6-imine, 1,9-dihydro-, (e)- (9ci)
6h-purin-6-imine, 3,7-dihydro-, (z)- (9ci)
134461-75-9
6h-purin-6-imine, 1,7-dihydro-, (z)- (9ci)
134434-48-3
6h-purin-6-imine, 3,9-dihydro-, (z)- (9ci)
6-aminopurine;vitamin b4
Z104498572
7h-purin-6-amine, min. 95%
adenine,(s)
AS-11841
1217770-71-2
BCP02865
Q15277
EN300-21472
(z)-3,9-dihydro-6h-purin-6-imine
adenine 100 microg/ml in water
1,9-dihydro-6h-purin-6-imine
A935233
VCA70030
STARBLD0001134
adenine, cell culture grade
bdbm50582699
adenine (usp-rs)
adenine1546
adenine (ep monograph)
adenine (usp:jan)
adenine (usp monograph)
adenine (mart.)
adenine (usp impurity)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Adenine methylation is an epigenetic modification present in DNA (6mA) and RNA (m6A) that has a regulatory function in many cellular processes. Eritadenine is a hypocholesterolemic compound that is found in several mushroom species.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Adenine methylation is an epigenetic modification present in DNA (6mA) and RNA (m6A) that has a regulatory function in many cellular processes."( Same modification, different location: the mythical role of N
De-la-Peña, C; Jiménez-Ramírez, IA; Moreno-Cálix, DM; Pijeira-Fernández, G, 2022)		1.44
"Adenine is a key nucleobase, adenosine is an endogenous regulator of the immune system, while adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy source of many biological reactions. "( Aptamer-based strategies for recognizing adenine, adenosine, ATP and related compounds.
Li, Y; Liu, J, 2020)		2.27
"Adenine is an important molecule for biomedical and agricultural research and applications. "( Silver-Based SERS Pico-Molar Adenine Sensor.
Lin, BY; Tzeng, Y, 2020)		2.29
"Adenine is a purine nucleobase that amalgamates important biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and ATP."( Radioresistance of Adenine to Cosmic Rays.
Auge, B; Boduch, P; Domaracka, A; Martinez, R; Mejía, CF; Rothard, H; Vignoli Muniz, GS, 2017)		1.5
"Eritadenine is a hypocholesterolemic compound that is found in several mushroom species such as Lentinula edodes, Marasmius oreades, and Amanita caesarea (1.4, 0.7 and 0.6 mg per g dry weight, respectively). "( Effect of traditional and modern culinary processing, bioaccessibility, biosafety and bioavailability of eritadenine, a hypocholesterolemic compound from edible mushrooms.
Largo, C; Morales, D; Piris, AJ; Polo, G; Soler-Rivas, C; Tabernero, M, 2018)		1.25
"Adenine auxotrophy is a commonly used genetic marker in haploid yeast strains. "( Adenine auxotrophy--be aware: some effects of adenine auxotrophy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain W303-1A.
Kibilds, J; Kokina, A; Liepins, J, 2014)		3.29
"Adenine is a common organic base and its concentration variations caused by foods, has various effects on the body metabolic systems."( Effects of adenine on the pituitary-gonad axis in newborns rats.
Johari, H; Parhizkar, Z; Talebi, E, 2008)		1.46
"Adenine serves as an effective matrix for the stabilization of Ag/CdS through interaction of N(1), N(3) and -NH(2) with Ag."( Time resolved emission studies of Ag-adenine-templated CdS (Ag/CdS) nanohybrids.
Chaudhary, V; Kumar, A, 2009)		1.35
"The adenine molecule is a DNA nucleobase, an essential component of genetic material. "( Ultraviolet photostability of adenine on gold and silicon surfaces.
Martín-Gago, JA; Mateo-Martí, E; Pradier, CM, )		0.98
"Adenine is a uric acid pathway metabolite of no known function, and has recently been identified as a ligand for a rat G protein-coupled receptor. "( Adenine induces differentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells.
Gautam, S; Gomes, DA; Mehal, WZ; Sohail, MA; Watanabe, A, 2012)		3.26
"Adenine is an important bio-molecule that plays many crucial roles in food safety and biomedical diagnostics. "( Supramolecular polymeric chemosensor for biomedical applications: design and synthesis of a luminescent zinc metallopolymer as a chemosensor for adenine detection.
Chow, CF, 2012)		2.02
"Adenine is an important compound in biological systems, such as genetic and energy utilization processes. "( Behavior of adenine in Na-montmorillonite exposed to gamma radiation: implications to chemical evolution studies.
Guzmán, A; Negrón-Mendoza, A; Ramos-Bernal, S, 2002)		2.14
"Adenine is an approved additive to citrate-phosphate-dextrose anticoagulant for whole blood collection and extends the storage life of red blood cells. "( The effect of adenine on platelet storage.
Rock, G; Wong, SC, )		1.93
"Adenine N1-oxide is a DNA lesion whose formation involves the specific oxidation of the adenine base by hydrogen peroxide under nonradical conditions. "( Polyclonal antibodies to adenine N1-oxide: characterization and use for the measurement of DNA damage.
Cadet, J; Molko, D; Signorini, N, 1998)		2.05
"This adenine (A622) is a pH controlled conformational switch that opens up the internal loop at higher pH."( A pH controlled conformational switch in the cleavage site of the VS ribozyme substrate RNA.
Dieckmann, T; Flinders, J, 2001)		0.77
"Adenine derivative 2a is a substrate for adenosine deaminase whereas both 2a and 2b exhibit 50% inhibition of the growth of murine leukemia L 1210 cell culture at 1 mM concentration."( Synthesis and biological properties of 9-(trans-4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)adenine and guanine: open-chain analogues of neplanocin A.
Phadtare, S; Zemlicka, J, 1987)		1.23

Effects

Adenine has a largely hydrophobic protein interface. phosphate interacts primarily with hydrophilic residues. ribose is intermediate.

The adenine reaction has been studied experimentally, but there are few theoretical results. Adenine sensitivity has been previously associated with defective purine salvage resulting from impaired synthesis of guanine nucleotides. 8-Azaadenines have been recently proposed as a novel promising class of adenosine A1 receptor antagonists.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Adenine has a unique importance in biochemistry and therefore life."( Radioresistance of Adenine to Cosmic Rays.
Auge, B; Boduch, P; Domaracka, A; Martinez, R; Mejía, CF; Rothard, H; Vignoli Muniz, GS, 2017)		1.5
"Adenine has a largely hydrophobic protein interface, while phosphate interacts primarily with hydrophilic residues; ribose is intermediate."( Protein recognition of adenylate: an example of a fuzzy recognition template.
Mitchell, JB; Moodie, SL; Thornton, JM, 1996)		1.02
"Adenine has a unique importance in biochemistry and therefore life."( Radioresistance of Adenine to Cosmic Rays.
Auge, B; Boduch, P; Domaracka, A; Martinez, R; Mejía, CF; Rothard, H; Vignoli Muniz, GS, 2017)		1.5
"The adenine reaction has been studied experimentally, but there are few theoretical results."( Hydroxyl radical reactions with adenine: reactant complexes, transition states, and product complexes.
Cheng, Q; Compaan, KR; Gu, J; Schaefer, HF, 2010)		1.13
"The adenine residue has no influence on complex stability except in the Cu(9,8aPMEA) and Zn(9,8aPMEA) systems, where an additional stability increase attributable to the adenine residue is observed and equilibria between four different isomers exist."( Quantification of isomeric equilibria formed by metal ion complexes of 8-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-8-azaadenine (8,8aPMEA) and 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-8-azaadenine (9,8aPMEA). Derivatives of the antiviral nucleotide analogue 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy
Gómez-Coca, RB; González-Vílchez, F; Holý, A; Kapinos, LE; Sigel, H; Vilaplana, RA, 2004)		1.02
"8-Azaadenines have been recently proposed as a novel promising class of adenosine A1 receptor antagonists. "( QSAR study on a novel series of 8-azaadenine analogues proposed as A1 adenosine receptor antagonists.
Biagi, G; Bianucci, AM; Coi, A; Fiamingo, F; Giorgi, I; Leonardi, M; Massarelli, I; Nofal, FA; Pietra, D, 2008)		1.13
"Adenine has a largely hydrophobic protein interface, while phosphate interacts primarily with hydrophilic residues; ribose is intermediate."( Protein recognition of adenylate: an example of a fuzzy recognition template.
Mitchell, JB; Moodie, SL; Thornton, JM, 1996)		1.02
"Adenine sensitivity has been previously associated with defective purine salvage resulting from impaired synthesis of guanine nucleotides from adenine."( Purine catabolism in Escherichia coli and function of xanthine dehydrogenase in purine salvage.
Reitzer, L; Schneider, BL; Xi, H, 2000)		1.03
"Adenine deaminase has been partially purified and characterized."( Catabolism of adenosine 5'-monophosphate in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica.
Königk, E; Rasoul, SA, 1978)		0.98
"The adenine action has been proved down to a concentration of 3 X 10(-6) M."( [Regulation of age-dependent phenomena. Influence of C6-substituted purines on cell aggregation and cell migration in primary cultures of lense epithelial cells].
Glässer, D; Iwig, M; Weber, E, 1975)		0.74

Actions

Adenine plays an essential role in replication in all known living systems today. Adenine led to marked increase of ATP and 2- to 4-fold stimulation of starch synthesis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Adenine overload promotes intratubular crystal precipitation and interstitial nephritis. "( NF-κB activation mediates crystal translocation and interstitial inflammation in adenine overload nephropathy.
Arias, SC; Barlette, GP; Borges, RL; Camara, NO; de Almeida, DC; Fanelli, C; Fujihara, CK; Machado, FG; Malheiros, DM; Okabe, C; Zatz, R, 2013)		2.06
"8PT-adenine did not activate PKA or inhibit DNA synthesis by AZF cells."( 8-Phenylthio-adenines stimulate the expression of steroid hydroxylases, Cav3.2 Ca²⁺ channels, and cortisol synthesis by a cAMP-independent mechanism.
Enyeart, JA; Enyeart, JJ; Liu, H, 2011)		1.22
"Adenine may produce the effects observed by increasing the rate at which ethionine enters the cell and reaches its primary site of antibacterial action."( ENHANCEMENT BY ADENINE OF THE INHIBITION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM BY ETHIONINE.
SALMON, WD; SMITH, RC, 1965)		1.32
"Adenine displays at least two adsorption sites, including a high-energy site (210 degrees C, approximately 136 kJ/mol), wherein the molecule coordinates to the gold substrate via the NH2 group in an sp3-like, strongly perturbed, nonplanar configuration."( On the structure and desorption dynamics of DNA bases adsorbed on gold: a temperature-programmed study.
Demers, LM; Liedberg, B; Mirkin, CA; Ostblom, M, 2005)		1.05
"Adenine led to marked increase of ATP and 2- to 4-fold stimulation of starch synthesis."( Increased levels of adenine nucleotides modify the interaction between starch synthesis and respiration when adenine is supplied to discs from growing potato tubers.
Geigenberger, P; Loef, I; Stitt, M, 2001)		1.36
"Adenine plays an essential role in replication in all known living systems today, and is prominent in many other aspects of biochemistry. "( The prebiotic role of adenine: a critical analysis.
Shapiro, R, 1995)		2.05
"Adenine induced an increase of about three times the initial ATP concentration of this mutant at 42 degrees C which dropped quickly after 10 min."( Effect of adenine, cytidine and guanosine on the expression of the SOS system in Escherichia coli.
Barbé, J; Guerrero, R; Llagostera, M; Villaverde, A, 1985)		1.39

Treatment

Adenine treatment reduced body weight, creatinine renal clearance, and increased water intake and urine output. Adenine-treated animals exhibited marked azotemia, impaired urinary concentrating capacity, intense tubular and glomerular damage, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Adenine treated rats had a reduction in urine output (‒45%), food intake (‒46%), body weight (‒28%), total proteins (‒66%) and albumin (‒59%) and an increase in creatinine (950%), BUN (73.6%), and kidney weight (43.75%). "( Nephroprotective effects of ethanolic root extract of
Arunachalam, R; Devi, S; Eerike, M; Radhakrishnan, AK; Rao Konda, VG, )		1.57
"Adenine treatment reduced body weight, creatinine renal clearance, and increased water intake and urine output, as well as the plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity, and albumin in urine."( The effect of sildenafil on rats with adenine-Induced chronic kidney disease.
Adham, SA; Al Kalbani, J; Al Suleimani, Y; Al Za'abi, M; Ali, BH; Karaca, T; Manoj, P; Nemmar, A; Yasin, J, 2018)		1.47
"The adenine-treated animals exhibited marked azotemia, impaired urinary concentrating capacity, intense tubular and glomerular damage, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. "( Role of impaired Nrf2 activation in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic tubulo-interstitial nephropathy.
Aminzadeh, MA; Nicholas, SB; Norris, KC; Vaziri, ND, 2013)		0.95
"Adenine treatment impaired kidney function: it lowered creatinine clearance and increased plasma concentrations of creatinine, urea, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and vanin-1."( The effect of activated charcoal on adenine-induced chronic renal failure in rats.
Al-Lawati, I; Ali, BH; Alza'abi, M; Beegam, S; Brand, S; Nemmar, A; Ramkumar, A; Schupp, N; Waly, MI, 2014)		1.4
"Adenine-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive continuous peritoneal injections of PDF with or without MGO for three weeks or were left untreated for the same duration. "( Peritoneal fibrosis induced by intraperitoneal methylglyoxal injection: the role of concurrent renal dysfunction.
Akimoto, T; Hirahara, I; Inoue, M; Kusano, E; Morishita, Y; Nagata, D; Onishi, A, 2014)		1.85
"Adenine-treated animals experienced weight-loss, polyuria and polydipsia; however, these effects were significantly attenuated in adenine-treated Gunn rats."( Endogenously elevated bilirubin modulates kidney function and protects from circulating oxidative stress in a rat model of adenine-induced kidney failure.
Benzie, IF; Boon, AC; Briskey, D; Bulmer, AC; Coombes, JS; Fassett, RG; Gopalan, V; Lam, AK, 2015)		1.35
"Adenine treatment in rats has been proposed as an animal model of anemia of CKD with high hepcidin levels that mirrors the condition in human patients."( A hepcidin lowering agent mobilizes iron for incorporation into red blood cells in an adenine-induced kidney disease model of anemia in rats.
Babitt, JL; Brown, DE; Cappellini, MD; Chen, S; Hong, CC; Lin, HY; Stepanek, A; Sun, CC; Theurl, I; Vaja, V; Weiss, G, 2013)		1.33
"Adenine-treated rats exhibited increased hepatic hepcidin mRNA, decreased serum iron, increased spleen iron content, low hemoglobin (Hb) and inappropriately low erythropoietin (EPO) levels relative to the degree of anemia. "( A hepcidin lowering agent mobilizes iron for incorporation into red blood cells in an adenine-induced kidney disease model of anemia in rats.
Babitt, JL; Brown, DE; Cappellini, MD; Chen, S; Hong, CC; Lin, HY; Stepanek, A; Sun, CC; Theurl, I; Vaja, V; Weiss, G, 2013)		2.06
"Adenine-treated rats showed marked elevations of serum phosphorus, PTH and FGF23 levels associated with parathyroid hyperplasia and aortic calcification."( [Effects of intermittent treatment with sevelamer hydrochloride on parathyroid hyperplasia and vascular calcification in rats with chronic kidney disease].
Abe, M; Kobayashi, N; Miyata, S; Nagano, N; Wada, M; Wakita, S, 2005)		1.05
"The adenine-treated rats were divided into the following 3 groups, that is, the group experienced no treatment (control), the group given our Chinese herbal medicine (HAO), and the group given vitamin D3 (VD3) medication."( Effects of the Chinese herbal medicine based on Hachimi-jio-gan in male rats with the adenine-induced osteopenia.
Gao, M; Guo, L; Guo, Y; Ishida, T; Kanehara, M; Ogirima, T; Tano, K; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2005)		1.03
"Adenine-treated rats developed severe CRI, with markedly elevated serum levels of phosphorus, PTH and FGF23, and reduced levels of serum 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)."( Effect of manipulating serum phosphorus with phosphate binder on circulating PTH and FGF23 in renal failure rats.
Abe, M; Kobayashi, N; Miyata, S; Nagano, N; Wada, M; Wakita, S; Yamashita, T, 2006)		1.06
"Adenine-treated extracts prepared with or without DTT/PMSF showed higher D/O ratios in all post-dialysis samples when compared with their pre-dialysis ratios."( Rat liver xanthine oxidoreductase: effect of adenine on the oxidase and dehydrogenase activities.
Hagopian, K, 2007)		1.32
"Treatment with adenine, but not AuNPs, reduced the levels of phosphorylated p38 and PI3 kinase expression more effectively than did treatment with the respective inhibitors alone."( Adenine decreases hypertrophic effects through interleukin-18 receptor.
Liang, YJ; Yang, YF, )		1.91
"Treatment with adenine decreased the hematocrit and the Hb level, which were associated with increases in the blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine levels. "( Failure to confirm a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor-induced hematopoietic effect in non-diabetic rats with renal anemia.
Hitomi, H; Kittikulsuth, W; Kobara, H; Konishi, Y; Masaki, T; Morikawa, T; Nakano, D; Nishiyama, A; Osafune, K; Yamazaki, D, 2020)		0.91
"Pretreatment with adenine significantly reversed this tendency."( Radioprotective effect of adenine on irradiation-induced apoptosis.
Dong, Z; Gao, Y; Hong, Q; Lu, XQ; Ma, ZC; Shao, S; Tan, HL; Wang, XY; Wang, YG, 2013)		1.01
"Treatment with adenine induced Kidney Yang Deficiency in rats by causing a reduction in urinary 17-hydroxy cortisol, urine creatinine and urine osmolality. "( [Changes of lung, spleen and kidney aquaporin-1 in rats with Kidney Yang Deficiency: the "water metabolism theory" in traditional Chinese medicine].
He, L; Li, J; Lin, R; Liu, N; Wu, F; Zhang, X, 2012)		0.73
"Treatment with adenine, guanine, guanosine, guanine nucleotides, and uracil nucleotides protected Purkinje cells from cell death in the cerebellar primary cultures."( Neuroprotective effect of adenine on purkinje cell survival in rat cerebellar primary cultures.
Ikekita, M; Watanabe, S; Yoshimi, Y, 2003)		0.96
"Mice treated with adenine showed marked depletion of brain norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, irrespective of whether or not they had been treated with d- or l-amphetamine, and whether or not these agents were capable of reversing adenine-induced depression of locomotor activity."( Reversal of adenine-induced depression of mouse locomotor activity by amphetamine.
Akintonwa, A; Auditore, JV, 1978)		0.96

Toxicity

Plerixafor (AMD3100, 1,1'-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradekan) alone or combination with adefovir (PMEA, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine) safe and effective for treating FIV- infected cats.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The toxic effects are discussed on the basis of these results."( Comparison of toxic effects of methylguanidine, guanidinosuccinic acid and creatinine in rats with adenine-induced chronic renal failure.
Mo, ZL; Oura, H; Yokozawa, T, 1989)		0.49
" The drug was found to be toxic to all of the cell lines tested."( Studies on the mechanism of cytotoxicity of 3-deazaguanosine in human cancer cells.
Jacobsen, SJ; Mangum, JH; Nyhan, WL; Page, T; Robins, RK; Scheele, J; Smejkal, RM, 1985)		0.27
" Growth studies with various purine salvage pathway mutants and the ability of guanosine to prevent adenine toxicity indicated that adenine exerts its toxic effects by depleting guanine nucleotide pools."( Mechanism of adenine toxicity in Escherichia coli.
Levine, RA; Taylor, MW, 1982)		0.85
" Cytokines, in particular tumor necrosis factor, are responsible for most of the toxic effects of LPS."( Role for circulating lipoproteins in protection from endotoxin toxicity.
Feingold, KR; Funk, JL; Grunfeld, C; Moser, AH; Rapp, JH; Shigenaga, JK, 1995)		0.29
" Addition of an intracellular cholesterol transport inhibitor, either progesterone or U18666A, together with CP-113,818 blocked the toxic effect of CP-113,818."( Cell toxicity induced by inhibition of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase and accumulation of unesterified cholesterol.
Bamberger, M; Johnson, WJ; Rothblat, GH; Stoudt, G; Warner, GJ, 1995)		0.29
" This indicated that the more oxidised the LDL was, the more toxic it was to the macrophages."( Toxicity of oxidised low density lipoprotein towards mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro.
Mitchinson, MJ; Reid, VC, 1993)		0.29
" Repeat infusions of PMEA at a dose of 1000 mg were safe and well tolerated."( Safety of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a pilot study.
Arends, S; Kamp, W; Schokker, J; van Halteren, E, 1996)		0.57
" Secondary endpoints were the assessment of the possible adverse clinical and biochemical effects of transfusing AS-1 RBCs stored for < or = 42 days."( AS-1 red cells for neonatal transfusions: a randomized trial assessing donor exposure and safety.
Bell, EF; Burmeister, LF; Cordle, DG; James, T; Johnson, K; Ludwig, GA; Miller, J; Strauss, RG, 1996)		0.29
" Gastrointestinal complaints and reversible liver transaminase elevations were the most frequently noted adverse events."( Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil (9-[2-(bis-pivaloyloxymethyl)-phosphonylmethoxyethyl]adenine) in HIV-infected patients.
Barditch-Crovo, P; Cundy, KC; Ebeling, D; Hendrix, CW; Jaffe, HS; Lietman, PS; Toole, J, 1997)		0.49
"Intracellular killing of Leishmania parasites within activated murine macrophages is thought to result from the toxic activities of nitrogen oxidation products (referred to as NO) released by the activated cells."( Leishmania spp.: mechanisms of toxicity of nitrogen oxidation products.
Mauël, J; Ransijn, A, 1997)		0.3
" Cytotoxicity was less than for PMEA or azidothymidine (AZT) for culture periods of 7 days, but more toxic after 10 days."( Toxicity associated with high dosage 9-[(2R,5R-2,5-dihydro-5-phosphonomethoxy)-2-furanyl]adenine therapy off attempts to abort early FIV infection.
Ferk, G; Hartmann, K; North, TW; Pedersen, NC, 1997)		0.52
" Adefovir dipivoxil was determined to be safe and well-tolerated when administered for 12 weeks."( The safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, in HIV-infected adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Cherrington, JM; Collier, A; Deeks, SG; Drew, WL; Hellmann, N; Jaffe, HS; Kahn, J; Lalezari, J; Lamy, PD; Li, W; Mulato, AS; Pavia, A; Rodrigue, D; Toole, J, 1997)		0.3
" All subjects tolerated dosing without significant adverse events."( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiretroviral activity of intravenous 9-[2-(R)-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, in HIV-infected adults.
Barditch-Crovo, P; Cundy, KC; Deeks, SG; Hellmann, NS; Hwang, F; Kahn, JO; Lietman, PS; Rooney, JF; Safrin, S, 1998)		0.51
"Changes in HIV RNA from baseline, based on area under the curve and CD4+ cell levels, adverse events, and effect of baseline genotypic resistance on response to adefovir."( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial.
Basgoz, N; Beall, G; Cherng, D; Cherrington, J; Coakley, D; Cooper, R; Deeks, S; Hardy, D; Kahn, J; Lagakos, S; Miller, M; Murphy, R; Ng, E; Toole, JJ; Winslow, D; Wulfsohn, M, )		0.13
"Results of both the randomized study and the subsequent evaluation documented that AS-3 RBCs stored < or =42 days and transfused in small volumes (15 mL/kg) were safe for RBC transfusions of preterm infants."( Feasibility and safety of AS-3 red blood cells for neonatal transfusions.
Burmeister, LF; Cordle, D; Cress, G; Johnson, K; Strauss, RG, 2000)		0.31
" Patients were monitored for adverse effects."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the oral antiviral compound adefovir dipivoxil in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The Pediatrics AIDS Clinical Trials Group.
Blanchard, S; Burchett, S; Coakley, DF; Culnane, M; Cundy, KC; Fridland, A; Hughes, WT; Purdue, L; Read, JS; Rodman, JH; Shenep, JL; Willoughby, R; Zimmer, B, 2000)		0.31
"This report investigates the pathomechanism of acute renal failure caused by toxic acute tubular necrosis after treatment with the antiretroviral agent adefovir."( Adefovir nephrotoxicity: possible role of mitochondrial DNA depletion.
Bell, A; D'agati, VD; Kambham, N; Markowitz, GS; Tanji, K; Tanji, N, 2001)		0.31
" In conclusion, the use of AS-1 red blood cells is safe for small volume transfusions in neonates."( Safety and efficacy of AS-1 red blood cell use in neonates.
Jain, R; Jarosz, C, 2001)		0.31
"Four patients withdrew from the study (two because of adverse events), leaving 31 patients who received adefovir dipivoxil for a median of 48 weeks (range 44-48)."( Safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus: an open-label pilot study.
Benhamou, Y; Bochet, M; Brosgart, C; Calvez, V; Fievet, MH; Fry, J; Gibbs, CS; Katlama, C; Namini, H; Poynard, T; Thibault, V; Vig, P, 2001)		0.31
" Grade III or IV adverse events were limited to laboratory abnormalities, including elevated creatine phosphokinase and liver function tests, which resolved with or without drug discontinuation and without sequelae."( Phase i/ii trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults.
Barditch-Crovo, P; Coakley, DF; Coleman, RL; Collier, A; Deeks, SG; Kahn, JO; Kearney, BP; Lamy, PD; Lietman, PS; McGowan, I; Miller, M; Safrin, S, 2001)		0.31
"Drug-associated dysfunction of mitochondria is believed to play a role in the etiology of the various adverse symptoms that occur in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)."( Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Birkus, G; Cihlar, T; Hitchcock, MJ, 2002)		0.31
" This adapter links the toxic moiety and ligand that are usually directly coupled."( A cleavable adapter to reduce nonspecific cytotoxicity of recombinant immunotoxins.
Fuchs, H; Heisler, I; Keller, J; Sutherland, M; Tauber, R, 2003)		0.32
" Toxic pathway discrimination is needed to group chemicals for potency predictions and identification of structural parameters associated with distinct types of reactive toxicity, a necessary step for development of mechanistically based quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) to predict chemical toxic potential."( Discriminating redox cycling and arylation pathways of reactive chemical toxicity in trout hepatocytes.
Denny, JS; Hammermeister, DE; Kolanczyk, RC; Schmieder, PK; Sheedy, BR; Tapper, MA, 2003)		0.32
" The aim of this review is to present the structure of all the various known oxidised DNA base lesions known to date and to summarise the present knowledge about the mutagenic and toxic effects of oxidised base modifications and their repair."( Mutagenicity, toxicity and repair of DNA base damage induced by oxidation.
Bjelland, S; Seeberg, E, 2003)		0.32
" In vitro exposure of leukemia cells to CAde showed that it was eight times less toxic as compared to CdA."( Cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of cladribine metabolite, 2-chloroadenine in patients with leukemia.
Albertioni, F; Juliusson, G; Larsson, R; Liliemark, J; Lindemalm, S, 2004)		0.56
"The rise in didanosine concentrations in plasma when given with tenofovir raises concern for a high risk of toxic effects."( Pancreatic toxic effects associated with co-administration of didanosine and tenofovir in HIV-infected adults.
Blanco, JL; de Lazzari, E; García, F; Gatell, JM; Larrousse, M; Mallolas, J; Martínez, E; Milinkovic, A; Miró, JM; Ravasi, G, )		0.13
" Twelve subjects in the QD Group (14%) discontinued treatment due to adverse events, mainly nevirapine-related hepatitis (6%)."( Safety and efficacy of once-daily didanosine, tenofovir and nevirapine as a simplification antiretroviral approach.
Burger, D; Clotet, B; Galindos, MJ; Gel, S; Miralles, C; Moltó, J; Muñoz-Moreno, JA; Negredo, E; Pedrol, E; Puig, J; Ribera, E; Rodriguez Fumaz, C; Rodríguez, E; Ruiz, L; Viciana, P; Videla, S, 2004)		0.32
" On mice with leukaemia P388, this product has no effect on the tumour growth, and it appears to be toxic at the dose of 25 mg/kg."( Cytotoxic effects of kinetin riboside on mouse, human and plant tumour cells.
Bos, R; Griffaut, B; Ledoigt, G; Madelmont, JC; Maurizis, JC, 2004)		0.32
" These data have now provided a clear and clinically relevant understanding of the individual profiles of drugs within the nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor , HIV protease inhibitor and non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug classes, and have provided a rational basis for assessing and monitoring these adverse effects in clinical practice."( Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a review of selected topics.
Mallal, S; Nolan, D; Reiss, P, 2005)		0.33
"These results suggest that adefovir dipivoxil would be an effective and safe treatment for patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis with lamivudine resistance, but its effect might be limited and slower for decompensated cirrhosis."( [Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis with Lamivudine resistance compared to patients with compensated liver disease].
Choi, MS; Koh, KC; Lee, JH; Moon, W; Moon, YM; Paik, SW; Rhee, JC; Shim, SG; Yoo, BC, 2005)		0.33
"Despite the recent publication of case reports describing various manifestations of tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity, data regarding the incidence of and risk factors for this adverse effect are currently lacking."( Incidence of and risk factors for tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity: a retrospective cohort study.
Antoniou, T; Chirhin, S; Gough, K; Govan, V; Loutfy, M; Raboud, J; Rachlis, A; Yoong, D, 2005)		0.33
" No serious adverse events related to adefovir dipivoxil occurred during the study, and HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ cell counts were stable."( Safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients infected with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B and HIV-1.
Benhamou, Y; Biao, L; Brosgart, C; Calvez, V; Chang, CG; Currie, G; Fievet, MH; Marcelin, AG; Poynard, T; Thibault, V; Vig, P; Xiong, S, 2006)		0.33
" There were no significant clinical and biochemical adverse effects."( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in kidney recipients, hemodialysis patients, and patients with renal insufficiency.
Brosgart, C; Chaix, ML; Currie, G; Fontaine, H; Morales, E; Nalpas, B; Pol, S; Serpaggi, J; Vallet-Pichard, A; Varaut, A; Verkarre, V, 2005)		0.33
"Adefovir dipivoxil is safe for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients with varying degrees of renal dysfunction and lamivudine-resistant HBV and results in biochemical and virological efficacy similar to that reported in the general population."( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in kidney recipients, hemodialysis patients, and patients with renal insufficiency.
Brosgart, C; Chaix, ML; Currie, G; Fontaine, H; Morales, E; Nalpas, B; Pol, S; Serpaggi, J; Vallet-Pichard, A; Varaut, A; Verkarre, V, 2005)		0.33
" Our results confirm the efficacy and safety of adefovir treatment in post-liver transplantation patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV, neither were adefovir-resistant mutations identified in patients after 21 months of therapy, nor were there adverse events, especially renal toxicity."( Study on the efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil treatment in post-liver transplant patients with hepatitis B virus infection and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus.
Avilés, JF; Bárcena, R; Barrios, C; Buti, M; Casanovas, T; Cuervas, V; De la Mata, M; Del Campo, S; Delgado, M; Dieguez, ML; Fraga, E; Gonzalez, A; Herrero, JI; Loinaz, C; Mas, A; Moraleda, G; Moreno, JM; Muñoz, R; Otero, A; Prieto, M; Rueda, M; Sousa, JM, 2005)		0.33
"No significant changes were found in clinical symptoms, vital signs and laboratory tests after dosing, except slight elevations of alanine aminotransferase in 2 subjects and bilirubin in 6 subjects observed and some gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea found in 3 subjects, but the frequency and severity of all the adverse reactions were not found to be related to the dosages."( [Safety and tolerance study of single oral dose of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy volunteers].
Fan, XP; Guo, RC; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS; Wang, K, 2005)		0.33
"The results showed that single oral dose of adefovir dipivoxil 60 mg or less was safe and tolerable."( [Safety and tolerance study of single oral dose of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy volunteers].
Fan, XP; Guo, RC; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS; Wang, K, 2005)		0.33
" Although 92% of the women reported at least one adverse event, the majority were mild (87%) and involved the genitourinary tract (70%)."( Safety and tolerability of tenofovir vaginal gel in abstinent and sexually active HIV-infected and uninfected women.
El-Sadr, WM; Eshleman, SH; Gai, F; Hendrix, C; Justman, J; Kwiecien, A; Maslankowski, LA; Mâsse, B; Mayer, KH; Morrow, K; Rooney, JF; Soto-Torres, L, 2006)		0.33
" IC87114 did not have direct adverse effects or enhance the activity of VP16 on the proliferation and survival of normal haemopoietic progenitors."( A selective inhibitor of the p110delta isoform of PI 3-kinase inhibits AML cell proliferation and survival and increases the cytotoxic effects of VP16.
Billottet, C; Gale, RE; Grandage, VL; Khwaja, A; Quattropani, A; Rommel, C; Vanhaesebroeck, B, 2006)		0.33
" Safety and tolerance were evaluated by monitoring adverse events and laboratory parameters, and pharmacokinetics were assessed by determining PMEA concentrations with a validated LC-MS/MS method."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects.
Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)		0.34
"No serious adverse events occurred."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects.
Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)		0.34
"ADV is safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects.
Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)		0.34
" Together, these in vitro results indicate that combination with other antiretrovirals does not significantly increase the toxic potential of TFV in RPTECs."( In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells.
Alvarez, ML; Cihlar, T; Cordobilla, B; Domingo, JC; Domingo, P; Giralt, M; Guallar, J; López-Dupla, M; Sánchez de la Rosa, R; Saumoy, M; Torres, F; Vidal, F; Villarroya, F, 2006)		0.33
" Previous studies of the toxic and mutagenic properties of the DNA adduct EA have been limited to in vitro experiments using mammalian polymerases and have revealed the lesion to be both miscoding and genotoxic."( Alleviation of 1,N6-ethanoadenine genotoxicity by the Escherichia coli adaptive response protein AlkB.
Delaney, JC; Drennan, CL; Essigmann, JM; Frick, LE; Wong, C, 2007)		0.64
"These results suggest: (i) that suboptimal responses to adefovir 10 mg daily are due to underdosing; and (ii) that increasing the adefovir dose to 20 mg daily is beneficial and safe in patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV and a suboptimal response to adefovir 10 mg daily, especially when alanine aminotransferase levels are elevated and/or the liver disease is severe or rapidly progressive."( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil 20 mg daily in HBeAg-positive patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus and a suboptimal virological response to adefovir dipivoxil 10 mg daily.
Bouvier-Alias, M; Brillet, R; Chevaliez, S; Dhumeaux, D; Hézode, C; Pawlotsky, JM; Roudot-Thoraval, F; Zafrani, ES, 2007)		0.34
" The US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System was searched for reports of nephrolithiasis in HIV-infected patients taking an atazanavir-based regimen."( Atazanavir-associated nephrolithiasis: cases from the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System.
Birnkrant, DB; Chan-Tack, KM; Struble, KA; Truffa, MM, 2007)		0.34
"To assess adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), with a particular focus on the treatment combination of zidovudine, lamivudine, and tenofovir (ZDV-3TC-TDF)."( Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
Antenozzi, S; Hulse, S; Luque, A; Shahzad, U; Smith, B; Tanzman, E; Wang, D, 2007)		0.34
"Retrospective chart review for individuals who received HIV PEP for occupational and nonoccupational exposure, and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors for noncompletion of PEP and adverse events associated with PEP."( Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
Antenozzi, S; Hulse, S; Luque, A; Shahzad, U; Smith, B; Tanzman, E; Wang, D, 2007)		0.34
"Preventive treatment of adverse events may be necessary to ensure completion of HIV PEP."( Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
Antenozzi, S; Hulse, S; Luque, A; Shahzad, U; Smith, B; Tanzman, E; Wang, D, 2007)		0.34
"A tenofovir DF expanded access program (EAP) was initiated in 2001; safety data were examined from this program and from the manufacturer's database, which contained reports of all postmarketing adverse drug reactions received up to 30 April 2005."( The safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HIV infection in adults: the first 4 years.
Bischofberger, N; Chen, SS; Clotet, B; Cooper, DA; Curtis, S; Gazzard, B; Katlama, C; Lange, J; Lazzarin, A; Montaner, JS; Nelson, MR; Rooney, JF; Schewe, K; Smith, S; Wyatt, C, 2007)		0.34
"The EAP enrolled 10 343 patients; serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in 631 (6%)."( The safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HIV infection in adults: the first 4 years.
Bischofberger, N; Chen, SS; Clotet, B; Cooper, DA; Curtis, S; Gazzard, B; Katlama, C; Lange, J; Lazzarin, A; Montaner, JS; Nelson, MR; Rooney, JF; Schewe, K; Smith, S; Wyatt, C, 2007)		0.34
"The SCOLTA Project is a prospective, observational, multicenter study involving 25 infectious disease departments in Italy created to assess the incidence of severe adverse events in patients receiving new antiretroviral drugs."( Tenofovir renal safety in HIV-infected patients: results from the SCOLTA Project.
Bonfanti, P; Carradori, S; De Socio, GV; Grosso, C; Landonio, S; Madeddu, G; Marconi, P; Melzi, S; Miccolis, S; Mura, MS; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Rosella, E, 2008)		0.35
" No patient discontinued due to renal adverse events."( The safety and efficacy of tenofovir DF in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz through 6 years in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected patients.
Cassetti, I; Cheng, AK; Enejosa, J; Etzel, A; Madruga, JV; Suleiman, JM; Zhong, L, )		0.13
" TDF treatment was not associated with renal adverse events or limb fat loss in antiretroviral-naïve patients."( The safety and efficacy of tenofovir DF in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz through 6 years in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected patients.
Cassetti, I; Cheng, AK; Enejosa, J; Etzel, A; Madruga, JV; Suleiman, JM; Zhong, L, )		0.13
"Simplification to a once-daily regimen containing TDF, 3TC, and EFV is virologically and immunologically effective, well-tolerated, and safe with benefits in the lipid profile in the majority of patients."( Effectiveness and safety of simplification therapy with once-daily tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz in HIV-1-infected patients with undetectable plasma viral load on HAART.
Aguirrebengoa, K; Alvarez, ML; Arazo, P; Arrizabalaga, J; Chocarro, A; Echevarría, S; Fariñas, MC; Ferrer, P; García-Palomo, D; Iribarren, JA; Labarga, P; Letona, S; Muñoz-Sánchez, MJ; Oteo, JA; Peralta, G; Pinilla, J; Uriz, J, )		0.13
" All other combinations exhibited more pronounced adverse effects on mitochondrial endpoints."( Mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir, emtricitabine and abacavir alone and in combination with additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Melkaoui, K; Setzer, B; Venhoff, N; Walker, UA, 2007)		0.34
"Changing from drugs that have significant mitochondrial toxicity to less toxic compounds may be of benefit in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy."( Effects of the change from Stavudine to tenofovir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: studies on mitochondrial toxicity and thymic function.
Cossarizza, A; Dentone, C; Di Biagio, A; Esposito, R; Ferraresi, R; Mussini, C; Nasi, M; Nemes, E; Pinti, M; Repetto, E; Rosso, R; Viscoli, C, 2008)		0.35
" A relatively uncommon adverse effect of this drug is Fanconi syndrome."( Tenofovir-associated Fanconi syndrome: review of the FDA adverse event reporting system.
Gupta, SK, 2008)		0.35
" Symptoms disappeared after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy and we suggest that syncope may be a side effect to one of the three antiretroviral drugs that has not been described previously."( Syncope as a probable side effect to combination antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection.
Larsen, CS; Lybaek, D, 2008)		0.35
" Treatment-related adverse events were reported for 12% of ADV-treated and 10% of placebo-treated subjects."( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil in children and adolescents (age 2 to <18 years) with chronic hepatitis B.
Frederick, D; Jonas, MM; Kelly, D; Mizerski, J; Mondou, E; Pollack, H; Rousseau, F; Sokal, E; Sorbel, J, 2008)		0.35
" There were no serious adverse events related to ADV."( Long-term efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.
Arterburn, S; Borroto-Esoda, K; Chang, TT; Frederick, D; Lim, SG; Marcellin, P; Rousseau, F; Sievert, W; Tong, M, 2008)		0.35
"100 patients were evaluated; 17 patients discontinued early including 6 for adverse events."( Evaluation of efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and adherence in HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-naïve patients treated with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus fixed-dose tenofovir DF/emtricitabine given once daily.
Cohen, C; Ebrahimi, R; Elion, R; Fisher, A; Flaherty, J; Kearney, B; McColl, D; Ortiz, R; Reddy, YS; Ruane, P; Ward, D, )		0.13
"In two randomized, controlled trials, small differences in glomerular filtration rate over time were noted but no clinically relevant renal disease or adverse events were demonstrated in antiretroviral-naive patients treated with TDF through 144 weeks."( The 3-year renal safety of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs. a thymidine analogue-containing regimen in antiretroviral-naive patients.
Chen, SS; Cheng, AK; DeJesus, E; Enejosa, JV; Gallant, JE; Pozniak, AL; Winston, JA, 2008)		0.35
" Although frequency of severe renal toxicity was higher than has been reported in the literature, it was safe in patients with no comorbid renal conditions."( Effectiveness and safety of generic fixed-dose combination of tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz in HIV-1-infected patients in Western India.
Bele, V; Dravid, A; Gupte, N; Joshi, K; Pujari, S, 2008)		0.35
"To identify adverse effects of tenofovir use during pregnancy in HIV-infected women and their infants."( Adverse effects of tenofovir use in HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants.
Hayes, E; Mondy, K; Nurutdinova, D; Onen, NF; Overton, ET, 2008)		0.35
" Each woman's chart was reviewed for clinical data and adverse events during the pregnancy; each infant's chart was reviewed for growth parameters from birth to 12 months."( Adverse effects of tenofovir use in HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants.
Hayes, E; Mondy, K; Nurutdinova, D; Onen, NF; Overton, ET, 2008)		0.35
" One stopped IFN treatment because of adverse events and continued ADV only."( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil plus pegylated interferon-alpha2a for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients.
Benhamou, Y; Dominguez, S; Duvivier, C; Ingiliz, P; Katlama, C; Poynard, T; Thibault, V; Valantin, MA, 2008)		0.35
"ADV and PEG-IFN is safe and effective for treating 3TC-R HBV in HIV patients."( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil plus pegylated interferon-alpha2a for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients.
Benhamou, Y; Dominguez, S; Duvivier, C; Ingiliz, P; Katlama, C; Poynard, T; Thibault, V; Valantin, MA, 2008)		0.35
"The use of nucleoside analogues, especially that of thymidine analogues, depletes mitochondrial DNA, which is the cause of many of the adverse effects of this family of antiretroviral drugs, among them lipodystrophy."( [Tenofovir as a strategy to avoid or limit adverse effects].
Portilla, J, 2008)		0.35
"We have demonstrated that low-dosage adefovir therapy in kidney-transplant patients is relatively safe as far as renal parameters are concerned, even though we observed a slight impairment of renal proximal-tubular function."( Renal side effects of adefovir in hepatitis B virus-(HBV) positive kidney allograft recipients.
Alric, L; Huart, A; Izopet, J; Kamar, N; Rostaing, L; Tack, I, 2009)		0.35
"Lipoatrophy is the most stigmatizing side effect of stavudine therapy."( Improvements in subcutaneous fat, lipid profile, and parameters of mitochondrial toxicity in patients with peripheral lipoatrophy when stavudine is switched to tenofovir (LIPOTEST study).
Castella, E; Crespo, M; Curran, A; Del Saz, SV; Diaz, M; Falcó, V; Feijoo, M; García-Arumí, E; Ocaña, I; Pahissa, A; Paradiñeiro, JC; Planas, M; Puiggròs, C; Ribera, E; Sauleda, S; Sureda, D, )		0.13
" Significantly fewer drug-related clinical adverse events occurred in patients on raltegravir (n=124 [44."( Safety and efficacy of raltegravir-based versus efavirenz-based combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: a multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial.
Barnard, RJ; Berger, DS; DeJesus, E; DiNubile, MJ; Lazzarin, A; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Madruga, JV; Miller, MD; Nguyen, BY; Pollard, RB; Rodgers, AJ; Sklar, P; Williams-Diaz, A; Xu, X; Zhao, J, 2009)		0.35
" Data on CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, metabolic parameters and adverse events of grade 3-4 are collected through an on-line system every six months."( Efficacy and safety of boosted and unboosted atazanavir-containing antiretroviral regimens in real life: results from a multicentre cohort study.
Abeli, C; Bonfanti, P; Gianelli, E; Giuntini, R; Grosso, C; Madeddu, G; Marconi, P; Martinelli, C; Palvarini, L; Pellicano, G; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Vichi, F, 2010)		0.36
"Our results suggest that, in unselected clinical settings, ATV-containing antiretroviral therapy is durable and safe in both its formulations."( Efficacy and safety of boosted and unboosted atazanavir-containing antiretroviral regimens in real life: results from a multicentre cohort study.
Abeli, C; Bonfanti, P; Gianelli, E; Giuntini, R; Grosso, C; Madeddu, G; Marconi, P; Martinelli, C; Palvarini, L; Pellicano, G; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Vichi, F, 2010)		0.36
" Treatment-related gastrointestinal adverse events were greater in patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir."( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study.
Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)		0.36
" Atazanavir/ritonavir had a better lipid profile and fewer gastrointestinal adverse events than lopinavir/ritonavir."( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study.
Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)		0.36
" The adverse event rate was similar between arms (except drug hypersensitivity, reported more in the abacavir/lamivudine arm)."( Randomized comparison of renal effects, efficacy, and safety with once-daily abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir/emtricitabine, administered with efavirenz, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study.
Branco, T; Cavassini, M; Domingo, P; Fisher, M; Givens, N; Khuong-Josses, MA; Lim, ML; Moyle, GJ; Norden, AG; Pearce, HC; Podzamczer, D; Post, FA; Rieger, A; Stellbrink, HJ; Vavro, C, 2010)		0.36
" No increase in the overall adverse event rates was observed."( Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women.
Abdool Karim, Q; Abdool Karim, SS; Arulappan, N; Baxter, C; Frohlich, JA; Gengiah, TN; Grobler, AC; Kharsany, AB; Maarschalk, S; Mansoor, LE; Mlisana, KP; Mlotshwa, M; Morris, L; Omar, Z; Sibeko, S; Taylor, D, 2010)		0.36
" Through 96 weeks, 77 subjects from each group discontinued prematurely; adverse or HIV-related events contributed to discontinuation of 36 subjects overall, with no significant differences between treatment groups."( Short communication: Comparable safety and efficacy with once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets with emtricitabine + tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV type 1-infected subjects: 96 week final results of the randomized t
Bernstein, B; Cohen, D; da Silva, B; Fredrick, L; González-García, J; Johnson, M; Naylor, C; Sloan, L, 2010)		0.36
" Renal biopsy revealed toxic acute tubular necrosis, with distinctive proximal tubular eosinophilic inclusions representing giant mitochondria visible by light microscopy."( Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis with distinctive clinical, pathological, and mitochondrial abnormalities.
D'Agati, VD; Herlitz, LC; Markowitz, GS; Mohan, S; Radhakrishnan, J; Stokes, MB, 2010)		0.36
" There were no significant adverse effects from these drugs and no alteration of renal function during the follow-up period."( Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir for prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B recurrence post-liver transplant.
de la Cruz-Lombardo, J; Jiménez-Pérez, M; Lozano-Rey, JM; Mongil Poce, L; Rodrigo-López, JM; Sáez-Gómez, AB, 2010)		0.36
"Therapy with ETV and/or TDF seems to be efficient and safe when used in the prophylaxis and treatment of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation."( Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir for prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B recurrence post-liver transplant.
de la Cruz-Lombardo, J; Jiménez-Pérez, M; Lozano-Rey, JM; Mongil Poce, L; Rodrigo-López, JM; Sáez-Gómez, AB, 2010)		0.36
" Adverse event rates were comparable between groups."( Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic decompensation: a randomized, open-label study.
Beebe, S; Bialkowska, J; Brown, RS; Cheinquer, H; Cooney, E; Jeffers, L; Leung, N; Liaw, YF; Myers, RP; Peng, CY; Raptopoulou-Gigi, M; Sarin, SK; Tang, S; Tanwandee, T; Tsai, N, 2011)		0.37
" In most patients, NUC need to be administered on a long-term basis, thus increasing the risk of adverse effects."( Drug safety evaluation of adefovir in HBV infection.
Colombo, M; Lampertico, P; Viganò, M, 2011)		0.37
" Although, in short-term clinical trials, a daily dose of 10 mg of ADV was safe owing to a low rate of negligible nephrotoxic effects, the same dose may be associated with a usually reversible, proximal renal tubular toxicity as reflected by hypophosphatemia and elevated creatinine levels."( Drug safety evaluation of adefovir in HBV infection.
Colombo, M; Lampertico, P; Viganò, M, 2011)		0.37
" Ten percent (13/123) of the subjects discontinued the treatment due to adverse events."( Evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of nevirapine plus coformulated tenofovir/emtricitabine as first-line therapy in routine clinical practice.
Blanch, J; Cervantes, M; Domingo, P; Ferrer, E; Knobel, H; Llibre, JM; Mallolas, J; Pedrol, E; Vallecillo, G, 2012)		0.38
" All regimens were safe and well tolerated."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their infants.
Bardeguez, A; Cotter, A; Fiscus, SA; Flynn, PM; Heckman, B; Huang, S; Jean-Philippe, P; Kearney, B; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Purswani, M; Robbins, B; Rodman, J; Rooney, JF; Shapiro, DE; Thorpe, E; Van Rompay, KK; Watts, DH, 2011)		0.37
" The occurrence of treatment-related, moderate/severe adverse events was similar between treatment groups through 48 weeks of treatment."( Examination of noninferiority, safety, and tolerability of lopinavir/ritonavir and raltegravir compared with lopinavir/ritonavir and tenofovir/ emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve subjects: the progress study, 48-week results.
Fredrick, LM; Gathe, J; Lawal, A; Nilius, AM; Podsadecki, TJ; Pulido, F; Reynes, J; Soto-Malave, R; Tian, M, )		0.13
" There is a need for an effective and safe first-line regimen, to cope with the ever-increasing incidence of non-adherence and primary resistance."( WITHDRAWN. Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV.
Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)		0.38
" More patients in the AZT-3TC group than in the TDF-FTC group had adverse events resulting in discontinuation of the study drugs (9% vs."( WITHDRAWN. Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV.
Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)		0.38
"US-based prospective cohort study of HEU children to examine potential adverse effects of prenatal TDF exposure."( Safety of tenofovir use during pregnancy: early growth outcomes in HIV-exposed uninfected infants.
DiMeglio, LA; Griner, R; Hazra, R; Jacobson, DL; Kacanek, D; Mendez, H; Miller, T; Mofenson, LM; Rich, KC; Seage, GR; Siberry, GK; Tassiopoulos, K; Watts, DH; Williams, PL, 2012)		0.38
" Conversely, known activators of autophagy, such as lithium and rapamycin, displayed neuroprotection against this toxic compound."( Role of autophagy inhibitors and inducers in modulating the toxicity of trimethyltin in neuronal cell cultures.
Biagioni, F; Fabrizi, C; Fornai, F; Fumagalli, L; Lenzi, P; Pompili, E; Somma, F, 2012)		0.38
" Several studies suggest that NAs long-term administration have been associated with low rates of serious adverse events (AEs), including lactic acidosis, renal function impairment, osteopenia and osteoporosis."( Safety of long-term nucleos(t)ide treatment in chronic hepatitis B.
Ridruejo, E; Silva, MO, 2012)		0.38
" ADV was safe and well-tolerated."( Efficacy and safety of long-term adefovir dipivoxil therapy in children with chronic hepatitis B infection.
Frederick, D; Jonas, MM; Kelly, D; Mizerski, J; Mondou, E; Pollack, H; Rousseau, F; Sokal, E; Sorbel, J, 2012)		0.38
"Prolonged ADV treatment is safe in children."( Efficacy and safety of long-term adefovir dipivoxil therapy in children with chronic hepatitis B infection.
Frederick, D; Jonas, MM; Kelly, D; Mizerski, J; Mondou, E; Pollack, H; Rousseau, F; Sokal, E; Sorbel, J, 2012)		0.38
"CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor (AMD3100, 1,1'-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradekan) alone or combination with adefovir (PMEA, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine) safe and effective for treating FIV-infected cats."( Efficacy and adverse effects of the antiviral compound plerixafor in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats.
Balzarini, J; Egberink, H; Hartmann, K; Klein, D; Stengel, C, )		0.33
" There is a need for an effective and safe first-line regimen, to cope with the ever-increasing incidence of non-adherence and primary resistance."( WITHDRAWN: Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV.
Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)		0.38
" More patients in the AZT-3TC group than in the TDF-FTC group had adverse events resulting in discontinuation of the study drugs (9% vs."( WITHDRAWN: Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV.
Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)		0.38
" The incidence rates of adverse events between two groups were not statistically significant."( [The clinical efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in combination with bicyclol for the treatment of senior patients with chronic hepatitis B].
Cai, SP; Fan, ZP; He, WP; Ji, YJ; Zhang, WJ, 2011)		0.37
" There was no significant increase of any genital adverse event in the tenofovir group."( Safety of tenofovir gel, a vaginal microbicide, in South African women: results of the CAPRISA 004 Trial.
Baxter, C; Frolich, J; Grobler, A; Karim, QA; Karim, SS; Kharsany, AB; Maarshalk, S; Mansoor, LE; Miya, N; Mlisana, K; Sibeko, S; Sokal, DC; Yende-Zuma, N, 2013)		0.39
" With the increased realization of receptive anal intercourse among heterosexual couples often in conjunction with vaginal intercourse, having a safe and effective microbicide for both mucosal sites is critical."( Safety and efficacy of tenofovir/IQP-0528 combination gels - a dual compartment microbicide for HIV-1 prevention.
Buckheit, KW; Buckheit, RW; Dezzutti, CS; Gwozdz, G; Mahalingam, A; Shetler, C; Ugaonkar, SR, 2012)		0.38
" Safety endpoints included clinical adverse events (AEs) and mucosal safety parameters."( RMP-02/MTN-006: A phase 1 rectal safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of tenofovir 1% gel compared with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Anton, PA; Bumpus, NN; Carballo-Diéguez, A; Cranston, RD; Cumberland, WG; Dennis, R; Elliott, J; Hendrix, CW; Janocko, L; Ju, C; Kashuba, A; Khanukhova, E; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N, 2012)		0.38
" The rings were safe and exhibited sustained release at controlled rates over 28 days."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of intravaginal rings delivering tenofovir in pig-tailed macaques.
Baum, MM; Butkyavichene, I; Cortez, C; Gilman, J; Guenthner, P; Hendry, RM; Holder, A; Kennedy, S; Kopin, E; Malone, AM; Martin, A; McNicholl, J; Mitchell, J; Moss, JA; Nguyen, C; Pau, CP; Sinha, P; Smith, JM; Smith, TJ; Srinivasan, P, 2012)		0.38
"(R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMPDAP) is active against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in vitro, and is less toxic than other acyclic nucleoside phosphonates."( Efficacy and adverse effects of (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats.
Hartmann, K; Justa, N; Klein, D; Mueller, RS; Sauter-Louis, C; Weber, K, )		0.13
"PMPDAP is effective in naturally FIV-infected cats with minimal adverse effects."( Efficacy and adverse effects of (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats.
Hartmann, K; Justa, N; Klein, D; Mueller, RS; Sauter-Louis, C; Weber, K, )		0.13
"Administration of PMPDAP was not associated with significant improvements in clinical, immunological, or virological parameters, but treatment was associated with adverse effects, mainly anemia."( Efficacy and adverse effects of (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats.
Hartmann, K; Justa, N; Klein, D; Mueller, RS; Sauter-Louis, C; Weber, K, )		0.13
" Adverse events were mostly mild and no serious adverse events or drug discontinuations were reported."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
" Laboratory test results, clinical outcomes, and drug-related adverse events were compared among groups."( Long-term efficacy and safety of lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir for treatment of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis.
Akbal, E; Akin, E; Alkan, E; Ataseven, H; Aygün, C; Başar, O; Baykal, O; Coban, S; Demir, M; Gülşen, MT; Ibiş, M; Koçkar, MC; Köklü, S; Köksal, AŞ; Küçükazman, M; Nadir, I; Ozdil, K; Pürnak, T; Tuna, Y; Yildirim, B; Yüksel, I; Yüksel, O, 2013)		0.39
"Tenofovir and entecavir are effective and safe for long-term use in patients with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis from HBV infection."( Long-term efficacy and safety of lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir for treatment of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis.
Akbal, E; Akin, E; Alkan, E; Ataseven, H; Aygün, C; Başar, O; Baykal, O; Coban, S; Demir, M; Gülşen, MT; Ibiş, M; Koçkar, MC; Köklü, S; Köksal, AŞ; Küçükazman, M; Nadir, I; Ozdil, K; Pürnak, T; Tuna, Y; Yildirim, B; Yüksel, I; Yüksel, O, 2013)		0.39
"No significant adverse effects, including body weight loss, abnormal blood or biochemistry, were observed in rats treated with AZT or ADV."( [Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity induced by zidovudine and adefovir dipivoxil in rats].
Feng, XM; Huang, SM; Li, AY; Wang, BJ; Wang, JZ; Yang, DL; Zhu, B; Zhu, ZN, 2012)		0.38
"Significant adverse effects related to mitochondrial toxicity were observed in rats treated with AZT."( [Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity induced by zidovudine and adefovir dipivoxil in rats].
Feng, XM; Huang, SM; Li, AY; Wang, BJ; Wang, JZ; Yang, DL; Zhu, B; Zhu, ZN, 2012)		0.38
" Overall incidences of all-causality treatment-related or grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) or AE-related discontinuations were lower with lersivirine than with efavirenz, and serious AEs occurred at similar rates across treatment groups."( Efficacy and safety of lersivirine (UK-453,061) versus efavirenz in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: week 48 primary analysis results from an ongoing, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase IIb trial.
Cooper, DA; Craig, C; Goodrich, J; Kaplan, R; Lazzarin, A; Mori, J; Pozniak, A; Pulik, P; Tawadrous, M; Valdez, H; Vernazza, P; Wang, C; Weil, E, 2013)		0.39
" No severe adverse events associated with entecavir or tenofovir were reported."( Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir in hepatitis B compensated and decompensated cirrhotic patients in clinical practice.
Arenas, J; Canós, AP; Díaz-Sánchez, A; Jiménez, M; Miquel, M; Núñez, Ó; Trapero-Marugán, M, )		0.13
"Overall, 71 of 281 raltegravir recipients (25%) and 98 of 282 efavirenz recipients (35%) discontinued the study; discontinuations due to adverse events occurred in 14 (5%) and 28 (10%) patients in the respective groups."( Durable efficacy and safety of raltegravir versus efavirenz when combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: final 5-year results from STARTMRK.
DeJesus, E; DiNubile, MJ; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Miller, M; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2013)		0.39
" Over the entire study, fewer patients experienced neuropsychiatric and drug-related adverse events in the raltegravir group than in the efavirenz group."( Durable efficacy and safety of raltegravir versus efavirenz when combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: final 5-year results from STARTMRK.
DeJesus, E; DiNubile, MJ; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Miller, M; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2013)		0.39
" In conclusion, a combination of LAM and ADV initiated at the time of wait listing provides safe and effective protection against recurrent HBV infection without the high costs and inconvenience associated with long-term HBIG therapy."( Combination of lamivudine and adefovir without hepatitis B immune globulin is safe and effective prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus recurrence in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive liver transplant candidates.
Angus, PW; Gane, EJ; McCaughan, GW; Patterson, S; Strasser, SI, 2013)		0.39
" HIV serostatus, clinical and laboratory adverse events (AEs), adherence (pill count, Medication Event Monitoring System, and self-report), and sexual and other sociobehavioral data were assessed at 3-month intervals for 24 months."( Randomized trial of clinical safety of daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate among HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men in the United States.
Ackers, ML; Buchbinder, SP; Chillag, KL; Collins, BM; Grant, RM; Grohskopf, LA; Gvetadze, R; Liu, AY; Mayer, KH; Oʼhara, B; Pathak, SR; Paxton, LA; Rose, CE; Thompson, M, 2013)		0.39
"To investigate 3-year antiviral efficacy and side effect of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) on the old patients with hepatitis B chronic infection."( [Three-year efficacy and side effect of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of the old patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection].
Lou, GQ; Lu, L; Qian, JC; Shi, JP; Yan, FL; Zhu, MF, 2012)		0.38
"The way to treat with ADV is safe and effective for old patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection."( [Three-year efficacy and side effect of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of the old patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection].
Lou, GQ; Lu, L; Qian, JC; Shi, JP; Yan, FL; Zhu, MF, 2012)		0.38
" There were no significant differences between the numbers of ≥ Grade 2 adverse events across the arms of the study."( A phase 1 randomized, double blind, placebo controlled rectal safety and acceptability study of tenofovir 1% gel (MTN-007).
Andrew, P; Ayudhya, RK; Carballo-Dieguez, A; Cranston, RD; Dai, JY; Hladik, F; Hoesley, C; Janocko, L; Mayer, K; McGowan, I; Piper, J, 2013)		0.39
"The reduced glycerin formulation of tenofovir 1% gel was safe and well tolerated rectally and should be advanced to Phase 2 development."( A phase 1 randomized, double blind, placebo controlled rectal safety and acceptability study of tenofovir 1% gel (MTN-007).
Andrew, P; Ayudhya, RK; Carballo-Dieguez, A; Cranston, RD; Dai, JY; Hladik, F; Hoesley, C; Janocko, L; Mayer, K; McGowan, I; Piper, J, 2013)		0.39
" We compared rates of upper digestive serious adverse events (sAEs) between TDF/FTC+EFV and TDF/FTC+ZDV patients during the first six months of treatment."( Early upper digestive tract side effects of zidovudine with tenofovir plus emtricitabine in West African adults with high CD4 counts.
Anglaret, X; Bohoussou, F; Carrou, JL; Danel, C; Eholie, SP; Gabillard, D; Konan, R; Moh, R; Ouattara, E; Peytavin, G, 2013)		0.39
" We suggest that further early prescriptions of TDF+XTC+ZDV should be carefully monitored and that whenever possible, the rate of early upper digestive adverse events should be compared to that occurring in-patients taking other drug regimens."( Early upper digestive tract side effects of zidovudine with tenofovir plus emtricitabine in West African adults with high CD4 counts.
Anglaret, X; Bohoussou, F; Carrou, JL; Danel, C; Eholie, SP; Gabillard, D; Konan, R; Moh, R; Ouattara, E; Peytavin, G, 2013)		0.39
"There were no colposcopic findings or adverse events attributable to either applicator."( A randomized, comparative safety study of a prefilled plastic and user-filled paper applicator with candidate microbicide tenofovir 1% gel.
Brache, V; Callahan, M; Cochon, L; Cohen, JA; Foster, J; Schwartz, J, 2013)		0.39
" These findings suggest that HIV-infected cancer patients receiving nelfinavir might experience both enhanced antitumor efficacy and unexpected adverse toxicity given the role of MRP4/ABCC4 in exporting nucleoside-based antiretroviral medications and cancer chemotherapeutics."( Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors interact with ATP binding cassette transporter 4/multidrug resistance protein 4: a basis for unanticipated enhanced cytotoxicity.
Ambudkar, SV; Cheepala, SB; Ekins, S; Fukuda, Y; Schuetz, JD; Sparreboom, A; Takenaka, K; Wu, CP, 2013)		0.39
" Tenofovir gel, when used intermittently, was safe to use in women with HBV infection."( Safety of coitally administered tenofovir 1% gel, a vaginal microbicide, in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers: results from the CAPRISA 004 trial.
Abdool Karim, Q; Abdool Karim, SS; Baxter, C; Tshabalala, P; Yende-Zuma, N, 2013)		0.39
"Combined prophylaxis with TDF/ETV nucleoside plus nucleotide analogs and cessation of immunoglobulin after liver transplantation in chronic hepatitis B is safe and effective."( Nucleoside plus nucleotide analogs and cessation of hepatitis B immunoglobulin after liver transplantation in chronic hepatitis B is safe and effective.
Braat, AE; Claas, EC; Coenraad, MJ; Knoester, M; van Hoek, B; Vossen, AC; Wesdorp, DJ, 2013)		0.39
" We assessed adherence (compared between groups and with nonstudy controls) and clinical and adverse events at weeks 1, 2 and 4, and efficacy at week 12."( Raltegravir-emtricitabine-tenofovir as HIV nonoccupational post-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men: safety, tolerability and adherence.
Carr, A; Ingersoll, A; McAllister, J; McNulty, A; Read, P; Tong, WW, 2014)		0.4
" Although information is limited, TDF appears to be safe during pregnancy."( Safety of tenofovir during pregnancy for the mother and fetus: a systematic review.
Bulterys, M; Ellington, S; Kourtis, AP; Legardy-Williams, J; Wang, L, 2013)		0.39
" Patients underwent serological analysis at 3-6 month intervals during treatment and follow-up to evaluate occurrence of adverse events; serological parameters included blood count, markers of liver, kidney and thyroid function, and levels of autoantibodies and creatine kinase."( [Efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a (40 kd) plus adefovir for 96 weeks in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients].
Cao, ZH; Chen, XY; He, ZM; Jin, Y; Liu, YL; Lu, JF; Ma, LN; Zhang, YH, 2013)		0.39
" The occurrences of adverse events were similar at week 48 and week 96."( [Efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a (40 kd) plus adefovir for 96 weeks in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients].
Cao, ZH; Chen, XY; He, ZM; Jin, Y; Liu, YL; Lu, JF; Ma, LN; Zhang, YH, 2013)		0.39
"6% interrupted cART due to adverse events,19."( Safety, efficacy, and persistence of emtricitabine/tenofovir versus other nucleoside analogues in naive subjects aged 50 years or older in Spain: the TRIP study.
Aguirrebengoa, K; Arazo, P; Blanco, JR; Caro-Murillo, AM; Castaño, MA; Domingo, P; Ferrer, P; Gómez-Sirvent, JL; Olalla, J; Pedrol, E; Portilla, J; Pulido, F; Riera, M; Romero-Palacios, A; Vera, F, )		0.13
"In a population of HIV-infected subjects who were ≥50 years old, our study suggests that the use of FTC/TDF is generally safe and effective, with a longer persistence as compared to other regimens."( Safety, efficacy, and persistence of emtricitabine/tenofovir versus other nucleoside analogues in naive subjects aged 50 years or older in Spain: the TRIP study.
Aguirrebengoa, K; Arazo, P; Blanco, JR; Caro-Murillo, AM; Castaño, MA; Domingo, P; Ferrer, P; Gómez-Sirvent, JL; Olalla, J; Pedrol, E; Portilla, J; Pulido, F; Riera, M; Romero-Palacios, A; Vera, F, )		0.13
"Due to ongoing neuropsychiatric adverse events in some efavirenz (EFV)-treated patients, a switch to an alternative non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor may be considered."( Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens.
Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SK; Cohen, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, AM; Ramanathan, S; Wang, MH; White, K; Williams, S; Yale, KL, )		0.13
" No subjects discontinued the study due to an adverse event."( Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens.
Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SK; Cohen, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, AM; Ramanathan, S; Wang, MH; White, K; Williams, S; Yale, KL, )		0.13
" No significant adverse event was observed due to TDF administration; renal function pre- and post-LT were also acceptably preserved."( One year of hepatitis B immunoglobulin plus tenofovir therapy is safe and effective in preventing recurrent hepatitis B post-liver transplantation.
Lilly, LB; Renner, EL; Selzner, N; Tanaka, T; Therapondos, G, 2014)		0.4
"The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) activator imiquimod (IMQ) is safe and effective in treating actinic keratosis; however, an intermittent treatment regimen is necessary because of excessive local reactions."( Inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation by phospholipid-conjugates of a TLR7 ligand in a Myc-induced hyperplastic actinic keratosis model in the absence of systemic side effects.
Barberis, A; Carson, DA; Cottam, HB; Crain, B; Hayashi, T; Holldack, J; Kang, M; Keophilaone, V; Maj, R; Mura, E; Ochoa, R; Passini, N; Promessi, V; Yao, S, )		0.13
"TMX-202 is safe and efficacious without causing excessive adverse effects, suggesting that it may be an alternative to Aldara for the treatment of proliferative skin conditions."( Inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation by phospholipid-conjugates of a TLR7 ligand in a Myc-induced hyperplastic actinic keratosis model in the absence of systemic side effects.
Barberis, A; Carson, DA; Cottam, HB; Crain, B; Hayashi, T; Holldack, J; Kang, M; Keophilaone, V; Maj, R; Mura, E; Ochoa, R; Passini, N; Promessi, V; Yao, S, )		0.13
" Factors associated with these drug-related adverse events are poorly characterized."( Low body weight in females is a risk factor for increased tenofovir exposure and drug-related adverse events.
Baldelli, S; Castagnoli, L; Cattaneo, D; Clementi, E; Fucile, S; Galli, M; Gervasoni, C; Landonio, S; Meraviglia, P; Riva, A; Rizzardini, G, 2013)		0.39
" There were no differences between the groups in terms of adverse events in mothers or congenital deformities, gestational age, height, or weight in infants."( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HBV infection.
Ay, M; Ayaz, C; Barcin, T; Celen, MK; Dal, MS; Dal, T; Gulsun, S; Kalkanli, S; Kaya, S; Mert, D; Yildirim, N, 2013)		0.39
"TDF therapy during the second or third trimester reduced perinatal transmission rates of HBV and no adverse events were observed in mothers or infants."( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HBV infection.
Ay, M; Ayaz, C; Barcin, T; Celen, MK; Dal, MS; Dal, T; Gulsun, S; Kalkanli, S; Kaya, S; Mert, D; Yildirim, N, 2013)		0.39
" The most commonly observed adverse events were headache, nausea and flatulence, which occurred similarly across the three groups."( Phase I/II study of the pharmacokinetics, safety and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir alafenamide, a new prodrug of the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir, in HIV-infected adults.
Coakley, D; Kearney, B; Lee, WA; Markowitz, M; Miller, MD; Ruane, P; Squires, K; Wulfsohn, M; Zhong, L; Zolopa, A, 2014)		0.4
"TDF-based rescue treatment is effective in reducing HBV DNA levels and is safe for patients with CHB who failed prior antiviral treatments."( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir-based rescue therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients with previous nucleo(s/t)ide treatment failure.
Byun, KS; Choe, WH; Kim, JH; Kim, YS; Kwon, SY; Lee, CH; Lee, CI; Yeon, JE; Yoon, EL, 2014)		0.4
" Most adverse events were mild in severity and considered unrelated to study drug."( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in Asian-Americans with chronic hepatitis B in community settings.
Bae, H; Chan, S; Lou, L; Pan, CQ; Trinh, H; Yao, A, 2014)		0.4
" No adverse effects were observed by HB-110 cotreated with ADV."( Safety and immunogenicity of therapeutic DNA vaccine with antiviral drug in chronic HBV patients and its immunogenicity in mice.
Bae, SH; Im, SJ; Jang, JW; Jeong, SH; Kim, BM; Kim, CY; Seo, YB; Song, JS; Song, MJ; Suh, YS; Sung, YC; Yang, SH; Yoon, SK; You, CR, 2015)		0.42
"HB-110 was safe and tolerable in CHB patients."( Safety and immunogenicity of therapeutic DNA vaccine with antiviral drug in chronic HBV patients and its immunogenicity in mice.
Bae, SH; Im, SJ; Jang, JW; Jeong, SH; Kim, BM; Kim, CY; Seo, YB; Song, JS; Song, MJ; Suh, YS; Sung, YC; Yang, SH; Yoon, SK; You, CR, 2015)		0.42
" Tenofovir released from TDF undergoes active renal secretion via organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT3), leading to higher exposure of renal proximal tubules to tenofovir and a potential for renal adverse effects in a small subset of TDF-treated patients."( Tenofovir alafenamide is not a substrate for renal organic anion transporters (OATs) and does not exhibit OAT-dependent cytotoxicity.
Bam, RA; Cihlar, T; Yant, SR, 2014)		0.4
" At treatment weeks 12, 24, 48?, 96, 144, 192, and 240 patients were tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, HBeAg seroconversion and ALT normalization time; in addition, the incidence and type of adverse drug reactions were recorded."( [Long-term efficacy and safety of telbivudine as monotherapy and as combination therapy with adefovir dipivoxil in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients].
Chang, L; Du, Y; Jia, T; Li, H; Li, W; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Peng, D, 2014)		0.4
" The calculated LD50 was 442."( Acute and subchronic toxicity of arprinocid in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Jiang, S; Wang, X; Wu, H; Xiao, W; Xue, F; Yan, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, K, 2014)		0.4
"TDF and ETV are similarly effective and safe in chronic HBV patients after 24 weeks and 48 weeks of anti-viral therapy."( Comparison of efficacy and safety of tenofovir and entecavir in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gao, Y; Ke, W; Liu, L; Yang, Y; Ye, X; Zhang, C; Zhou, S, 2014)		0.4
" No adverse events were observed, and there were no toxicological findings."( Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety study of pod-intravaginal rings delivering antiretroviral combinations for HIV prophylaxis in a macaque model.
Baum, MM; Brooks, AA; Butkyavichene, I; Dinh, CT; Lopez, G; Martin, A; Moss, JA; Smith, JM; Smith, TJ; Srinivasan, P, 2014)		0.4
" Combination therapy with tenofovir plus entecavir in this setting with multidrug resistance is safe and effective."( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir in a kidney transplant patient with chronic hepatitis B and nucleos(t)ide multidrug resistance: a case report.
Shan, C; Wu, P; Yin, GQ, 2014)		0.4
" Bayesian fixed-effect network meta-analysis models adjusting for the type of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine [TDF/FTC] or abacavir/lamivudine [ABC/3TC]) were used to evaluate week 48 efficacy (HIV-RNA suppression to <50 copies/mL and change in CD4+ cells/µL) and safety (lipid changes, adverse events, and discontinuations due to adverse events) of DTG relative to all other treatments."( 48-week efficacy and safety of dolutegravir relative to commonly used third agents in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Camejo, RR; Cuffe, R; Gilchrist, KA; Lim, JW; Nichols, G; Patel, DA; Pulgar, S; Snedecor, SJ; Stephens, J; Sudharshan, L; Tang, WY, 2014)		0.4
" Dolutegravir had better or equivalent changes in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and lower odds of adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events compared to all treatments."( 48-week efficacy and safety of dolutegravir relative to commonly used third agents in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Camejo, RR; Cuffe, R; Gilchrist, KA; Lim, JW; Nichols, G; Patel, DA; Pulgar, S; Snedecor, SJ; Stephens, J; Sudharshan, L; Tang, WY, 2014)		0.4
"This retrospective investigation carried out in Guangdong Province indicated that not only are anti-HBV drugs efficacious for blocking vertical transmission of HBV but also are safe for both mothers and infants when taken by fathers or mothers during the reproduction phases of insemination and pregnancy."( [Retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of anti-hepatitis B virus drugs taken during pregnancy in women from the Guangdong Province].
Chen, X; Gao, W; Li, D; Peng, J; Wen, F; Xia, J; Xu, C; Xu, M; Yao, Z, 2014)		0.4
" Both TBQ and TBE are cytotoxic, but their toxic mechanisms have not been fully characterized."( Protective roles of aldo-keto reductase 1B10 and autophagy against toxicity induced by p-quinone metabolites of tert-butylhydroquinone in lung cancer A549 cells.
Bunai, Y; Chen, H; El-Kabbani, O; Endo, S; Hara, A; Ikari, A; Matsunaga, T; Nishiyama, A; Soda, M; Suyama, M; Tajima, K; Takemura, M, 2015)		0.42
" This meta-analysis explored the frequency of discontinuation attributed to renal adverse events (AEs) in randomized, controlled clinical studies that used TDF-containing regimens for ART-naïve, HIV-infected patients."( Discontinuation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for presumed renal adverse events in treatment-naïve HIV-1 patients: meta-analysis of randomized clinical studies.
Canada, RB; Chonchol, M; Durr, J; Gallant, J; Hindman, J; Liu, H; Martin, P; Patel, K; Piontkowsky, D; Winston, J, )		0.13
"One of the most common in vitro assays to evaluate the probability of a compound to cause adverse effects is a cytotoxicity assay."( Intracellular concentrations determine the cytotoxicity of adefovir, cidofovir and tenofovir.
Leach, KL; Piotrowski, M; Wang, R; Zhang, H; Zhang, X, 2015)		0.42
" No subject experienced an adverse event that was serious or severe (grade 3/4)."( Twenty-eight day safety, antiviral activity, and pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide for treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.
Agarwal, K; Cheng, W; Flaherty, JF; Foster, GR; Fung, SK; Gane, EJ; Lawson, E; McHutchison, JG; Nguyen, TT; Ryder, SD; Sicard, E; Subramanian, GM; Zhao, S, 2015)		0.42
"Tenofovir alafenamide was safe and well tolerated; declines in HBV DNA were similar to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate at all doses evaluated."( Twenty-eight day safety, antiviral activity, and pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide for treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.
Agarwal, K; Cheng, W; Flaherty, JF; Foster, GR; Fung, SK; Gane, EJ; Lawson, E; McHutchison, JG; Nguyen, TT; Ryder, SD; Sicard, E; Subramanian, GM; Zhao, S, 2015)		0.42
" During the open-label phase, grade 3/4 drug-related adverse events were uncommon (1."( Seven-year efficacy and safety of treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
Aguilar Schall, R; Buti, M; Charuworn, P; Flaherty, JF; Flisiak, R; Gane, E; Gurel, S; Kitrinos, KM; Krastev, Z; Marcellin, P; Martins, EB; Petersen, J; Subramanian, GM; Tsai, N, 2015)		0.42
" No cases of acute renal failure associated with TDF or LAM, mild or serious adverse events, or HBV recurrence were observed among the patients."( The efficacy and safety of tenofovir in the prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence following liver transplantation.
Akarsu, M; Astarcıoğlu, İ; Hakim, GD; Karademir, S; Unek, T, 2014)		0.4
"The results of this study, after a 36-month follow-up period, were encouraging and demonstrated that TDF therapy is safe and efficacious in treating HBV-positive organ transplant patients."( The efficacy and safety of tenofovir in the prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence following liver transplantation.
Akarsu, M; Astarcıoğlu, İ; Hakim, GD; Karademir, S; Unek, T, 2014)		0.4
" Docetaxel produced significant toxicity in PC-3 cells but was not toxic to LNCaP cells."( Paradoxical effects of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine on docetaxel-induced toxicity in PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
Anoopkumar-Dukie, S; Bernaitis, N; Chess-Williams, R; Christie, D; Davey, AK; Forbes, A; McDermott, CM; McFarland, AJ; Perkins, AV; Pickard, RD; Spencer, BH, 2015)		0.66
"Inhibition of early steps of autophagy by 3-MA or Beclin 1 knockdown decreased the toxic effect of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in GBM cell lines."( Impact of autophagy inhibition at different stages on cytotoxic effect of autophagy inducer in glioblastoma cells.
Bi, Y; Chen, X; Cho, K; Hou, X; Li, C; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Peng, F; Shen, C; Wang, K; Wang, X; Yang, Z; Zhang, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, S; Zheng, Z; Zhong, C; Zou, H, 2015)		0.42
" No subjects discontinued study drug because of an adverse event in the 48 weeks of randomized phase."( A randomized, open-label study of the safety and efficacy of switching stavudine or zidovudine to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV-1-infected children with virologic suppression.
Arterburn, S; Castaño, E; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SL; Church, J; Deville, J; Enejosa, JV; Estripeaut, D; Gaur, A; Rathore, M; Rhee, MS; Saez-Llorens, X; White, K, 2015)		0.42
" No serious adverse event related to tenofovir."( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologic-suppressed HIV-infected children using weight-band dosing.
Aurpibul, L; Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Phongsamart, W; Sirisanthana, V; Sricharoenchai, S; Sudjaritruk, T; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2015)		0.42
"TDF substitution in children and adolescents who were otherwise stable while receiving a first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen achieved adequate exposure without clinically significant renal or bone adverse events over 96 weeks."( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologic-suppressed HIV-infected children using weight-band dosing.
Aurpibul, L; Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Phongsamart, W; Sirisanthana, V; Sricharoenchai, S; Sudjaritruk, T; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2015)		0.42
" The FDA-recommended rabbit vaginal irritation (RVI) model serves as a first line selection tool for vaginal products; however, for decades it has been limited to histopathology scoring, insufficient to select safe anti-HIV microbicides."( A quantitative multiplex nuclease protection assay reveals immunotoxicity gene expression profiles in the rabbit model for vaginal drug safety evaluation.
Chandra, N; Doncel, GF; Fichorova, RN; Mendonca, K; Murray, R; Yamamoto, HS, 2015)		0.42
" Adverse events and serious adverse events were summarised by treatment group."( Efficacy and safety of efavirenz 400 mg daily versus 600 mg daily: 96-week data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority ENCORE1 study.
Amin, J; Belloso, W; Carey, D; Cooper, DA; Crabtree-Ramirez, B; Emery, S; Foulkes, S; Jessen, H; Kumar, S; Lee, MP; Losso, M; Mohapi, L; Phanupak, P; Puls, R; Winston, A, 2015)		0.42
" Adverse events were reported by 291 (91%) of 321 patients in the efavirenz 400 mg group and by 285 (92%) of 309 in the 600 mg group (p=0·48)."( Efficacy and safety of efavirenz 400 mg daily versus 600 mg daily: 96-week data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority ENCORE1 study.
Amin, J; Belloso, W; Carey, D; Cooper, DA; Crabtree-Ramirez, B; Emery, S; Foulkes, S; Jessen, H; Kumar, S; Lee, MP; Losso, M; Mohapi, L; Phanupak, P; Puls, R; Winston, A, 2015)		0.42
" Fewer efavirenz-related adverse events were reported with the 400 mg efavirenz dose than with the 600 mg dose."( Efficacy and safety of efavirenz 400 mg daily versus 600 mg daily: 96-week data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority ENCORE1 study.
Amin, J; Belloso, W; Carey, D; Cooper, DA; Crabtree-Ramirez, B; Emery, S; Foulkes, S; Jessen, H; Kumar, S; Lee, MP; Losso, M; Mohapi, L; Phanupak, P; Puls, R; Winston, A, 2015)		0.42
" The most frequent adverse events (any grade) were diarrhea (70%), infusion-related reaction (45%), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (44%)."( Safety and activity of BTK inhibitor ibrutinib combined with ofatumumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase 1b/2 study.
Andritsos, LA; Blum, KA; Byrd, JC; Flynn, JM; Grever, MR; Hall, N; Heerema, NA; Jaglowski, SM; James, DF; Johnson, AJ; Jones, JA; Lozanski, G; Maddocks, KJ; Munneke, B; Nagar, V; Neuenburg, JK; Ruppert, AS; Smucker, K; Stefanos, M; West, JS; Woyach, JA, 2015)		0.42
"The directed application of the normal nucleobase uracil to the squamous cells of the oral mucosa and palms and soles together with the delivery of the normal nucleobase adenine to the columnar cells of the GI tract may enable the safe delivery of higher 5FU dose intensity."( Differential nucleobase protection against 5-fluorouracil toxicity for squamous and columnar cells: implication for tissue function and oncogenesis.
Albrecht, P; Ford, JP; Kamerow, H; Mandetta, D; Thompson, JT; Vanden Heuvel, JP, 2015)		0.61
" Discontinuation of ibrutinib is rarely due to adverse events related to the drug."( The clinical safety of ibrutinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Molica, S, 2015)		0.42
"The applicability of Density Functional Theory (DFT) based descriptors for the development of quantitative structure-toxicity relationships (QSTR) is assessed for two different series of toxic aromatic compounds, viz."( Toxicity prediction of PHDDs and phenols in the light of nucleic acid bases and DNA base pair interaction.
Mondal Roy, S; Roy, DR; Sahoo, SK, 2015)		0.42
"Ibrutinib is associated with bleeding-related adverse events of grade ≤ 2 in severity, and infrequently with grade ≥ 3 events."( Incidence and risk factors of bleeding-related adverse events in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with ibrutinib.
Cullinane, AM; Farooqui, MZ; Herman, SE; Holland, SM; Lipsky, AH; Lozier, JN; Marti, G; Martyr, S; Nghiem, K; Niemann, CU; Saba, N; Soto, S; Sun, C; Tian, X; Uzel, G; Valdez, J; Wiestner, A, 2015)		0.42
" The most common (≥ 20% patients) adverse events were neutropenia, anemia, nasopharyngitis, increased bilirubin, and rash."( Safety and tolerability of ibrutinib monotherapy in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory B cell malignancies.
Aoki, T; Ishizawa, K; Morishita, T; Munakata, W; Ogura, M; Suzuki, T; Takahara, S; Tobinai, K; Uchida, T; Ushijima, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The N-glycosylation of the lectin involves a plant-specific glycan while that in toxic type II RIPs of known structure involves a glycan which is animal as well as plant specific."( Structural studies on a non-toxic homologue of type II RIPs from bitter gourd: Molecular basis of non-toxicity, conformational selection and glycan structure.
Chandran, T; Sharma, A; Vijayan, M, 2015)		0.42
" We report a serious side effect of ibrutinib potentially attributable to interaction with the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor verapamil."( Adverse event potentially due to an interaction between ibrutinib and verapamil: a case report.
Bilbault, P; Gourieux, B; Lambert Kuhn, E; Levêque, D; Lioure, B, 2016)		0.43
"This is the first description of a serious side effect of ibrutinib likely due to an interaction with the CYP3A4 inhibitor verapamil."( Adverse event potentially due to an interaction between ibrutinib and verapamil: a case report.
Bilbault, P; Gourieux, B; Lambert Kuhn, E; Levêque, D; Lioure, B, 2016)		0.43
" Often, renal adverse effects are recognized only during clinical stages of drug development."( A Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Line with Stable Organic Anion Transporter 1 and 3 Expression Predictive for Antiviral-Induced Toxicity.
Hilgendorf, C; Jansen, K; Masereeuw, R; Nieskens, TT; Peters, JG; Röring, M; Schreurs, MJ; Smits, N; van der Made, TK; Wilmer, MJ; Woestenenk, R, 2016)		0.43
" The toxic response in cells either pretreated with PCB 52 and then treated with GO or concurrently treated with GO and PCB 52 did not differ significantly from the toxic response in the cells treated with PCB 52 alone."( Graphene Oxide Attenuates the Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of PCB 52 via Activation of Genuine Autophagy.
Chen, S; Dai, H; Deng, Z; Du, H; Hei, TK; Liu, Y; Nie, Y; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, X; Wu, L; Xu, A, 2016)		0.43
" However, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is associated with renal and bone toxic effects; the novel prodrug tenofovir alafenamide achieves 90% lower plasma tenofovir concentrations."( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate given as fixed-dose combinations containing emtricitabine as backbones for treatment of HIV-1 infection in virologically suppressed adults: a randomised, double-blind, activ
Abram, ME; Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Clumeck, N; Daar, ES; DeJesus, E; Gallant, JE; Johnson, M; Morales-Ramirez, J; Osiyemi, O; Plummer, A; Raffi, F; Rhee, MS; Ruane, P; Ward, D; Yan, M, 2016)		0.43
" Seven patients in the tenofovir alafenamide (2%) and three (1%) in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group discontinued due to adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate given as fixed-dose combinations containing emtricitabine as backbones for treatment of HIV-1 infection in virologically suppressed adults: a randomised, double-blind, activ
Abram, ME; Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Clumeck, N; Daar, ES; DeJesus, E; Gallant, JE; Johnson, M; Morales-Ramirez, J; Osiyemi, O; Plummer, A; Raffi, F; Rhee, MS; Ruane, P; Ward, D; Yan, M, 2016)		0.43
" There were no discontinuations due to adverse events."( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Tenofovir Alafenamide in HIV-Uninfected Subjects with Severe Renal Impairment.
Custodio, JM; Fordyce, M; Garner, W; Kearney, BP; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Vimal, M, 2016)		0.43
" A total of 8/16 patients (50%) had at least one grade 3 adverse event (AE), and 5 (31."( Efficacy and safety of ibrutinib in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma.
Choi, I; Fukuhara, N; Hatake, K; Ishikawa, T; Kinoshita, T; Kitano, T; Maruyama, D; Matsuno, Y; Nagai, H; Nishikawa, T; Nishikori, M; Shibayama, H; Takahara, S; Tobinai, K; Uchida, T, 2016)		0.43
" MTX was more toxic in equivalent concentrations in all cytotoxicity tests performed [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction, neutral red uptake, and lactate dehydrogenase release assays] and times tested (24 and 48 h)."( Naphthoquinoxaline metabolite of mitoxantrone is less cardiotoxic than the parent compound and it can be a more cardiosafe drug in anticancer therapy.
Bastos, ML; Carvalho, F; Carvalho, RA; Costa, VM; Gomes, AS; Pinto, M; Reis-Mendes, A; Remião, F; Sousa, E, 2017)		0.46
"TAF has a similar tolerability, safety, and effectiveness to TDF and probably less adverse events related to renal and bone density outcomes in the treatment of naive and experienced patients with HIV-1."( The efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral regimens for HIV-1 therapy: Meta-analysis.
Lu, X; Wang, H; Xu, N; Yang, X, 2016)		0.43
" The regimen was well tolerated and no discontinuations related to adverse events occurred."( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of a single-tablet regimen containing elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in treatment-naive, HIV-infected adolescents: a single-arm, open-label trial.
Batra, J; Chakraborty, R; Gaur, AH; Kizito, H; Kosalaraksa, P; Luesomboon, W; Myers, M; Porter, D; Prasitsueubsai, W; Quirk, E; Rakhmanina, N; Rassool, M; Rhee, MS; SenGupta, D; Shao, Y; Ting, L, 2016)		0.43
"Long-term TDF treatment appears to be safe and effective in patients with prior failure of LAM and a suboptimal response to ADV therapy."( Five-year efficacy and safety of tenofovir-based salvage therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B who previously failed LAM/ADV therapy.
Angus, P; Bowden, S; Desmond, P; George, J; Lee, A; Lim, L; Locarnini, S; Marion, K; Nicoll, A; Patterson, S; Roberts, S; Sievert, W; Strasser, S; Thompson, A, 2017)		0.46
"To improve biosafety of clinical analysis, we used antiviral drugs of adefovir and tenofovir as model drugs and developed a safe pretreatment method combining sealing technique with direct injection technique."( A novel pretreatment method combining sealing technique with direct injection technique applied for improving biosafety.
An, J; Du, C; Gao, JL; Jiang, Y; Li, M; Ma, H; Wang, X; Zhang, L, 2017)		0.46
" Safety was consistent with prior experience for each drug, with infusion reactions the most prevalent adverse event."( Ublituximab (TG-1101), a novel glycoengineered anti-CD20 antibody, in combination with ibrutinib is safe and highly active in patients with relapsed and/or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: results of a phase 2 trial.
Brooks, HD; Burke, JM; Fanning, S; Farber, CM; Greenwald, DR; Klein, L; Kolibaba, KS; Mahadevan, D; Miskin, HP; Schreeder, MT; Sharman, JP; Sportelli, P; Weiss, MS, 2017)		0.46
"Our results demonstrate the efficacy of switching to TDF monotherapy in virologically suppressed CHB patients receiving long-term LAM+ADV therapy, with a low rate of adverse events."( Long-term efficacy and safety of switching from lamivudine+adefovir to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed patients.
Angarano, G; Fasano, M; Fiore, JR; Leone, A; Maggi, P; Santantonio, TA; Volpe, A, 2017)		0.46
" With remarkable efficacy, good oral bioavailability, and modest adverse events profile, ibrutinib use is likely to continue to increase."( Ibrutinib in CLL: a focus on adverse events, resistance, and novel approaches beyond ibrutinib.
Kaur, V; Swami, A, 2017)		0.46
" In this report, we use metabolomics and proteomics with HK-2 cells and animal models to dissect the molecular pathways underlying nephropathy caused by TFV and its more toxic analog, adefovir (ADV)."( Tenofovir and adefovir down-regulate mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1 and succinate dehydrogenase subunit B to metabolically reprogram glucose metabolism and induce nephrotoxicity.
Chen, J; Chen, L; Cheng, L; Chi, W; Deng, H; Huo, Y; Lan, Z; Liu, X; Siegenthaler, JA; Song, W; Sun, K; Xu, L; Zhao, X, 2017)		0.46
" Adverse events (AEs) including cytokine release syndrome AEs (CytoRS-AEs) and nasal symptoms were assessed."( Safety and pharmacodynamics of intranasal GSK2245035, a TLR7 agonist for allergic rhinitis: A randomized trial.
Ellis, AK; Lee, LA; Powley, W; Quint, D; Tsitoura, DC, 2017)		0.46
"Recent toxicological assessments of graphene, graphene oxides, and some other two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown them to be substantially toxic at the nanoscale, where they inhibit and eventually disrupt biological processes."( Gauging the Nanotoxicity of h2D-C
Bhattacharyya, K; Datta, A; Mukhopadhyay, TK, 2018)		0.48
" The overall incidence and severity of adverse events was similar between groups, although headache occurred more frequently in the bictegravir group than in the boosted protease inhibitor group."( Efficacy and safety of switching to fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide from boosted protease inhibitor-based regimens in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1: 48 week results of a randomised, open-label, multicentre, ph
Andreatta, K; Cheng, A; Creticos, C; Crofoot, G; Custodio, J; Daar, ES; DeJesus, E; Graham, H; Koenig, E; Liu, YP; Martin, H; Molina, JM; Oguchi, G; Quirk, E; Rockstroh, JK; Ruane, P, 2018)		0.48
"Fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide might be a safe and efficacious alternative to continued boosted protease inhibitor therapy in adults with HIV-1 infection."( Efficacy and safety of switching to fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide from boosted protease inhibitor-based regimens in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1: 48 week results of a randomised, open-label, multicentre, ph
Andreatta, K; Cheng, A; Creticos, C; Crofoot, G; Custodio, J; Daar, ES; DeJesus, E; Graham, H; Koenig, E; Liu, YP; Martin, H; Molina, JM; Oguchi, G; Quirk, E; Rockstroh, JK; Ruane, P, 2018)		0.48
"Oligomerization of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is toxic and contributes to progressive reduction of β cell mass in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."( ROS‑mediated autophagy through the AMPK signaling pathway protects INS‑1 cells from human islet amyloid polypeptide‑induced cytotoxicity.
Jin, Y; Li, X; Xia, G; Xiao, J; Zhou, J; Zhu, T, 2018)		0.48
" Although generally well tolerated, here we describe our institutional experience of unique adverse effects encountered with the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell lymphomas."( Case series of unique adverse events related to the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell malignancies-A single institution experience and a review of literature.
Albrethsen, M; Chilkulwar, A; Faisal, MS; Fazal, S; Khattab, A; Sadashiv, S; Shaikh, H, 2019)		0.51
"This is a retrospective observational study done at a tertiary care facility, to evaluate adverse events in patients with B-cell malignancies on treatment with ibrutinib between 2014 and 2018."( Case series of unique adverse events related to the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell malignancies-A single institution experience and a review of literature.
Albrethsen, M; Chilkulwar, A; Faisal, MS; Fazal, S; Khattab, A; Sadashiv, S; Shaikh, H, 2019)		0.51
"We found 10 patients with unique adverse events related to ibrutinib."( Case series of unique adverse events related to the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell malignancies-A single institution experience and a review of literature.
Albrethsen, M; Chilkulwar, A; Faisal, MS; Fazal, S; Khattab, A; Sadashiv, S; Shaikh, H, 2019)		0.51
"We conducted an integrated safety analysis to characterize the frequency, severity, natural history, and outcomes of adverse events (AEs) with ibrutinib versus comparators."( Safety Analysis of Four Randomized Controlled Studies of Ibrutinib in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma or Mantle Cell Lymphoma.
Barr, PM; Burger, JA; Chang, S; Coutre, S; Cramer, P; Dilhuydy, MS; Fraser, G; Graef, T; Hess, G; Hillmen, P; Howes, A; James, DF; Liu, E; Moreno, C; O'Brien, S; Patel, K; Styles, L; Tedeschi, A; Valentino, R; Vermeulen, J, 2018)		0.48
" Our data demonstrated that while the animals in the recovery state showed a significant trend to decreased oxidative damage, normalized antioxidative system and ameliorated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress compared with Dox-induced toxic model, 3-MA treatment abrogated the recovering process, resulting in sustained oxidative and ER stress and neuronal apoptosis."( The involvement of autophagic flux in the development and recovery of doxorubicin-induced neurotoxicity.
Dang, R; Guo, Y; Jiang, P; Li, G; Liu, Y; Qiao, Y; Xie, R; Xu, P; Zhou, X, 2018)		0.48
" An animal model (where male and female rats were administered 21 and 10 mg per kg animal per day of eritadenine) indicated that intake of the compound was safe under these concentrations; it reached the liver and reduced the atherogenic index (TC/HDL) in rat sera."( Effect of traditional and modern culinary processing, bioaccessibility, biosafety and bioavailability of eritadenine, a hypocholesterolemic compound from edible mushrooms.
Largo, C; Morales, D; Piris, AJ; Polo, G; Soler-Rivas, C; Tabernero, M, 2018)		0.91
" The most common all-grade adverse events were diarrhoea (47 [33%] of 141 patients), neutropenia (44 [31%]), and fatigue (37 [26%])."( Safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase 1/2a study.
Alvarez, J; Avivi, I; Balasubramanian, S; Ben-Yehuda, D; Bosch, F; Brody, J; Buglio, D; Caballero Barrigón, MD; Carpio, C; Ceulemans, R; Cordoba, R; de Jong, J; Demirkan, F; Ferhanoglu, B; Fourneau, N; Hellmann, A; Hodkinson, BP; Horowitz, NA; Jurczak, W; Kuss, B; Lopez-Guillermo, A; Ma, DDF; Marlton, P; Nagler, A; Ozcan, M; Schaffer, M; Streit, M; Wang, SS; Wrobel, T; Yağci, M; Younes, A, 2019)		0.51
" Here side effects of ibrutinib have been summarized and important considerations in the management of these adverse events have been reviewed."( Management of adverse effects/toxicity of ibrutinib.
Paydas, S, 2019)		0.51
"We pooled clinical renal safety data across 26 treatment-naive and antiretroviral switch studies to compare the incidence of proximal renal tubulopathy and discontinuation due to renal adverse events between participants taking TAF-containing regimens vs."( Renal safety of tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a pooled analysis of 26 clinical trials.
Arribas, JR; Brainard, D; Carter, C; Clarke, AE; Das, M; Elion, RA; Eron, JJ; Esser, S; Guo, S; Gupta, SK; Martin, H; Mudrikova, T; Negredo, E; Orkin, C; Podzamczer, D; Post, FA; Pozniak, AL; Rockstroh, JK; Sax, PE; SenGupta, D; Stellbrink, HJ; Waters, L; Wohl, DA; Zhong, L, 2019)		0.51
"001) discontinued due to a renal adverse event."( Renal safety of tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a pooled analysis of 26 clinical trials.
Arribas, JR; Brainard, D; Carter, C; Clarke, AE; Das, M; Elion, RA; Eron, JJ; Esser, S; Guo, S; Gupta, SK; Martin, H; Mudrikova, T; Negredo, E; Orkin, C; Podzamczer, D; Post, FA; Pozniak, AL; Rockstroh, JK; Sax, PE; SenGupta, D; Stellbrink, HJ; Waters, L; Wohl, DA; Zhong, L, 2019)		0.51
" In the period between Year 8 and Year 10, the safety profile of TDF was similar to previous reports, with few patients experiencing renal- or bone-related adverse events."( Ten-year efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
Buggisch, P; Buti, M; Cathcart, AL; Crans, G; Flaherty, J; Flisiak, R; Gaggar, A; Jump, B; Kaita, K; Krastev, Z; Lee, SS; Manns, M; Marcellin, P; Op den Brouw, M; Petersen, J; Sievert, W; Wong, DK, 2019)		0.51
" Emerging real-world-data shows similar response and survival, but higher discontinuation rates due to adverse events (AEs)."( Safety and efficacy analysis of long-term follow up real-world data with ibrutinib monotherapy in 58 patients with CLL treated in a single-center in Greece.
Angelopoulou, M; Bitsani, C; Dimou, M; Iliakis, T; Kalyva, S; Koudouna, A; Kyrtsonis, MC; Panayiotidis, P; Papaioannou, P; Pardalis, V; Tsaftaridis, P; Vassilakopoulos, TP, 2019)		0.51
" In the integrated analysis (ibrutinib treatment up to 43 months), the most common adverse events (AEs) were primarily grade 1/2; diarrhea (n = 173, 52% any-grade; n = 15, 5% grade 3) and fatigue (n = 119, 36% any-grade; n = 10, 3% grade 3)."( Long-term safety of single-agent ibrutinib in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 3 pivotal studies.
Barr, PM; Barrientos, JC; Burger, JA; Byrd, JC; Chang, S; Coutre, SE; Dean, JP; Devereux, S; Furman, RR; Ghia, P; Hillmen, P; James, DF; Kipps, TJ; Moreno, C; O'Brien, SM; O'Dwyer, M; Robak, T; Schuh, A; Valentino, R, 2019)		0.51
" However, less attention has been put on their adverse events."( Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis for Assessing Adverse Effects of Anti-hepatitis B Drugs.
Ji, J; Jia, Y; Shen, Y; Xun, P; Zhou, J, 2019)		0.51
" Poisson-prior-based Bayesian NMA was performed to synthesize both direct and indirect evidence with reporting hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% credible intervals (CrIs) for serious adverse events (SAEs) and hepatic/renal impairments."( Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis for Assessing Adverse Effects of Anti-hepatitis B Drugs.
Ji, J; Jia, Y; Shen, Y; Xun, P; Zhou, J, 2019)		0.51
" Few discontinued due to adverse events (2% D/C/F/TAF arm)."( Week 96 efficacy and safety results of the phase 3, randomized EMERALD trial to evaluate switching from boosted-protease inhibitors plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimens to the once daily, single-tablet regimen of darunavir/cobicistat/
Brown, K; Cunningham, D; De Wit, S; Eron, JJ; Hufkens, V; Jezorwski, J; Lathouwers, E; Opsomer, M; Orkin, C; Petrovic, R; Post, FA; Pulido, F; Van Landuyt, E, 2019)		0.51
"There are limited data on treatment patterns, adverse events (AEs), and economic burden in younger, commercially insured patients treated for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)."( Treatment patterns, adverse events, healthcare resource use and costs among commercially insured patients with mantle cell lymphoma in the United States.
Burudpakdee, C; Kabadi, SM; Near, A; Wada, K, 2019)		0.51
" The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) in patients with FL and DLBCL, respectively, were diarrhea (16 [59%]; 16 [47%]), fatigue (12 [44%]; 16 [47%]), nausea (9 [33%]; 12 [35%]), peripheral edema (7 [26%]; 13 [38%]), decreased appetite (8 [30%]; 11 [32%]), neutropenia (6 [22%]; 11 [32%]), and vomiting (5 [19%]; 12 [35%])."( Safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with durvalumab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Goy, A; Guan, S; Herrera, AF; Hill, JS; Kwei, K; Liu, EA; Mehta, A; Pagel, JM; Phillips, T; Ramchandren, R; Svoboda, J, 2020)		0.56
" Common grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) included neutropenia (13%), pneumonia (12%), hypertension (8%), anemia (7%), and hyponatremia (6%); occurrence of most events as well as discontinuations due to AEs decreased over time."( Long-term efficacy and safety of first-line ibrutinib treatment for patients with CLL/SLL: 5 years of follow-up from the phase 3 RESONATE-2 study.
Bairey, O; Barr, PM; Burger, JA; Coutre, SE; Dai, S; Dean, JP; Devereux, S; Ghia, P; Grosicki, S; Hillmen, P; Kipps, TJ; Lal, I; McCarthy, H; Moreno, C; Offner, F; Owen, C; Robak, T; Simpson, D; Tedeschi, A, 2020)		0.56
" Outcomes assessed included overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) rate, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events."( Matching-adjusted Indirect Comparisons of the Efficacy and Safety of Acalabrutinib Versus Other Targeted Therapies in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma.
Abhyankar, S; Kabadi, SM; Signorovitch, J; Song, J; Telford, C; Yao, Z; Zhao, J, 2019)		0.51
" No subject experienced a serious adverse event or nephrotoxicity."( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of pradefovir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.
Chen, H; Ding, Y; Jin, W; Li, C; Li, X; Liu, C; Liu, J; Niu, J; Wu, M; Zhang, D; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2020)		0.56
" Drug-related grade ≥2 adverse events and withdrawals due to adverse events occurred in 17 (4."( Efficacy and Safety of Switching to Dolutegravir/Lamivudine Fixed-Dose 2-Drug Regimen vs Continuing a Tenofovir Alafenamide-Based 3- or 4-Drug Regimen for Maintenance of Virologic Suppression in Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Phas
Aboud, M; Ait-Khaled, M; Ajana, F; Bisshop, F; De Wit, S; Gartland, MJ; Nascimento, MC; Osiyemi, O; Pappa, KA; Portilla Sogorb, J; Routy, JP; Smith, KY; Tenorio, AR; van Wyk, J; Wang, R; Wright, J; Wyen, C; Wynne, B, 2020)		0.56
" Both treatments were safe and well-tolerated, and most adverse events were similar as mild to moderate in severity."( Efficacy and safety of the regimens containing tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in fixed-dose single-tablet regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, Y; Lu, Y; Tao, X; Zhang, L; Zhou, Y, 2020)		0.56
" The purpose of this study was to describe treatment patterns, adverse events (AEs), and economic burden among treated patients with CLL."( Real-World Treatment Patterns, Adverse Events, Resource Use, and Costs Among Commercially Insured, Younger Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the USA: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Burudpakdee, C; Kabadi, SM; Near, A; Wada, K, 2020)		0.56
"6 % patients experienced ≥ grade 3 adverse events and serious adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of ibrutinib in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A single-arm meta-analysis.
Fang, H; Feng, Y; Hou, K; Huang, L; Jia, Y; Shao, S; Yu, Z, 2020)		0.56
" Patient characteristics, ibrutinib use and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were collected from medical records."( Patterns of use and safety of ibrutinib in real-life practice.
Allouchery, M; Delaunay, P; Delwail, V; Guidez, S; Lafay-Chebassier, C; Pérault-Pochat, MC; Salvo, F; Tomowiak, C, 2021)		0.62
" These findings provide reassurance that the combination of TAF, boosted PIs and ledipasvir/sofosbuvir is safe in HIV/HCV-coinfected populations."( Pharmacokinetics and renal safety of tenofovir alafenamide with boosted protease inhibitors and ledipasvir/sofosbuvir.
Anderson, PL; Blum, J; Brooks, KM; Bushman, LR; Castillo-Mancilla, JR; Cendali, F; Choi, YJ; Gomez, J; Haas, H; Ibrahim, ME; Johnson, B; Kiser, JJ; MaWhinney, S; Morrow, M; Roon, L; Rowan, SE; Wyles, DL; Zheng, JH, 2020)		0.56
" Secondary assessments included maternal HBV DNA reduction at delivery, and maternal or infant adverse events during follow up."( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate for preventing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: a national cohort study.
Cao, L; Chen, B; Chen, R; Ding, Y; Fan, J; Gan, W; Huang, Y; Lin, C; Liu, Y; Pan, CQ; Sheng, Q; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhu, L, 2020)		0.56
" No severe adverse effects were reported in either mothers or infants."( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate for preventing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: a national cohort study.
Cao, L; Chen, B; Chen, R; Ding, Y; Fan, J; Gan, W; Huang, Y; Lin, C; Liu, Y; Pan, CQ; Sheng, Q; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhu, L, 2020)		0.56
" Consistently, a lack of MKP-5 aggravated the adverse effects of lipotoxicity."( MKP-5 Relieves Lipotoxicity-Induced Islet β-Cell Dysfunction and Apoptosis via Regulation of Autophagy.
Jiao, P; Li, L; Ma, J; Ma, Y; Teng, W; Tian, Y; Wang, W; Yan, W; Zhao, T, 2020)		0.56
" Because TDF can lead to renal impairment and a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), the prodrug tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) may be considered a viable alternative with fewer adverse effects."( Safety and efficacy of tenofovir alafenamide in liver transplant recipients: A single center experience.
Achterfeld, A; Herzer, K; Rashidi-Alavijeh, J; Straub, K; Wedemeyer, H; Willuweit, K, 2021)		0.62
" After 1 year, 22 patients were still taking TAF; two patients had been lost to follow-up; one patient had died; and four patients had discontinued therapy because of TAF-related adverse effects."( Safety and efficacy of tenofovir alafenamide in liver transplant recipients: A single center experience.
Achterfeld, A; Herzer, K; Rashidi-Alavijeh, J; Straub, K; Wedemeyer, H; Willuweit, K, 2021)		0.62
" Most common adverse events (AEs) leading to prior KI discontinuation were rash (27%), arthralgia (18%), and atrial fibrillation (16%)."( Phase 2 study of the safety and efficacy of umbralisib in patients with CLL who are intolerant to BTK or PI3Kδ inhibitor therapy.
Barr, PM; Barrientos, JC; Brander, DM; Cheson, BD; Dorsey, C; Flinn, IW; Fonseca, GA; Ghosh, N; Hamadeh, IS; Kambhampati, S; Lamanna, N; Lansigan, F; LaRatta, N; Luning Prak, ET; Mato, AR; Miskin, HP; Pagel, JM; Paskalis, D; Pu, JJ; Rai, KR; Reeves, JA; Roeker, L; Schuster, SJ; Sitlinger, A; Skarbnik, AP; Sportelli, P; Svoboda, J; Tsao, P; Weiss, MS; Weissbrot, H, 2021)		0.62
"Limited published real-world data describe adverse events (AEs) among patients treated for mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL)."( Adverse Events and Economic Burden Among Patients Receiving Systemic Treatment for Mantle Cell Lymphoma: A Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study.
Byfield, SD; Kabadi, SM; LE, L; Olufade, T, 2021)		0.62
" Primary safety outcomes, compared pairwise among treatment groups, were the occurrence of a composite adverse pregnancy outcome (ie, either preterm delivery, the infant being born small for gestational age, stillbirth, or spontaneous abortion) in all participants with a pregnancy outcome, and the occurrence of grade 3 or higher maternal and infant adverse events in all randomised participants."( Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate HIV antiretroviral therapy regimens started in pregnancy (IMPAACT 2
Amico, KR; Brummel, SS; Cassim, H; Chakhtoura, N; Chinula, L; Coletti, A; Currier, J; Fairlie, L; Frenkel, LM; Hanley, S; Hoffman, RM; Holmes, LB; Jean-Philippe, P; João, E; Johnston, B; Korutaro, V; Krotje, C; Lockman, S; Masheto, G; McCarthy, K; Mmbaga, BT; Momper, JD; Moyo, S; Purdue, L; Rooney, JF; Sax, PE; Shapiro, RL; Stranix-Chibanda, L; Stringer, JS; Thoofer, NK; Ziemba, L, 2021)		0.62
" Significantly fewer participants in the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate group (52 [24%] of 216) had a composite adverse pregnancy outcome than those in the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (70 [33%] of 213; estimated difference -8·8% [95% CI -17·3 to -0·3], p=0·043) or the efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (69 [33%] of 211; -8·6% [-17·1 to -0·1], p=0·047)."( Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate HIV antiretroviral therapy regimens started in pregnancy (IMPAACT 2
Amico, KR; Brummel, SS; Cassim, H; Chakhtoura, N; Chinula, L; Coletti, A; Currier, J; Fairlie, L; Frenkel, LM; Hanley, S; Hoffman, RM; Holmes, LB; Jean-Philippe, P; João, E; Johnston, B; Korutaro, V; Krotje, C; Lockman, S; Masheto, G; McCarthy, K; Mmbaga, BT; Momper, JD; Moyo, S; Purdue, L; Rooney, JF; Sax, PE; Shapiro, RL; Stranix-Chibanda, L; Stringer, JS; Thoofer, NK; Ziemba, L, 2021)		0.62
" The dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate regimen had the lowest frequency of composite adverse pregnancy outcomes and of neonatal deaths."( Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate HIV antiretroviral therapy regimens started in pregnancy (IMPAACT 2
Amico, KR; Brummel, SS; Cassim, H; Chakhtoura, N; Chinula, L; Coletti, A; Currier, J; Fairlie, L; Frenkel, LM; Hanley, S; Hoffman, RM; Holmes, LB; Jean-Philippe, P; João, E; Johnston, B; Korutaro, V; Krotje, C; Lockman, S; Masheto, G; McCarthy, K; Mmbaga, BT; Momper, JD; Moyo, S; Purdue, L; Rooney, JF; Sax, PE; Shapiro, RL; Stranix-Chibanda, L; Stringer, JS; Thoofer, NK; Ziemba, L, 2021)		0.62
" TAF was well tolerated and only 4 patients discontinued therapy due to adverse event during a median duration of TAF dosing of 74 weeks."( Safety and Effectiveness of Tenofovir Alafenamide in Usual Clinical Practice Confirms Results of Clinical Trials: TARGET-HBV.
Bernstein, DE; Fried, MW; Lok, AS; Mospan, AR; Schiff, ER; Smith, CI; Trinh, HN; Zink, RC, 2022)		0.72
" The treatment using NAs was well-tolerated and there was no serious drug-related adverse event reported."( Short-term and long-term safety and efficacy of tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and entecavir treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure associated with hepatitis B.
Chen, T; Chen, Y; Fu, M; Fu, S; Gao, Z; He, Y; Hu, C; Li, J; Liu, J; Yan, T; Yang, Y; Zhang, R; Zhao, Y; Zhou, M, 2021)		0.62
" In rats, systemic and local findings were considered not adverse due to their low severity and reversibility; therefore, the "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) was set at 1,000 μg/kg/day."( A 28-Day Toxicity Study of Tenofovir Alafenamide Hemifumarate by Subcutaneous Infusion in Rats and Dogs.
Alessi, T; Feldman, PL; Felx, M; Jain, R; Roller, S; Shelton, J; Singh, R; Wang, Y; Yang, B; Zane, D, 2021)		0.62
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide is safe and effective for longer-term pre-exposure prophylaxis in cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men."( Long-term safety and efficacy of emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis: week 96 results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
Asmuth, DM; Baeten, JM; Brainard, DM; Brunetta, JM; Carter, C; Cox, S; Das, M; Ebrahimi, R; Gilson, R; Henry, K; Kintu, A; Kronborg, G; Ogbuagu, O; Podzamczer, D; Ruane, PJ; Salazar, LC; Shao, Y; Spinner, CD; Whitlock, G; Wohl, D, 2021)		0.62
"Ibrutinib has superior progression-free survival compared with bendamustine plus rituximab (BR) in older CLL patients, however, differences in treatment duration, six monthly BR cycles versus continuous ibrutinib, complicate adverse event (AE) comparisons."( Adverse event burden in older patients with CLL receiving bendamustine plus rituximab or ibrutinib regimens: Alliance A041202.
Abramson, JS; Bartlett, NL; Booth, AM; Brander, DM; Brown, JR; Byrd, JC; Coutre, S; Ding, W; Erba, H; Kuzma, CS; Larson, RA; Little, RF; Litzow, M; Mandrekar, SJ; Nattam, S; Owen, C; Ruppert, AS; Smith, SE; Stone, RM; Woyach, JA, 2021)		0.62
"The occurrence of adverse events was revealed as a major cause of ibrutinib failure in the real-world."( Keeping a balance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients taking ibrutinib: ibrutinib-associated adverse events and their management based on drug interactions.
Baek, DW; Cho, HJ; Kim, J; Lee, JM; Moon, JH; Sohn, SK, 2021)		0.62
" While 176 adverse events (AEs) were reported in 74 (54."( Efficacy and Safety of Ibrutinib Therapy in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Retrospective Analysis of Real-Life Data
Akay, OM; Akdeniz, A; Akpınar, S; Aydoğdu, İ; Baştürk, A; Batur, DS; Berber, İ; Çekdemir, D; Çetin, G; Davulcu, EA; Demircioğlu, S; Deveci, B; Dinçyürek, HD; Doğu, MH; Durusoy, SS; Ertop, Ş; Ferhanoğlu, B; Güneş, AK; Gürkan, E; İlhan, G; Kaya, E; Kızıklı, A; Kurtoğlu, E; Mehtap, Ö; Okan, V; Okay, M; Özcan, MA; Özcan, Ö; Özet, G; Özkocamaz, V; Pepedil Tanrıkulu, F; Sahip, B; Saydam, G; Sayınalp, N; Seyhanlı, A; Sönmez, M; Terzi, H; Tombak, A; Turgut, B; Uçar, MA; Ümit, EG; Ünal, A; Yavaşoğlu, İ; Yıldırım, R; Yılmaz, M, 2021)		0.62
"This real-life analysis confirms the favorable efficacy and safety profile of long-term ibrutinib treatment while emphasizing the potential adverse impacts of poorer ECOG performance status, heavy treatment prior to ibrutinib, and advanced Rai stage on patient compliance, treatment response, and survival outcomes."( Efficacy and Safety of Ibrutinib Therapy in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Retrospective Analysis of Real-Life Data
Akay, OM; Akdeniz, A; Akpınar, S; Aydoğdu, İ; Baştürk, A; Batur, DS; Berber, İ; Çekdemir, D; Çetin, G; Davulcu, EA; Demircioğlu, S; Deveci, B; Dinçyürek, HD; Doğu, MH; Durusoy, SS; Ertop, Ş; Ferhanoğlu, B; Güneş, AK; Gürkan, E; İlhan, G; Kaya, E; Kızıklı, A; Kurtoğlu, E; Mehtap, Ö; Okan, V; Okay, M; Özcan, MA; Özcan, Ö; Özet, G; Özkocamaz, V; Pepedil Tanrıkulu, F; Sahip, B; Saydam, G; Sayınalp, N; Seyhanlı, A; Sönmez, M; Terzi, H; Tombak, A; Turgut, B; Uçar, MA; Ümit, EG; Ünal, A; Yavaşoğlu, İ; Yıldırım, R; Yılmaz, M, 2021)		0.62
" Week 48 virologic suppression (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL), resistance, adverse events (AEs), and laboratory parameters were assessed."( Brief Report: Efficacy and Safety of Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide in Females Living With HIV: An Integrated Analysis of 5 Trials.
Ajana, F; Brainard, D; Chuck, SK; Collins, SE; Gandhi-Patel, B; Kityo, C; Koenig, E; Liu, Y; Makadzange, T; McNicholl, I; Natukunda, E; Orkin, C; Pikora, C; Wang, H; Wei, X; White, K, 2021)		0.62
"In individuals with a history of PRT on TDF, 96 weeks of TAF was not associated with recurrent PRT or adverse effects on renal tubular function, bone turnover, or BMD."( Safety of Tenofovir Alafenamide in People With HIV Who Experienced Proximal Renal Tubulopathy on Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate.
Barbini, B; Burling, K; Campbell, L; Cromarty, B; Hamzah, L; Johnson, M; Jones, R; Post, FA; Samarawickrama, A; Williams, D; Winston, A, 2021)		0.62
" 1V209-Cho-Lip exerted minimal toxic effects and enhanced the transportation ability in lymph nodes (LNs) compared with 1V209."( Lymph-Node-Targeted Cholesterolized TLR7 Agonist Liposomes Provoke a Safe and Durable Antitumor Response.
Chen, L; He, C; Hong, W; Lan, T; Que, H; Wan, D; Wei, X; Wei, Y; Yang, J, 2021)		0.62
" The most common grade 3 adverse events were rash/pruritis/dermatitis (19%), diarrhea (11%), hyperglycemia (11%), and hypertension (11%)."( Phase I/Ib Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Buparlisib and Ibrutinib Therapy in MCL, FL, and DLBCL with Serial Cell-Free DNA Monitoring.
Batlevi, CL; De Frank, S; Drullinsky, P; Gerecitano, JF; Hamilton, A; Hamlin, PA; Horwitz, SM; Kumar, A; Matasar, MJ; Michaud, L; Moskowitz, A; Moskowitz, CH; Nakajima, R; Nichols, C; Rademaker, J; Salles, G; Schöder, H; Seshan, V; Stewart, CM; Straus, D; Tsui, DWY; Whiting, K; Younes, A; Zelenetz, AD, 2022)		0.72
"Adverse events were generally mild, but one case of fatal suspected unexpected serious adverse reaction occurred."( Safety and efficacy of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in five groups of immunocompromised patients and healthy controls in a prospective open-label clinical trial.
Akber, M; Aleman, S; Bergman, P; Blennow, O; Blixt, L; Bogdanovic, G; Buggert, M; Chen, MS; Chen, P; Friman, G; Gomez, AC; Hansson, L; Hober, S; Lindgren, G; Ljunggren, HG; Ljungman, P; Loré, K; Mielke, S; Muschiol, S; Nilsson, P; Nordlander, A; Norlin, AC; Nowak, P; Österborg, A; Smith, CIE; Söderdahl, G; Thalme, A; Valentini, D; Vesterbacka, J; Wahren-Borgström, E; Wullimann, D, 2021)		0.62
"The results showed that the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine was safe in immunocompromised patients."( Safety and efficacy of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in five groups of immunocompromised patients and healthy controls in a prospective open-label clinical trial.
Akber, M; Aleman, S; Bergman, P; Blennow, O; Blixt, L; Bogdanovic, G; Buggert, M; Chen, MS; Chen, P; Friman, G; Gomez, AC; Hansson, L; Hober, S; Lindgren, G; Ljunggren, HG; Ljungman, P; Loré, K; Mielke, S; Muschiol, S; Nilsson, P; Nordlander, A; Norlin, AC; Nowak, P; Österborg, A; Smith, CIE; Söderdahl, G; Thalme, A; Valentini, D; Vesterbacka, J; Wahren-Borgström, E; Wullimann, D, 2021)		0.62
" Drug-related adverse events were more frequent with DTG/3TC (15%; leading to discontinuation in 4%) than TAF-based regimens (5%; leading to discontinuation in 1%) through week 144, but rates were comparable after week 48 (4%; leading to discontinuation in 1% in both groups)."( Efficacy and Safety of Switching to Dolutegravir/Lamivudine Versus Continuing a Tenofovir Alafenamide-Based 3- or 4-Drug Regimen for Maintenance of Virologic Suppression in Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Results Through Week 144 F
Aboud, M; Ait-Khaled, M; Ajana, F; Bisshop, F; De Wit, S; George, N; Leone, P; Osiyemi, O; Pappa, KA; Portilla, J; Routy, JP; Smith, KY; van Wyk, J; Wang, R; Wright, J; Wyen, C; Wynne, B, 2022)		0.72
" No fatal events or related serious adverse events were reported."( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Nucleoside Analog Antiviral Drug Galidesivir Administered to Healthy Adult Subjects.
Collins, D; Dobo, S; Mathis, A; Sheridan, WP; Taylor, R; Walling, DM, 2022)		0.72
"The increasing indications and addition of newer agents to clinical practice and emergence of BTK inhibitor-related cardiac adverse events have complicated the management decisions for utilization of this class of therapy."( Cardiotoxicity of BTK inhibitors: ibrutinib and beyond.
Awan, FT; Christensen, BW; Zaha, VG, 2022)		0.72
"The newer BTK inhibitor acalabrutinib represents a new standard of care in front-line chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) given the results of the ELEVATE-RR trial demonstrating comparable efficacy and a more favorable toxicity profile especially with regard to cardiac adverse events as compared to ibrutinib."( Cardiotoxicity of BTK inhibitors: ibrutinib and beyond.
Awan, FT; Christensen, BW; Zaha, VG, 2022)		0.72
" Common nonhematologic adverse events were fatigue (56%), nausea (53%), anorexia (41%), and diarrhea (41%) and were mostly low grade."( Selinexor Combined with Ibrutinib Demonstrates Tolerability and Safety in Advanced B-Cell Malignancies: A Phase I Study.
Baker, S; Bhat, S; Byrd, JC; Canfield, D; Cempre, CB; Fu, Q; Hu, B; Huang, Y; Jaglowski, SM; Lapalombella, R; Lockman, H; Rogers, KA; Ruppert, AS; Shah, H; Stephens, DM; Vadeboncoeur, R; Walker, JS; Woyach, JA, 2022)		0.72
" Adverse events occurred in 74."( Efficacy and safety of ibrutinib in relapsed/refractory CLL and SLL in Japan: a post-marketing surveillance.
Akizuki, R; Fujino, A; Nomura, F; Omi, A; Tsujioka, S, 2022)		0.72
" Toxic effects of the combination of ibrutinib and cetuximab have been reported in a patient with metastatic CRC."( Ibrutinib and panitumumab used in combination safely in a patient with metachronous colorectal cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Araz, M; Artaç, M; Çeneli, Ö; Karaağaç, M; Karakurt Eryilmaz, M; Korkmaz, M, 2022)		0.72
" We also synopsize and discuss the cardiovascular adverse effects related to other more selective BTK inhibitors, which may guide the selection of appropriate BTK inhibitors."( Ibrutinib-Associated Cardiotoxicity: From the Pharmaceutical to the Clinical.
Dong, R; Lin, N; Tan, B; Yan, Y; Zeng, X, 2022)		0.72
" Across the studies, one grade 3/4 adverse event was considered drug-related (intermediate uveitis)."( Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir alafenamide in children and adolescents living with HIV: a systematic review.
Castro, H; Collins, IJ; Jesson, J; Judd, A; Leroy, V; Milanzi, E; O'Rourke, J; Penazzato, M; Renaud, F; Townsend, CL; Vicari, M, 2023)		0.91
" We analysed the incidence of adverse events (AEs), laboratory abnormalities, and changes in relevant tolerability parameters through 48 weeks."( Efficacy and safety of switching to bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in virologically suppressed Asian adults living with HIV: A pooled analysis from three international phase III randomized trials.
Avihingsanon, A; Chetchotisakd, P; Kiertiburanakul, S; Martin, H; Ratanasuwan, W; Siripassorn, K; Supparatpinyo, K; Wang, H; Wang, HY; Wong, T, 2023)		0.91
" Primary safety analyses were pairwise comparisons between ART regimens of the proportion of maternal and infant adverse events of grade 3 or higher up to 50 weeks post partum."( Efficacy and safety of three antiretroviral therapy regimens started in pregnancy up to 50 weeks post partum: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.
Amico, KR; Boyce, C; Brummel, S; Cassim, H; Chakhtoura, N; Chinula, L; Coletti, A; Currier, JS; Fairlie, L; Frenkel, LM; Hoffman, R; Jean-Philippe, P; Johnston, B; Knowles, K; Korutaro, V; Krotje, C; Lockman, S; Masheto, G; McCarthy, K; Mmbaga, BT; Moyo, S; Patel, F; Purdue, L; Rooney, JF; Sax, PE; Shapiro, R; Stranix-Chibanda, L; Stringer, J; van Wyk, J; Ziemba, L, 2023)		0.91
" Up to the week 50 post-partum visit, the estimated probability of experiencing an adverse event of grade 3 or higher was 25% in the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide group; 31% in the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group; and 28% in the efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (no significant difference between groups)."( Efficacy and safety of three antiretroviral therapy regimens started in pregnancy up to 50 weeks post partum: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.
Amico, KR; Boyce, C; Brummel, S; Cassim, H; Chakhtoura, N; Chinula, L; Coletti, A; Currier, JS; Fairlie, L; Frenkel, LM; Hoffman, R; Jean-Philippe, P; Johnston, B; Knowles, K; Korutaro, V; Krotje, C; Lockman, S; Masheto, G; McCarthy, K; Mmbaga, BT; Moyo, S; Patel, F; Purdue, L; Rooney, JF; Sax, PE; Shapiro, R; Stranix-Chibanda, L; Stringer, J; van Wyk, J; Ziemba, L, 2023)		0.91
" Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) increases the risk of renal tubular toxicity and adverse effects on bone, but Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and Tenofovir amibufenamide (TMF) have favorable safety profile on the kidneys and bones."( Medication safety in chronic kidney disease.
Singh, S, 2023)		0.91
" However, greater adverse effects on renal function were observed for TDF than ETV at 60 months compared to 12 months."( Renal and bone side effects of long-term use of entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate in patients with Hepatitis B: a network meta-analysis.
Liu, S; Liu, Z; Ma, X; Xin, Y; Zhao, Z, 2023)		0.91
"Long-term administration of TDF has resulted in stronger adverse effects than TAF and ETV in regard to both renal function and bone tissue in CHB patients."( Renal and bone side effects of long-term use of entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate in patients with Hepatitis B: a network meta-analysis.
Liu, S; Liu, Z; Ma, X; Xin, Y; Zhao, Z, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In this study, pharmacokinetic profiles were simulated for 23 patients treated with amonafide, using each patient's individual pharmacokinetic parameters."( Limited sampling models for amonafide (NSC 308847) pharmacokinetics.
Malspeis, L; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Staubus, AE, 1988)		0.27
"To determine if variability in toxicity of amonafide during phase II trials could be correlated with pharmacokinetic variability."( Population pharmacodynamic study of amonafide: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study.
Allen, SL; Costanza, M; Henderson, IC; Ratain, MJ; Rosner, G; Schilsky, RL; Van Echo, DA, 1995)		0.29
"When a pharmacodynamic model is to be considered as the basis for individualized drug dosing, validation of the model is clearly warranted."( Bootstrap validation of pharmacodynamic models defined via stepwise linear regression.
Mick, R; Ratain, MJ, 1994)		0.29
"We have investigated the correlation of clinical responses (decreases of white blood cells and peripheral blasts) with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia who are receiving amonafide."( The correlation of response with plasma pharmacokinetics and polyamine concentrations in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia receiving amonafide.
Benvenuto, JA; Johnston, DA; Nishioka, K, 1993)		0.29
"Amonafide (A) demonstrates dose-related increases in area under the curve (AUC) and Cmax values."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amonafide (NSC 308847) in 62 patients.
Akerman, S; Allen, SL; Budman, DR; Calabro, A; Chan, K; Fusco, D; Hock, K; Kreis, W; Mittelman, A; Puccio, C; Spigelman, M, 1996)		0.29
" Pharmacokinetic experiments with mice showed that the oral bioavailabilities of PMEA following oral gavage of bis(POM)-PMEA, diphenyl-PMEA, or PMEA (at a dose equivalent to 50 mg of PMEA per kg) were 53,3, and 16%, respectively."( Antiretroviral activity and pharmacokinetics in mice of oral bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) ester prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine.
Balzarini, J; Bischofberger, N; De Clercq, E; Naesens, L, 1996)		0.51
" The goal of this study was to construct and validate a pharmacodynamic model-based dosing strategy for amonafide, to try to further decrease inter-patient variability in leukopenia."( Individualized dosing of amonafide based on a pharmacodynamic model incorporating acetylator phenotype and gender.
Berezin, F; Janisch, L; Kut, M; Mick, R; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Vogelzang, NJ, 1996)		0.29
" Pharmacokinetic studies with mice showed that the oral bioavailability of bis(POC)-PMPA (calculated from the curves of the concentration of free PMPA in plasma) was 20%."( Antiretroviral efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine in mice.
Annaert, P; Arimilli, MN; Augustijns, P; Bischofberger, N; De Clercq, E; Kim, CU; Naesens, L; Van den Mooter, G, 1998)		0.51
" Intracellular activation of a small fraction (< 10%) of the dose by cellular kinases leads to prolonged antiviral effects that are not easily predicted from conventional pharmacokinetic studies."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the antiviral nucleotide analogues cidofovir and adefovir.
Cundy, KC, 1999)		0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters differed by patient age."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the oral antiviral compound adefovir dipivoxil in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The Pediatrics AIDS Clinical Trials Group.
Blanchard, S; Burchett, S; Coakley, DF; Culnane, M; Cundy, KC; Fridland, A; Hughes, WT; Purdue, L; Read, JS; Rodman, JH; Shenep, JL; Willoughby, R; Zimmer, B, 2000)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were dose proportional and demonstrated no change with repeated dosing."( Phase i/ii trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults.
Barditch-Crovo, P; Coakley, DF; Coleman, RL; Collier, A; Deeks, SG; Kahn, JO; Kearney, BP; Lamy, PD; Lietman, PS; McGowan, I; Miller, M; Safrin, S, 2001)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic experiments in mice showed that the oral bioavailabilities of PMEA following oral gavage of Bis-PMEA or PMEA (at a dose equivalent to 28 mg of PMEA/kg) were 50."( Pharmacokinetic and antiretroviral activity in mice of oral [P(1),P(2)-bis[2-(adenin-9-yl)ethoxymethyl]phosphonate], a prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine.
Cappellacci, L; Casabianca, A; Celeste, AG; Cerasi, A; Chiarantini, L; Dominici, S; Franchetti, P; Grifantini, M; Magnani, M; Rossi, L; Serafini, S, 2002)		0.51
" A two compartment pharmacokinetic model is employed to determine the time evolution of the intracellular concentrations of the active forms of drugs, and thereby drug efficacy."( Complex patterns of viral load decay under antiretroviral therapy: influence of pharmacokinetics and intracellular delay.
Dixit, NM; Perelson, AS, 2004)		0.32
" After iv infusion, the half-life was the same for CdA and CAde, but after oral administration the half-life was doubled for CAde."( Cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of cladribine metabolite, 2-chloroadenine in patients with leukemia.
Albertioni, F; Juliusson, G; Larsson, R; Liliemark, J; Lindemalm, S, 2004)		0.56
"Phase I, open-label, fixed-sequence, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study."( Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of total, R-, and S-methadone.
Berenson, CS; Booker, BM; Bullock, JM; Cloen, D; Coakley, DF; Flaherty, JF; Haas, CE; Kearney, BP; Liaw, S; Smith, PF; Yale, K, 2004)		0.32
" Both AUCss and Cmax met the strict criteria for bioequivalence between the two study periods for total, R-, and S-methadone, indicating a lack of drug interaction when tenofovir DF was coadministered with methadone."( Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of total, R-, and S-methadone.
Berenson, CS; Booker, BM; Bullock, JM; Cloen, D; Coakley, DF; Flaherty, JF; Haas, CE; Kearney, BP; Liaw, S; Smith, PF; Yale, K, 2004)		0.32
"On day 1, 12 h pharmacokinetic profiles for saquinavir/ritonavir (1000/100 mg given twice daily) were obtained for 18 subjects."( Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard gel/ritonavir (1000/100 mg twice daily) when administered with tenofovir diproxil fumarate in HIV-1-infected subjects.
Back, D; Boffito, M; Di Perri, G; Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A; Stainsby-Tron, M; Tomkins, J, 2005)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic data for 23 subjects were thus evaluable."( Pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers.
Buffels, R; Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP; Vanhorssen, PJ; Verweij-van Wissen, CP, 2005)		0.33
"The nucleotide analogue, tenofovir, has been shown to lower plasma atazanavir levels in pharmacokinetic trials, an interaction that may be partly reversed by the addition of ritonavir, whereas plasma tenofovir levels are themselves raised when the drug is combined with lopinavir/ritonavir."( The steady-state pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in combination with tenofovir in HIV-infected patients.
Becker, M; Breske, A; Esser, S; Hill, A; Koerber, A; Kopperman, M; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Möcklinghoff, C; Ross, B; Stocker, H; Wiehler, H, 2005)		0.33
"Eighteen patients received nelfinavir 1250 mg twice daily plus prescribed nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for at least 14 days, with pharmacokinetic measurements performed on day 15."( The steady-state pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in combination with tenofovir in HIV-infected patients.
Becker, M; Breske, A; Esser, S; Hill, A; Koerber, A; Kopperman, M; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Möcklinghoff, C; Ross, B; Stocker, H; Wiehler, H, 2005)		0.33
" TFV-DP also had persistent intracellular levels on TDF discontinuation (median half-life of 150 hours, range: 60 to >175 hours)."( Intracellular pharmacokinetics of tenofovir diphosphate, carbovir triphosphate, and lamivudine triphosphate in patients receiving triple-nucleoside regimens.
Clark, N; Guyer, B; Hawkins, T; Kearney, BP; St Claire, RL; Veikley, W, 2005)		0.33
" The validated LC/MS/MS method has been successfully used in a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers treated with oral adefovir dipivoxil at 10 and 20 mg."( Determination of adefovir in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Bi, HC; Chen, X; Huang, M; Zhong, GP; Zhou, S, 2005)		0.33
" Steady-state RTV AUCtau and Cmax levels were not significantly altered, whereas Ctau was 23% higher upon coadministration of SQV/RTV and TDF."( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted saquinavir mesylate administered alone or in combination at steady state.
Adda, N; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Kearney, BP; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2006)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on days 1 through 4 and 22 through 25."( Absence of clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between ribavirin and tenofovir in healthy subjects.
Cheng, A; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mittan, A; Ramanathan, S, 2006)		0.33
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in the context of therapeutic drug monitoring (87 patients, 121 samples)."( Influence of tenofovir, nevirapine and efavirenz on ritonavir-boosted atazanavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients.
Arvieux, C; Dailly, E; Jolliet, P; Perré, P; Raffi, F; Tattevin, P; Tribut, O, 2006)		0.33
"We evaluated the impact of modelling intra-subject variability on the likelihood ratio test (LRT) and the Wald test based on non-linear mixed effects models in pharmacokinetic interaction and bioequivalence cross-over trials."( Impact of modelling intra-subject variability on tests based on non-linear mixed-effects models in cross-over pharmacokinetic trials with application to the interaction of tenofovir on atazanavir in HIV patients.
Mentré, F; Panhard, X; Piketti, C; Taburet, AM, 2007)		0.34
" Nine and 10 healthy males were enrolled for a single-dose pharmacokinetic profile and assessment of the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of adefovir (PMEA), respectively."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects.
Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)		0.34
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of PMEA following ADV 10, 20 and 40 mg were: geometric mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] for AUC(0-24 h) 227 (205, 253), 423 (361, 506) and 686 (585, 828) microg l(-1) h, C(max) 23."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects.
Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)		0.34
" A pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers was conducted to assess the potential for a drug interaction between these agents."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Cheng, AK; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Mittan, A; Sayre, J, 2006)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were performed over 24 hours on days 7, 21, and 35."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Cheng, AK; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Mittan, A; Sayre, J, 2006)		0.33
" The pharmacokinetic profile of GBP was examined."( The effect of MDR1 G2677T/A polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy Korean subjects.
Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, YB, 2007)		0.34
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) blood draws were performed on days 7, 17, and 27."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137.
Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)		0.34
" We evaluated the possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between TFV and EFV by assessing cross-sectional and longitudinal data in 169 individuals receiving EFV."( Does tenofovir influence efavirenz pharmacokinetics?
Buclin, T; Colombo, S; Décosterd, L; Furrer, H; Rotger, M; Telenti, A, 2007)		0.34
"Although there is no clear evidence for a pharmacokinetic interaction between TFV and EFV, we cannot rule out an interaction between these drugs restricted to individuals who are slow EFV metabolizers."( Does tenofovir influence efavirenz pharmacokinetics?
Buclin, T; Colombo, S; Décosterd, L; Furrer, H; Rotger, M; Telenti, A, 2007)		0.34
" As both drugs are extensively renally eliminated, a randomized, 3-way crossover study was conducted in 19 healthy volunteers to formally evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interaction when the drugs are administered alone and together (ie, 200 mg emtricitabine qd for 7 days, 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate qd for 7 days, and 200 mg emtricitabine plus 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate qd for 7 days) with no washout between treatments."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate administered alone and in combination in healthy volunteers.
Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Zong, J, 2007)		0.34
"The effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in combination with two boosted fosamprenavir regimens on amprenavir pharmacokinetic parameters was assessed in this prospective phase I crossover study with 30 healthy volunteers."( Fosamprenavir/ritonavir plus tenofovir does not affect amprenavir pharmacokinetics: no effect of tenofovir.
Banik, N; Breske, A; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Mazur, D; Richter, H; Stocker, H; Walli, RK, 2007)		0.34
"TMC114 is a new HIV protease inhibitor, used in combination with low-dose ritonavir (TMC114/r) as a pharmacokinetic enhancer."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between TMC114/ritonavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers.
De Doncker, P; De Pauw, M; Hill, A; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Mariën, K; Peeters, M; Sekar, V; Woodfall, B, 2007)		0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated by noncompartmental method were reported as 90% confidence intervals (CIs) about the geometric mean ratio (GMR)."( Lopinavir/Ritonavir pharmacokinetic profile: impact of sex and other covariates following a change from twice-daily to once-daily therapy.
Acosta, EP; Binongo, JN; Chuck, SK; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Palau, M, 2007)		0.34
"Atazanavir/ritonavir plasma concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and the geometric means of minimum and maximum concentrations (C(min), C(max)), the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC), half-life (t(1/2)) and total clearance (CL(tot)) were subject to a matched pairs-analysis."( Tenofovir comedication does not impair the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected adults.
Dauer, B; Haberl, A; Harder, S; Klauke, S; Lutz, T; Staszewski, S; von Hentig, N, 2007)		0.34
"The coadministration of tenofovir-DF did not impair the plasma concentrations of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in a pharmacokinetic analysis of patient pairs matched for gender, ethnicity, weight and CDC status."( Tenofovir comedication does not impair the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected adults.
Dauer, B; Haberl, A; Harder, S; Klauke, S; Lutz, T; Staszewski, S; von Hentig, N, 2007)		0.34
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were performed on days 4 and 24 for adefovir and on days 14 and 24 for entecavir."( Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between entecavir and adefovir.
Bifano, M; Grasela, DM; LaCreta, F; Smith, RA; Yan, JH; Zhang, D, 2007)		0.34
" The clinical consequences of these substantial pharmacokinetic changes should be investigated."( Lopinavir-ritonavir dramatically affects the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan in HIV patients with Kaposi's sarcoma.
Corona, G; Innocenti, F; Sandron, S; Sartor, I; Tirelli, U; Toffoli, G; Vaccher, E, 2008)		0.35
" HIV-infected subjects > or =18 to <25 years old receiving (> or =28 days) 300/100 mg atazanavir-ritonavir plus 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus one or more other nucleoside analogs underwent intensive 24-h pharmacokinetic studies following a light meal."( Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and atazanavir-ritonavir in adolescents and young adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Cunningham, CK; Fletcher, CV; Flynn, PM; Harris, DR; Havens, PL; Kapogiannis, BG; Kiser, JJ; Liu, NX; Major-Wilson, H; Muenz, LR; Viani, RM; Wilson, CM, 2008)		0.35
"A pharmacokinetic study of blood plasma (BP) and GT TFV concentrations in 9 men was conducted after 1 and > or =14 doses of TDF."( The pharmacokinetics and viral activity of tenofovir in the male genital tract.
Chen, YC; Cohen, MS; Fiscus, SA; Hui, J; Kashuba, AD; Kearney, BP; Patterson, KB; Rezk, NL; Rooney, JF; Tappouni, HL; Vourvahis, M, 2008)		0.35
"To assess the potential of cotrimoxazole and tenofovir, drugs which are inhibitors and/or substrates of renal transporters, to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of maraviroc."( The effects of cotrimoxazole or tenofovir co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in healthy volunteers.
Abel, S; Muirhead, GJ; Ridgway, CE; Russell, D; Whitlock, LA, 2008)		0.35
"An open-label, randomized, 3-way crossover, drug-drug interaction study of the investigational anti-HBV combination agent, emtricitabine/tenofovir DF and the antirejection agent, tacrolimus was conducted in healthy volunteers to evaluate the potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between these drugs."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination.
Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)		0.35
" Drug concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS and steady state pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each drug using noncompartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination.
Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)		0.35
"The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric least-squares mean ratio for AUCtau, Cmax and Ctau for each drug together vs."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination.
Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)		0.35
"It was concluded that there was no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between emtricitabine/tenofovir DF and tacrolimus when administered together."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination.
Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)		0.35
"6-h half-life (30%)."( Population pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their neonates.
Arrivé, E; Avit, D; Blanche, S; Coffié, P; Dabis, F; Ekouévi, DK; Hirt, D; Lalsab, S; Leang, SK; McIntyre, J; Nerrienet, E; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2009)		0.35
"Two open-label, randomized, cross-over trials in healthy volunteers were conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate."( Assessment of the steady-state pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine administered as two different formulations and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers.
Aharchi, F; Beets, G; De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Peeters, MP; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Vandermeulen, K; Woodfall, BJ, 2009)		0.35
"Etravirine was administered as either 800 mg twice a day (bid) (phase II formulation in Study 1) or 200 mg bid (phase III formulation in Study 2) for 8 days followed by a 12 h pharmacokinetic evaluation."( Assessment of the steady-state pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine administered as two different formulations and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers.
Aharchi, F; Beets, G; De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Peeters, MP; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Vandermeulen, K; Woodfall, BJ, 2009)		0.35
" Statistical analyses were performed on pharmacokinetic parameters: the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 4 h (AUC(0-4)), the maximum concentration of the drug (C(max)), and the residual concentration of the drug at the end of the dosing interval (C(trough)) for plasma and the AUC(0-4) and C(trough) for intracellular data."( Pilot pharmacokinetic study of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF): investigation of systemic and intracellular interactions between TDF and abacavir, lamivudine, or lopinavir-ritonavir.
Ayen, R; Clotet, B; Grassi, J; Levi, M; Negredo, E; Pruvost, A; Puig, J; Théodoro, F, 2009)		0.35
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses utilized non-compartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus co-administered with adefovir dipivoxil to liver transplant recipients.
Brown, RS; Enejosa, J; McGuire, BM; Ramanathan, S; Schiff, E; Terrault, NA; Tran, TT; Tupper, R; Zhong, L; Zong, J, 2009)		0.35
"The median elimination half-life of tacrolimus was 14."( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus co-administered with adefovir dipivoxil to liver transplant recipients.
Brown, RS; Enejosa, J; McGuire, BM; Ramanathan, S; Schiff, E; Terrault, NA; Tran, TT; Tupper, R; Zhong, L; Zong, J, 2009)		0.35
"Prospective, open-label, pharmacokinetic study in 12 HIV-infected patients stabilized on FPV/RTV 1400 mg/200 mg + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC) 300 mg/200 mg QD (TELEX II)."( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II).
Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )		0.13
" Four weeks after reducing RTV, changes in Cmin and AUC24h were: APV: +26%, +0."( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II).
Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )		0.13
"Thirty-day, open-label, fixed-sequence, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study."( Lack of effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives.
Kearney, BP; Mathias, A, 2009)		0.35
" Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) for the pharmacokinetic parameters for deacetyl norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol were estimated by using analysis of variance and compared with the no-effect criterion for bioequivalence."( Lack of effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives.
Kearney, BP; Mathias, A, 2009)		0.35
" Also a complete 12-hour pharmacokinetic profile was recorded for 15 transplant patients who had the polymorphism and for 15 controls who were randomly chosen since they received the same type and dosage of mycophenolate, same posttransplant time and similar renal function."( The prevalence of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) gene promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphisms T-275A and C-2152T and its influence on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in stable renal transplant patients.
Arroyo, M; Barrientos, A; Calvo, N; De la Orden, V; Maestro, ML; Ortega, D; Pérez-Flores, I; Sánchez-Fructuoso, AI; Veganzone, S; Viudarreta, M, )		0.13
"Objective An open-label, three-period pharmacokinetic study was conducted to investigate the drug interaction potential between fosamprenavir (FPV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)."( Steady-state amprenavir and tenofovir pharmacokinetics after coadministration of unboosted or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers.
Andrews, M; Condoluci, DV; Luber, AD; Olson, K; Pakes, GE; Pappa, KA; Peloquin, CA; Slowinski, PD, 2010)		0.36
" The following pharmacokinetic parameters were elucidated after administering a single dose of 10 mg, 20 mg, and 30 mg of adefovir dipivoxil."( Determination of adefovir by LC-ESI-MS-MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Dai, L; Di, B; Ding, L; Fan, H; Xiao, D; Zhang, J; Zhu, Y; Zou, J, )		0.13
"Nucleoside-sparing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens might be an attractive therapeutic option for HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients; however, the pharmacokinetic profiles of such regimens are frequently unknown."( The effects of a nucleoside-sparing antiretroviral regimen on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in HIV type-1-infected patients.
Back, D; Dickinson, L; Erlwein, OW; Garvey, L; Latch, N; Mackie, NE; McClure, MO; Scullard, G; Walsh, J; Winston, A, 2010)		0.36
"Fourteen HIV-1-infected patients (age 21-55 years, 64% male) on stable cART with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml entered this Phase I pharmacokinetic study."( The effects of a nucleoside-sparing antiretroviral regimen on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in HIV type-1-infected patients.
Back, D; Dickinson, L; Erlwein, OW; Garvey, L; Latch, N; Mackie, NE; McClure, MO; Scullard, G; Walsh, J; Winston, A, 2010)		0.36
"A selective, rapid and sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method was developed for the first time to determine adefovir in human plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study."( Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of adefovir in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Li, F; Qin, F; Qin, T; Xiong, Z; Yang, S; Zhang, Y, 2010)		0.36
"A pharmacokinetic trial was conducted to evaluate the potential for once-daily etravirine in antiretroviral regimens without and with darunavir/ritonavir."( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults.
DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)		0.36
"Of 23 enrolled patients (male 87%, Caucasian 39%), pharmacokinetic profiles for etravirine were available for 21 and 20 patients on day 14 and 28, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults.
DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)		0.36
" Pharmacokinetic data were available in 577 patients randomized to receive etravirine."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor etravirine in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients.
Corbett, C; De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Leopold, L; Nijs, S; Peeters, MP; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Snoeck, E; Vingerhoets, J; Vis, P; Wade, JR; Woodfall, BJ, 2010)		0.36
" Mean HBIg half-life was 21."( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous or intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulins in prophylaxis of hepatitis B after liver transplantation.
Andreone, P; Bacci, M; Burra, P; Canova, D; Cursaro, C; Fiorentino, B; Guazzini, S; Marengo, A; Marzano, A; Riili, A; Volpes, R, 2010)		0.36
" Anti-HBs titers three times higher than aimed and four weeks mean half-life could suggest the reduction of doses and the elongation of the interval of administration of im-HBIg."( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous or intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulins in prophylaxis of hepatitis B after liver transplantation.
Andreone, P; Bacci, M; Burra, P; Canova, D; Cursaro, C; Fiorentino, B; Guazzini, S; Marengo, A; Marzano, A; Riili, A; Volpes, R, 2010)		0.36
"Intensive steady-state 24-hour pharmacokinetic profiles were performed during the third trimester and at 6-12 weeks postpartum."( Atazanavir pharmacokinetics with and without tenofovir during pregnancy.
Basar, M; Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, EV; Hawkins, E; Hu, C; Mirochnick, M; Read, JS; Rossi, SS; Smith, E; Stek, AM, 2011)		0.37
" A total of 151 ATV plasma concentrations were obtained, and a population pharmacokinetic model was developed with NONMEM."( Population pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents.
Blanche, S; Dollfus, C; Firtion, G; Foissac, F; Hirt, D; Laurent, C; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)		0.37
" We report the pharmacokinetic parameters of tenofovir in combination with efavirenz, darunavir-ritonavir, or atazanavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected children."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir-based regimens in HIV-infected pediatric patients.
Acosta, EP; Britto, P; Carey, V; Graham, B; Hazra, R; Jean-Philippe, P; King, JR; Wiznia, A; Yogev, R, 2011)		0.37
"Significant pharmacokinetic interactions can result between acid-suppressing agents and some protease inhibitors (PIs) in the management of HIV infection."( Effects of the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine on the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir-ritonavir with or without tenofovir in HIV-infected patients.
Bertz, R; Boffito, M; Child, M; Chung, E; Kashuba, A; Mahnke, L; Patterson, K; Tebas, P; Wang, X; Wu, Y; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2011)		0.37
"Tenofovir concentrations were monitored on a routine basis and measured in 93 children aged 5 to 18 years; 283 tenofovir plasma concentrations were used to perform a population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients.
Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)		0.37
" The method was applied to the determination of adefovir in plasma from 12 subjects dosed with adefovir 2 x 10 mg tablets and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated."( Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of adefovir in plasma using UV detection: application to pharmacokinetic studies.
Foroutan, SM; Khoddam, A; Movahed, H; Shafaati, A; Zarghi, A, 2011)		0.37
" The gel also prevents infection in macaques when applied intravaginally or intrarectally prior to challenge with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), but very little pharmacokinetic information for macaques is available to help extrapolate the data to humans and thus inform future development activities."( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of tenofovir gel to rhesus macaques.
Allen, P; Kashuba, A; Nuttall, J; Roberts, J; Romano, J; Wang, R; White, N, 2012)		0.38
" The alkyl side chains of the 2-cycloalkoxyadenosines were fluorinated, and compounds with moderate antibacterial activity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties in rat and dog were identified."( Discovery of bacterial NAD⁺-dependent DNA ligase inhibitors: improvements in clearance of adenosine series.
Albert, R; Chen, B; Gowravaram, M; Hu, H; Huynh, H; Lu, M; Mills, SD; Mullen, GB; Newman, JV; O'Shea, TJ; Rooney, MT; Stokes, SS, 2012)		0.38
" More comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic data are required to justify the potential use of these agents as safe and effective options during pregnancy."( Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the fetal compartment (placenta and amniotic fluid).
Back, DJ; Else, LJ; Khoo, SH; Taylor, S, 2011)		0.37
"Comparative pharmacokinetic study in sheep."( Tenofovir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate pharmacokinetics from intravaginal rings.
Baum, MM; Butkyavichene, I; Gilman, J; Kennedy, S; Kopin, E; Malone, AM; Moss, JA; Motamedi, M; Nguyen, C; Smith, TJ; Vincent, KL; Willis, RA, 2012)		0.38
" The proposed assay method was found to be applicable to a pharmacokinetic study in human male volunteers."( A novel LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of tenofovir and lamivudine in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Burugula, L; Inamadugu, JK; J V L N, SR; Matta, MK; Pilli, NR, 2012)		0.38
" The impact of changing the current gel formulation to reduce its osmolality was evaluated using pharmacokinetic assessments and local tissue effects in the rabbit."( Pharmacokinetics and topical vaginal effects of two tenofovir gels in rabbits.
Clark, MR; Friend, DR, 2012)		0.38
" To summarize, the pharmacokinetic profile of efavirenz remained similar in the pregnant and non-pregnant rats."( Pharmacokinetic profiling of efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir fixed dose combination in pregnant and non-pregnant rats.
Bhyrapuneni, G; Kandikere, V; Komarneni, P; Muddana, N; Mudigonda, K; Mukkanti, K; Nirogi, R; Saralaya, R, 2012)		0.38
" Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies were performed in mice to evaluate in vivo fate of the formulations."( Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanosuspension of adefovir dipivoxil for bioavailability improvement: formulation, characterization, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies.
Chavhan, S; Dodiya, S; Korde, A; Sawant, KK, 2013)		0.39
" We developed a pharmacokinetic model for TDF and its active anabolite tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) and validated it with data from 4 different trials, including 4 distinct dosing regimes."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir and prophylactic efficacy against HIV-1 infection.
Duwal, S; Schütte, C; von Kleist, M, 2012)		0.38
"This study was designed to assess the safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) responses to rectal administration of tenofovir (TFV) 1% vaginally formulated gel and oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)."( RMP-02/MTN-006: A phase 1 rectal safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of tenofovir 1% gel compared with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Anton, PA; Bumpus, NN; Carballo-Diéguez, A; Cranston, RD; Cumberland, WG; Dennis, R; Elliott, J; Hendrix, CW; Janocko, L; Ju, C; Kashuba, A; Khanukhova, E; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N, 2012)		0.38
"This was a Phase II open-label multiple dose pharmacokinetic and safety study."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"A total of 25 patients (56% male) completed the study; 21 had evaluable pharmacokinetic profiles."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"Coadministration of efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine with a standard first-line TB treatment regimen did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of these drugs and was tolerated well by Tanzanian TB patients who are coinfected with HIV."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"This is the first pharmacokinetic modelling of antiretroviral disposition in BP and CVF."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of efavirenz, atazanavir, lamivudine and tenofovir in the female genital tract of HIV-infected pre-menopausal women.
Cohen, MS; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Garonzik, SM; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RN; Nicol, MR; Patterson, KB, 2012)		0.38
" Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetic curves were recorded in the third trimester (preferably week 33) and postpartum (preferably week 4-6)."( The pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of tenofovir and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women.
Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Giaquinto, C; Gingelmaier, A; Hawkins, DA; Ivanovic, J; Kabeya, K; Moltó, J; Rockstroh, JK; Sadiq, ST; Taylor, GP; Weizsäcker, K; Wyen, C, 2013)		0.39
"Although pharmacokinetic exposure of the NRTIs TDF and FTC during pregnancy is approximately 25% lower, this was not associated with virological failure in this study and did not result in mother-to-child transmission."( The pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of tenofovir and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women.
Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Giaquinto, C; Gingelmaier, A; Hawkins, DA; Ivanovic, J; Kabeya, K; Moltó, J; Rockstroh, JK; Sadiq, ST; Taylor, GP; Weizsäcker, K; Wyen, C, 2013)		0.39
" Drug concentrations at two trough values of 12 and 24 h after dosing (C(12) and C(24)), area under the concentration-curve values (AUC), maximum drug concentration (C(max)), and the time at which this concentration occurred (T(max)) in plasma were estimated with noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods and compared to data from a subset of white subjects randomized to the RAL twice a day (plus TDF/FTC) arm of the QDMRK study, a phase III study of the safety and efficacy of once daily versus twice daily RAL in treatment naive patients."( Raltegravir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive patients is not influenced by race: results from the raltegravir early therapy in African-Americans living with HIV (REAL) study.
Blevins, S; Dumond, JB; Eron, JJ; Floris-Moore, M; Hudgens, MG; Kashuba, AD; Massengale, K; Pittard, D; Ragan, D; Richardson, A; Walsh, K; Wang, R; Wohl, DA, 2013)		0.39
"This study compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of an FDC capsule containing lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil 100/10 mg and conventional lamivudine 100-mg + adefovir dipivoxil 10-mg tablets to determine bioequivalence."( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil fixed-dose combination in healthy Chinese male volunteers.
Chan, JC; Chen, S; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Gardner, S; Piscitelli, S; Tomlinson, B, 2013)		0.39
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of lamivudine and adefovir were similar between the FDC and reference formulations."( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil fixed-dose combination in healthy Chinese male volunteers.
Chan, JC; Chen, S; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Gardner, S; Piscitelli, S; Tomlinson, B, 2013)		0.39
" The pharmacokinetic properties and the effects of food intake on tenofovir dipivoxil have not yet been reported in healthy adults."( Pharmacokinetics and food interaction of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy volunteers.
Chen, L; Chen, M; Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of tenofovir given in each treatment period were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."( Pharmacokinetics and food interaction of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy volunteers.
Chen, L; Chen, M; Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2013)		0.39
"After a single dose of 150, 300 and 600 mg, the main pharmacokinetic parameters for tenofovir were as follows: Cmax 209·6, 456·7, 989·8 ng/mL; AUClast 1744·9, 2663·5, 6010·2 ng h/mL, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics and food interaction of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy volunteers.
Chen, L; Chen, M; Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2013)		0.39
" The quantitation method was successfully applied for simultaneous estimation of IC87114, RFM and RFN in a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study in Wistar rats."( Simultaneous quantitation of IC87114, roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide in plasma by LC-MS/MS: application for a pharmacokinetic study.
Mukkanti, K; Thappali, SR; Vakkalanka, SK; Varanasi, KV; Veeraraghavan, S, 2012)		0.38
"International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group 1026s is a prospective, nonblinded, pharmacokinetic study of HIV-infected pregnant women taking antiretrovirals for clinical indications, including 2 cohorts (with or without tenofovir) receiving atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg once daily during the second trimester, 400/100 mg during the third trimester, and 300/100 mg postpartum (PP)."( Pharmacokinetics of an increased atazanavir dose with and without tenofovir during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Byroads, M; Caparelli, E; Cressey, TR; Hawkins, E; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Rossi, S; Shapiro, DE; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J; Watts, DH, 2013)		0.39
"Atazanavir pharmacokinetic data were available for 37 women without tenofovir, 35 with tenofovir; median (range) pharmacokinetic parameters are presented for second trimester, third trimester, and PP and number who met target/total."( Pharmacokinetics of an increased atazanavir dose with and without tenofovir during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Byroads, M; Caparelli, E; Cressey, TR; Hawkins, E; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Rossi, S; Shapiro, DE; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J; Watts, DH, 2013)		0.39
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was used to estimate PK parameters [area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC0-24h ) and maximal concentration (Cmax )]."( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study.
Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)		0.39
" Compared with the general population, these elderly subjects had 8-13% decreased TFV AUC0-24h and Cmax , and 19-78% increased FTC and RTV AUC0-24h and Cmax ."( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study.
Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)		0.39
"To investigate pharmacokinetic interactions associated with coadministration of lersivirine with zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF)/emtricitabine (Truvada(®)) or abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom(®)/Kivexa(®))."( Pharmacokinetic interactions between lersivirine and zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine and abacavir/lamivudine.
Choo, HW; Davis, J; Fang, J; Hansson, AG; Langdon, G; Layton, G; Tawadrous, M; Vourvahis, M, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by standard non-compartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetic interactions between lersivirine and zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine and abacavir/lamivudine.
Choo, HW; Davis, J; Fang, J; Hansson, AG; Langdon, G; Layton, G; Tawadrous, M; Vourvahis, M, 2013)		0.39
" Plasma TFV demonstrated triphasic decay with terminal elimination half-life median [interquartile range (IQR)] 69 h (58-77)."( Single dose pharmacokinetics of oral tenofovir in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, colonic tissue, and vaginal tissue.
Anderson, JR; Bakshi, R; Cao, YJ; Everts, S; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Liberman, RG; Louissaint, NA; Nimmagadda, S; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR, 2013)		0.39
" A pharmacokinetic interaction between tenofovir and ritonavir may have resulted in the toxicity."( Tenofovir induced Fanconi syndrome: a possible pharmacokinetic interaction.
Desai, C; Desai, M; Dikshit, RK; Kapadia, J; Patel, S; Shah, AN; Shah, S, )		0.13
" The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of two tenofovir agents."( [Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in Beagle dogs after oral dosing of tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate using HPLC-MS/MS analysis].
Chen, H; Hu, JP; Li, Y; Sheng, L; Wang, BL, 2013)		0.39
"The pharmacokinetic data support coadministration of daclatasvir with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz and/or tenofovir."( Assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions of the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir with antiretroviral agents: ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, efavirenz and tenofovir.
Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Grasela, D; Hartstra, J; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Oosterhuis, B; Sevinsky, H; Tiessen, R; Velinova-Donga, M, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on cohort 1 and 3 mothers and all infants."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir in HIV-infected women during labor and their infants during the first week of life.
Emel, L; Eshleman, SH; Fowler, MG; George, K; Herron, C; Hudelson, SE; Joao, E; Kearney, B; Kreitchmann, R; Kumwenda, N; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, L; Nielsen-Saines, K; Parsons, T; Pinto, J; Richardson, P; Santos, B; Sato, P; Taha, T, 2014)		0.4
" Separate pharmacokinetic properties may be associated with distinct TDF toxicities: tenofovir with parathyroid hormone and altered calcium balance and tenofovir diphosphate with hypophosphatemia and FGF23 regulation."( Association of higher plasma vitamin D binding protein and lower free calcitriol levels with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use and plasma and intracellular tenofovir pharmacokinetics: cause of a functional vitamin D deficiency?
Baker, A; Bethel, J; Flynn, PM; Gordon, CM; Havens, PL; Hazra, R; Kapogiannis, BG; Kiser, JJ; Liu, N; Lujan-Zilbermann, J; Mulligan, K; Pan, CG; Rutledge, B; Stephensen, CB; Van Loan, MD; Wilson, CM; Woodhouse, LR, 2013)		0.39
" Increasing epithelial thickness delayed initial TFV delivery to stroma and its decline: tmax increased but AUC at 24 hours was not significantly altered."( Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir delivery by a vaginal gel.
Gao, Y; Katz, DF, 2013)		0.39
" In addition to determining the MTD, we evaluated pharmacokinetics of BIIB021 and pharmacodynamic effects of BIIB021 [Hsp70, HER2 extracellular domain (HER2-ECD)]."( A phase 1, dose-escalation, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of BIIB021 administered orally in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Banerji, U; Castro, J; Lamanna, N; Mita, M; O'Brien, S; Saif, MW; Stogard, C; Takimoto, C; Von Hoff, D, 2014)		0.4
" Cmax occurred at approximately 90 minutes and t1/2 was approximately 1 hour across dosing cohorts of 25 to 800 mg BIIB021 twice weekly."( A phase 1, dose-escalation, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of BIIB021 administered orally in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Banerji, U; Castro, J; Lamanna, N; Mita, M; O'Brien, S; Saif, MW; Stogard, C; Takimoto, C; Von Hoff, D, 2014)		0.4
" Although its use for the treatment of HIV has been approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration, there are no data on the pharmacokinetic profile of TDF in Chinese individuals."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily: an open-label, single- and multiple-dose study in healthy Chinese subjects.
Chen, Q; Dong, J; Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Lu, C; Sun, SX; Wang, W; Wu, K; Yu, C, 2013)		0.39
"This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of TDF in healthy Chinese subjects."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily: an open-label, single- and multiple-dose study in healthy Chinese subjects.
Chen, Q; Dong, J; Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Lu, C; Sun, SX; Wang, W; Wu, K; Yu, C, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental model."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily: an open-label, single- and multiple-dose study in healthy Chinese subjects.
Chen, Q; Dong, J; Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Lu, C; Sun, SX; Wang, W; Wu, K; Yu, C, 2013)		0.39
" TDF exhibited a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that of healthy Western subjects in a historical comparison."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily: an open-label, single- and multiple-dose study in healthy Chinese subjects.
Chen, Q; Dong, J; Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Lu, C; Sun, SX; Wang, W; Wu, K; Yu, C, 2013)		0.39
"The objectives of this analysis were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model (PPK) for tenofovir without using potentially unreliable patient reported dosing records and to retrace patient dosing history using pharmacokinetic simulations conditioned on protocol design constraints to assess patient adherence."( Estimation of tenofovir's population pharmacokinetic parameters without reliable dosing histories and application to tracing dosing history using simulation strategies.
Chaturvedula, A; Fossler, MJ; Hendrix, CW, 2014)		0.4
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model of adefovir dipivoxil in healthy volunteers and evaluate the effect of individual factors on the pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil."( Population pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers.
He, Y; Huang, J; Huang, X; Li, L; Li, Y; Lv, Y; Wang, K; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Q, 2014)		0.4
" The final pharmacokinetic model was evaluated using a bootstrap method."( Population pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers.
He, Y; Huang, J; Huang, X; Li, L; Li, Y; Lv, Y; Wang, K; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Q, 2014)		0.4
"Intensive pharmacokinetic studies of tenofovir in a large, diverse cohort of HIV-infected women over 24 h at steady state were performed and factors that influenced exposure [assessed by areas under the concentration-time curves (AUCs)] identified."( Common clinical conditions - age, low BMI, ritonavir use, mild renal impairment - affect tenofovir pharmacokinetics in a large cohort of HIV-infected women.
Anastos, K; Bacchetti, P; Baxi, SM; Cohen, M; Gandhi, M; Gange, SJ; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Minkoff, H; Scherzer, R; Shlipak, MG; Young, M, 2014)		0.4
"HIV-infected women (n = 101) on tenofovir-based therapy underwent intensive 24-h pharmacokinetic sampling."( Common clinical conditions - age, low BMI, ritonavir use, mild renal impairment - affect tenofovir pharmacokinetics in a large cohort of HIV-infected women.
Anastos, K; Bacchetti, P; Baxi, SM; Cohen, M; Gandhi, M; Gange, SJ; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Minkoff, H; Scherzer, R; Shlipak, MG; Young, M, 2014)		0.4
" Finally, the method was successfully used in a pharmacokinetic study that measured IC87114 in mouse plasma, BAL fluid and lung tissue after administration of a single 1mg/kg intratracheal dose of IC87114."( Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of IC87114 in mice plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung samples: Application to pharmacokinetic study.
Bhandary, B; Chae, HJ; Kim, SR; Lee, YC; Marahatta, A, 2014)		0.4
"Administration of 40 mg of tenofovir alafenamide for 14 days resulted in lower tenofovir Cmax (13 versus 207 ng/mL) and lower systemic exposures (AUC0-t, 383 versus 1810 ng · h/mL) compared with subjects who received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate."( Phase I/II study of the pharmacokinetics, safety and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir alafenamide, a new prodrug of the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir, in HIV-infected adults.
Coakley, D; Kearney, B; Lee, WA; Markowitz, M; Miller, MD; Ruane, P; Squires, K; Wulfsohn, M; Zhong, L; Zolopa, A, 2014)		0.4
" In this open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir were evaluated when administered with a standard breakfast, under fasting conditions, or with a nutritional protein-rich drink."( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study.
Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)		0.4
" After a single dose, there were no differences in the mean AUC0-∞ values; however, there were significant differences in the mean Tmax values (1."( Pharmacokinetics of single- and multiple-dose emtricitabine in healthy male Chinese volunteers.
Han, WL; Huang, AL; Huang, WX; Shang, JC; Tan, R; Yan, B; Yang, JQ; Zhong, XN, 2014)		0.4
" The authors studied ATV pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters among children who received atazanavir/ritonavir co-administered with TDF."( Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir among HIV-infected Thai children concomitantly taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Ananworanich, J; Bunupuradah, T; Keadpudsa, S; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sahakijpicharn, T; Srimuan, A; Techasaensiri, C; Thammajaruk, N, 2014)		0.4
" We developed a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for ibrutinib in patients."( Population pharmacokinetic model of ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with B cell malignancies.
Advani, R; Byrd, JC; de Jong, J; De Nicolao, G; de Trixhe, XW; Loury, D; Marostica, E; McGreivy, J; O'Brien, S; Poggesi, I; Sukbuntherng, J; Vermeulen, A, 2015)		0.42
"The objective of this analysis was to develop and qualify a population pharmacokinetic model describing plasma tenofovir (TFV) concentrations and tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) in healthy women volunteers from the MTN-001 clinical trial, an open label 3-way crossover study of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg tablet, TFV 1% vaginal gel, or both."( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir and tenofovir-diphosphate in healthy women.
Burns, RN; Chaturvedula, A; Hendrix, CW, 2015)		0.42
" The analytical method was applied to support a pharmacokinetic study of simultaneous estimation of lenalidomide, ibrutinib, and its active metabolite PCI-45227 in Wistar rat."( Simultaneous quantification of lenalidomide, ibrutinib and its active metabolite PCI-45227 in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Govindarajulu, B; Rangasamy, M; Thappali, S; Vakkalanka, S; Veeraraghavan, S; Viswanadha, S, 2015)		0.42
" When corrected for repeated dosing, pharmacokinetic parameters in healthy participants and patients were comparable."( The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of oral ibrutinib in healthy participants and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Byrd, JC; Chauhan, V; de Jong, J; Hellemans, P; James, D; Jiao, J; Loury, DJ; Mannaert, E; Murphy, J; O'Brien, S; Skee, D; Sukbuntherng, J, 2015)		0.42
" Finally, the assay was used for a pharmacokinetic study of plasma levels in treated FVB mice."( Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the simultaneous determination of the irreversible BTK inhibitor ibrutinib and its dihydrodiol-metabolite in plasma and its application in mouse pharmacokinetic studies.
Beijnen, JH; Rood, JJM; Schellens, JHM; Schinkel, AH; Sparidans, RW; van Hoppe, S, 2016)		0.43
" The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of following oral administration of single dose of pradefovir mesylate (10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg) and adefovir dipivoxil (10 mg) to healthy Chinese volunteers."( Development and Validation of a Sensitive LC-MS-MS Method for the Determination of Adefovir in Human Serum and Urine: Application to a Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study.
Shen, L; Xiao, QQ; Yang, J; Zhan, Y; Zhang, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Here, we review the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information presently available for these drugs, using data obtained in healthy volunteers for pharmacokinetics and data obtained in human clinical trials or animal models for pharmacodynamics."( Ebola Virus Infection: Review of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Drugs Considered for Testing in Human Efficacy Trials.
de Lamballerie, X; Guedj, J; Madelain, V; Mentré, F; Nguyen, TH; Olivo, A; Taburet, AM, 2016)		0.43
" In-vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed that optimized SNEDDS I1 controlled the absorption of IBR compared with IBR suspension."( Bioavailability enhancement and pharmacokinetic profile of an anticancer drug ibrutinib by self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system.
Ezzeldin, E; Iqbal, M; Shakeel, F, 2016)		0.43
"Based on ibrutinib pharmacokinetics and potential sensitivity towards CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs), a physiologically based pharmacokinetic approach was developed to mechanistically describe DDI with various CYP3A4 perpetrators in healthy men under fasting conditions."( Ibrutinib Dosing Strategies Based on Interaction Potential of CYP3A4 Perpetrators Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
De Jong, J; de Zwart, L; Mannaert, E; Monshouwer, M; Snoeys, J; Sukbuntherng, J, 2016)		0.43
"Between May 22, 2013, and July 22, 2014, we enrolled 50 participants, and all 50 received the assigned treatment; 24 participated in the intensive pharmacokinetic assessment."( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of a single-tablet regimen containing elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in treatment-naive, HIV-infected adolescents: a single-arm, open-label trial.
Batra, J; Chakraborty, R; Gaur, AH; Kizito, H; Kosalaraksa, P; Luesomboon, W; Myers, M; Porter, D; Prasitsueubsai, W; Quirk, E; Rakhmanina, N; Rassool, M; Rhee, MS; SenGupta, D; Shao, Y; Ting, L, 2016)		0.43
"The elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide regimen was well tolerated and achieved component plasma pharmacokinetic exposures similar to those in adults."( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of a single-tablet regimen containing elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in treatment-naive, HIV-infected adolescents: a single-arm, open-label trial.
Batra, J; Chakraborty, R; Gaur, AH; Kizito, H; Kosalaraksa, P; Luesomboon, W; Myers, M; Porter, D; Prasitsueubsai, W; Quirk, E; Rakhmanina, N; Rassool, M; Rhee, MS; SenGupta, D; Shao, Y; Ting, L, 2016)		0.43
" Here, we review the available literature on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these novel agents to guide the reader in the appropriate use of ibrutinib, idelalisib, and venetoclax."( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Ibrutinib, Idelalisib, and Venetoclax.
Hill, BT; Waldron, M; Winter, A, 2017)		0.46
" Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies of formula F9 showed a higher accumulation of AD in the liver with enhanced bioavailability compared to AD suspension which highlights its potential advantage for an effective treatment of chronic HBV."( Adefovir dipivoxil loaded proliposomal powders with improved hepatoprotective activity: formulation, optimization, pharmacokinetic, and biodistribution studies.
Abdelbary, GA; Amin, MM; El Awdan, SA; Zakaria, MY, 2018)		0.48
" To elucidate on-target and pharmacodynamic effects of acalabrutinib, we evaluated several laboratory endpoints, including proteomic changes, chemokine modulation and impact on cell migration."( Pharmacodynamics and proteomic analysis of acalabrutinib therapy: similarity of on-target effects to ibrutinib and rationale for combination therapy.
Ayres, ML; Balakrishnan, K; Cheung, JP; Gandhi, V; Gay, J; Ivan, C; Keating, MJ; Lamothe, B; Marszalek, JR; Morse, J; Nelson, M; Patel, VK; Wierda, WG, 2018)		0.48
" Although colonic biopsies should be collected in the absence of medium for accurate TFV concentrations, the presence of medium does not significantly impact TFV-DP-dependent pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic assays."( Short Communication: Specimen Processing Impacts Tissue Tenofovir Pharmacokinetic Measurements.
Bakshi, RP; Breakey, J; Fuchs, EJ; Jois, B; Manohar, M; Marzinke, MA, 2018)		0.48
"A single-arm, prospective, nonrandomized, cross-over, pharmacokinetic study in patients receiving a TDF-containing regimen (TDF 300 mg/FTC 200 mg/EVG 150 mg/COBI 150 mg) switched to a TAF-containing FDC regimen (TAF 10 mg/FTC 200 mg/EVG 150 mg/COBI 150 mg)."( Plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in patients switched from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide.
Bares, SH; Dyavar, SR; Fletcher, CV; Havens, J; Lee, S; O'Neill, J; Podany, AT; Scarsi, KK; Swindells, S, 2018)		0.48
"To evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of 2 investigational Toll-like receptor 7 agonists, TMX-101, and TMX-202 after intravenous and intravesical administration in a rat model."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravesical and intravenous TMX-101 and TMX-202 in a F344 rat model.
Falke, J; Hulsbergen-van de Kaa, CA; Maj, R; Oosterwijk, E; Witjes, JA, 2018)		0.48
" Blood sampling was performed at different time points, including pre-exposure and postexposure to determine the plasma concentrations of study drugs for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses and to determine the plasma concentrations of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α)."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravesical and intravenous TMX-101 and TMX-202 in a F344 rat model.
Falke, J; Hulsbergen-van de Kaa, CA; Maj, R; Oosterwijk, E; Witjes, JA, 2018)		0.48
"In this study of 14 days each of vaginal and rectal application of TFV reduced-glycerin 1% gel, we found only a small degree of cross-compartment distribution of TFV in RF and vaginal fluids and no pharmacodynamic activity in ex vivo testing."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tenofovir Reduced-Glycerin 1% Gel in the Rectal and Vaginal Compartments in Women: A Cross-Compartmental Study With Directly Observed Dosing.
Balar, B; Dai, JY; Dezzutti, CS; Galaska, B; Hendrix, CW; Justman, JE; Kunjara Na Ayudhya, RP; Levy, L; Marzinke, MA; McGowan, I; Mushamiri, I; Nair, GL; Pan, Z; Piper, JM; Schwartz, JL, 2018)		0.48
" Population pharmacokinetic models were developed using measured intracellular metabolite, endogenous nucleotide competitors, and extracellular parent drug concentrations."( A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model to Predict Effective HIV Prophylaxis Dosing Strategies for People Who Inject Drugs.
Chen, J; Cottrell, ML; Dumond, JB; Garrett, KL; Maas, BM; Prince, HA; Schauer, AP; Sykes, C; White, N, 2018)		0.48
" Here, we describe the pharmacokinetic (PK) observations, along with modeling to further explore the interaction between ibrutinib and rituximab."( Systemic Exposure of Rituximab Increased by Ibrutinib: Pharmacokinetic Results and Modeling Based on the HELIOS Trial.
Avigdor, A; Bartlett, N; Cramer, P; de Jong, J; De Nicolao, G; Demirkan, F; Dilhuydy, MS; Fraser, G; Ganguly, S; Goy, A; Howes, A; Lavezzi, SM; Loscertales, J; Mahler, M; Neyens, M; Poggesi, I; Rule, S; Salman, M; Samoilova, O, 2019)		0.51
" Its clinical pharmacokinetic profile and influence on the cellular pharmacology of tenofovir diphosphate have not been reported."( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir monoester and association with intracellular tenofovir diphosphate following single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Alexander, K; Anderson, PL; Brooks, KM; Bushman, LR; Castillo-Mancilla, JR; Ellison, L; Hosek, S; Huhn, GD; Ibrahim, ME; Kerr, BJ; Kiser, JJ; MaWhinney, S; McHugh, C; Tilden, S, 2019)		0.51
"Tenofovir monoester Cmax and AUC0-4 were 59."( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir monoester and association with intracellular tenofovir diphosphate following single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Alexander, K; Anderson, PL; Brooks, KM; Bushman, LR; Castillo-Mancilla, JR; Ellison, L; Hosek, S; Huhn, GD; Ibrahim, ME; Kerr, BJ; Kiser, JJ; MaWhinney, S; McHugh, C; Tilden, S, 2019)		0.51
" The half-life of PMEA in the pradefovir group was 11."( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of pradefovir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.
Chen, H; Ding, Y; Jin, W; Li, C; Li, X; Liu, C; Liu, J; Niu, J; Wu, M; Zhang, D; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2020)		0.56
"A new series of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) targeting Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) was synthesized, with the goal of improving the pharmacokinetic properties of our previously reported PROTAC, MT802."( Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) as a BTK degraders with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
Buhimschi, AD; Crews, CM; Hines, J; Jaime-Figueroa, S; Toure, M, 2020)		0.56
" The aim of this work is to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for ibrutinib and its dihydrodiol metabolite to quantify pharmacokinetic inter- and intra-individual variability, to evaluate the impact of several covariates on ibrutinib pharmacokinetic parameters, and to examine the relationship between exposure and clinical outcome."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Ibrutinib and Its Dihydrodiol Metabolite in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies.
Allal, B; Chatelut, E; De Barros, S; Despas, F; Dupré, L; Gallais, F; Obéric, L; Protin, C; Quillet-Mary, A; Thomas, F; White-Koning, M; Ysebaert, L, 2020)		0.56
" Pharmacokinetic blood samples were taken from months 1 to 12 after inclusion."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Ibrutinib and Its Dihydrodiol Metabolite in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies.
Allal, B; Chatelut, E; De Barros, S; Despas, F; Dupré, L; Gallais, F; Obéric, L; Protin, C; Quillet-Mary, A; Thomas, F; White-Koning, M; Ysebaert, L, 2020)		0.56
"A total of 89 patients and 1501 plasma concentrations were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Ibrutinib and Its Dihydrodiol Metabolite in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies.
Allal, B; Chatelut, E; De Barros, S; Despas, F; Dupré, L; Gallais, F; Obéric, L; Protin, C; Quillet-Mary, A; Thomas, F; White-Koning, M; Ysebaert, L, 2020)		0.56
"We present the first population pharmacokinetic model describing ibrutinib and dihydrodiol-ibrutinib concentrations simultaneously."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Ibrutinib and Its Dihydrodiol Metabolite in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies.
Allal, B; Chatelut, E; De Barros, S; Despas, F; Dupré, L; Gallais, F; Obéric, L; Protin, C; Quillet-Mary, A; Thomas, F; White-Koning, M; Ysebaert, L, 2020)		0.56
" Pharmacokinetic sampling, urine biomarker collection [urine protein (UPCR), retinol binding protein (RBP) and β2 microglobulin (β2M) normalized to creatinine] and safety assessments occurred at the end of each phase."( Pharmacokinetics and renal safety of tenofovir alafenamide with boosted protease inhibitors and ledipasvir/sofosbuvir.
Anderson, PL; Blum, J; Brooks, KM; Bushman, LR; Castillo-Mancilla, JR; Cendali, F; Choi, YJ; Gomez, J; Haas, H; Ibrahim, ME; Johnson, B; Kiser, JJ; MaWhinney, S; Morrow, M; Roon, L; Rowan, SE; Wyles, DL; Zheng, JH, 2020)		0.56
"In our present experiment, the aim of this paper was to develop and fully validate an accurate and simple ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for simultaneous quantification of acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, and their metabolites (ACP-5862 and PCI-45227) in beagle dog plasma and to survey the pharmacokinetic study of all analytes in beagle dogs."( Simultaneous measurement of acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, and their metabolites in beagle dog plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Jiang, Z; Lin, G; Shi, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2020)		0.56
"Pregnant women receiving TAF 10 mg with cobicistat or TAF 25 mg without boosting as part of clinical care had intensive pharmacokinetic assessments performed during the second and third trimesters, and 6-12 weeks postpartum."( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide with and without cobicistat in pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV.
Barr, E; Best, BM; Brooks, KM; Capparelli, EV; Chakhtoura, N; Cielo, M; Denson, K; Deville, JG; Espina, R; Febo, IL; George, K; Haubrich, R; Mirochnick, M; Momper, JD; Pinilla, M; Rooney, JF; Rungruengthanakit, K; Shapiro, DE; Smith, E; Stek, AM; Weinberg, A, 2021)		0.62
"A population pharmacokinetic modeling approach was applied to 39 healthy subjects."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Ibrutinib in Healthy Adults.
Al-Ghazawi, M; Najib, N; Najib, O; Saleh, MI; Salem, I, 2021)		0.62
" This phase I, open-label, 2-period, 1-way study assessed potential pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between GSK3640254 and tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine (TAF/FTC; including the metabolite tenofovir [TFV]) in healthy volunteers."( A Phase I Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of the HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitor GSK3640254 and Tenofovir Alafenamide/Emtricitabine in Healthy Participants.
Butcher, L; Davidson, AM; Johnson, M; Joshi, SR; Lataillade, M; Min, S; Pene Dumitrescu, T; Webster, L; Xu, J; Zhan, J; Zimmerman, E, 2021)		0.62
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of acalabrutinib were also discussed."( Assessing the pharmacokinetics of acalabrutinib in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Li, J; Miao, Y; Xu, W, 2021)		0.62
"Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a key component of HIV treatment, but pharmacokinetic data supporting the use of TAF during pregnancy are limited."( Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Alafenamide With Boosted Protease Inhibitors in Pregnant and Postpartum Women Living With HIV: Results From IMPAACT P1026s.
Barr, E; Best, BM; Brooks, KM; Browning, R; Capparelli, EV; Chakhtoura, N; Deville, JG; Febo, IL; George, K; Knowles, K; Mirochnick, M; Paul, ME; Pinilla, M; Rungruengthanakit, K; Shapiro, DE; Stek, AM, 2022)		0.72
" Intensive pharmacokinetic assessments were performed during the second and third trimesters and 6-12 weeks postpartum."( Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Alafenamide With Boosted Protease Inhibitors in Pregnant and Postpartum Women Living With HIV: Results From IMPAACT P1026s.
Barr, E; Best, BM; Brooks, KM; Browning, R; Capparelli, EV; Chakhtoura, N; Deville, JG; Febo, IL; George, K; Knowles, K; Mirochnick, M; Paul, ME; Pinilla, M; Rungruengthanakit, K; Shapiro, DE; Stek, AM, 2022)		0.72
" TAF was only quantifiable in 2/25 maternal delivery samples and below the limit of quantification in all cord blood and infant washout samples, likely because of the short half-life of TAF."( Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Alafenamide With Boosted Protease Inhibitors in Pregnant and Postpartum Women Living With HIV: Results From IMPAACT P1026s.
Barr, E; Best, BM; Brooks, KM; Browning, R; Capparelli, EV; Chakhtoura, N; Deville, JG; Febo, IL; George, K; Knowles, K; Mirochnick, M; Paul, ME; Pinilla, M; Rungruengthanakit, K; Shapiro, DE; Stek, AM, 2022)		0.72
" Non-compartmental analyses were performed to quantify the pharmacokinetic parameters."( Plasma and breast milk pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide in mothers with chronic hepatitis B infection.
Cottrell, M; Crane, H; Di Girolamo, J; Dumond, J; Gane, E; Kashuba, A; Kayes, T; Levy, MT; Lim, TH; Manandhar, S; Symonds, A, 2022)		0.72
"In this first pharmacokinetic study of TAF monotherapy in breastfeeding women with CHB, concentrations of TAF and TFV were low in breast milk with negligible infant exposure, supporting the use of TAF to prevent MTCT."( Plasma and breast milk pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide in mothers with chronic hepatitis B infection.
Cottrell, M; Crane, H; Di Girolamo, J; Dumond, J; Gane, E; Kashuba, A; Kayes, T; Levy, MT; Lim, TH; Manandhar, S; Symonds, A, 2022)		0.72
"The population pharmacokinetic (PK) and exposure-response (E-R) analyses for the safety of ibrutinib for the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is presented."( Population Pharmacokinetic and Exposure-Safety Analyses of Ibrutinib for the Treatment of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease.
Atluri, H; Iwaki, Y; Mita, S; Ogawa, T, 2023)		0.91
" Model-based simulations revealed 294% and 515% increases of median tenofovir Cmin in patients with CLCR of 15-29 mL/min (CKD stage 3), and less than 15 mL/min (stage 4), respectively, compared with normal renal function (CLCR = 90-149 mL/min)."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling to characterize the effect of chronic kidney disease on tenofovir exposure after tenofovir alafenamide administration.
Alves Saldanha, S; Andre, P; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Courlet, P; Decosterd, LA; Desfontaine, V; Guidi, M; Kusejko, K; Thoueille, P, 2023)		0.91
" Peer-reviewed publications were included if they met all criteria: adults (≥ 18 years of age) living with or without HIV; report any pharmacokinetic parameter or plasma concentration of at least one of the following ARVs: tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF); doravirine (DOR), rilpivirine (RIL) and etravirine (ETR); darunavir (DRV), tipranavir (TPV) and fostemsavir (FTR); dolutegravir (DTG), raltegravir (RAL), bictegravir (BIC) and elvitegravir (EVG); maraviroc (MVC); ibalizumab (IBA); cobicistat (COBI)."( Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Drugs in Older People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review.
Cardoso, SW; Castro, T; Estrela, R; Grinsztejn, B; Oliveira, VG; Toledo, T; Torres, TS; Veloso, VG, 2023)		0.91
"Among 97 studies included, 20 reported pharmacokinetic evaluation in older individuals (age ≥ 50 years)."( Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Drugs in Older People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review.
Cardoso, SW; Castro, T; Estrela, R; Grinsztejn, B; Oliveira, VG; Toledo, T; Torres, TS; Veloso, VG, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

MPS combined with 3-methyladenine or chloroquine reduced the adhesion rate of AC trophozoites. Proline analogues azetidine-2-carboxylate and hydroxyproline were used to stimulate proline synthesis and benzyladenine-induced shoot organogenesis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The activity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate, alone or in combination with either of the two inhibitors of adenosine deaminase, was comparable to that of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), apparently reflecting the rapid conversion of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate to ara-A by L1210/C2 cells."( Antiproliferative effects of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate and related compounds in combination with adenosine deaminase inhibitors against mouse leukemia L1210/C2 cells in culture.
Cass, CE; Selner, M; Tan, TH, 1979)		0.77
"The use of the aqueous extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus in combination with either cytarabine or N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)-adenosine gave additive antiproliferative effects against L1210 murine leukemia."( Cytotoxic effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus aqueous extracts in combination with N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)-adenosine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine against L1210 leukemia cells.
Hacker, B; Medon, PJ, 1984)		0.27
" Adefovir and PMPA both demonstrated strong synergistic anti-HIV activity in combination with AZT."( Anti-HIV activity of adefovir (PMEA) and PMPA in combination with antiretroviral compounds: in vitro analyses.
Cherrington, JM; Mulato, AS, 1997)		0.3
" Proline analogues azetidine-2-carboxylate and hydroxyproline in combination with standardized FPH were used to stimulate proline synthesis and benzyladenine-induced shoot organogenesis by exploiting the proposed proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)."( Stimulation of benzyladenine-induced in vitro shoot organogenesis and endogenous proline in melon (Cucumis melo L.) by fish protein hydrolysates in combination with proline analogues.
Haynesworth, K; Kellett, G; Milazzo, MC; Shetty, K; Zheng, Z, 1999)		0.82
" These drug-drug interactions were not expected, the mechanism(s) is (are) not clear, and additional studies are warranted."( Competing drug-drug interactions among multidrug antiretroviral regimens used in the treatment of HIV- infected subjects: ACTG 884.
Acosta, EP; Cheng, H; Fischl, M; Fletcher, CV; Gulick, RM; Haubrich, R; Hu, XJ; Katzenstein, D; Mills, C; Raasch, R; Remmel, RP, 2000)		0.31
" We tested MPA alone and in combination with abacavir (ABC), didanosine (DDI), lamivudine (3TC) and tenofovir (TFV) against wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-resistant HIV-1."( Dose proportional inhibition of HIV-1 replication by mycophenolic acid and synergistic inhibition in combination with abacavir, didanosine, and tenofovir.
Coull, JJ; Drusano, GL; Hossain, MM; Margolis, DM, 2002)		0.31
" This study assessed the safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil alone and in combination with lamivudine compared with ongoing lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B with compensated liver disease and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV)."( Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B.
Bourliere, M; Brosgart, CL; Buggisch, P; Ebrahimi, R; Gray Df, Df; Hann Hw, Hw; Heathcote, EJ; Kleber, K; Kowdley, K; Martin, P; Peters, MG; Rubin, R; Sullivan, M; Trepo, C; Xiong, S, 2004)		0.32
"These data, limited to patients with compensated liver disease, indicate that adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with ongoing lamivudine therapy provides effective antiviral therapy in patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV."( Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B.
Bourliere, M; Brosgart, CL; Buggisch, P; Ebrahimi, R; Gray Df, Df; Hann Hw, Hw; Heathcote, EJ; Kleber, K; Kowdley, K; Martin, P; Peters, MG; Rubin, R; Sullivan, M; Trepo, C; Xiong, S, 2004)		0.32
"Mutations selected or deselected during passage of human immunodeficiency virus strain HXB2 or resistant variants with tenofovir (TFV), abacavir (ABC), and lamivudine (3TC) differed depending on the drug combination and virus genotype."( Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mutation selection during in vitro exposure to tenofovir alone or combined with abacavir or lamivudine.
Ait-Khaled, M; Craig, C; Griffin, P; Stone, C; Tisdale, M, 2004)		0.32
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF) was studied in combination with rifampin in 24 healthy subjects in a multiple-dose, open-label, single-group, two-period study."( Pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers.
Buffels, R; Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP; Vanhorssen, PJ; Verweij-van Wissen, CP, 2005)		0.33
"The nucleotide analogue, tenofovir, has been shown to lower plasma atazanavir levels in pharmacokinetic trials, an interaction that may be partly reversed by the addition of ritonavir, whereas plasma tenofovir levels are themselves raised when the drug is combined with lopinavir/ritonavir."( The steady-state pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in combination with tenofovir in HIV-infected patients.
Becker, M; Breske, A; Esser, S; Hill, A; Koerber, A; Kopperman, M; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Möcklinghoff, C; Ross, B; Stocker, H; Wiehler, H, 2005)		0.33
" Combination with lamivudine showed no additional benefit over monotherapy during 24 weeks of treatment in these patients."( Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with ongoing lamivudine in patients with decompensated liver disease and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus.
Choi, WB; Chung, YH; Kim, KM; Lee, HC; Lee, YS; Lim, YS; Suh, DJ, 2005)		0.33
"The drug-drug and drug-food interactions between tenofovir DF and didanosine EC were evaluated in 2 pharmacokinetic studies in healthy adult subjects."( Drug-drug and drug-food interactions between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and didanosine.
Chen, SS; Cheng, AK; Flaherty, JF; Kaul, S; Kearney, BP; Sayre, JR, 2005)		0.33
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) has been studied in combination with efavirenz in healthy volunteers and no interaction was found."( Assessment of drug-drug interactions between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine and efavirenz in HIV-infected patients.
Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP, 2006)		0.33
" Six different groups were studied: 200 mg nevirapine twice daily, 400 mg nevirapine once daily, 600 mg efavirenz once daily, all without tenofovir DF (groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively), and the same groups with the drugs combined with tenofovir 300 mg once daily (groups 4, 5, and 6, respectively)."( Assessment of drug-drug interactions between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine and efavirenz in HIV-infected patients.
Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP, 2006)		0.33
" The most common drugs given with tenofovir were ritonavir or lopinavir-ritonavir (21 of 27 patients), atazanavir (5 of 27 patients), and didanosine (9 of 27 patients)."( Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions.
Bedford, J; Braden, G; Hoffman, R; Morris, A; Pizzoferrato, T; Zimmermann, AE, 2006)		0.33
"Two phase I studies were conducted to assess the plasma pharmacokinetics of telbivudine and potential drug-drug interactions between telbivudine (200 or 600 mg/day) and lamivudine (100 mg/day) or adefovir dipivoxil (10 mg/day) in healthy subjects."( Pharmacokinetics of telbivudine in healthy subjects and absence of drug interaction with lamivudine or adefovir dipivoxil.
Brown, NA; Chao, GC; Fielman, BA; Lloyd, DM; Zhou, XJ, 2006)		0.33
" Together, these in vitro results indicate that combination with other antiretrovirals does not significantly increase the toxic potential of TFV in RPTECs."( In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells.
Alvarez, ML; Cihlar, T; Cordobilla, B; Domingo, JC; Domingo, P; Giralt, M; Guallar, J; López-Dupla, M; Sánchez de la Rosa, R; Saumoy, M; Torres, F; Vidal, F; Villarroya, F, 2006)		0.33
"Study 903 is a phase 3 trial with a completed 144-week, double-blind phase comparing tenofovir DF (TDF) to stavudine (d4T) in combination with lamivudine (3TC) and efavirenz (EFV) and an ongoing additional 336-week open-label extension phase."( The safety and efficacy of tenofovir DF in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz through 6 years in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected patients.
Cassetti, I; Cheng, AK; Enejosa, J; Etzel, A; Madruga, JV; Suleiman, JM; Zhong, L, )		0.13
"We evaluated the mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir (TFV), emtricitabine (FTC) and abacavir as carbovir (CBV) alone, with each other, and in combination with additional NRTIs."( Mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir, emtricitabine and abacavir alone and in combination with additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Melkaoui, K; Setzer, B; Venhoff, N; Walker, UA, 2007)		0.34
"Study 903 is a phase 3 trial with a completed 144-week, double-blind phase comparing tenofovir DF (TDF) with stavudine (d4T), in combination with lamivudine (3TC) and efavirenz (EFV), and an ongoing 336-week open-label extension phase."( The safety and efficacy of switching stavudine to tenofovir df in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz in hiv-1-infected patients: three-year follow-up after switching therapy.
Cassetti, I; Cheng, AK; Enejosa, J; Etzel, A; Holmes, CB; Madruga, JR; Suleiman, JM; Zhong, L, )		0.13
"A prospective cohort study on therapy with adefovir alone (29 patients) or combined with ongoing lamivudine (23 patients) was performed."( Lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B: an observational study on adefovir in monotherapy or in combination with lamivudine.
Alessandria, C; Barbon, V; Carenzi, S; Gaia, S; Lagget, M; Marzano, A; Olivero, A; Rizzetto, M; Smedile, A, 2008)		0.35
"Most studies of mouse cloning successfully achieved activation of the reconstructed oocytes by strontium (Sr) combined with cytochalasin B (CB) treatment."( Transgenic cloned mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein generated by activation stimuli combined with 6-dimethylaminopurine.
Chen, CH; Ju, JC; Lee, KH; Lien, WT; Liu, MS; Stone, L; Tu, CF, 2008)		0.35
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were also determined in HIV-1-infected patients dosed with raltegravir monotherapy versus raltegravir in combination with TDF and lamivudine."( Lack of a significant drug interaction between raltegravir and tenofovir.
Breidinger, SA; Chen, J; Friedman, EJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Iwamoto, M; Kost, JT; Lasseter, KC; Stek, JE; Stone, JA; Teppler, H; Wagner, JA; Wenning, LA, 2008)		0.35
" regimen and it's recommended by most of the clinical guidelines as a start regimen in combination with two other drugs."( [Clinical data I. Clinical experience with tenofovir in combination with nonnucleoside analogue transcriptase inhibitors].
Arribas López, JR; Bernardino de la Serna, JI; Mora Rillo, M, 2008)		0.35
" Most data on safety and efficacy in this scenario initially came from clinical trials in which tenofovir was combined with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."( [Clinical data II. Clinical experience of tenofovir DF in combination with protease inhibitors].
Fiorante, S; Pulido, F, 2008)		0.35
"Emtricitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI), and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF), a nucleotide RTI, as a fixed-dose combination tablet (emtricitabine/tenofovir DF) for once-daily oral administration, are used as the nucleoside/nucleotide RTI backbone in combination with other antiretroviral agents, including ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PIs), in the treatment of adults with HIV-1 infection."( Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: in combination with a protease inhibitor in HIV-1 infection.
Perry, CM, 2009)		0.35
" 43 patients with relapsed/refractory or secondary AML or CML blast crisis were enrolled into two phase I dose-escalation studies investigating amonafide as monotherapy or in combination with cytarabine."( Phase I trials of amonafide as monotherapy and in combination with cytarabine in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia.
Allen, SL; Bennett, JM; Budman, DR; Capizzi, RL; Kolitz, JE; Lundberg, AS, 2010)		0.36
"A new drug combination regimen, consisting of raltegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), is described for the treatment of HIV-1 infection."( A new drug combination therapy for treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection, consisting of raltegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
De Clercq, E, 2009)		0.35
" However, N348I significantly decreases tenofovir susceptibility when combined with thymidine analogue mutations and etravirine susceptibility when combined with Y181C."( N348I in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase decreases susceptibility to tenofovir and etravirine in combination with other resistance mutations.
Moore, K; Radzio, J; Sluis-Cremer, N; Sonza, S; Tachedjian, G, 2010)		0.36
"International, multicenter, open-label, 96-week noninferiority randomized trial of atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg once daily vs lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily, each in combination with fixed-dose tenofovir/emtricitabine 300/200 mg once daily, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected patients."( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study.
Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)		0.36
"To analyze the efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil combined with bicyclol in treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic viral hepatitis B (CHB)."( [The analyse of effectiveness in HBeAg-positive chronic viral hepatitis B treated by adefovir dipivoxil combined with bicyclol].
Sheng, JF; Xiang, DR, 2009)		0.35
"Forty-eight-week data are presented from this multicenter, randomized, open-label study comparing the safety profiles of abacavir/lamivudine and tenofovir/emtricitabine, both administered with efavirenz, in HLA-B*5701-negative HIV-1-infected adults."( Randomized comparison of renal effects, efficacy, and safety with once-daily abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir/emtricitabine, administered with efavirenz, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study.
Branco, T; Cavassini, M; Domingo, P; Fisher, M; Givens, N; Khuong-Josses, MA; Lim, ML; Moyle, GJ; Norden, AG; Pearce, HC; Podzamczer, D; Post, FA; Rieger, A; Stellbrink, HJ; Vavro, C, 2010)		0.36
" We investigated the activity of clevudine (CLV) in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide analogues to determine if these combinations were compatible in vitro."( Evaluation of the in vitro anti-HBV activity of clevudine in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors.
Bao, H; Furman, PA; Korba, B; Micolochick Steuer, HM; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Tolstykh, T, 2010)		0.36
"Using the HepAD38 cell line, which expresses wild-type HBV, and a real-time PCR assay, we tested the anti-HBV activity of CLV in combination with entecavir, lamivudine, adefovir, tenofovir and telbivudine (TBV)."( Evaluation of the in vitro anti-HBV activity of clevudine in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors.
Bao, H; Furman, PA; Korba, B; Micolochick Steuer, HM; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Tolstykh, T, 2010)		0.36
"When CLV was combined with entecavir, lamivudine, adefovir or tenofovir, a synergistic antiviral effect was observed; however, the combination of CLV and TBV gave an antagonistic antiviral response."( Evaluation of the in vitro anti-HBV activity of clevudine in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors.
Bao, H; Furman, PA; Korba, B; Micolochick Steuer, HM; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Tolstykh, T, 2010)		0.36
"Randomised clinical trials addressing benefits and harms of lamivudine or adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with hepatitis B immunoglobulins (HBIg) for preventing recurrent HBV infection in patients who are liver transplanted due to HBV infection with or without hepatocellular carcinoma."( Lamivudine or adefovir dipivoxil alone or combined with immunoglobulin for preventing hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation.
Guy, DG; Katz, LH; Paul, M; Tur-Kaspa, R, 2010)		0.36
"A simple, fast and inexpensive method based on dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) combined with LC-MS was developed for simultaneous determination of 7 nucleosides and nucleobases (i."( Determination of the nucleosides and nucleobases in Tuber samples by dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Li, HM; Li, YY; Liu, P; Tang, YJ; Wan, DJ, 2011)		0.37
"We retrospectively evaluated the durability and reasons for discontinuation of nevirapine (NVP) in combination with a tenofovir (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) or lamivudine (3TC)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen in an Australian outpatient setting."( Clinical experience with nevirapine combined with tenofovir plus emtricitabine or lamivudine-containing regimens in HIV-infected subjects.
Chan, DJ; Jeganathan, S; Maruszak, H; Smith, DE, 2011)		0.37
" nevirapine on the same background, in naïve HIV-1-infected patients) study compared prospectively ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATZ/r) 300 mg/100 mg once daily (qd) with immediate release nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg qd, each combined with fixed-dose tenofovir 300 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg qd in 569 ARV-naïve HIV-1-infected patients."( Lipid profiles for nevirapine vs. atazanavir/ritonavir, both combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine over 48 weeks, in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients (the ARTEN study).
Andrade-Villanueva, J; Cairns, V; Clotet, B; de Rossi, L; Domingo, P; Gellermann, HJ; Podzamczer, D; Reiss, P; Rockstroh, JK; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)		0.37
"ARTEN is a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial that compares nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg once daily to atazanavir/ritonavir (ATZ/r) 300 mg/100 mg once daily, each combined with fixed-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) 300 mg/emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg once daily, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients with CD4(+) T-cell counts <400 (men) and <250 cells/mm(3) (women)."( Nevirapine versus atazanavir/ritonavir, each combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients: the ARTEN Trial.
Andrade-Villanueva, J; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; de Rossi, L; Di Perri, G; Domingo, P; Gellermann, H; Lutz, T; Migrone, H; Opravil, M; Podzamczer, D; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)		0.37
"NVP demonstrated at week 48 non-inferior antiviral efficacy compared with ATZ/r when given along with TDF/FTC, despite more drug-related discontinuations with NVP than ATZ/r."( Nevirapine versus atazanavir/ritonavir, each combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients: the ARTEN Trial.
Andrade-Villanueva, J; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; de Rossi, L; Di Perri, G; Domingo, P; Gellermann, H; Lutz, T; Migrone, H; Opravil, M; Podzamczer, D; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)		0.37
" In order to improve ATV exposure, plasma and intracellular (IC) PK of ATV in patients administered with ATV 400 mg once daily and TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) and switched to ATV 200 mg twice daily were studied."( Pharmacokinetics of switching unboosted atazanavir coadministered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from 400 mg once daily to 200 mg twice daily in HIV-positive patients.
Baietto, L; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Gonzalez de Requena, D; Siccardi, M; Simiele, M; Tettoni, M; Trentini, L, 2011)		0.37
"Entecavir combined with adefovir is an effective rescue therapy in CHB patients after failure of treatment with nucleoside analogs."( [Safety and efficacy of Entecavir combined with Adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B who fail to respond to nucleoside analog treatment].
Guo, YB; Hou, JL; Peng, J; Sun, J; Wang, ZH; Yan, L; Yang, J; Zhou, B, 2011)		0.37
"Limited data are available on the use of unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients."( Efficacy and safety of a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression under antiretroviral therapy.
Ammassari, A; Castagna, A; Delaugerre, C; Ghosn, J; Medrano, J; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Rusconi, S; Torti, C; Valin, N, 2011)		0.37
" NRTIs used in combination with atazanavir were tenofovir, abacavir and emtricitabine/lamivudine in 36."( Efficacy and safety of a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression under antiretroviral therapy.
Ammassari, A; Castagna, A; Delaugerre, C; Ghosn, J; Medrano, J; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Rusconi, S; Torti, C; Valin, N, 2011)		0.37
"In patients with virological suppression and no prior history of virological failure, a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with NRTIs is associated with a low probability of virological failure and a good safety profile."( Efficacy and safety of a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression under antiretroviral therapy.
Ammassari, A; Castagna, A; Delaugerre, C; Ghosn, J; Medrano, J; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Rusconi, S; Torti, C; Valin, N, 2011)		0.37
"To investigate the levels of HBsAg in predicting the efficacy of peglated interferon-alpha 2a combined with adefovir dipivoxil (ADV), in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients."( [The levels of HBsAg can predict the efficacy of peglated interferon-alpha 2a combined with adefovir dipivoxil, in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients].
Cao, H; Li, G; Sun, HX; Xu, QH; Yang, XA; Zhang, K, 2011)		0.37
"Eligible patients with HIV-1 RNA (vRNA) levels >5000 copies/mL and without baseline resistance to efavirenz, tenofovir, or emtricitabine were randomized in a double-blind, noninferiority study to receive raltegravir or efavirenz, each combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine."( Long-term treatment with raltegravir or efavirenz combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine for treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients: 156-week results from STARTMRK.
Dejesus, E; Dinubile, MJ; Lazzarin, A; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Xu, X; Zhao, J, 2011)		0.37
"When combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive patients, raltegravir produced durable viral suppression and immune restoration that was at least equivalent to efavirenz through 156 weeks of therapy."( Long-term treatment with raltegravir or efavirenz combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine for treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients: 156-week results from STARTMRK.
Dejesus, E; Dinubile, MJ; Lazzarin, A; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Xu, X; Zhao, J, 2011)		0.37
" Mean plasma concentration-time profiles for atazanavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC), darunavir (DRV, administered with ritonavir [RTV]), and drospirenone/ethinylestradiol were similar following co-administration of GSK2248761."( Drug interaction profile for GSK2248761, a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
de Serres, M; Gould, E; Johnson, M; Kim, J; Lou, Y; Mayers, D; Pietropaolo, K; Piscitelli, S; White, S; Zhou, XJ, 2012)		0.38
"To study the changes of experimental markers of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated by Dahuang Zhechong Wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil."( [Experimental study on effect of dahuang zhechong wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil in preventing hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B].
Chang, Y; Zhang, L, 2012)		0.38
" The treatment group (50 cases) was orally given 10 mg of adefovir dipivoxil once a day, 1 Wan each time, combined with Dahuang Zhechong Wan, 3 times a day, 1 Wan each time."( [Experimental study on effect of dahuang zhechong wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil in preventing hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B].
Chang, Y; Zhang, L, 2012)		0.38
"Dahuang Zhechong Wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil could prevent hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, reduce the incidence of liver cirrhosis, improve life quality and prognosis."( [Experimental study on effect of dahuang zhechong wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil in preventing hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B].
Chang, Y; Zhang, L, 2012)		0.38
"To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) in combination with bicyclol for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in seniors."( [The clinical efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in combination with bicyclol for the treatment of senior patients with chronic hepatitis B].
Cai, SP; Fan, ZP; He, WP; Ji, YJ; Zhang, WJ, 2011)		0.37
"It suggested that the treatment of ADV in combination with bicyclol for senior patients with CHB is effective and safe."( [The clinical efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in combination with bicyclol for the treatment of senior patients with chronic hepatitis B].
Cai, SP; Fan, ZP; He, WP; Ji, YJ; Zhang, WJ, 2011)		0.37
"To explore the durability of three first-line tenofovir/emtricitabine-based regimens in combination with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients."( Duration of first-line antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir in the Italian ARCA cohort.
Borghi, V; Capetti, A; Cicconi, P; Di Biagio, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Francisci, D; Giacometti, A; Giannarelli, D; Maggiolo, F; Monno, L; Penco, G; Prinapori, R; Sterrantino, G; Zoncada, A, 2013)		0.39
"To observe the efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil(ADV) in combination with Anluohuaxian capsule in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients."( [The therapeutic effect of Anluohuaxian capsule combined with adefovir dipivoxil on patients with chronic hepatitis B and influence on hepatic histology].
Gong, GZ; He, B; Jiang, YF; Li, NP; Ma, J; Tang, W, 2012)		0.38
" 36 cases of treatment group were given ADV combined with Anluohuaxian capsule for 48 weeks."( [The therapeutic effect of Anluohuaxian capsule combined with adefovir dipivoxil on patients with chronic hepatitis B and influence on hepatic histology].
Gong, GZ; He, B; Jiang, YF; Li, NP; Ma, J; Tang, W, 2012)		0.38
"The results show that the treatment with ADV in combination with Anluohuaxian capsule can play promoting antifibrotic effect and significant improved liver histology of chronic hepatitis B patients."( [The therapeutic effect of Anluohuaxian capsule combined with adefovir dipivoxil on patients with chronic hepatitis B and influence on hepatic histology].
Gong, GZ; He, B; Jiang, YF; Li, NP; Ma, J; Tang, W, 2012)		0.38
" For TB drugs, equivalence was suggested for peak plasma concentrations when administered with and without efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"Drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein and OATPs regulate intestinal permeability of atazanavir and may contribute to its poor oral bioavailability and drug-drug interactions with other protease inhibitors and TDF."( Role of drug efflux and uptake transporters in atazanavir intestinal permeability and drug-drug interactions.
Bendayan, R; Hoque, MT; Kis, O; Walmsley, SL; Zastre, JA, 2013)		0.39
"Comprehensive information on the effects of cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) polymorphisms, clinical factors, and drug-drug interactions on efavirenz concentrations in HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected (HIV/TB) patients is unavailable."( Impact of pharmacogenetic markers of CYP2B6, clinical factors, and drug-drug interaction on efavirenz concentrations in HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected patients.
Lueangniyomkul, A; Mankatitham, W; Manosuthi, S; Manosuthi, W; Nilkamhang, S; Sukasem, C; Sungkanuparph, S; Thongyen, S, 2013)		0.39
"The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of peginterferon α-2a (PEG IFNα-2a) in combination with lamivudine or adefovir in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB)."( Extended treatment with peginterferon α-2a in combination with lamivudine or adefovir for 96 weeks yields high rates of HBeAg and HBsAg seroconversion.
Cao, ZH; Chen, XY; Liu, YL; Ma, LN; Zhang, HW, 2013)		0.39
" The objective of this study was to compare changes in body composition between ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) over 96 weeks using data from a substudy of CASTLE, which compared once-daily ATV/r with twice-daily LPV/r, both in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection."( Comparison of body composition changes between atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir each in combination with tenofovir/emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection.
DeGrosky, M; Farajallah, A; Hardy, H; McGrath, D; Moyle, GJ, 2014)		0.4
" When ATV-LNPs were prepared with ritonavir (RTV), a metabolic and cellular membrane exporter inhibitor, and tenofovir (TFV), an HIV reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, stable, scalable, and reproducible anti-HIV drug combination LNPs were produced."( Evaluation of atazanavir and darunavir interactions with lipids for developing pH-responsive anti-HIV drug combination nanoparticles.
Duan, J; Freeling, JP; Ho, RJ; Koehn, J; Shu, C, 2014)		0.4
"Electrospun drug-eluting fabrics have enormous potential for the delivery of physicochemically diverse drugs in combination by controlling the underlying material chemistry and fabric microarchitecture."( Delivery of multipurpose prevention drug combinations from electrospun nanofibers using composite microarchitectures.
Blakney, AK; Jiang, YH; Krogstad, EA; Woodrow, KA, 2014)		0.4
" Finally, we showed that the drug-loaded nanofibers are noncytotoxic and that the antiviral activity of TFV is preserved through the electrospinning process and when combined with LNG."( Delivery of multipurpose prevention drug combinations from electrospun nanofibers using composite microarchitectures.
Blakney, AK; Jiang, YH; Krogstad, EA; Woodrow, KA, 2014)		0.4
"To investigate the treatment efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil combined with a corticosteroid on hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN)."( Efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil combined with a corticosteroid in 38 cases of nephrotic syndrome induced by hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis.
Li, H; Qiu, L; Xiao, P; Yuan, X; Zhou, Q, 2014)		0.4
"Adefovir dipivoxil combined with corticosteroids has a certain efficacy on the HBV-GN and displays few adverse reactions."( Efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil combined with a corticosteroid in 38 cases of nephrotic syndrome induced by hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis.
Li, H; Qiu, L; Xiao, P; Yuan, X; Zhou, Q, 2014)		0.4
" This study suggests the proof-of-concept that the lower dose of NA in combination with other NA might be the theoretical option for rescue combination therapy in patients with CHB who had failed on prior multiple NA treatments in order to reduce systemic exposure and possible side effects of NA."( Comparison of the efficacies of entecavir 0.5 and 1.0 mg combined with adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B who had failed on prior nucleos(t)ide analogue treatments.
Cho, Y; Kim, YJ; Lee, HS; Lee, JH; Yoon, JH; Yu, SJ, 2015)		0.42
" We investigated the efficacy of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat combined with one of several B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling inhibitors on MCL cell death and the underlying mechanisms, using MCL cell lines."( The synergistic effect of BCR signaling inhibitors combined with an HDAC inhibitor on cell death in a mantle cell lymphoma cell line.
Hagiwara, K; Iida, H; Kunishima, S; Miyata, Y; Nagai, H; Naoe, T, 2015)		0.42
" We here compare bortezomib with carfilzomib and LU-102 in MM and MCL in vitro with regard to their effects on pIκB/NF-κB signaling and their cytotoxic activity in combination with ibrutinib."( The novel β2-selective proteasome inhibitor LU-102 decreases phosphorylation of I kappa B and induces highly synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with ibrutinib in multiple myeloma cells.
Bader, J; Besse, L; de Bruin, G; Driessen, C; Geurink, PP; Kisselev, AF; Kraus, J; Kraus, M; Liu, N; Overkleeft, H, 2015)		0.42
" Anti-CD20 antibodies have improved response and progression-free survival (PFS) when combined with chemotherapy."( Safety and activity of BTK inhibitor ibrutinib combined with ofatumumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase 1b/2 study.
Andritsos, LA; Blum, KA; Byrd, JC; Flynn, JM; Grever, MR; Hall, N; Heerema, NA; Jaglowski, SM; James, DF; Johnson, AJ; Jones, JA; Lozanski, G; Maddocks, KJ; Munneke, B; Nagar, V; Neuenburg, JK; Ruppert, AS; Smucker, K; Stefanos, M; West, JS; Woyach, JA, 2015)		0.42
"International, randomized double-blind active-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of COBI vs ritonavir (RTV) as a pharmacoenhancer of atazanavir in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV treatment-naive patients followed through week 144."( Brief Report: Cobicistat Compared With Ritonavir as a Pharmacoenhancer for Atazanavir in Combination With Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Week 144 Results.
Abram, ME; Andrade-Villanueva, JF; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; Cao, H; Chetchotisakd, P; DeJesus, E; Fehr, J; Gallant, JE; Koenig, E; Liu, HC; Rizzardini, G; Szwarcberg, J, 2015)		0.42
"Ibrutinib combined with rituximab is active and well tolerated in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma."( Ibrutinib in combination with rituximab in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma: a single-centre, open-label, phase 2 trial.
Addison, A; Badillo, M; Champlin, R; Chen, W; Chuang, H; DeLa Rosa, M; Fayad, L; Hagemeister, F; Lam, L; Lee, H; Li, S; Medeiros, LJ; Nomie, K; Oki, Y; Romaguera, J; Samaniego, F; Santos, D; Turturro, F; Wagner-Bartak, N; Wang, ML; Westin, J; Young, KH; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhao, D, 2016)		0.43
"Between Sept 19, 2012, and Jan 21, 2014, 578 eligible patients were randomly assigned to ibrutinib or placebo in combination with bendamustine plus rituximab (289 in each group)."( Ibrutinib combined with bendamustine and rituximab compared with placebo, bendamustine, and rituximab for previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (HELIOS): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study.
Avigdor, A; Balasubramanian, S; Bartlett, NL; Chanan-Khan, A; Cramer, P; Demirkan, F; Dilhuydy, MS; Fraser, G; Goy, A; Grosicki, S; Hallek, M; Howes, A; Janssens, A; Karlsson, C; Loscertales, J; Mahler, M; Mato, A; Mayer, J; Panagiotidis, P; Pavlovsky, MA; Phelps, C; Pristupa, A; Pylypenko, H; Rule, S; Salman, M; Samoilova, O; Silva, RS; Sun, S; Villa, D, 2016)		0.43
" Moreover, we show that the efficacy of DSR-29133 was significantly improved when administered in combination with low-dose fractionated radiotherapy (RT)."( Intravenous administration of the selective toll-like receptor 7 agonist DSR-29133 leads to anti-tumor efficacy in murine solid tumor models which can be potentiated by combination with fractionated radiotherapy.
Adlard, AL; Cheadle, EJ; Dovedi, SJ; Eguchi, K; Hirose, Y; Honeychurch, J; Hughes, G; Illidge, TM; Jewsbury, PJ; Koga-Yamakawa, E; Murata, M; Ota, Y; Stratford, IJ; Sugaru, E; Umehara, H; Wilkinson, RW; Yamamoto, S, 2016)		0.43
" The aim of this study is to investigate the synergistic anticancer effect of resveratrol in combination with cisplatin and the potential anticancer mechanisms involved in A549 cells."( The synergistic effect of resveratrol in combination with cisplatin on apoptosis via modulating autophagy in A549 cells.
Hu, S; Kong, H; Li, X; Wang, H; Xie, W; Xu, R; Ye, L; Zeng, X, 2016)		0.43
" Here, we report in vivo data for OTX015 in combination with the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat, the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib, the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab, and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in a diffuse large B cell lymphoma model."( Bromodomain inhibitor OTX015 (MK-8628) combined with targeted agents shows strong in vivo antitumor activity in lymphoma.
Bernasconi, E; Bertoni, F; Cascione, L; Cvitkovic, E; Gaudio, E; Odore, E; Ponzoni, M; Rezai, K; Rinaldi, A; Riveiro, E; Stathis, A; Tarantelli, C; Zucca, E, 2016)		0.43
" Ublituximab in combination with ibrutinib resulted in rapid and high response rates."( Ublituximab (TG-1101), a novel glycoengineered anti-CD20 antibody, in combination with ibrutinib is safe and highly active in patients with relapsed and/or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: results of a phase 2 trial.
Brooks, HD; Burke, JM; Fanning, S; Farber, CM; Greenwald, DR; Klein, L; Kolibaba, KS; Mahadevan, D; Miskin, HP; Schreeder, MT; Sharman, JP; Sportelli, P; Weiss, MS, 2017)		0.46
" Thirteen different TKIs were combined with or without SZU-101 and studied to determine their effects on immunocytes."( Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Effects of a Novel TLR7 Agonist Combined with Lapatinib.
Diao, Y; Gao, N; Jiang, W; Jin, G; Jin, Z; Li, W; Liu, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhong, J, 2016)		0.43
"We investigated whether a fixed-dose combination tablet of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovirDF (Stribild) can be crushed and combined with enteral nutrition without influencing pharmacokinetics."( Brief Report: Pharmacokinetics of Crushed Elvitegravir Combination Tablet Given With or Without Enteral Nutrition.
Abbink, E; Burger, D; Colbers, A; Duisenberg-van Essenberg, M; Jongbloed-de Hoon, M; Kruijssen, M; van Crevel, R; Velthoven-Graafland, K, 2017)		0.46
" To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of severe hypokalemia and proximal tubular renal dysfunction as a result of a possible drug-drug interaction between vinblastine, tenofovir and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir."( Severe hypokalemia due to a possible drug-drug interaction between vinblastine and antiretrovirals in a HIV-infected patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Arcondo, F; Cordova, E; Morganti, L; Odzak, A; Rodriguez, C; Silva, M; Zylberman, M, 2017)		0.46
"The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of multipurpose contact lens (CL) solution (MPS) combined with autophagy inhibitors on the adhesion properties of Acanthamoeba castellanii (AC) trophozoites to silicone hydrogel CLs."( Effect of Multipurpose Solution Combined With Autophagy Inhibitors on Adhesion of Acanthamoeba trophozoites to Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses.
Lee, DI; Lee, JE; Lee, JS; Lee, SM; Park, SH; Yu, HS, 2017)		0.46
" We analyzed the efficacy of MPS combined with autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenine (0."( Effect of Multipurpose Solution Combined With Autophagy Inhibitors on Adhesion of Acanthamoeba trophozoites to Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses.
Lee, DI; Lee, JE; Lee, JS; Lee, SM; Park, SH; Yu, HS, 2017)		0.68
"MPS combined with 3-methyladenine or chloroquine reduced the adhesion rate of AC trophozoites rather than MPS containing only polyhexamethylene biguanide."( Effect of Multipurpose Solution Combined With Autophagy Inhibitors on Adhesion of Acanthamoeba trophozoites to Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses.
Lee, DI; Lee, JE; Lee, JS; Lee, SM; Park, SH; Yu, HS, 2017)		0.76
"Our results demonstrate that apigenin regulates OAT1, and can cause TDI or herb-drug interaction (HDI) when used in combination with acyclovir or adefovir."( Apigenin, a novel candidate involving herb-drug interaction (HDI), interacts with organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1).
Cao, Y; Chen, J; Fu, W; Li, H; Pang, J; Wu, T; Zhou, P, 2017)		0.46
" We conducted a single-center phase 1 study evaluating dose-escalated ibrutinib, in a 3-by-3 design, in combination with rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (R-ICE) in physiologically transplant-eligible rel/ref DLBCL patients."( A phase 1 study of ibrutinib in combination with R-ICE in patients with relapsed or primary refractory DLBCL.
Courtien, AI; Devlin, SM; Drullinsky, P; Gerecitano, J; Kumar, A; Matasar, MJ; McCall, SJ; Miller, ST; Moskowitz, CH; Noy, A; Palomba, ML; Portlock, CS; Sauter, CS; Schoder, H; Straus, DJ; Younes, A; Zelenetz, AD, 2018)		0.48
" The recommended phase 2 dose of umbralisib when given in combination with ibrutinib was 800 mg once daily."( Umbralisib in combination with ibrutinib in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or mantle cell lymphoma: a multicentre phase 1-1b study.
Arnason, JE; Bazemore, J; Boruchov, AM; Brown, JR; Davids, MS; Fisher, DC; Francoeur, K; Hellman, JM; Jacobsen, ED; Jacobson, CA; Kim, HT; Maegawa, R; Miskin, HP; Nicotra, A; Rueter, J; Savell, A; Sportelli, P; Stampleman, L, 2019)		0.51
" The aim of this study was to assess the safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignant diseases."( Safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase 1/2a study.
Alvarez, J; Avivi, I; Balasubramanian, S; Ben-Yehuda, D; Bosch, F; Brody, J; Buglio, D; Caballero Barrigón, MD; Carpio, C; Ceulemans, R; Cordoba, R; de Jong, J; Demirkan, F; Ferhanoglu, B; Fourneau, N; Hellmann, A; Hodkinson, BP; Horowitz, NA; Jurczak, W; Kuss, B; Lopez-Guillermo, A; Ma, DDF; Marlton, P; Nagler, A; Ozcan, M; Schaffer, M; Streit, M; Wang, SS; Wrobel, T; Yağci, M; Younes, A, 2019)		0.51
" The primary objective of part A (dose escalation) was to assess the safety of daily oral ibrutinib (420 mg or 560 mg) in combination with intravenous nivolumab (3 mg/kg every 2 weeks) to ascertain a recommended phase 2 dose in patients with relapsed or refractory high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (del17p or del11q), follicular lymphoma, or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma."( Safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase 1/2a study.
Alvarez, J; Avivi, I; Balasubramanian, S; Ben-Yehuda, D; Bosch, F; Brody, J; Buglio, D; Caballero Barrigón, MD; Carpio, C; Ceulemans, R; Cordoba, R; de Jong, J; Demirkan, F; Ferhanoglu, B; Fourneau, N; Hellmann, A; Hodkinson, BP; Horowitz, NA; Jurczak, W; Kuss, B; Lopez-Guillermo, A; Ma, DDF; Marlton, P; Nagler, A; Ozcan, M; Schaffer, M; Streit, M; Wang, SS; Wrobel, T; Yağci, M; Younes, A, 2019)		0.51
"Ibrutinib alone or in combination with cytarabine or azacitidine demonstrated an acceptable safety profile."( Clinical Experience With Ibrutinib Alone or in Combination With Either Cytarabine or Azacitidine in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Cortes, JE; Graef, T; Jonas, BA; Luan, Y; Stein, AS, 2019)		0.51
"As a tool to be used in transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction studies, a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of adefovir and pitavastatin in human plasma and adefovir in urine was developed and successfully validated."( Quantification of adefovir and pitavastatin in human plasma and urine by LC-MS/MS: A useful tool for drug-drug interaction studies.
Fuhr, U; Kinzig, M; Scherf-Clavel, O; Sörgel, F; Stoffel, MS, 2019)		0.51
"We evaluated ibrutinib, a once-daily inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, combined with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma who had received 1-3 prior therapies."( A phase 2 study of ibrutinib in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
Anagnostopoulos, A; Briso, EM; Cascavilla, N; Dobkowska, E; García Sanz, R; Hajek, R; Hauns, B; Lee, Y; Martin Sánchez, J; Oriol, A; Ozcan, M; Pour, L; Špička, I; Terjung, A, 2020)		0.56
"Ibrutinib combined with bortezomib and dexamethasone elicited clinical responses."( A phase 2 study of ibrutinib in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
Anagnostopoulos, A; Briso, EM; Cascavilla, N; Dobkowska, E; García Sanz, R; Hajek, R; Hauns, B; Lee, Y; Martin Sánchez, J; Oriol, A; Ozcan, M; Pour, L; Špička, I; Terjung, A, 2020)		0.56
" This study assessed the in vitro and in vivo functionality of CAR T cells transduced to express the anti-CD19 CAR of liso-cel in combination with ibrutinib or acalabrutinib."( Antitumor Potency of an Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy, Lisocabtagene Maraleucel in Combination With Ibrutinib or Acalabrutinib.
Baturevych, A; Clouser, CR; Hause, RJ; Johnstone, TG; Jones, JC; Krejsa, CM; Ponce, R; Ports, MO; Qin, JS; Ragan, SP; Salmon, RA, 2020)		0.56
" Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of autophagic response to ARN-509 treatment and evaluated the potential effect of a combination with autophagy inhibition."( Apalutamide in combination with autophagy inhibitors improves treatment effects in prostate cancer cells.
Eberli, D; Kranzbühler, B; Mortezavi, A; Salemi, S; Sulser, T, 2020)		0.56
" Cells were treated with ARN-509 (50 µM) alone or in combination with the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3MA, 5 mM) or chloroquine (Chl, 20 µM) or with ATG5 siRNA knock-down."( Apalutamide in combination with autophagy inhibitors improves treatment effects in prostate cancer cells.
Eberli, D; Kranzbühler, B; Mortezavi, A; Salemi, S; Sulser, T, 2020)		0.77
" Furthermore, in combination with autophagy inhibitors, ARN-509 provided a significantly elevated antitumor effect, thus providing a new therapeutic approach potentially translatable to patients."( Apalutamide in combination with autophagy inhibitors improves treatment effects in prostate cancer cells.
Eberli, D; Kranzbühler, B; Mortezavi, A; Salemi, S; Sulser, T, 2020)		0.56
" High-dose chemotherapy regimens such as DA-EPOCH should be administered to young patients in combination with rituximab."( Chidamide combined with ibrutinib improved the prognosis of primary bone marrow diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
Chen, Z; Li, Y; Tian, C, 2020)		0.56
" However, BTKi have a range of drug-drug and drug-food interactions, which may alter drug efficacy and/or increase toxicity."( Drug interactions with Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors: clinical implications and management.
Fancher, KM; Pappacena, JJ, 2020)		0.56
" These variants were subsequently combined with replacement of the cysteine 481 residue to which irreversible inhibitors, such as ibrutinib, acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, bind."( BTK gatekeeper residue variation combined with cysteine 481 substitution causes super-resistance to irreversible inhibitors acalabrutinib, ibrutinib and zanubrutinib.
Berglöf, A; Estupiñán, HY; Mohammad, DK; Schaafsma, GCP; Shi, Y; Smith, CIE; Vihinen, M; Wang, Q; Yu, L; Zain, R; Zhou, L, 2021)		0.62
" He was placed on intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in combination with ibrutinib."( [Intravenous immunoglobulin in combination with ibrutinib for the treatment of IgM-type M protein associated peripheral neuropathy complicated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia].
Kawano, K; Kawano, Y; Miyazaki, Y; Ohtsuka, E; Saburi, M; Sakata, M; Takata, H; Uchida, H, 2021)		0.62
" The highest tested dose of ibrutinib, 560 mg once daily, was combined with a fixed dose of pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks for the phase 2 portion."( A phase 1/2 trial of ibrutinib in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with mismatch repair proficient metastatic colorectal cancer.
Carballido, E; Imanirad, I; Kim, DW; Kim, RD; Martinez, M; Mehta, R; Schell, MJ; Strosberg, J; Tan, E; Yu, J; Zhou, JM, 2021)		0.62
" Herein, we investigated the effects of the two drugs on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities to evaluate their potential risk for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) via UGT inhibition."( Comparison of the drug-drug interactions potential of ibrutinib and acalabrutinib via inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.
Cao, J; Fan, X; Jiang, L; Liu, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xia, Y; Yan, M, 2021)		0.62
"The aim of this international multicentre study was to review potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) for real-life coadministration of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-specific medications."( Retrospective evaluation of an observational cohort by the Central and Eastern Europe Network Group shows a high frequency of potential drug-drug interactions among HIV-positive patients receiving treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Antoniak, S; Begovac, J; Dragovic, G; Fleischhans, L; Gokengin, D; Harxhi, A; Hofman, S; Jilich, D; Kase, K; Kowalska, J; Lakatos, B; Matulionyte, R; Oprea, C; Papadopoulus, A; Rukhadze, N; Vassilenko, A; Vasyliev, M; Verhaz, A; Wasilewski, P; Yancheva, N, 2022)		0.72
" We hypothesized that a tailored treatment with ibrutinib in combination with rituximab (IR) could obtain significant responses in these patients."( Ibrutinib in Combination With Rituximab for Indolent Clinical Forms of Mantle Cell Lymphoma (IMCL-2015): A Multicenter, Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase II Trial.
Aymerich, M; Beà, S; Campo, E; Casanova, M; Cortés-Romera, M; de la Cruz, F; de la Fuente, A; García Sanz, R; Giné, E; González Barca, E; González-López, TJ; Jiménez Ubieto, A; López Jimenez, J; López-Guillermo, A; Marín-Niebla, A; Martín García-Sancho, A; Medina Herrera, A; Muntañola, A; Nadeu, F; Rodríguez, S; Rotger, A; Setoain, X; Terol, MJ, 2022)		0.72
"We retrospectively enrolled 70 unresectable HCC patients who were seropositive for HBsAg and accepted tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) therapy before anti-PD-1 in combination with an antiangiogenic treatment."( Interaction between baseline HBV loads and the prognosis of patients with HCC receiving anti-PD-1 in combination with antiangiogenic therapy undergoing concurrent TAF prophylaxis.
Chen, J; Hu, X; Li, Q; Li, R; Yuan, G; Zang, M, 2022)		0.72
"Baseline HBV loads do not affect the prognosis of HCC patients receiving anti-PD-1 in combination with an antiangiogenic therapy, while PD-1 inhibitors do not aggravate HBV reactivation and hepatic impairment in patients simultaneously subjected to TAF prophylaxis."( Interaction between baseline HBV loads and the prognosis of patients with HCC receiving anti-PD-1 in combination with antiangiogenic therapy undergoing concurrent TAF prophylaxis.
Chen, J; Hu, X; Li, Q; Li, R; Yuan, G; Zang, M, 2022)		0.72
"Extensive evidence suggests that gut microbiota may interact with the kidneys and play central roles in the pathogenesis of disease."( Gut-Kidney Impairment Process of Adenine Combined with
Deng, N; Li, X; Peng, M; Peng, X; Qiao, B; Tan, Z; Yu, R, 2022)		1
"Lenacapavir warrants further investigation as a potential antiretroviral used orally and as injection in combination with other antiretroviral drugs."( Lenacapavir administered every 26 weeks or daily in combination with oral daily antiretroviral therapy for initial treatment of HIV: a randomised, open-label, active-controlled, phase 2 trial.
Baeten, JM; Benson, P; Berhe, M; Crofoot, G; Dvory-Sobol, H; Gupta, SK; Koenig, E; Liu, SY; McDonald, C; Ramgopal, M; Rhee, MS; Ruane, P; Sanchez, WE; Scribner, A; Sims, J; VanderVeen, LA, 2023)		0.91
" The aim was to investigate the expression of IL-1β in CHB patients treated with Peg-IFN-α combination with TDF and TDF/Peg-IFN-α monotherapy."( The expression of interleukin-1β in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with pegylated-interferon-alpha combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and monotherapy.
Hu, X; Li, Y; Luo, H; Qin, B; Tan, G, 2023)		0.91
" A single-center cohort study of prospective recruitment of CHB patients: untreated CHB (Group A), TDF combined with Peg-IFN-α therapy (Group B), Peg-IFN-α monotherapy (Group C), TDF monotherapy (Group D)."( The expression of interleukin-1β in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with pegylated-interferon-alpha combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and monotherapy.
Hu, X; Li, Y; Luo, H; Qin, B; Tan, G, 2023)		0.91
"The increased expression of IL-1β may enhance the efficacy of TDF combined with Peg-IFN-α therapy in achieving an early response for CHB patients."( The expression of interleukin-1β in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with pegylated-interferon-alpha combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and monotherapy.
Hu, X; Li, Y; Luo, H; Qin, B; Tan, G, 2023)		0.91
" However, there is little data regarding the impact of this drug-drug Interaction in PLWH, which makes health care providers reluctant to prescribe them together."( The clinical impact of rifampicin-based anti-TB therapy and tenofovir alafenamide-containing ARV regimen drug Interaction in people living with HIV: Case series report.
Alamer, A; Almulhim, A; Alrashed, A; Alwafai, S; Cahusac, P; Damfu, N; Mohzari, YA; Musawa, MA; Zaeri, B, 2023)		0.91
" The objective of this study was to report the clinical impact of this drug-drug interaction (rifampicin + TAF-containing antiretroviral (ARV) regimen) on HIV viral load control in PLWH."( The clinical impact of rifampicin-based anti-TB therapy and tenofovir alafenamide-containing ARV regimen drug Interaction in people living with HIV: Case series report.
Alamer, A; Almulhim, A; Alrashed, A; Alwafai, S; Cahusac, P; Damfu, N; Mohzari, YA; Musawa, MA; Zaeri, B, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

A new series of phosphonodiester derivatives incorporating carboxyesterase-labile S-acyl-2-thioethyl (SATE) moieties was prepared in an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability of PMEA. GS-7340 is a prodrug which is orally bioavailable in dogs as the intact prodrug and has demonstrated anti-HIV activity in cell culture of over 1000-fold greater than that of PMPA.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A study was done on the factors which could modify the oral bioavailability of two new cytotoxic molecules (mitonafide and 2HCl amonafide) when administered in solid form."( Studies about the oral bioavailability of mitonafide and 2HCl amonafide, two new cytotoxic molecules.
Camacho Sánchez, MA; Torres Suárez, AI, 1992)		0.28
"The mechanism of transport of desciclovir (DCV)--a structural analogue and prodrug of acyclovir (ACV) which provides an improved oral bioavailability of ACV--was investigated in human erythrocytes with a "papaverine-stop" assay."( Desciclovir permeation of the human erythrocyte membrane by nonfacilitated diffusion.
Domin, BA; Mahony, WB; Zimmerman, TP, 1991)		0.28
"Potential oral prodrugs of the antiherpesvirus acyclonucleoside 9-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl]guanine (1, BRL 39123) have been synthesized and evaluated for bioavailability of 1 in the blood of mice."( Prodrugs of the selective antiherpesvirus agent 9-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl]guanine (BRL 39123) with improved gastrointestinal absorption properties.
Boyd, MR; Harnden, MR; Jarvest, RL; Sutton, D; Vere Hodge, RA, 1989)		0.28
" Studies were designed to assess the bioavailability of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) in the diabetic renal cortex because PRPP is an important determinant of the de novo synthesis of nucleotides."( Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate bioavailability in diabetic rat renal cortex in vivo.
Cortes, P; Levin, NW; Schoenberger, AM; Venkatachalam, KK; Verghese, CP, 1980)		0.26
" Prospective bioavailability was determined using amylase as indicator enzyme."( Studies on the quality of pancreatic preparations: enzyme content, prospective bioavailability, bile acid pattern, and contamination with purines.
König, J; Molitor, M; Neef, B; Niessen, KH, 1983)		0.27
"A number of esters and amides of the anti-HIV nucleotide analogue 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)-ethoxy]adenine (1) have been synthesized as potential prodrugs and evaluated for oral bioavailability in mice."( Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of prodrugs of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]adenine.
Ashton, RJ; Bailey, S; Harnden, MR; Jackson, SM; Serafinowska, HT; Sutton, D, 1995)		0.74
"The bioavailability of PMEA from three oral formulations of the prodrug bis(POM)-PMEA has been evaluated in fasted male cynomolgus monkeys."( Oral bioavailability of the antiretroviral agent 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) from three formulations of the prodrug bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-PMEA in fasted male cynomolgus monkeys.
Cundy, KC; Fishback, JA; Lee, ML; Lee, WA; Shaw, JP; Soike, KF; Visor, GC, 1994)		0.52
"A series of phosphonate prodrugs were evaluated in an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability of the anti-HIV agent 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA; 1)."( Synthesis, oral bioavailability determination, and in vitro evaluation of prodrugs of the antiviral agent 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA).
Hitchcock, MJ; Mansuri, MM; Martin, JC; Russell, J; Starrett, JE; Tortolani, DR; Whiterock, V, 1994)		0.69
" The oral bioavailability of PMEA in this species (4."( Oral, subcutaneous, and intramuscular bioavailabilities of the antiviral nucleotide analog 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine in cynomolgus monkeys.
Cundy, KC; Lee, WA; Shaw, JP, 1994)		0.5
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of adefovir [9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine] were examined at two dose levels in three phase I/II studies in 28 human immunodeficiency type 1-infected patients."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of adefovir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients.
Barditch-Crovo, P; Collier, AC; Cundy, KC; Ebeling, D; Jaffe, HS; Toole, J; Walker, RE, 1995)		0.52
" Taken together, these promising findings suggest that an orally bioavailable prodrug of MDL 74,968 should be developed for the treatment of HIV infection."( MDL 74,968, a new acyclonucleotide analog: activity against human immunodeficiency virus in vitro and in the hu-PBL-SCID.beige mouse model of infection.
Ahmed, PS; Brennan, TM; Bridges, CG; Casara, P; Hornsperger, JM; Navé, JF; Taylor, DL; Tyms, AS, 1996)		0.29
", bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-PMEA [bis(POM)-PMEA] and diphenyl-PMEA, have been synthesized in an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability of this broad-spectrum antiviral agent."( Antiretroviral activity and pharmacokinetics in mice of oral bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) ester prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine.
Balzarini, J; Bischofberger, N; De Clercq, E; Naesens, L, 1996)		0.51
" Additional studies will be needed to determine whether a similar mutation in HIV RT develops in patients receiving PMEA or its orally bioavailable prodrug adefovir dipivoxil (bis-POM PMEA)."( In vitro selection and molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with reduced sensitivity to 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA).
Anderson, B; Cherrington, JM; Foli, A; Gu, Z; Kavlick, M; Mitsuya, H; Saville, MW; Sogocio, KM; Wainberg, MA; Yarchoan, R, 1996)		0.49
"A new series of hitherto unknown 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA) phosphonodiester derivatives incorporating carboxyesterase-labile S-acyl-2-thioethyl (SATE) moieties as transient phosphonate-protecting groups was prepared in an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability of the antiviral agent PMEA."( Synthesis, in vitro antiviral evaluation, and stability studies of bis(S-acyl-2-thioethyl) ester derivatives of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA) as potential PMEA prodrugs with improved oral bioavailability.
Aubertin, AM; Benzaria, S; Gosselin, G; Imbach, JL; Johnson, R; Maury, G; Obert, G; Pélicano, H, 1996)		0.74
"The oral bioavailability of PMEA [9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine; adefovir) has been determined in rats from three bisester prodrugs of PMEA: bis-(pivaloyloxymethyl) PMEA (bis-POM PMEA), bis-(phenyl) PMEA, and bis-(o-ethoxyphenyl) PMEA."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of selected prodrugs of PMEA in rats.
Arimilli, MN; Bidgood, AM; Cundy, KC; Jones, RJ; Krishnamurthy, VV; Lee, WA; Louie, MS; Shaw, JP, 1997)		0.54
"The effect of formulation on oral bioavailability of the antiviral nucleotide analogue adefovir from the prodrug adefovir dipivoxil was examined in beagle dogs."( Oral formulations of adefovir dipivoxil: in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability in dogs.
Cundy, KC; Lee, WA; Marshburn, J; Nakamura, C; Shaw, JP; Sue, IL; Visor, GC, 1997)		0.3
" Adefovir dipivoxil, an orally bioavailable prodrug of adefovir is currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of HIV and phase II clinical trials for the treatment of HBV infections."( Anti-HIV activity of adefovir (PMEA) and PMPA in combination with antiretroviral compounds: in vitro analyses.
Cherrington, JM; Mulato, AS, 1997)		0.3
"A series of prodrugs designed to enhance the oral bioavailability of the antiretroviral agent 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA; 1) have been synthesized, including a bis-(acyloxymethyl) ester 2 and a series of bis-(alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl) esters 3-9."( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel oral prodrugs of 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) in dogs.
Arimilli, MN; Cundy, KC; Kim, CU; Lee, WA; Oliyai, R; Shaw, JP; Sueoko, CM, 1997)		0.72
" Oral bioavailability of PMPA from each prodrug was determined in fasted beagle dogs."( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel oral prodrugs of 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) in dogs.
Arimilli, MN; Cundy, KC; Kim, CU; Lee, WA; Oliyai, R; Shaw, JP; Sueoko, CM, 1997)		0.52
" In fasted beagle dogs, bis-[(pivaloyloxy)methyl] PMPA (bis-POM PMPA) 2 had the highest oral bioavailability as PMPA (37."( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel oral prodrugs of 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) in dogs.
Arimilli, MN; Cundy, KC; Kim, CU; Lee, WA; Oliyai, R; Shaw, JP; Sueoko, CM, 1997)		0.52
"5-fold lower than Plumen, (84 +/- 12) x 10(-6) cm/s, which means that 77 +/- 6% of 6-Cl-ddP was metabolized during its intestinal transport, thus qualitatively accounting for the low oral bioavailability (7%) of 6-Cl-ddP observed in vivo in rats."( Absorption and intestinal metabolism of purine dideoxynucleosides and an adenosine deaminase-activated prodrug of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in the mesenteric vein cannulated rat ileum.
Anderson, BD; Ho, NF; Singhal, D, 1998)		0.3
"1 microg/mL logarithmic mean lumenal concentration of EHNA was effective in increasing the intestinal bioavailability of Cl-ddP to > 90%."( Optimization of the local inhibition of intestinal adenosine deaminase (ADA) by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: enhanced oral delivery of an ADA-activated prodrug for anti-HIV therapy.
Anderson, BD; Singhal, D, 1998)		0.51
" We recently described the synthesis, metabolism, and biological activities of bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl)PMPA [bis(poc)PMPA] as an orally bioavailable prodrug for PMPA."( Antiviral activities of 9-R-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl adenine (PMPA) and bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl)PMPA against various drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus strains.
Fridland, A; Srinivas, RV, 1998)		0.55
"Adefovir dipivoxil [bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-ester prodrug], an orally bioavailable prodrug of adefovir [9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine], is currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)."( Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants isolated from AIDS patients after prolonged adefovir dipivoxil therapy.
Anton, KE; Cherrington, JM; Hellmann, NS; Lamy, PD; Li, WX; Miller, MD; Mulato, AS, 1998)		0.5
" Cidofovir and adefovir are dianionic at physiological pH and have low oral bioavailability in animals and humans."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the antiviral nucleotide analogues cidofovir and adefovir.
Cundy, KC, 1999)		0.3
" It has better oral bioavailability than the parent compound."( Adefovir dipivoxil.
Goa, KL; Noble, S, 1999)		0.3
" Valganciclovir, a prodrug of ganciclovir, offers excellent oral bioavailability and is the closest to approval of all the new anti-CMV drugs."( Therapeutic developments in cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Hoffman, VF; Skiest, DJ, 2000)		0.31
"2 h, and the oral bioavailability of adefovir was estimated to be 22."( Antiviral efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral adefovir dipivoxil in chronically woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks.
Brown, C; Cullen, JM; Cundy, KC; Eisenberg, EJ; Gibbs, C; Li, DH; Toole, J; Wolfe, J, 2001)		0.31
" GS-7340 (9-[(R)-2-[[[[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl] amino] phenoxy-phosphinyl]-methoxy] propyl] adenine) is a prodrug which is orally bioavailable in dogs as the intact prodrug and has demonstrated anti-HIV activity in cell culture of over 1000-fold greater than that of PMPA."( Metabolism of GS-7340, a novel phenyl monophosphoramidate intracellular prodrug of PMPA, in blood.
Eisenberg, EJ; He, GX; Lee, WA, )		0.35
"The practical synthesis of a mixed phenoxy-amidate derivative of PMPA with high oral bioavailability and favorable pharmacokinetics is described."( Practical synthesis, separation, and stereochemical assignment of the PMPA pro-drug GS-7340.
Chapman, H; Kernan, M; Prisbe, E; Rohloff, J; Sparacino, M; Terhorst, T; Yu, R, )		0.13
"Intestinal enzyme inhibition may be an effective tool to increase the oral bioavailability of compounds that undergo first-pass intestinal metabolism."( Enhanced oral bioavailability of 2'- beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (F-ddA) through local inhibition of intestinal adenosine deaminase.
Anderson, BD; DeGraw, RT, 2001)		0.31
"5 microg/ml could achieve an intestinal bioavailability of 80% with <20% systemic inhibition."( Enhanced oral bioavailability of 2'- beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (F-ddA) through local inhibition of intestinal adenosine deaminase.
Anderson, BD; DeGraw, RT, 2001)		0.31
" In the present study, the synthesis, oral bioavailability and antiretroviral activity of a new prodrug of PMEA, consisting of two molecules of PMEA bound together by a P-O-P bond (Bis-PMEA), are reported."( Pharmacokinetic and antiretroviral activity in mice of oral [P(1),P(2)-bis[2-(adenin-9-yl)ethoxymethyl]phosphonate], a prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine.
Cappellacci, L; Casabianca, A; Celeste, AG; Cerasi, A; Chiarantini, L; Dominici, S; Franchetti, P; Grifantini, M; Magnani, M; Rossi, L; Serafini, S, 2002)		0.51
"1 mg/kg, which was 30-fold potent than that of Imiquimod, and showed a good oral bioavailability (F=81%)."( Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2-amino-8-hydroxyadenines as orally active interferon inducing agents.
Hirota, K; Ichii, S; Isobe, Y; Kawakami, H; Kurimoto, A; Ogino, T; Ogita, H; Sajiki, H; Takaku, H; Tobe, M, 2003)		0.56
"03 mg/kg, which was approximately 100-fold more potent than that of Imiquimod, and showed an excellent oral bioavailability (F=40%) which was 10-fold improved over 5, a lead compound (F=4%)."( Synthesis and evaluation of 2-substituted 8-hydroxyadenines as potent interferon inducers with improved oral bioavailabilities.
Hirota, K; Ichii, S; Isobe, Y; Kawakami, H; Kurimoto, A; Ogino, T; Ogita, H; Sajiki, H; Takaku, H; Tobe, M, 2004)		0.58
"In order to improve the oral bioavailability of 9-benzyl-8-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethylthio)adenine (SM-295072), a potent interferon (IFN) inducing agent, we synthesized prodrugs of it by utilizing the hydroxy groups at the C(2)-side chain and/or the C(8)-position."( Prodrugs of 9-benzyl-8-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethylthio)adenine: potent interferon inducing agents in monkeys.
Ichii, S; Isobe, Y; Kawakami, H; Kurimoto, A; Ogino, T; Ogita, H; Takaku, H; Tobe, M, 2004)		0.79
" The oral bioavailability of tenofovir is enhanced by administration with a high-fat meal, but is similar at steady state when administered with or without a typical meal."( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics.
Flaherty, JF; Kearney, BP; Shah, J, 2004)		0.32
" Oral absorption and bioavailability were 29."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [14C]remofovir in rats and cynomolgus monkeys.
Lin, CC; Lourenco, D; Xu, C; Yeh, LT; Zhu, N, 2005)		0.33
" After a single oral dose of GS 7340 (10 mg-eq/kg tenofovir) to male beagle dogs, the plasma bioavailability of tenofovir compared to an intravenous dose of tenofovir was 17%."( Selective intracellular activation of a novel prodrug of the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir leads to preferential distribution and accumulation in lymphatic tissue.
Cihlar, T; Cundy, KC; Eisenberg, E; He, GX; Lee, WA; Mulato, A; Swaminathan, S, 2005)		0.33
" However, (S)-HPMPA is not orally bioavailable and has not been developed for clinical use."( Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of alkoxyalkyl derivatives of 9-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine against cytomegalovirus and orthopoxviruses.
Beadle, JR; Ciesla, SL; Hartline, C; Hostetler, KY; Keith, KA; Kern, ER; Wan, WB, 2006)		0.55
" Physicochemical properties, cellular permeation, renal toxicity, and bioavailability all had to be addressed during the development of these compounds."( Perspectives on the development of acyclic nucleotide analogs as antiviral drugs.
Lee, WA; Martin, JC, 2006)		0.33
" Alkoxyalkyl esters of CDV have an increased oral bioavailability and are more active against orthopoxviruses than the parent compounds."( In vitro evaluation of the anti-orf virus activity of alkoxyalkyl esters of CDV, cCDV and (S)-HPMPA.
Andrei, G; Beadle, JR; Dal Pozzo, F; De Clercq, E; Hostetler, KY; Lebeau, I; Snoeck, R, 2007)		0.34
" From these results, additional studies will be needed to determine whether a similar mutation in HIV RT develops in patients receiving PMPA or its orally bioavailable prodrug, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate."( In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to Zidovudine and tenofovir.
Hong, SK; Lee, SG; Paik, SY; Park, SS; Yoo, WC; Yoon, JS, 2007)		0.34
" Tenofovir is not orally bioavailable but becomes orally active against HIV-1 infection as the disoproxil ester (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [Viread])."( Evaluation of hexadecyloxypropyl-9-R-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]- adenine, CMX157, as a potential treatment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis B virus infections.
Aldern, KA; Almond, MR; Beadle, JR; De Clercq, E; Hostetler, KY; Korba, BE; Lampert, BM; Neyts, J; Painter, GR; Trost, LC, 2007)		0.58
" However, the ether lipid esters of (S)-HPMPA, hexadecyloxypropyl-[(S)-HPMPA] [HDP-(S)-HPMPA] and octadecyloxyethyl-[(S)-HPMPA] [ODE-(S)-HPMPA], had significantly enhanced activity in vitro and are orally bioavailable in mice."( Effect of oral treatment with hexadecyloxypropyl-[(S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine] [(S)-HPMPA] or octadecyloxyethyl-(S)-HPMPA on cowpox or vaccinia virus infections in mice.
Beadle, JR; Collins, DJ; Herrod, BP; Hostetler, KY; Keith, KA; Kern, ER; Quenelle, DC; Trahan, J, 2007)		0.56
" The lead prodrug (14, MB06866, pradefovir), identified from a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, exhibited good oral bioavailability (F = 42%, mesylate salt, rat) and rate of prodrug conversion to ADV-DP."( Pradefovir: a prodrug that targets adefovir to the liver for the treatment of hepatitis B.
Boyer, SH; Colby, TJ; Craigo, W; DaRe, J; Erion, MD; Fujitaki, JM; Gómez-Galeno, JE; Matelich, MC; Ollis, K; Reddy, KR; Sun, Z; Ugarkar, BG; van Poelje, PD, 2008)		0.35
"Cidofovir [(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)cytosine] and (S)-HPMPA [(S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine] are potent nucleoside phosphonate antiviral agents that are not orally bioavailable unless one or both of their negative charges are masked."( Synthesis of cidofovir and (S)-HPMPA ether lipid prodrugs.
Beadle, JR, 2007)		0.55
" This drug is administered orally in the form of disoproxil ester, which is deesterified to achieve a bioavailability of more than 20%."( [Tenofovir: pharmacology and interactions].
Azanza, JR; García Quetglas, E; Gómez-Giu, A; Sádaba, B, 2008)		0.35
" These findings may be valuable in developing formulation strategies to optimize ocular bioavailability of topically administered ocular agents."( Expression of multidrug resistance associated protein 5 (MRP5) on cornea and its role in drug efflux.
Herndon, BL; Karla, PK; Mitra, A; Pal, D; Quinn, TL; Thomas, P, 2009)		0.35
" The bioavailability of CsA and FK506 seems to be associated with the cytocrhome P450 IIIA (CYP3A) gene."( Genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A5 and MDR1 genes and their correlations with plasma levels of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients.
Breitenfeld, L; Martinho, A; Mendes, J; Mota, A; Pais, L; Simoes, O, 2009)		0.35
" HDP-(S)-HPMPA is orally bioavailable and provides excellent liver exposure to the drug."( Alkoxyalkyl esters of 9-(s)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl) adenine are potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in vitro and in HBV transgenic mice in vivo.
Beadle, JR; Hostetler, KY; Korba, BE; Morrey, JD; Wyles, DL, 2009)		0.59
" To pursue compounds with better biopharmaceutical properties, we have developed a series of fully synthetic orally bioavailable inhibitors of Hsp90."( BIIB021, a synthetic Hsp90 inhibitor, has broad application against tumors with acquired multidrug resistance.
Burrows, F; Lough, R; Lundgren, K; Neely, L; Timple, N; Yang, YC; Zhang, H, 2010)		0.36
"Adefovir dipivoxil is a diester prodrug of the antiviral drug adefovir, with much greater oral bioavailability than adefovir."( Role of basolateral efflux transporter MRP4 in the intestinal absorption of the antiviral drug adefovir dipivoxil.
Ming, X; Thakker, DR, 2010)		0.36
"This study evaluated the relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir (EVG), emtricitabine (FTC), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and a investigational pharmacoenhancer, cobicistat (GS-9350, COBI) coformulated as a fixed-dose combination tablet (FDC) compared with ritonavir-boosted EVG and FTC + TDF in healthy subjects."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of an integrase and novel pharmacoenhancer-containing single-tablet fixed-dose combination regimen for the treatment of HIV.
German, P; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Warren, D; West, S, 2010)		0.36
" To increase bioavailability of these compounds, synthesis of their structurally diverse ester prodrugs was carried out: alkoxyalkyl (hexadecyloxypropyl, octadecyloxyethyl, hexadecyloxyethyl), pivaloyloxymethyl (POM), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, butylsalicylyl, and prodrugs based on peptidomimetics."( Synthesis of ester prodrugs of 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (HPMPDAP) as anti-poxvirus agents.
Andrei, G; Balzarini, J; Brehová, P; Cihlar, T; De Clercq, E; Dracínský, M; Holý, A; Hui, H; Krecmerová, M; Laflamme, G; Masojídková, M; Naesens, L; Neyts, J; Pohl, R; Pomeisl, K; Snoeck, R; Tichý, T, 2010)		0.36
" The results indicate that the previously observed enhanced oral bioavailability of 2a relative to the parent drug is unlikely to be due to active transport by hPEPT1."( Serine side chain-linked peptidomimetic conjugates of cyclic HPMPC and HPMPA: synthesis and interaction with hPEPT1.
Kashemirov, BA; Krylov, IS; McKenna, CE; Peterson, LW; Sala-Rabanal, M; Serpi, M, 2010)		0.36
" The lead candidates, both 1a (PBHBV-001) and 3c (PBHBV-2-15), were well-tolerated in both normal and HBV-transgenic mice and exhibited acceptable pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rats."( Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of triazolo-pyrimidine derivatives as novel inhibitors of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion.
Block, TM; Clearfield, E; Cuconati, A; Goddard, C; Guo, H; Mills, C; Morrey, JD; Motter, NE; Xiao, T; Xu, X; Yu, W; Zhao, K, 2011)		0.37
" (l)-Tyr-NH-i-Bu cHPMPA (11) was converted in rat or mouse plasma solely to two active metabolites and had significantly enhanced oral bioavailability vs parent drug 1 in a mouse model (39% vs <5%)."( Tyrosine-based 1-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine and -adenine ((S)-HPMPC and (S)-HPMPA) prodrugs: synthesis, stability, antiviral activity, and in vivo transport studies.
Borysko, KZ; Breitenbach, JM; Collins, M; Drach, JC; Hilfinger, JM; Kashemirov, BA; Krylov, IS; McKenna, CE; Peterson, LW; Serpi, M; Zakharova, VM, 2011)		0.6
" A BW allometric scaling was used; and the typical population estimates (interindividual variability), standardized for 70 kg, for apparent clearance, central and peripheral volume of distribution, intercompartmental clearance, and absorption rate constant, were 59."( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients.
Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)		0.37
" In addition, the bioavailability of tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate was evaluated in healthy male fasted subjects after a single comparatively equivalent dose."( Relative bioavailability study of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy male fasted volunteers.
Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Liu, W; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2012)		0.38
" Bioavailability of the drug was assessed in accordance with the State Food and Drug Administration bioequivalence criteria."( Relative bioavailability study of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy male fasted volunteers.
Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Liu, W; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2012)		0.38
"The relative bioavailability of tenofovir dipivoxil was 20% higher compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; this result was consistent with the preclinical data."( Relative bioavailability study of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy male fasted volunteers.
Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Liu, W; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2012)		0.38
"Efforts to optimize biological activity, novelty, selectivity and oral bioavailability of Mps1 inhibitors, from a purine based lead MPI-0479605, are described in this Letter."( Lead optimization of purine based orally bioavailable Mps1 (TTK) inhibitors.
Bradford, C; Bursavich, M; Carlson, RO; Chan, A; Cimbora, DM; Gerrish, D; Hoarau, C; McKinnon, R; Papac, DI; Patton, S; Reeves, L; Roth, BL; Saunders, M; Shenderovich, M; Slattum, P; Vijay Kumar, D; Williams, BL; Yager, K, 2012)		0.38
"The present study was aimed at developing colloidal formulations like solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanosuspension (NS) for improving bioavailability of adefovir dipivoxil (AD), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor which displays poor oral bioavailability."( Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanosuspension of adefovir dipivoxil for bioavailability improvement: formulation, characterization, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies.
Chavhan, S; Dodiya, S; Korde, A; Sawant, KK, 2013)		0.39
" These efforts led to the identification of orally bioavailable 28g that exhibits good in vitro profiles and a characteristic molecular biomarker signature of Hsp90 inhibition both in vitro and in vivo."( Discovery of (2S)-1-[4-(2-{6-amino-8-[(6-bromo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-9H-purin-9-yl}ethyl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-hydroxypropan-1-one (MPC-3100), a purine-based Hsp90 inhibitor.
Baichwal, V; Bajji, A; Bartel, P; Carlson, R; Cimbora, D; Kim, SH; Markovitz, B; McKinnon, R; Papac, D; Robinson, R; Shenderovich, M; Tangallapally, R; Trovato, R; Wettstein, D; Yager, KM, 2012)		0.38
" Using an in vivo model system, we report a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantify the bioavailability of a recently developed novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor VMY-1-103, a purvalanol B-based analog whose biological activity is enhanced via dansylation."( Quantifying the CDK inhibitor VMY-1-103's activity and tissue levels in an in vivo tumor model by LC-MS/MS and by MRI.
Albanese, C; Das, S; Fricke, ST; Karam, S; Lee, YC; Lisanti, MP; Moasser, B; Ozcan, A; Petricoin, E; Pishvaian, M; Ringer, L; Rodriguez, OC; Rood, B; Salinas, P; Schlegel, R; Sirajuddin, P; Sivakumar, A; Üren, A; Wang, SS; Wang, Y; Yenugonda, V, 2012)		0.38
"Drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein and OATPs regulate intestinal permeability of atazanavir and may contribute to its poor oral bioavailability and drug-drug interactions with other protease inhibitors and TDF."( Role of drug efflux and uptake transporters in atazanavir intestinal permeability and drug-drug interactions.
Bendayan, R; Hoque, MT; Kis, O; Walmsley, SL; Zastre, JA, 2013)		0.39
" The bioavailability of tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate was increased by approximately 25% as measured by AUClast after a single dose when taken with food, compared with fasting."( Pharmacokinetics and food interaction of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy volunteers.
Chen, L; Chen, M; Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2013)		0.39
" NVP-BEZ235 is a novel, orally bioavailable dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor that has exhibited promising activity against HCC in preclinical models."( Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines is enhanced by inhibitors of autophagy.
Chang, Z; Guo, H; Guo, X; Jia, X; Jin, J; Luo, F; Shi, G; Song, Y, 2013)		0.39
" The degree to which this fast reaction with NO by red cell microparticles influences NO bioavailability depends on several factors that are explored here."( Nitric oxide scavenging by red cell microparticles.
Christ, GJ; Gladwin, MT; Kim-Shapiro, DB; Liu, C; Zhao, W, 2013)		0.39
" Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) shows constitutive activity in CLL and is the target of irreversible inhibition by ibrutinib, an orally bioavailable kinase inhibitor that has shown outstanding activity in CLL."( Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) function is important to the development and expansion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Bojnik, E; Buggy, JJ; Byrd, JC; Chang, BY; Davis, ME; Dubovsky, JA; Efremov, DG; Gobessi, S; Goettl, VM; Harrington, BK; Johnson, AJ; Laurenti, L; MacMurray, J; Ruppert, AS; Smith, LL; Smucker, KA; Stefanovski, MR; Towns, WH; Woyach, JA, 2014)		0.4
" The absolute bioavailability of VMA-99-82 is 66%."( [Absolute bioavailability of the adenine derivative VMA-99-82 possessing antiviral activity].
Kuznetsov, KA; Ozerov, AA; Riabukha, AF; Smirnova, LA; Suchkov, EA, 2013)		0.67
" These findings suggest that elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be administered with food, and that the bioavailability of elvitegravir and tenofovir is not affected by the type of meal ingested."( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study.
Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)		0.4
"Nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) were formulated with an aim of enhancing the oral bioavailability of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), an anti-HIV drug."( Formulation and characterization of drug loaded nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) for oral bioavailability enhancement.
Bala, S; Kamboj, S; Saini, V, 2014)		0.4
" We report here the sequential modification of UNC1062 to address DMPK properties and yield a new potent and highly orally bioavailable Mer inhibitor, 11, capable of inhibiting Mer phosphorylation in vivo, following oral dosing as demonstrated by pharmaco-dynamic (PD) studies examining phospho-Mer in leukemic blasts from mouse bone marrow."( UNC2025, a potent and orally bioavailable MER/FLT3 dual inhibitor.
Cummings, CT; DeRyckere, D; Earp, HS; Frye, SV; Glaros, TG; Graham, DK; Hunter, D; Janzen, WP; Kireev, D; Lee, M; Liu, J; Minson, KA; Newton, DL; Sather, S; Stashko, MA; Wang, X; Zhang, D; Zhang, W, 2014)		0.4
"Due to the differences between bioavailability of efavirenz (EFV) and tenofovir (TDF), the single-tablet regimen of EFV/emtricitabine (FTC)/TDF is not approved as initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Europe by the European Medical Agency."( Safety and efficacy of coformulated efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir single-tablet regimen in treatment-naive patients infected with HIV-1.
De Castro, N; Delaugerre, C; Flandre, P; Gallien, S; Molina, JM; Nguyen, N, 2015)		0.42
" The fasting state was characterized by a 67 % relative bioavailability compared with the meal conditions used in the trials and administration after a high-fat meal."( Population pharmacokinetic model of ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with B cell malignancies.
Advani, R; Byrd, JC; de Jong, J; De Nicolao, G; de Trixhe, XW; Loury, D; Marostica, E; McGreivy, J; O'Brien, S; Poggesi, I; Sukbuntherng, J; Vermeulen, A, 2015)		0.42
" An adherence adjustment was included to account for nonadherence by explicitly modeling a bioavailability parameter on the previous day's dose."( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir and tenofovir-diphosphate in healthy women.
Burns, RN; Chaturvedula, A; Hendrix, CW, 2015)		0.42
" Ibrutinib is an orally bioavailable and highly specific BTK inhibitor that was recently approved for treatment of patients with recurrent CLL and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)."( Mechanisms of ibrutinib resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Lynn Wang, Y; Smith, SM; Zhang, SQ; Zhang, SY, 2015)		0.42
" The present study was designed to investigate the absolute bioavailability (F) of ibrutinib in the fasting and fed state and assess the effect of grapefruit juice (GFJ) on the systemic exposure of ibrutinib in order to determine the fraction escaping the gut (Fg ) and the fraction escaping hepatic extraction (Fh ) in the fed state."( Stable isotope-labelled intravenous microdose for absolute bioavailability and effect of grapefruit juice on ibrutinib in healthy adults.
de Jong, J; de Vries, R; de Zwart, L; Hellemans, P; Jiao, J; Mannaert, E; Murphy, J; Skee, D; Smit, JW; Snoeys, J; Sukbuntherng, J; Vliegen, M, 2016)		0.43
" Importantly, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC), peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) of adefovir after oral administration of adefovir dipivoxil were significantly higher in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats than in control rats."( Effects of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Intestinal Absorption and Disposition of Adefovir Dipivoxil and Its Metabolite, Adefovir, in Rats.
Choi, MK; Kim, SB; Maeng, HJ; Son, JH; Yoon, IS, 2015)		0.42
" Orally bioavailable inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, or PI3Kδ, induce high rates of durable responses."( The role of B-cell receptor inhibitors in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Wiestner, A, 2015)		0.42
" Efficient syntheses of novel lipophilic prodrugs of (S)-CPMEA masking either the carboxylic group or preferably both the phosphonate and carboxylic moieties, have been developed in order to increase bioavailability of the parent compound."( Synthesis and biological properties of prodrugs of (S)-3-(adenin-9-yl)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid.
Dračínský, M; Janeba, Z; Kaiser, MM; Lee, YJ; Poštová-Slavětínská, L; Tian, Y, 2016)		0.43
"These results indicated the potential of developed SNEDDS as an alternative drug delivery system for IBR to enhance its bioavailability and anticancer efficacy."( Bioavailability enhancement and pharmacokinetic profile of an anticancer drug ibrutinib by self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system.
Ezzeldin, E; Iqbal, M; Shakeel, F, 2016)		0.43
" The most advantageous pharmacokinetic profile and the best oral bioavailability were found in tyrosinebased prodrugs."( Amino Acid Ester Prodrugs of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Antivirals.
Krecmerova, M, 2017)		0.46
" Here we report the preclinical potential of a novel, orally bioavailable PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, DS7423 (hereafter DS), in in-vitro and in-vivo studies."( Preclinical therapeutic efficacy of a novel blood-brain barrier-penetrant dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor with preferential response in PI3K/PTEN mutant glioma.
Gao, F; Hirota, Y; Kaul, I; Koul, D; Koyama, K; Nakayama, K; Saito, N; Setoguchi, M; Shiose, Y; Sulman, EP; Wang, S; Wu, S; Yung, WKA; Zheng, S, 2017)		0.46
" The aim of the study was to define MerTK as a therapeutic target using an orally bioavailable inhibitor, UNC2025."( MerTK as a therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
Bash, RE; Cohen, SM; Earp, HS; Ewend, MG; Frady, LN; Frye, SV; Gilbert, MR; Irvin, DM; Miller, CR; Schorzman, AN; Su, YT; Sulman, EP; Wang, X; Wu, J; Zamboni, WC, 2018)		0.48
"The present study aimed to prepare proliposomal formulae for improving the oral bioavailability of adefovir dipivoxil (AD), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor effective against hepatitis B virus (HBV)."( Adefovir dipivoxil loaded proliposomal powders with improved hepatoprotective activity: formulation, optimization, pharmacokinetic, and biodistribution studies.
Abdelbary, GA; Amin, MM; El Awdan, SA; Zakaria, MY, 2018)		0.48
" Venetoclax is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of BCL-2 active in previously treated patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia."( Venetoclax for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia progressing after ibrutinib: an interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial.
Barr, PM; Byrd, JC; Cheson, BD; Choi, M; Chyla, B; Coutre, S; Davids, MS; Furman, RR; Humerickhouse, RA; Jones, JA; Lamanna, N; Mato, AR; Potluri, J; Salem, AH; Verdugo, M; Wierda, WG; Woyach, J; Zhou, L, 2018)		0.48
"Adefovir is an antiviral drug that exhibits high hydrophilic properties and negligible bioavailability (less than 12%)."( Evaluation of Ion-pair Formation of Adefovir to Improve Permeation across Artificial and Biological Membranes.
Darsazan, B; Mortazavi, SA; Shafaati, A; Zarghi, A, 2018)		0.48
" Lactobacillus crispatus actively transported tenofovir leading to a loss in drug bioavailability and culture supernatants from Gardnerella vaginalis, but not Atopobium vaginae, blocked tenofovir endocytosis."( Vaginal microbiome modulates topical antiretroviral drug pharmacokinetics.
Cameron, SA; Cheshenko, N; Frank, B; Fredricks, D; Herold, BC; Keller, MJ; Mesquita, PM; Reagle, K; Sinclair, S; Srinivasan, S; Taneva, E; Weinrick, B, 2018)		0.48
" However, IBR is insoluble at neutral pH and can dissolve only at low pH: thus, commercial IBR products present poor bioavailability and weakened in vivo antitumor activity."( Novel Self-Assembled Ibrutinib-Phospholipid Complex for Potently Peroral Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs with pH-Dependent Solubility.
Deng, Y; Hu, L; Lai, C; Li, C; Liu, M; Liu, X; Lu, M; Luo, X; Qiu, Q; Song, Y; Zhang, H; Zheng, H, 2018)		0.48
" Ibrutinib is an orally bioavailable bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) and forms an irreversible covalent bound to BTK at the Cysteine-481 residue."( Management of adverse effects/toxicity of ibrutinib.
Paydas, S, 2019)		0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
"The oral bioavailability of ibrutinib is low and variable, mainly due to extensive first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4."( Itraconazole Increases Ibrutinib Exposure 10-Fold and Reduces Interindividual Variation-A Potentially Beneficial Drug-Drug Interaction.
Backman, JT; Elonen, E; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M; Olkkola, AM; Tapaninen, T; Tornio, A, 2020)		0.56
" Moreover, the biosafety of the ternary formulation was the same as that of IBR while the in vitro performance advantage of the ternary formulation was converted into higher bioavailability in vivo experiments."( Microcrystalline cellulose as an effective crystal growth inhibitor for the ternary Ibrutinib formulation.
Gan, N; Li, H; Peng, X; Suo, Z; Tang, P; Wei, X; Zhang, M; Zhao, L, 2020)		0.56
" BIC has demonstrated a high genetic barrier to resistance development in vitro, can be administered with or without food, and has a bioavailability of > 70%."( Bictegravir, a novel integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection.
Bhatia, R; Rizza, S; Temesgen, Z; Zeuli, J, 2019)		0.51
" Its poor oral bioavailability leads to frequent administration causing severe adverse effects."( Stabilized oral nanostructured lipid carriers of Adefovir Dipivoxil as a potential liver targeting: Estimation of liver function panel and uptake following intravenous injection of radioiodinated indicator.
Abd El-Halim, SM; Abdelbary, GA; Amin, MM; Ibrahim, AB; Shamsel-Din, HA; Zakaria, MY, 2020)		0.56
" In this study, a GS-adenine pharmaceutical complex was prepared through solvent evaporation to improve the bioavailability of GS, and a molecular model of a two-component supramolecular pharmacological transport mechanism was established."( Delivery Mechanism of the Pharmaceutical Complex of Genistein-Adenine Based on Spectroscopic and Molecular Modelling at Atomic Scale.
Guo, M; Pan, LY; Shao, Y; Wu, RH; Zhao, XX; Zheng, YL, 2021)		1.18
" KIN-8194 demonstrated excellent bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters, with good tolerance in rodent models at pharmacologically achievable and active doses."( The HCK/BTK inhibitor KIN-8194 is active in MYD88-driven lymphomas and overcomes mutated BTKCys481 ibrutinib resistance.
Anderson, KC; Buhrlage, SJ; Cameron, M; Castillo, JJ; Che, J; Chen, JG; Demos, MG; Gray, NS; Guerrera, ML; Hunter, ZR; Kofides, A; Liu, X; Meid, K; Munshi, M; Munshi, NC; Patterson, CJ; Tan, L; Treon, SP; Tsakmaklis, N; Wang, J; Xu, L; Yang, G, 2021)		0.62
" Furthermore, the nanoformulations studied to increase ibrutinib bioavailability are reported."( Btk Inhibitors: A Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Delivery Perspective.
Brullo, C; Russo, E; Spallarossa, A; Tasso, B; Villa, C, 2021)		0.62
"Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound, is a well-known anticancer agent, although its poor bioavailability remains a big concern."( Curcumin induces autophagic cell death in human thyroid cancer cells.
Bao, J; Cheng, X; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Wu, L; Xu, S; Yu, H; Zhang, L, 2022)		0.72
"This study aimed to improve the in vitro dissolution, permeability and oral bioavailability of adefovir dipivoxil (ADD) by cocrystal technology and clarify the important role of coformer selection on the cocrystal's properties."( Effect of Coformer Selection on In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Adefovir Dipivoxil Cocrystals.
Gao, Y; Li, L; Ma, K; Pang, Z; Qian, S; Wei, Y; Zhang, J; Zheng, D, 2021)		0.62
"Coformer selection had an important role on cocrystal's properties, and cocrystallization of ADD with a suitable coformer was an effective approach to enhance both dissolution and bioavailability of ADD."( Effect of Coformer Selection on In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Adefovir Dipivoxil Cocrystals.
Gao, Y; Li, L; Ma, K; Pang, Z; Qian, S; Wei, Y; Zhang, J; Zheng, D, 2021)		0.62
" This limitation was solved by developing a nanoparticles formulation that improves the solubility and bioavailability of several bioactive compounds."( Nanoparticles Formulation Improves the Antifibrogenic Effect of Quercetin on an Adenine-Induced Model of Chronic Kidney Disease.
Bastidas-Ramírez, BE; Gasca-Lozano, LE; Gurrola-Díaz, CM; Hernández-Ortega, LD; Martínez-Limón, FJ; Mena-Enríquez, M; Salazar-Montes, AM; Sánchez-Jaramillo, EA; Vargas-Guerrero, B; Vera-Cruz, JM, 2022)		0.95
" Tenofovir has a very low oral bioavailability following oral administration."( Treatment of chronic hepatitis B: virological and pharmacological aspects
Foucault, T; Gaudy-Graffin, C; Handala, L; Marlet, J; Paintaud, G, 2022)		0.72
"A crossover, randomized trial in healthy adults (NCT04244448) investigated the bioavailability of two off-label uses of BIC/TAF/FTC (50/200/25 mg), dissolved in water or crushed in apple compote, compared with the solid tablet."( Bioavailability of dissolved and crushed single tablets of bictegravir, emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide in healthy adults: the SOLUBIC randomized crossover study.
Alix, A; Bois, J; Brucato, S; Dargere, S; Fournel, F; Fournier, A; Got, L; Gregoire, N; Hocqueloux, L; Lefeuvre, S; McNicholl, I; Parienti, JJ; Peyro-Saint-Paul, L; Prazuck, T; Valentin, C, 2022)		0.72
" During its clinical development, a stable isotopologue of ibrutinib was required for the assessment of the drug's absolute oral bioavailability via intravenous microdosing."( Carbon-13 labeling of ibrutinib for human microdosing.
Gong, Y; Salter, R, 2023)		0.91
" We previously utilized butyrate in order to improve the bioavailability of resveratrol via esterification and generated a resveratrol butyrate monoester (RBM)."( Dietary Resveratrol Butyrate Monoester Supplement Improves Hypertension and Kidney Dysfunction in a Young Rat Chronic Kidney Disease Model.
Chang, CI; Chang-Chien, GP; Hou, CY; Hsu, CN; Lin, S; Tain, YL, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

Six different treatments of conidial suspensions of H-12 with ICR-170 were used to obtain dose-response curves for inactivation of conidia as well as the overall induction of ad-3 forward mutations. Plasma UN and creatinine levels decreased inversely with the dose of 4APP.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" When [14C]ribose was administered intraperitoneally to rats at a dosage of 300-750 mug (100-250 muCi)/10o g, approximately 1% of the radioactivity was recovered in the acid (5% CLCCCOOH)-INSOLUBLE MATERIAL OF THE LIVER NUCLEI 2 HR AFTER INJECTION."( Natural occurrence of poly(ADP-ribosyl) histones in rat liver.
Hayaishi, O; Kawaichi, M; Omachi, A; Ueda, K, 1975)		0.25
" However, on increasing the concentrations of these agents, the reversing effect of guanylic acid decreased gradually, the dose-response curves for the two agents being similar."( Effect of bredinin and its aglycone on L5178Y cells.
Hayano, K; Ishida, N; Mizuno, K; Sakaguchi, K; Tsujino, M, 1975)		0.25
" An association between increased cAMP contents and increased contractile activity was revealed by both the time-response and the dose-response curves of hearts exposed to isoprenaline and dopamine."( Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in perfused rat hearts exposed to isoprenaline and dopamine.
Osnes, JB; Oye, I, 1976)		0.26
" The stimulation of mouse locomotor activity caused by dl- and d-amphetamine in mice treated with adenine was less than that caused by equal dosage of these agents in mice not treated with adenine."( Reversal of adenine-induced depression of mouse locomotor activity by amphetamine.
Akintonwa, A; Auditore, JV, 1978)		0.85
" The use of the ad-3 assay system in experiments with different environmental mutagens has provided precise dose-response curves not only for inactivation, but also the overall induction of ad-3 mutations."( Development of a specific-locus assay in the ad-3 region of two-component heterokaryons of Neurospora: a review.
de Serres, FJ, 1992)		0.28
" In such assessments with radiation or chemical mutagens, the following information is required: (1) spontaneous and induced forward-mutation frequencies, (2) dose-response curves for the overall induction of specific-locus mutations, (3) genetic characterization of spontaneous and induced mutations, and (4) dose-response curves for the different genotypic classes."( Characteristics of spontaneous and induced specific-locus mutation in the ad-3 region of Neurospora crassa: utilization in genetic risk assessment.
de Serres, FJ, 1992)		0.28
" However, chromosome losses do not seem to directly cause the metabolic alterations by gene dosage effect."( [Chromosome abnormalities and adenine metabolism in human glial tumors].
Bardot, V; Delattre, JY; Dutrillaux, AM; Dutrillaux, B; Luccioni, C; Poisson, M; Vega, F, 1992)		0.57
" A2 receptors by N-0861 was evaluated by generating dose-response curves to adenosine-induced bradycardia (A1 effect), and vasodilation in the in situ constant-flow perfused rat hindquarter vasculature (A2 effect)."( N-0861 selectively antagonizes adenosine A1 receptors in vivo.
Barrett, RJ; Droppleman, DA; Wright, KF, 1992)		0.28
" At this dosage and schedule, there is no evidence that amonafide has meaningful anti-tumor activity in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma."( Phase II evaluation of amonafide in renal cell carcinoma. A Southwest Oncology Group study.
Craig, JB; Crawford, ED; Goodman, P; Higano, CS; Kish, JA; Rivkin, SE; Wolf, M, 1991)		0.28
" With the low response rate and the toxicity observed, amonafide at this dosage and schedule has limited use in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer."( Phase II trial of amonafide in patients with stage III and IV non-small-cell lung cancer.
Berger, MZ; Dimaggio, JJ; Gralla, RJ; Heelan, RT; Kris, MG; Marks, LD; Potanovich, LM, 1991)		0.28
" The persistence of activated metabolites suggests that infrequent dosing may be possible due to a prolonged antiviral effect."( Biochemical pharmacology of acyclic nucleotide analogues.
Bronson, JJ; De Boeck, H; Ghazzouli, I; Hitchcock, MJ; Ho, HT; Martin, JC; Woods, K, 1990)		0.28
" While the infrequent dosage regimen increased the anti-retrovirus activity of PMEA, it did not increase its toxicity for the host."( Anti-retrovirus activity of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) in vivo increases when it is less frequently administered.
Balzarini, J; De Clercq, E; Naesens, L, 1990)		0.53
" Dose-response curves showed that AHA and HAP were about equally mutagenic at low doses but that AHA was more mutagenic than HAP at high doses."( Effect of the uvs-2 allele of Neurospora crassa on the mutagenic potency of two N-hydroxylaminopurines and 2-aminopurine in the ad-3 forward-mutation test.
Brockman, HE; de Serres, FJ; Hung, CY; Ong, T, 1989)		0.28
" Their dose-response curves showed that they had similar IC50's but the maximum inhibition differed among these agonists."( Inhibition of adenylate cyclase in bovine ciliary process and rabbit iris ciliary body to alpha 2-adrenergic agonists.
Elko, EE; Jin, Y; Tran, T; Yorio, T, 1989)		0.28
" These subsequent studies confirmed that, after oral dosing with famciclovir, more than half the dose was absorbed and rapidly converted to penciclovir."( Selection of an oral prodrug (BRL 42810; famciclovir) for the antiherpesvirus agent BRL 39123 [9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-l-yl)guanine; penciclovir].
Boyd, MR; Harnden, MR; Jarvest, RL; Sutton, D; Vere Hodge, RA, 1989)		0.28
" These findings indicate that adenine at 50 microM dosage can restore ATP concentrations to the normoxic range after 60 in of anoxia in the nonworking rat heart while raising the adenine dose to 1 mM inhibited the tissue ATP content."( Dose effects of adenine on myocardial ATP content in the post-anoxic nonworking rat heart.
Halle, AA; Kang, ES; Mirvis, DM; Sullivan, JM, 1989)		0.91
" (S)-HPMPA inhibited the development of tail lesions caused by vaccinia virus if it was administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously at a dosage as low as 5 mg/kg per day."( Efficacy of phosphonylmethoxyalkyl derivatives of adenine in experimental herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus infections in vivo.
De Clercq, E; Holý, A; Rosenberg, I, 1989)		0.53
" associated with a fluorescence detector allows the identification of adenine and its dosage at quantities as low as 2 ng; (ii) the direct fluorimetric measurement of the material that had reacted with chloroacetaldehyde."( High-pressure-liquid-chromatographic and fluorimetric methods for the determination of adenine released from ribosomes by ricin and gelonin.
Brigotti, M; Montanaro, L; Rambelli, F; Sperti, S; Zamboni, M, 1989)		0.73
" Both 5 and its esters (14-17, 21, 22) and also 18 were well absorbed after oral administration and converted efficiently to 1, the diacetyl (14) and dipropionyl (16) esters providing concentrations of 1 in the blood that were more than 15-fold higher than those observed after dosing either 1 or its esters (25-27)."( Prodrugs of the selective antiherpesvirus agent 9-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl]guanine (BRL 39123) with improved gastrointestinal absorption properties.
Boyd, MR; Harnden, MR; Jarvest, RL; Sutton, D; Vere Hodge, RA, 1989)		0.28
" The 1-MeAde dose-response curves for maturation induction and activation of the histone H1 and RRLSSLRA kinases were superimposable."( Differential regulation of histone H1 and ribosomal S6 kinases during sea star oocyte maturation.
Krebs, EG; Meijer, L; Pelech, SL, 1987)		0.27
" These results correlated closely with the dose-response relationships for tumor initiation by the two hydrocarbons."( Correlation between formation of a specific hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adduct and tumor-initiating activity of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and its 9- and 10-monofluoroderivatives in mice.
DiGiovanni, J; Fisher, EP; Sawyer, TW, 1986)		0.27
" From the dose-response data it was possible to quantify accurately and rapidly the antitrichomonal activity of a range of compounds based on the inhibition of adenine uptake."( Measurement of adenine uptake as an in vitro screen for antitrichomonal agents.
Havelec, L; Heyworth, PG; Meingassner, JG, 1985)		0.82
"A dose-response relation was established between prostaglandins and formation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the mouse ovary."( Prostaglandin receptor site: evidence for an essential role in the action of luteinizing hormone.
Cirillo, VJ; Ham, EA; Humes, JL; Kuehl, FA; Tarnoff, J, 1970)		0.25
" Administration of ara-A by several different intermittent dosage regimens showed that change in pattern of response in terms of survivors appears to be influenced more by total amount of drug administered than by schedule or duration of drug treatment."( Treatment of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 encephalitis in mice with 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine.
McLean, IW; Miller, FA; Sloan, BJ, 1973)		0.47
" Ara-A and IUdR, when administered intraperitoneally by several different dosage schedules, reduced the severity of cutaneous herpetic lesions and the incidence of paralysis and increased significantly the number of survivors."( Herpes simplex virus skin infection in hairless mice: treatment with antiviral compounds.
Brady, E; Friedman-Kien, AE; Klein, RJ, 1974)		0.25
"Of the 72 pancreatic preparations currently on the market 24 were randomly selected for study and compared with 3 US preparations with different dosage forms."( Studies on the quality of pancreatic preparations: enzyme content, prospective bioavailability, bile acid pattern, and contamination with purines.
König, J; Molitor, M; Neef, B; Niessen, KH, 1983)		0.27
" Inhibition of adenylate cyclase at the P site attenuates the rise in cellular cyclic AMP and suppresses IgE-dependent mediator release in a parallel and superimposable dose-response fashion."( Role of adenylate cyclase in immunologic release of mediators from rat mast cells: agonist and antagonist effects of purine- and ribose-modified adenosine analogs.
Austen, KF; Holgate, ST; Lewis, RA, 1980)		0.26
"A dose-response relationship between gamma-irradiation and the cleavage of the imidazole ring of adenine in DNA to form formamidopyrimidine has been demonstrated."( A dose-response study on opening of imidazole ring of adenine in DNA by ionizing radiation.
Chetsanga, CJ; Grigorian, C, 1983)		0.73
" The optimal dosage level was shown to be 5 ppm in the diet."( CL 259,971: a potent new polyether anticoccidial. 2. Floor-pen trials.
Kantor, S; Kennett, RL; Schenkel, RH, 1984)		0.27
" Mice dosed with EHNA (100 mg/kg) once daily for 7 days showed the same ADA recovery rate as mice dosed only once."( Pharmacokinetics of inhibition of adenosine deaminase by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine in CBA mice.
Lambe, CU; Nelson, DJ, 1982)		0.49
" Six different treatments of conidial suspensions of H-12 with ICR-170 were used to obtain dose-response curves for inactivation of conidia as well as the overall induction of ad-3 forward mutations using a direct method based on pigment accumulation rather than a requirement for adenine."( Forward-mutation tests on the antitumor agent ICR-170 in Neurospora crassa demonstrate that it induces gene/point mutations in the ad-3 region and an exceptionally high frequency of multiple-locus ad-3 mutations with closely linked sites of recessive leth
de Serres, FJ; Malling, HV, 1994)		0.47
" When adenine and benzyladenine, a similar substance of adenine, was microinjected into the germinal vesicle of oocytes, the meiotic maturation of oocytes could be obviously arrested depending on the dosage of injection."( [The meiosis arrest of mouse oocytes induced by adenine].
Fan, BQ; Li, CJ; Wang, B, 1994)		1.03
" Control and ETO-treated conidial suspensions were used to obtain dose-response curves for inactivation as well as the overall induction of ad-3 forward mutations using a non-selective method based on pigment accumulation rather than a requirement for adenine."( Ethylene oxide: induction of specific-locus mutations in the ad-3 region of heterokaryon 12 of Neurospora crassa and implications for genetic risk assessment of human exposure in the workplace.
Brockman, HE; de Serres, FJ, 1995)		0.47
" Our analysis indicates that HDL-C levels do not vary by genotype, and no gene dosage effect is apparent in men or in women."( Genetic analysis of a polymorphism in the human apolipoprotein A-I gene promoter: effect on plasma HDL-cholesterol levels.
Barre, DE; Cohen, JC; Grundy, SM; Guerra, R; Verstraete, R; Wang, Z, 1994)		0.29
" Dose-response relationships of ISO or rolipram show a close correlation of the half-maximal effective dose (ED50) for injury reversal and perfusate cAMP production."( Reversal of pulmonary capillary ischemia-reperfusion injury by rolipram, a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
Barnard, JW; Prasad, VR; Seibert, AF; Smart, DA; Strada, SJ; Taylor, AE; Thompson, WJ, 1994)		0.29
" Oral dosing with bis(alkyl) phosphonates 3a,b resulted in apparent absorption of the prodrugs (> or = 40%), although neither of the esters were completely cleaved to liberate the parent phosphonate PMEA."( Synthesis, oral bioavailability determination, and in vitro evaluation of prodrugs of the antiviral agent 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA).
Hitchcock, MJ; Mansuri, MM; Martin, JC; Russell, J; Starrett, JE; Tortolani, DR; Whiterock, V, 1994)		0.49
"A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of amonafide (CAS 69408-81-7) and mitonafide (CAS 54824-17-8), two new antineoplastic molecules, in finished pharmaceutical dosage forms (tablets) is developed and validated."( Qualitative and quantitative determination of two new antitumor agents from 1-8 naphthalimides in tablets. Validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method.
Camacho, MA; Gil, ME; Obregón, MM; Ruz, V; Torres, AI, 1994)		0.29
" However, plasma UN and creatinine levels decreased inversely with the dose of 4APP when a different dosage of 4APP was administered together with adenine."( Nephrotoxicity induced by a single dose of adenine: effects of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and allopurinol.
Ichii, M; Kadota, E; Minami, T; Nakagawa, H; Okazaki, Y, 1994)		0.75
" Dose-response curves to CPA were shallower and maximal responses were weaker than those produced by the other agonists."( Interactions of adenosine A1 receptor-mediated renal vasoconstriction with endogenous nitric oxide and ANG II.
Barrett, RJ; Droppleman, DA, 1993)		0.29
" This protocol was aimed at assessing two sensitive measures of beta-cell dysfunction: the priming effect of glucose on the glucose-insulin secretion rate (ISR) dose-response curve and the ability of oscillatory glucose infusion to entrain insulin secretory oscillations."( Clinical phenotypes, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity in kindreds with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness due to mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) gene mutation.
Blanché, H; Byrne, MM; Clément, K; Fiet, J; Froguel, P; Passa, P; Polonsky, KS; Pueyo, ME; Robert, JJ; Sturis, J; Velho, G; Vionnet, N, 1996)		0.29
"8 L/hr/m2) is relatively constant within the dosing range of this study."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amonafide (NSC 308847) in 62 patients.
Akerman, S; Allen, SL; Budman, DR; Calabro, A; Chan, K; Fusco, D; Hock, K; Kreis, W; Mittelman, A; Puccio, C; Spigelman, M, 1996)		0.29
" Dose-response studies were performed using previously reported inhibitors of cytosolic calcium oscillation mechanisms."( The mechanisms underlying Bay K 8644-stimulated phasic myometrial contractions.
Chien, EK; Phillippe, M; Saunders, T, )		0.13
" The goal of this study was to construct and validate a pharmacodynamic model-based dosing strategy for amonafide, to try to further decrease inter-patient variability in leukopenia."( Individualized dosing of amonafide based on a pharmacodynamic model incorporating acetylator phenotype and gender.
Berezin, F; Janisch, L; Kut, M; Mick, R; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Vogelzang, NJ, 1996)		0.29
" It has provided an invaluable tool for the study of gene dosage and plasmid stability."( The red/white colony color assay in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: epistatic growth advantage of white ade8-18, ade2 cells over red ade2 cells.
Bruschi, CV; Ugolini, S, 1996)		0.29
" Within < or = 2 weeks of treatment, PMPA in both dosing regimens reduced SIV levels by >99% in the plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells; in some macaques SIV levels were reduced to below the lower quantitation limit."( Effects of (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine monotherapy on chronic SIV infection in macaques.
Beck, TW; Bischofberger, N; Dailey, PJ; Follis, KE; Sabo, A; Tsai, CC, 1997)		0.56
" After 14 days of dosing, adefovir dipivoxil demonstrated anti-HIV activity and was best tolerated at the lowest dosage studied, 125 mg daily."( Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil (9-[2-(bis-pivaloyloxymethyl)-phosphonylmethoxyethyl]adenine) in HIV-infected patients.
Barditch-Crovo, P; Cundy, KC; Ebeling, D; Hendrix, CW; Jaffe, HS; Lietman, PS; Toole, J, 1997)		0.49
" Nine cats received PMEA at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight, nine cats received FPMPA at a dosage of 25 mg/kg body weight."( [Comparative investigation of the efficacy of two nucleocapsid analogs in FIV infected cats].
Balzarini, J; Erfle, V; Goebel, F; Goldberg, M; Hartmann, K; Kuffer, M; Rolinski, B, 1997)		0.3
" Likewise, a clear dose-response relationship was established for the in vivo antitumor activity of PMEA in choriocarcinoma-bearing rats."( In vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity of the differentiation-inducing agent 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) against rat choriocarcinoma.
Balzarini, J; De Clercq, E; Degrève, B; Hatse, S; Naesens, L; Vandeputte, M; Waer, M, 1998)		0.51
" The antiviral efficacy of oral bis(POC)-PMPA was related to the dosage and treatment period and was not significantly different from that of subcutaneous PMPA given at an equivalent dose."( Antiretroviral efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine in mice.
Annaert, P; Arimilli, MN; Augustijns, P; Bischofberger, N; De Clercq, E; Kim, CU; Naesens, L; Van den Mooter, G, 1998)		0.51
" All subjects tolerated dosing without significant adverse events."( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiretroviral activity of intravenous 9-[2-(R)-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, in HIV-infected adults.
Barditch-Crovo, P; Cundy, KC; Deeks, SG; Hellmann, NS; Hwang, F; Kahn, JO; Lietman, PS; Rooney, JF; Safrin, S, 1998)		0.51
" There may be a steep dose-response curve, based on the significant correlation between myelosuppression and response."( Amonafide: An active agent in the treatment of previously untreated advanced breast cancer--a cancer and leukemia group B study (CALGB 8642).
Berkowitz, I; Berry, D; Costanza, ME; Duggan, D; Henderson, IC; Kalra, J; Lyss, AP; Ratain, MJ; Shapiro, C; Wu, K, 1995)		0.29
" Eight Pekin-Aylesbury ducks congenitally infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were treated with PMEA at a dosage of 15 mg/kg of body weight/day via the intraperitoneal route for 4 weeks."( Inhibition of duck hepatitis B virus replication by 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, an acyclic phosphonate nucleoside analogue.
Angus, PW; Colledge, DL; Locarnini, SA; Nicoll, AJ; Smallwood, RA; Toole, JJ, 1998)		0.53
" Variables that can be experimentally manipulated to address specific questions relevant to postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) include timing of initiation of treatment, duration of treatment, dosing regimen, virus strain, and virus inoculum."( Animal studies of prophylaxis.
Black, RJ, 1997)		0.3
" To obtain dose-response curves, single doses (as boluses) of different concentrations of adenosine were infused and the maximal increase in A-V delay induced by each dose was determined."( Intravascular adenosine: the endothelial mediators of its negative dromotropic effects.
Balcells, E; Ceballos, G; Rubio, R, 1999)		0.3
" Comparative dose-response curves indicated that maximal hormone-stimulated cAMP accumulation was 11- and 24-fold higher in human and rat cells, compared with cAMP production obtained in corresponding membranes, respectively."( Comparative involvement of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and adenylyl cyclase on adrenocorticotropin-induced increase of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rat and human glomerulosa cells.
Côté, M; Gallo-Payet, N; Guillon, G; Payet, MD; Rousseau, E, 1999)		0.3
" Both prophylactic and therapeutic dosing regimens were effective."( Chemokines, nitric oxide and antiarthritic effects of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine (Adefovir).
Franková, D; Holý, A; Zídek, Z, 1999)		0.53
" The inhibitory effect of NE was partially antagonized by propranolol but not by prazosin, and dose-response curves with BRL-37344 (a beta(3)-agonist), isoproterenol (a beta(1)/beta(2)-agonist) and dobutamide (a beta(1)-agonist) were consistent with the involvement of a beta(3)-adrenergic receptor."( Differentiation-dependent inhibition of proteolysis by norepinephrine in brown adipocytes.
Desautels, M; Heal, S, 1999)		0.3
" The effect of more frequent dosing requires further evaluation."( Effect of weekly adefovir (PMEA) infusions on HIV-1 virus load: results of a phase I/II study.
Boucher, CA; Cambridge, E; De Groot, T; De Jong, S; Kamp, W; Schokker, J; Schuurman, R, 1999)		0.3
" Advertising that promoted the improved drug has been withdrawn at the request of Project Inform because of the lack of warning labels necessary due to dosing problems."( Update on antivirals.
, 1997)		0.3
" All three drugs are currently available through expanded access programs, are dosed either once or twice daily, and can be taken with or without food."( I want a new drug. An overview of three new anti-HIV drugs.
Simmons, P, 1998)		0.3
" The dosage regimens and limitations are described for each drug."( Four new antiretroviral medications will soon offer more options to HIV patients.
Murphy, MJ, )		0.13
" A clinical trial of the protease inhibitor Nelfinavir (Viracept) has shown that dosing twice a day may be as effective as the currently prescribed three times a day."( Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy: highlights of the 38th Interscience Conference.
Prescott, LM, 1998)		0.3
" Information on tenofovir, such as the dosage normally prescribed and cost of treatment is listed."( What they say about: nucleotide drugs.
, )		0.13
" We compared their toxicity and ability to inhibit tumour development in two different dosage regimes with those of their parent compound PMEDAP, as well with PMEG."( Antitumour activity of N6-substituted PMEDAP derivatives against T-cell lymphoma.
Holy, A; Mandys, V; Otová, B; Valeriánová, M; Votruba, I, )		0.13
" Data from correlation analysis of the log ratios for normal tissues from cancer were consistent with an age-dependent, dose-response relationship."( Age-related radical-induced DNA damage is linked to prostate cancer.
Barker, EA; Johnson, PM; Malins, DC; Polissar, NL; Vinson, MA; Wheeler, TM, 2001)		0.31
" ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one), a potent and selective inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), did not significantly affect relaxant actions of ONOO-, but ODQ markedly attenuated SIN-1-elicited relaxation with a rightward shift in the dose-response curve and an unaltered maximal response."( Comparative vasodilation of peroxynitrite and 3-morpholinosydnonimine.
Trakranrungsie, N; Will, JA, 2001)		0.31
" This study explores various factors involved in inhibitor selection and dosage regimen design to achieve local ADA inhibition with minimal systemic inhibition."( Enhanced oral bioavailability of 2'- beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (F-ddA) through local inhibition of intestinal adenosine deaminase.
Anderson, BD; DeGraw, RT, 2001)		0.31
" The recommended dosage of tenofovir DF in adults is 300 mg/d PO; pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies in children are ongoing."( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection.
Fung, HB; Piacenti, FJ; Stone, EA, 2002)		0.31
" The approved dosage of tenofovir is 300 mg (one tablet) once/day with meals."( Tenofovir: a nucleotide analog for the management of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Antoniou, T; Park-Wyllie, LY; Tseng, AL, 2003)		0.32
" Preemptive post-transplant lamivudine monotherapy is associated with progressively increasing HBV recurrence rates, but combined therapy with lamivudine and HBIG at relatively low dosage is currently the most effective approach in this setting, even in HBV-DNA-positive patients, who also receive lamivudine in the pretransplant period."( Prevention of and treatment for hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation in the nucleoside analogues era.
Burroughs, AK; Papatheodoridis, GV; Sevastianos, V, 2003)		0.32
" Most patients continued treatment with dosage adjustments."( Adefovir dipivoxil: a review of its use in chronic hepatitis B.
Dando, T; Plosker, G, 2003)		0.32
" These effects were more pronounced with dosing regimens launched before the time of oviposition."( Activity of 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine against Schistosomiasis mansoni in mice.
Botros, S; Hammam, O; Holý, A; William, S; Zídek, Z, 2003)		0.57
" The steady-state, geometric mean AUC for the 24-h dosing interval was 2,920 ng."( Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.
Balis, FM; Blanche, S; Bresson, JL; Coakley, DF; DeCarlo, E; Flaherty, JF; Hazra, R; Kearney, BP; Poblenz, M; Steinberg, SM; Tullio, AN; Worrell, CJ; Yale, K; Zeichner, SL; Zhong, L; Zuckerman, JA, 2004)		0.32
"Our study shows that ADV dosed at 10 mg/day for the treatment of LAM-resistant chronic hepatitis B in patients co-infected with HIV is not associated with renal tubular dysfunction or a significant change in renal function."( The renal tolerance of low-dose adefovir dipivoxil by lamivudine-resistant individuals co-infected with hepatitis B and HIV.
Bagnis, CI; Beaufils, H; Benhamou, Y; Brosgart, C; Deray, G; Hannon, H; Izzedine, H; Poynard, T; Sullivan, M, 2004)		0.32
" The risk of nephrotoxicity, the most notable adverse effect of adefovir dipivoxil at previously used higher doses, has been substantially reduced at the currently recommended dosage of 10 mg/d."( Adefovir dipivoxil: a new antiviral agent for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection.
Mattes, KA; Qaqish, RB; Ritchie, DJ, 2003)		0.32
" Plasma concentration of ddI was prospectively determined in eight of these patients receiving ddI 400 mg + TDF + NVP and 3 weeks after a ddI dosage reduction."( Unexpected CD4 cell count decline in patients receiving didanosine and tenofovir-based regimens despite undetectable viral load.
Burger, D; Clotet, B; Grassi, J; Juan, M; Masmitjà, E; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Paredes, R; Pruvost, A; Puig, J; Ribera, E; Ruiz, L; Viciana, P, 2004)		0.32
"Gilead Sciences is developing a fixed-dose co-formulation of two of its reverse transcriptase inhibitors, emtricitabine [Emtriva] and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [Viread], for once-daily dosing in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection."( Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
, 2004)		0.32
" With the exception of didanosine and atazanavir, which require dosage modifications, no clinically significant drug interactions have been observed with tenofovir DF."( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics.
Flaherty, JF; Kearney, BP; Shah, J, 2004)		0.32
" A clear dose-response relationship was seen between dose groups and 8-OH Adenine levels related with time in all periods."( The oxidative DNA base damage in testes of rats after intraperitoneal cadmium injection.
Ates, I; Aydin, A; Karakaya, A; Suzen, HS, 2004)		0.55
"A statistical method for the evaluation of the dissolution stability results and for selecting the most stable formulation within a solid dosage form development is discussed."( Statistical method for evaluation of dissolution stability in the formulation development of solid dosage forms: tablets of amonafide.
Bernabeu, JA; Camacho, MA; Gil-Alegre, ME; Torres-Suarez, AI, 2004)		0.32
"To investigate the efficacy, safety, and the tolerability of two dosing regimens of ADV (10 mg daily or 30 mg daily), two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were performed in patients with chronic hepatitis B and compensated liver disease who were not undergoing current treatment and who had evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication."( Renal safety of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with chronic hepatitis B: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies.
Arterbrun, S; Brosgart, CL; Currie, G; Deray, G; Hadziyannis, SJ; Hulot, JS; Izzedine, H; Launay-Vacher, V; Marcellini, P; Westland, C, 2004)		0.32
" Bioequivalence testing was conducted of total, R-, and S-methadone area under the serum or plasma concentration-time curve during the 24-hour dosing interval at steady state (AUCss) and maximum concentration in serum or plasma (Cmax)."( Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of total, R-, and S-methadone.
Berenson, CS; Booker, BM; Bullock, JM; Cloen, D; Coakley, DF; Flaherty, JF; Haas, CE; Kearney, BP; Liaw, S; Smith, PF; Yale, K, 2004)		0.32
" Didanosine was prescribed at a reduced dosage due to the known interaction with tenofovir."( Acute onset of pancreatitis with concomitant use of tenofovir and didanosine.
Fulco, PP; Higginson, RT; Kirian, MA, 2004)		0.32
" Reduced didanosine dosage (250 mg) should be used to reduce serum didanosine concentrations and subsequent toxicities."( Acute onset of pancreatitis with concomitant use of tenofovir and didanosine.
Fulco, PP; Higginson, RT; Kirian, MA, 2004)		0.32
" Dose-limiting nephrotoxicity necessitates suboptimal dosing at 10 mg/day."( Remofovir mesylate: a prodrug of PMEA with improved liver-targeting and safety in rats and monkeys.
Erion, MD; Hong, Z; Lin, CC; Vitarella, D; Yeh, LT, 2004)		0.32
" Dosing mice and rats with AA (50 mg/kg) led to presence of glycidamide (GA) in serum and tissues."( DNA adducts derived from administration of acrylamide and glycidamide to mice and rats.
Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2005)		0.33
" Tenofovir DF provides a simple and convenient once-daily dosage regimen, and is generally well tolerated and able to produce sustained suppression of viral replication."( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection.
Lyseng-Williamson, KA; Plosker, GL; Reynolds, NA, 2005)		0.33
" dosing of [(14)C]remofovir, fecal excretion of radioactivity accounted for 37."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [14C]remofovir in rats and cynomolgus monkeys.
Lin, CC; Lourenco, D; Xu, C; Yeh, LT; Zhu, N, 2005)		0.33
" To limit this interaction, the dosage of ddI may be reduced to 250 mg once daily when co-prescribed with TDF."( The durability of virological success of tenofovir and didanosine dosed at either 400 or 250 mg once daily.
Bower, M; Gazzard, B; Mandalia, S; Nelson, M; Tung, MY, 2005)		0.33
" All three slowed the rate of RNA decay in a dose-response fashion, they were specific to the b-ARE, and two of them were individually effective."( Increased Bcl2 expression by antisense oligoribonucleotides targeting the adenine-uridine-rich element motif.
Bevilacqua, A; Canti, G; Capaccioli, S; Ghisolfi, L; Lapucci, A; Nicolin, A; Papucci, L; Schiavone, N; Tataranni, G, 2005)		0.56
" The relevance of a dosage adjustment based on BW/S(CR) should be further evaluated."( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Dupin, N; Jaffray, P; Jullien, V; Krivine, A; Lescoat, A; Lillo-Le Louet, A; Moachon, L; Pons, G; Rey, E; Salmon, D; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2005)		0.33
" When atazanavir 300 mg was coadministered with ritonavir 100 mg on a once-daily dosage regimen, atazanavir AUC from 0 to 24 hours and minimum plasma concentration were increased by 3- to 4-fold and approximately 10-fold, respectively, compared with atazanavir 300 mg alone."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and summary of efficacy and tolerability of atazanavir.
Barrail, A; Goujard, C; Le Tiec, C; Taburet, AM, 2005)		0.33
" Tenofovir, nelfinavir, and M8 pharmacokinetics was unaltered when tenofovir and nelfinavir were coadministered, and tenofovir administration did not affect the M8/nelfinavir area under the concentration-versus-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(tau)) ratio."( Lack of pharmacokinetic drug interaction between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and nelfinavir mesylate.
Boffito, M; Higgs, C; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Pozniak, A; Shah, J; Zhong, L, 2005)		0.33
"The pharmacokinetics of pradefovir and adefovir, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine (PMEA), was evaluated in healthy male volunteers after oral dosing of pradefovir (10, 30, or 60 mg)."( Pharmacokinetics of pradefovir and PMEA in healthy volunteers after oral dosing of pradefovir.
Lin, CC; Peterson, J; Teng, A; Xu, C; Yeh, LT, 2005)		0.56
"Antiretroviral combinations that reduce the number of pills and dosing frequency have the potential to simplify therapy."( Early virologic nonresponse to tenofovir, abacavir, and lamivudine in HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive subjects.
Berger, DS; Gallant, JE; Johnson, J; Liao, Q; Lim, ML; Rodriguez, AE; Ross, L; Shaefer, MS; Weinberg, WG; Young, B, 2005)		0.33
" The daily dosage was 10 mg initially and then adjusted according to renal function."( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in kidney recipients, hemodialysis patients, and patients with renal insufficiency.
Brosgart, C; Chaix, ML; Currie, G; Fontaine, H; Morales, E; Nalpas, B; Pol, S; Serpaggi, J; Vallet-Pichard, A; Varaut, A; Verkarre, V, 2005)		0.33
" When 400 mg was dosed with tenofovir DF, mean didanosine AUC was increased by 44% to 60% following fasted or fed administration."( Drug-drug and drug-food interactions between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and didanosine.
Chen, SS; Cheng, AK; Flaherty, JF; Kaul, S; Kearney, BP; Sayre, JR, 2005)		0.33
" We designed this study to provide preliminary pediatric safety and dosing information on tenofovir DF, while also providing potentially efficacious salvage therapy for heavily treatment-experienced, HIV-infected children."( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and an optimized background regimen of antiretroviral agents as salvage therapy for pediatric HIV infection.
Balis, FM; DeCarlo, E; Flaherty, J; Gafni, RI; Hazra, R; Kearney, BP; Maldarelli, F; Steinberg, SM; Tullio, AN; Worrell, CJ; Yale, K; Zeichner, SL, 2005)		0.33
" It was concluded that under controlled study conditions: (1) 1-OHP, S-PMA and t,t-MA are useful biomarkers that could differentiate exposure between smoking conventional and EHCSS cigarettes or between smoking conventional cigarettes and no smoking; between S-PMA and t,t-MA, the former appeared to be more sensitive; (2) 3-MeAd could only differentiate between smoking conventional cigarettes and no smoking; the results for 3-EtAd were not conclusive because contradictory results were observed; (3) 8-OHdG had a questionable association with smoking and therefore the utility of this biomarker for smoking-related exposure could not be established; and (4) urinary excretion of thioethers as a biomarker lacked sensitivity to demonstrate a clear dose-response relationship in conventional cigarette smokers, although it could differentiate the excretion levels between those subjects who smoked a conventional cigarette and those who stopped smoking."( Evaluation of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, S-phenylmercapturic acid, trans,trans-muconic acid, 3-methyladenine, 3-ethyladenine, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and thioethers as biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke.
Engl, J; Feng, S; Jin, Y; Kinser, R; Liang, Q; Riedel, K; Roethig, HJ; Scherer, G; Urban, M, )		0.35
" Blood samples for tenofovir (TFV) and SQV/RTV PK were drawn over respective 24- and 12-h dosing intervals, and drug concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted saquinavir mesylate administered alone or in combination at steady state.
Adda, N; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Kearney, BP; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2006)		0.33
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with once-daily dosing approved for use in HIV-1 infection."( In vitro evaluation of the anti-HIV activity and metabolic interactions of tenofovir and emtricitabine.
Borroto-Esoda, K; Miller, MD; Myrick, F; Ray, AS; Vela, JE, 2006)		0.33
" Steady state was reached after daily dosing for 5 to 7 days."( Pharmacokinetics of telbivudine in healthy subjects and absence of drug interaction with lamivudine or adefovir dipivoxil.
Brown, NA; Chao, GC; Fielman, BA; Lloyd, DM; Zhou, XJ, 2006)		0.33
" However, early HAART often consisted of drugs with complex dosing schedules, strict food requirements, treatment-limiting adverse effects, and the need to take 16-20 pills/day."( An update and review of antiretroviral therapy.
Piacenti, FJ, 2006)		0.33
" The enzyme induction potential of pradefovir was evaluated in rats following multiple oral dosing and in primary cultures of human hepatocytes."( Metabolic activation of pradefovir by CYP3A4 and its potential as an inhibitor or inducer.
Benetton, S; Fang, C; Lin, CC; Xu, GF; Yeh, LT, 2006)		0.33
" The single daily dosing was expected to improve adherence to treatment."( Change to a once-daily combination including boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected children.
Blanche, S; Delaugerre, C; Jullien, V; Macassa, E; Rouzioux, C; Teglas, JP; Tréluyer, JM; Veber, F, 2006)		0.33
" Tenofovir requires surveillance of glomerular filtration rate and dosing interval adjustment when creatinine clearance is less than 50 ml/min and avoidance less than 30 ml/min."( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine coformulation for once-daily dual NRTI backbone.
Arribas López, JR; Muñoz de Benito, RM, 2006)		0.33
"As expected for a renally eliminated drug, subjects with and without hepatic impairment displayed similar tenofovir systemic exposures without evidence of substantial alterations in drug disposition, and therefore no dosage adjustments were warranted in these patients."( Pharmacokinetics and dosing recommendations of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in hepatic or renal impairment.
Flaherty, JF; Kearney, BP; Shah, J; Yale, K; Zhong, L, 2006)		0.33
"Tenofovir measurements with an area under the concentration-time curve over the dosing interval, maximum concentration, and concentration at the end of the dosing interval (Ctau) were 32%, 15%, and 51% higher, respectively, when TDF was coadministered with LPV/r (n = 24)."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir.
Cheng, AK; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Mittan, A; Sayre, J, 2006)		0.33
" A linear dose-response relationship was observed between the GA concentration and the levels of N7-GA-Gua."( Cytogenetic damage induced by acrylamide and glycidamide in mammalian cells: correlation with specific glycidamide-DNA adducts.
Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; Gaspar, JF; Marques, MM; Martins, C; Martins, V; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J, 2007)		0.34
" Individually, these agents have long half-lifes that allow for once-daily dosing and may provide a pharmacologic bridge for the occasional missed dose."( Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed-dose combination: first-line therapy for all?
Best, B; Goicoechea, M, 2007)		0.34
" Tenofovir is largely prescribed at the standard dosage of 300 mg once daily: therefore, the per kilogram dose is higher in Thailand than in the USA."( No change in calculated creatinine clearance after tenofovir initiation among Thai patients.
Ananworanich, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Gayet-Ageron, A; Hirschel, B; Jupimai, T; Le Braz, M; Prasithsirikul, W; Rooney, JF; Ruxrungtham, K; Ubolyam, S, 2007)		0.34
" Tenofovir could be safely prescribed at a standard dosage of 300 mg once daily in the Thai population."( No change in calculated creatinine clearance after tenofovir initiation among Thai patients.
Ananworanich, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Gayet-Ageron, A; Hirschel, B; Jupimai, T; Le Braz, M; Prasithsirikul, W; Rooney, JF; Ruxrungtham, K; Ubolyam, S, 2007)		0.34
" AICA and adenosine excretions increased during the day of MTX dosing (treatment day) compared to the previous baseline day in animals responding well to MTX (i."( Methotrexate and erythro-9-(2-hydroxynon-3-yl) adenine therapy for rat adjuvant arthritis and the effect of methotrexate on in vivo purine metabolism.
Baggott, JE; Morgan, SL, 2007)		0.6
" Lack of PK alteration for FTC, tenofovir (TFV), and GS-9137 was defined as a 90% confidence interval (CI) for the estimated ratio of geometric least squares means (coadministration/alone) between 70% and 143% for the primary PK parameters: maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve over dosing interval (AUCtau), and trough concentration (Ctau)."( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137.
Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)		0.34
" We investigated whether tenofovir plus didanosine at a weight-adjusted dosage could be responsible for such an effect, and factors associated with CD4 + T cell count evolution under this combination."( CD4+ T cell evolution and predictors of its trend before and after tenofovir/didanosine backbone in the presence of sustained undetectable HIV plasma viral load.
Antinori, A; Antonucci, F; Barreiro, P; Carosi, G; De Silvestri, A; El Hamad, I; Ladisa, N; Lapadula, G; Maggiolo, F; Mandalia, S; Maserati, R; Migliorino, G; Pierotti, P; Sighinolfi, L; Soriano, V; Suter, F; Torti, C, 2007)		0.34
" This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and bioequivalence of an investigational coformulation of EFV/FTC/TDF (test) single-tablet regimen compared with the commercially available individual dosage forms (EFV+FTC+TDF; reference treatment) in healthy subjects."( Bioequivalence of efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate single-tablet regimen.
Hinkle, J; Hui, J; Kaul, S; Kearney, BP; Mathias, AA; Menning, M, 2007)		0.34
"Adefovir dipivoxil, a marketed drug for the treatment of hepatitis B, is dosed at submaximally efficacious doses because of renal toxicity."( Pradefovir: a prodrug that targets adefovir to the liver for the treatment of hepatitis B.
Boyer, SH; Colby, TJ; Craigo, W; DaRe, J; Erion, MD; Fujitaki, JM; Gómez-Galeno, JE; Matelich, MC; Ollis, K; Reddy, KR; Sun, Z; Ugarkar, BG; van Poelje, PD, 2008)		0.35
" Group 1 was treated subcutaneously with a human-equivalent dose of emtricitabine (FTC), group 2 received orally the human-equivalent dosing of both FTC and tenofovir-disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and group 3 received subcutaneously a similar dosing of FTC and a higher dose of tenofovir."( Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir.
Adams, DR; Cong, ME; Delinsky, D; Folks, TM; García-Lerma, JG; Heneine, W; Jackson, E; Janssen, R; Johnson, JA; Kim, C; Lipscomb, J; Luo, W; Masciotra, S; Monsour, M; Otten, RA; Qari, SH; Schinazi, RF, 2008)		0.35
" Third, oral adenine dosing for induction of hyperphosphataemia and validation as a model using Sev were examined."( Comparison of chronic renal failure rats and modification of the preparation protocol as a hyperphosphataemia model.
Mizukami, K; Okada, M; Terai, K, 2008)		0.72
" Oral adenine dosing induced hyperphosphataemia by 12 days, and Sev treatment was inhibitory."( Comparison of chronic renal failure rats and modification of the preparation protocol as a hyperphosphataemia model.
Mizukami, K; Okada, M; Terai, K, 2008)		0.83
"Oral dosing with adenine made the model preparation period definitely shorter, and its usefulness as a hyperphosphataemia model was revealed using Sev."( Comparison of chronic renal failure rats and modification of the preparation protocol as a hyperphosphataemia model.
Mizukami, K; Okada, M; Terai, K, 2008)		0.69
" Individualized dosing intervals should be further evaluated as a cost-effective alternative to fixed dosing schemes."( Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen trough levels and half-lives do not differ after intravenous and intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulin administration after liver transplantation.
Hadem, J; Hooman, N; Klempnauer, J; Manns, MP; Philipp, G; Priess, A; Rifai, K; Rosenau, J; Tillmann, HL; Vaske, B, 2008)		0.35
" The dosage of ADV was 100mg daily."( [Adefovir dipivoxil treatment of hepatic cirrhosis complicated with hepatitis B virus associated glomerulonephritis].
Chen, YS; Jin, ZJ; Li, DF; Qiao, LM; Zhou, J, 2008)		0.35
" The likelihood of renal toxicity (proximal renal tubular dysfunction [PRTD]) correlated with plasma drug concentrations, which depended on the dosage regimen and age-related changes in drug clearance."( Chronic administration of tenofovir to rhesus macaques from infancy through adulthood and pregnancy: summary of pharmacokinetics and biological and virological effects.
Abel, K; Bischofberger, N; Brignolo, LL; Cihlar, T; Durand-Gasselin, L; Jerome, C; Kearney, BP; Marthas, ML; Moore, J; Ray, AS; Reiser, H; Spinner, A; Van Rompay, KK, 2008)		0.35
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were also determined in HIV-1-infected patients dosed with raltegravir monotherapy versus raltegravir in combination with TDF and lamivudine."( Lack of a significant drug interaction between raltegravir and tenofovir.
Breidinger, SA; Chen, J; Friedman, EJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Iwamoto, M; Kost, JT; Lasseter, KC; Stek, JE; Stone, JA; Teppler, H; Wagner, JA; Wenning, LA, 2008)		0.35
" Tenofovir concentrations (median 2; range, 1-5) were measured in 175 patients during several dosing intervals."( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in AIDS patients.
Barkil, ME; Boibieux, A; Cotte, L; Gagnieu, MC; Guitton, J; Livrozet, JM; Miailhes, P; Tod, M, 2008)		0.35
" Dosing whole rats repeatedly with different concentrations of SM360320 confirmed the in vitro results."( Comparison of rat and human responses to toll-like receptor 7 activation.
Clarke, S; Horscroft, N; Laxton, C; Parkinson, T; Richard, V; Thomas, A, 2009)		0.35
" When implementing HAART, physicians should be aware of and monitor potential patient misunderstanding of instructions on dosage and administration and for possible complications in medicinal combinations and potential side effects."( [A case of acute renal failure involving high amounts of tenofovir after HAART start].
Kasahara, K; Konishi, M; Maeda, K; Mikasa, K; Nakagawa, C; Uno, K; Yonekawa, S; Yoshimoto, E, 2008)		0.35
" The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%), while being simple, cheap and less time consuming and can be suitably applied for the estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in different dosage forms."( Application of UV-spectrophotometric methods for estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in tablets.
A, SA; H, BC; J, SS, 2009)		0.35
" Because of this latter characteristic, dosage adjustments are required in patients with renal insufficiency."( [Tenofovir: pharmacology and interactions].
Azanza, JR; García Quetglas, E; Gómez-Giu, A; Sádaba, B, 2008)		0.35
" The only available formulation is an adult tablet, introducing the possibility of dosing errors in children."( Tenofovir use in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children in the United kingdom and Ireland.
Boyd, K; Butler, K; Cliff, D; Doerholt, K; Gibb, D; Judd, A; Lyall, H; Menson, E; Riordan, A, 2009)		0.35
" To attain a better antiviral response the dosage of entecavir was increased to 2mg daily in two patients, resulting in further viral load decline for both of them."( Entecavir shows limited efficacy in HBeAg-positive hepatitis B patients with a partial virologic response to adefovir therapy.
de Man, RA; Janssen, HL; Pas, SD; Reijnders, JG; Schutten, M, 2009)		0.35
"Entecavir monotherapy dosed at 1mg resulted in a slow reduction of viral load in both lamivudine-experienced and -naïve patients with persistently high HBV DNA during adefovir therapy."( Entecavir shows limited efficacy in HBeAg-positive hepatitis B patients with a partial virologic response to adefovir therapy.
de Man, RA; Janssen, HL; Pas, SD; Reijnders, JG; Schutten, M, 2009)		0.35
" Statistical analyses were performed on pharmacokinetic parameters: the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 4 h (AUC(0-4)), the maximum concentration of the drug (C(max)), and the residual concentration of the drug at the end of the dosing interval (C(trough)) for plasma and the AUC(0-4) and C(trough) for intracellular data."( Pilot pharmacokinetic study of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF): investigation of systemic and intracellular interactions between TDF and abacavir, lamivudine, or lopinavir-ritonavir.
Ayen, R; Clotet, B; Grassi, J; Levi, M; Negredo, E; Pruvost, A; Puig, J; Théodoro, F, 2009)		0.35
"Oral dosing with adenine induced CKD in rats in only 10 days."( Vascular calcification and secondary hyperparathyroidism of severe chronic kidney disease and its relation to serum phosphate and calcium levels.
Fujimori, A; Fukushima, S; Itoh, H; Mizukami, K; Nara, H; Okada, M; Sanagi, M; Takakura, K; Terai, K, 2009)		0.69
"These data suggest that rats dosed orally with adenine provide a more useful model for analysing calcium/phosphate homeostasis in severe CKD."( Vascular calcification and secondary hyperparathyroidism of severe chronic kidney disease and its relation to serum phosphate and calcium levels.
Fujimori, A; Fukushima, S; Itoh, H; Mizukami, K; Nara, H; Okada, M; Sanagi, M; Takakura, K; Terai, K, 2009)		0.61
" Studies to investigate the antitumor effects of BIIB021 showed activity on both daily and intermittent dosing schedules, providing dose schedule flexibility for clinical studies."( BIIB021, an orally available, fully synthetic small-molecule inhibitor of the heat shock protein Hsp90.
Boehm, MF; Brekken, J; Burrows, FJ; Busch, DJ; Friedman, J; Hong, K; Huser, N; Kamal, A; Kasibhatla, SR; Lundgren, K; McKenzie, A; Neely, L; Powell, RE; Scannevin, R; Sensintaffar, JL; Timple, N; Yang, YC; Zhang, H, 2009)		0.35
" A new combination therapy consisting of the TFV pro-drug (300 mg) and another reverse transcriptase inhibitor, emtricitabine (FTC, 200 mg) has become available in a convenient once-daily dosage form (Truvada)."( The simultaneous assay of tenofovir and emtricitabine in plasma using LC/MS/MS and isotopically labeled internal standards.
Bushman, L; Delahunty, T; Fletcher, CV; Robbins, B, 2009)		0.35
" We report 12-month changes in renal profiles among 19 such patients (6 patients with history of and 13 patients with current renal disease) in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) who initiated TDF-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during 2001-2005 with TDF dosed mostly at 300 mg once daily."( Renal function in patients with preexisting renal disease receiving tenofovir-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy in the HIV outpatient study.
Brooks, JT; Buchacz, K; Moorman, A; Wood, KC; Young, B, 2009)		0.35
"Tenofovir DF and norgestimate-ethinyl estradiol are not involved in a clinically significant drug-drug interaction; tenofovir DF did not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics of norgestimate or ethinyl estradiol, including the concentration at the end of the dosing interval."( Lack of effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives.
Kearney, BP; Mathias, A, 2009)		0.35
" Furthermore, it also demonstrates the benefits of using preclinical models of chemosensitization to radiotherapy to explore clinically relevant radiation dosing schemes."( BIIB021, a novel Hsp90 inhibitor, sensitizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to radiotherapy.
Burrows, F; Lundgren, K; Shores, CG; Wilson, L; Yin, X; Zhang, H, 2010)		0.36
" However, the dosing interval of ADV should be adjusted according to renal function and serum phosphate levels in patients receiving long-term treatment."( Add-on combination therapy with adefovir dipivoxil induces renal impairment in patients with lamivudine-refractory hepatitis B virus.
Enomoto, M; Habu, D; Imanishi, Y; Iwai, S; Kawada, N; Kobayashi, S; Morikawa, H; Sakaguchi, H; Shiomi, S; Tamori, A, 2010)		0.36
" Also a complete 12-hour pharmacokinetic profile was recorded for 15 transplant patients who had the polymorphism and for 15 controls who were randomly chosen since they received the same type and dosage of mycophenolate, same posttransplant time and similar renal function."( The prevalence of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) gene promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphisms T-275A and C-2152T and its influence on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in stable renal transplant patients.
Arroyo, M; Barrientos, A; Calvo, N; De la Orden, V; Maestro, ML; Ortega, D; Pérez-Flores, I; Sánchez-Fructuoso, AI; Veganzone, S; Viudarreta, M, )		0.13
" These cells showed reduced MRP4 protein expression and corresponding reduction in the basolateral egress of adefovir when adefovir dipivoxil was dosed on the apical side."( Role of basolateral efflux transporter MRP4 in the intestinal absorption of the antiviral drug adefovir dipivoxil.
Ming, X; Thakker, DR, 2010)		0.36
"Once-daily treatment with ritonavir-boosted saquinavir was well tolerated and resulted in similar saquinavir drug exposure despite much lower ritonavir concentrations when compared with a twice-daily dosing schedule."( Once-daily treatment with saquinavir mesylate (2000 mg) and ritonavir (100 mg) together with a fixed-dose combination of abacavir/lamivudine (600/300 mg) or tenofovir/emtricitabine (245/200 mg) in HIV-1-infected patients.
Bickel, M; Bodtländer, A; Gute, P; Klauke, S; Knecht, GK; Kurowski, M; Lutz, T; Stephan, C; von Hentig, N, 2009)		0.35
" Its favorable profile in terms of high efficacy, low toxicity and once-daily dosing makes TDF one of the most attractive antiretroviral agents, and therefore, it is widely used."( Pharmacogenetics of tenofovir treatment.
Labarga, P; Rodriguez-Novoa, S; Soriano, V, 2009)		0.35
" No differences were noted in adverse events among dosing periods."( Steady-state amprenavir and tenofovir pharmacokinetics after coadministration of unboosted or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers.
Andrews, M; Condoluci, DV; Luber, AD; Olson, K; Pakes, GE; Pappa, KA; Peloquin, CA; Slowinski, PD, 2010)		0.36
" We investigated the relationship of NVP dosing with safety and efficacy."( Safety and efficacy of once-daily nevirapine dosing: a multicohort study.
Battegay, M; Calmy, A; de Wolf, F; Hirschel, B; Hogg, RS; Lange, JM; Lima, VD; Montaner, JS; Nguyen, A; Reiss, P; Vallier, N; Wit, FW; Yip, B, 2009)		0.35
" Daily drug dosage was 300 mg Tenofovir, 200mg Emtricitabine and 400 mg Nevirapine once daily."( Long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily nevirapine in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine in the treatment of HIV-infected patients: a 72-week prospective multicenter study (TENOR-trial).
Flux, K; Gholam, P; Hartmann, M; Hueter, E; Weberschock, T, 2009)		0.35
" We hypothesized that intermittent prophylactic treatment with long-acting antiviral drugs would be as effective as daily dosing in blocking the earliest stages of viral replication and preventing mucosal transmission."( Intermittent prophylaxis with oral truvada protects macaques from rectal SHIV infection.
Barr, JR; Cong, ME; Folks, TM; García-Lerma, JG; Hanson, DL; Heneine, W; Holder, A; Kuklenyik, Z; Lipscomb, J; Martin, A; Masciotra, S; Mitchell, J; Otten, R; Pau, CP; Paxton, L; Youngpairoj, AS; Zheng, Q, 2010)		0.36
" Following oral dosing (3mg/kg) in Beagle dogs, high levels (>9."( Discovery of GS-9131: Design, synthesis and optimization of amidate prodrugs of the novel nucleoside phosphonate HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor GS-9148.
Birkus, G; Boojamra, CG; Cihlar, T; Desai, MC; Douglas, JL; Gao, Y; Grant, D; Hui, HC; Laflamme, G; Lin, KY; Mackman, RL; Markevitch, DY; McDermott, M; Mishra, R; Pakdaman, R; Petrakovsky, OV; Ray, AS; Vela, JE; Zhang, L, 2010)		0.36
" Irrespective of the dosing strategy used, the rsIL-7gly administration transiently increased proliferation of both central memory and naive cells, in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) subsets, without increasing SIV levels in the blood."( Increased CD4+ T cell levels during IL-7 administration of antiretroviral therapy-treated simian immunodeficiency virus-positive macaques are not dependent on strong proliferative responses.
Assouline, B; Axthelm, MK; Legasse, A; Leone, A; Lifson, JD; Morre, M; Okoye, A; Piatak, M; Picker, LJ; Rohankhedkar, M; Sodora, DL; Villinger, F, 2010)		0.36
" Emergence of postbaseline resistance mutations occurred at similar low rates in each dosing group."( Short communication: Comparable safety and efficacy with once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets with emtricitabine + tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV type 1-infected subjects: 96 week final results of the randomized t
Bernstein, B; Cohen, D; da Silva, B; Fredrick, L; González-García, J; Johnson, M; Naylor, C; Sloan, L, 2010)		0.36
" Relative to ritonavir-boosted EVG, the geometric least-squares means ratios (GMR) [90% confidence interval (CI)] for EVG area under plasma concentration-time curve from time zero until the end of the dosing interval (AUC)tau, maximum concentration (Cmax), and trough concentration (Ctau) were 118 (110 to 126), 108 (100 to 116), and 110 (95."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of an integrase and novel pharmacoenhancer-containing single-tablet fixed-dose combination regimen for the treatment of HIV.
German, P; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Warren, D; West, S, 2010)		0.36
"Addition of darunavir/ritonavir to etravirine, all dosed once daily, did not have a clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of etravirine."( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults.
DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)		0.36
" Transport studies in a rat model have shown enhanced levels of total cidofovir species in the plasma after oral dosing with L-Val-L-Ser-OMe cHPMPC, 2a."( Serine side chain-linked peptidomimetic conjugates of cyclic HPMPC and HPMPA: synthesis and interaction with hPEPT1.
Kashemirov, BA; Krylov, IS; McKenna, CE; Peterson, LW; Sala-Rabanal, M; Serpi, M, 2010)		0.36
" Therefore, the results do not support daily ADV dosing using a liquid suspension over the current strategy of adjustment of the ADV dosing interval in patients with impaired renal function."( Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil liquid suspension in patients with chronic hepatitis B and renal impairment.
Frederick, D; Pol, S; Rostaing, L; Rousseau, F; Schiff, E; Shiffman, ML; Thabut, D; Zeuzem, S; Zong, J, 2011)		0.37
" This review identifies important cellular pharmacology considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine, which include drug penetration into relevant tissues and cell types, race/ethnicity/pharmacogenetics, gender, cellular activation state and appropriate episodic or alternative dosing strategies based on pharmacokinetic principles."( Pharmacological considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection.
Anderson, PL; Gardner, EM; Grant, RM; Kiser, JJ; Meditz, A; Rower, JE, 2011)		0.37
" Healthy volunteer studies have demonstrated a decrease in glucose disposal associated with dosing with specific antiretrovirals."( Effect of boosted fosamprenavir or lopinavir-based combinations on whole-body insulin sensitivity and lipids in treatment-naive HIV-type-1-positive men.
Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Jackson, AG; Mandalia, S; Moyle, GJ; Randell, PA; Taylor, J; Tjia, JF, 2010)		0.36
" IFN therapy requires dosage reduction and close monitoring in patients with a GFR <50 ml/min/1."( Does the antiviral therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis exert nephrotoxic effects?
Bob, F; Bozdog, G; Cioca, D; Curescu, M; Gadalean, F; Gluhovschi, C; Gluhovschi, G; Kaycsa, A; Petrica, L; Sporea, I; Velciov, S; Vernic, C, 2011)		0.37
" Dosing was separated by a wash-out period of 14 days."( Bioequivalence study of two oral tablet formulations containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers.
Feleder, EC; Halabe, EK; Yerino, GA; Zini, E, 2011)		0.37
" Decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate occurred within the first few weeks of dosing in participants receiving EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, remained within the normal range and did not progress at week 24 or 48; no participant experienced a clinical adverse event or discontinued study drug due to changes in serum creatinine or renal function."( Randomized, phase 2 evaluation of two single-tablet regimens elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the initial treatment of HIV infection.
Chuck, SL; Cohen, C; DeJesus, E; Elion, R; Kearney, BP; Liu, HC; Ramanathan, S; Rashbaum, B; Ruane, P; Shamblaw, D; Warren, DR; Yale, K, 2011)		0.37
" Nephrotoxicity is dose related and occurred at a daily dosage of >30 mg."( Acquired Fanconi syndrome associated with prolonged adefovir dipivoxil therapy in a chronic hepatitis B patient.
Ho, YY; Law, ST; Li, KK, )		0.13
" The drug has a 5-position amine that is variably acetylated to form a toxic metabolite in humans, increasing adverse effects and complicating the dosing of amonafide."( Methoxyethylamino-numonafide is an efficacious and minimally toxic amonafide derivative in murine models of human cancer.
Appella, DH; Chen, Z; Huang, S; Liu, Y; Lou, G; Norton, JT; Wang, C; Witschi, MA; Xu, Q, 2011)		0.37
" The better results of lowering serum uric acid and protecting against renal failure were at the dosage of Que between 10 and 20 mg/kg."( [Preventive and therapeutic effects of quercetin on hyperuricemia and renal injury in rats].
Fu, R; He, W; Yao, F; Zhang, R, 2011)		0.37
" For patients receiving HBIG and LAM, a lower frequency of HBV recurrence was associated with a high HBIG dosage (≥10,000 IU/day) versus a low HBIG dosage (<10,000 IU/day) during the first week after LT [3."( Hepatitis B immunoglobulin and/or nucleos(t)ide analogues for prophylaxis against hepatitis b virus recurrence after liver transplantation: a systematic review.
Akriviadis, E; Cholongitas, E; Goulis, J; Papatheodoridis, GV, 2011)		0.37
" The current monitoring modalities, together with dosage adjustments, treatment of patients with ADV-related kidney impairment and the therapeutic algorithm in place at the authors' Liver Center are also summarized."( Drug safety evaluation of adefovir in HBV infection.
Colombo, M; Lampertico, P; Viganò, M, 2011)		0.37
" Dosage of 200 mg might provide an option to patients showing suboptimal ATV exposure with standard unboosted dosing."( Pharmacokinetics of switching unboosted atazanavir coadministered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from 400 mg once daily to 200 mg twice daily in HIV-positive patients.
Baietto, L; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Gonzalez de Requena, D; Siccardi, M; Simiele, M; Tettoni, M; Trentini, L, 2011)		0.37
"Adefovir dipivoxil can be nephrotoxic at conventional dosage and therefore, patients treated with long-term ADV should have regular monitoring of renal function, and calcium and phosphate levels."( Nephrotoxicity, including acquired Fanconi's syndrome, caused by adefovir dipivoxil - is there a safe dose?
Ho, YY; Law, ST; Li, KK, 2012)		0.38
" Modification of the dosing interval or discontinuation of ADV was required in seven and three patients, respectively, and none of them showed a further decline in the eGFR."( Frequency and risk factors of renal impairment during long-term adefovir dipivoxil treatment in chronic hepatitis B patients.
Cho, HC; Choi, MS; Gwak, GY; Kim, YJ; Koh, KC; Lee, JH; Paik, SW; Sinn, DH; Yoo, BC, 2012)		0.38
" Dosing scheme, according BW and LPV/r coadministration were simulated to produce the same 24-hr exposure as adults after 300-mg TDF dose."( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients.
Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)		0.37
"Children without LPV/r should receive: 150 mg TDF from 20 to 30 kg, 225 mg TDF from 30 to 40 kg, and the adult dosage of 300 mg TDF over 40 kg."( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients.
Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)		0.37
" Low concentrations at birth support infant dosing as soon after birth as possible."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their infants.
Bardeguez, A; Cotter, A; Fiscus, SA; Flynn, PM; Heckman, B; Huang, S; Jean-Philippe, P; Kearney, B; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Purswani, M; Robbins, B; Rodman, J; Rooney, JF; Shapiro, DE; Thorpe, E; Van Rompay, KK; Watts, DH, 2011)		0.37
" The method was applied to the determination of adefovir in plasma from 12 subjects dosed with adefovir 2 x 10 mg tablets and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated."( Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of adefovir in plasma using UV detection: application to pharmacokinetic studies.
Foroutan, SM; Khoddam, A; Movahed, H; Shafaati, A; Zarghi, A, 2011)		0.37
" At all doses, concentrations at the dosing site were typically 1 to 2 log units higher than those in the opposite compartment and 4 to 5 log units higher than those in plasma."( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of tenofovir gel to rhesus macaques.
Allen, P; Kashuba, A; Nuttall, J; Roberts, J; Romano, J; Wang, R; White, N, 2012)		0.38
" Forty-seven were randomized to once (QD) or twice daily (BID) dosing for 2 weeks and to collection of genital tract samples at 4, 8 or 24 hrs after the final dose, but two discontinued prior to gel application."( A multi-compartment, single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic study of the vaginal candidate microbicide 1% tenofovir gel.
Brache, V; Creinin, MD; Kashuba, AD; Kearney, BP; Poindexter, A; Rountree, W; Schwartz, JL, 2011)		0.37
" Despite continued gel dosing postinfection, neither breakthrough infection had evidence of drug resistance by ultrasensitive testing of SHIV in plasma and vaginal lavage."( Durable protection from vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques by tenofovir gel and its relationship to drug levels in tissue.
Dobard, C; García-Lerma, JG; Hanson, DL; Heneine, W; Holder, A; Kuklenyik, Z; Lipscomb, J; Martin, A; Novembre, FJ; Pau, CP; Sharma, S; Smith, J, 2012)		0.38
"Atazanavir geometric mean (CV%) C(max), C(min) and AUC over the dosing interval were 2897 (46) ng/mL, 526 (57) ng/mL and 28 605 (46) ng · h/mL, respectively, and for lopinavir they were 10 655 (51) ng/mL, 5944 (68) ng/mL and 90 946 (59) ng · h/mL, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics and inhibitory quotient of atazanavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients who participated in the CASTLE Study.
Bertz, R; Child, M; Eley, T; Farajallah, A; Krystal, M; Liao, S; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Persson, A; Sevinsky, H; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2012)		0.38
" When dosed into the lung the compounds were rapidly metabolized and short-term exposure of the 'antedrug' was sufficient to activate the IFN pathway."( Biological characterization of a novel class of toll-like receptor 7 agonists designed to have reduced systemic activity.
Aoki, M; Benjamin, AD; Biffen, M; Doyle, I; Edwards, S; Eiho, K; Fraser, NJ; Hawkins, SL; Holness, E; Leishman, AJ; Matsui, H; McInally, T; Murray, CM; Satterthwaite, G; Takaku, H; Tomizawa, H; Wada, H, 2012)		0.38
" Dosing antiretroviral agents with kidney metabolism should be adjusted when eGFR is bellow 50 mL/min/1."( [Kidney and HIV infection].
Lescure, FX; Plaisier, E; Ronco, P, 2012)		0.38
" Dosing strategies (e."( Formulation, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical microbicides.
Adams, JL; Kashuba, AD, 2012)		0.38
" Although some trial results appear conflicting, behavioral factors, adherence to dosing and pharmacokinetic properties of the different tenofovir formulations and dosing approaches offer plausible explanations for most of the variations in effectiveness observed in different trials."( A drug evaluation of 1% tenofovir gel and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets for the prevention of HIV infection.
Abdool Karim, SS; Baxter, C; Gengiah, TN; Kharsany, AB; Mansoor, LE, 2012)		0.38
" Median TFV concentrations in iliac lymph nodes ranged from 44 ng/g to 196 ng/g; differences between iliac lymph node TFV concentrations following dosing of the two gels were insignificant."( Pharmacokinetics and topical vaginal effects of two tenofovir gels in rabbits.
Clark, MR; Friend, DR, 2012)		0.38
" Raltegravir must be dosed twice daily, as once daily raltegravir displays decreased virologic efficacy compared to twice daily dosing."( Role of raltegravir in HIV-1 management.
Bookstaver, PB; Bryant, JE; Millisor, VE; Rokas, KE; Shamroe, CL; Sutton, SS; Weissman, SB, 2012)		0.38
"Little is known about safety of and adherence to intermittent HIV PrEP regimens, which may be more feasible than daily dosing in some settings."( Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers.
Anzala, O; Bangsberg, D; Barin, B; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Mark, D; Mugo, P; Mutua, G; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Sanders, E, 2012)		0.38
"Adherence to intermittent dosing regimens, fixed doses, and in particular coitally-dependent doses, may be more difficult than adherence to daily dosing."( Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers.
Anzala, O; Bangsberg, D; Barin, B; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Mark, D; Mugo, P; Mutua, G; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Sanders, E, 2012)		0.38
" Adherence by type of ART and dosing frequency were compared by Brown-Mood median tests."( Impact of antiretroviral dosing frequency and pill burden on adherence among newly diagnosed, antiretroviral-naive HIV patients.
Buscher, A; Giordano, TP; Hartman, C; Kallen, MA, 2012)		0.38
" The use of SF and PK-PD disease models can be a valuable tool to predict dose-response of NMEs and support rational dose selection for monotherapy trials."( From in vitro EC₅₀ to in vivo dose-response for antiretrovirals using an HIV disease model. Part I: a framework.
Fang, J; Jadhav, PR, 2012)		0.38
" We developed a pharmacokinetic model for TDF and its active anabolite tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) and validated it with data from 4 different trials, including 4 distinct dosing regimes."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir and prophylactic efficacy against HIV-1 infection.
Duwal, S; Schütte, C; von Kleist, M, 2012)		0.38
" Dosing and time course experiments showed that 3-MA's ability to activate lipolysis was more sensitive than its inhibitory effect on autophagy."( The autophagic inhibitor 3-methyladenine potently stimulates PKA-dependent lipolysis in adipocytes.
Heckmann, BL; Liu, J; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2013)		0.67
" Many HIV-1-infected patients who are treatment-naive or treatment-experienced with susceptible virus will potentially have more options to reduce pill burden and optimize dosage schedules with one pill once-daily regimens."( Once-daily single-tablet regimens: a long and winding road to excellence in antiretroviral treatment.
Clotet, B; Llibre, JM, )		0.13
" Optimal PrEP agents and dosing regimens now need to be identified."( Considerations regarding antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis in MSM.
Grulich, AE; Poynten, IM; Zablotska, I, 2012)		0.38
"The Microbicide Trials Network 003 study, a large phase IIb trial, was unable to show that daily dosing with 1% tenofovir vaginal gel was effective for HIV prevention."( Current status of topical antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis.
Szpir, M; Van Damme, L, 2012)		0.38
" Phase II and III trials continue to explore different dosing strategies for topical products that contain one or more ARV agents."( Current status of topical antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis.
Szpir, M; Van Damme, L, 2012)		0.38
" Dosing was discontinued on day 30 and blood was collected on days 35, 45, and 60 during the washout period."( Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure.
Anderson, PL; Bushman, LR; Castillo-Mancilla, JR; Fernandez, C; Gardner, EM; Kiser, JJ; Langness, J; Meditz, A; Predhomme, J; Rower, JE; Zheng, JH, 2013)		0.39
" We conclude that rectal dosing with TFV 1% gel resulted in greater TFV-DP tissue detection than oral dosing with reduced ex vivo biopsy infectibility, enabling PK-PD correlations."( RMP-02/MTN-006: A phase 1 rectal safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of tenofovir 1% gel compared with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Anton, PA; Bumpus, NN; Carballo-Diéguez, A; Cranston, RD; Cumberland, WG; Dennis, R; Elliott, J; Hendrix, CW; Janocko, L; Ju, C; Kashuba, A; Khanukhova, E; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N, 2012)		0.38
" Vaginal dosing achieves measurable tenofovir concentrations in the rectum and vice versa."( The clinical pharmacology of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention.
Hendrix, CW, 2012)		0.38
" Directly observed dosing in a separate study, the STRAND trial, yielded TFV-DP concentrations that, when analyzed according to the iPrEx model, corresponded to an HIV-1 risk reduction of 76% for two doses per week, 96% for four doses per week, and 99% for seven doses per week."( Emtricitabine-tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men.
Anderson, PL; Bekker, LG; Buchbinder, S; Bushman, LR; Casapía, M; Chariyalertsak, S; Glidden, DV; Grant, RM; Guanira, JV; Kallás, EG; Lama, JR; Liu, A; Mayer, KH; McMahan, V; Montoya-Herrera, O; Schechter, M; Veloso, VG, 2012)		0.38
" This is the first vaginal dosage form to provide sustained delivery of milligram quantities of TFV for 90 days."( Quantitative evaluation of a hydrophilic matrix intravaginal ring for the sustained delivery of tenofovir.
Clark, JT; Clark, MR; Fabian, J; Friend, DR; Johnson, TJ; Kiser, PF; Nebeker, JS; Ponnapalli, S; Smith, EM; Tuitupou, AL, 2012)		0.38
"In this highly adherent population, the number of daily pills was related to self-reported health status but not to self-reported adherence, whereas the dosing interval did not influence self-reported adherence or health status."( Number of daily pills, dosing schedule, self-reported adherence and health status in 2010: a large cross-sectional study of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy.
Bocchiola, B; Cahua, T; Castagna, A; Danise, A; Galli, L; Gianotti, N; Lazzarin, A; Maillard, M; Panzini, P; Pazzi, A; Salpietro, S; Zandonà, D, 2013)		0.39
" The development of drug-CD complexes as solids allows for potential advantages in dosage form design, such as the preparation of layered formulations, and it also can yield improvements in chemical and physical stability."( 2D solid-state NMR analysis of inclusion in drug-cyclodextrin complexes.
Strohmeier, M; Vogt, FG, 2012)		0.38
"These data demonstrate that children and adolescents receiving standard TDF dosing of 300 mg once daily achieve higher intracellular TFV-DP concentrations than adults, despite lower plasma TFV concentrations."( Age-related differences in plasma and intracellular tenofovir concentrations in HIV-1-infected children, adolescents and adults.
Acosta, EP; Baheti, G; Fletcher, CV; King, JR, 2013)		0.39
" Use of exact dosing data halved unexplained variability in ATV clearance."( Effect of adherence as measured by MEMS, ritonavir boosting, and CYP3A5 genotype on atazanavir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients.
Barrail-Tran, A; Descamps, D; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Mentré, F; Nembot, G; Panhard, X; Savic, RM; Taburet, AM; Verstuyft, C; Vrijens, B, 2012)		0.38
" The results showed that four types of aqueous extracts significantly induced the formation of N7-MeG and N3-MeA in a linear dose-response manner."( Direct-acting DNA alkylating agents present in aqueous extracts of areca nut and its products.
Chao, MR; Hu, CW, 2012)		0.38
" Model-predicated area under the concentration-time curve during the dosing interval (AUC(τ)) and exposure ratios of CVF AUC(τ):BP AUC(τ) were calculated for each drug."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of efavirenz, atazanavir, lamivudine and tenofovir in the female genital tract of HIV-infected pre-menopausal women.
Cohen, MS; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Garonzik, SM; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RN; Nicol, MR; Patterson, KB, 2012)		0.38
"Acetaminophen is a safe antipyretic and analgesic drug within the clinically recommended dosage range, but overdose can cause fatal liver and or kidney damage."( Effect of acetaminophen on the progression of renal damage in adenine induced renal failure model rats.
Arimizu, K; Chuang, VT; Hirata, S; Irie, T; Ishitsuka, Y; Kadowaki, D; Kitamura, K; Maruyama, T; Narita, Y; Otagiri, M; Sumikawa, S; Taguchi, K, 2012)		0.62
" Through dose-response experiments, we established relative inhibitory potencies of NRTIs on in vitro telomerase activity as compared to the inhibitory potencies of the corresponding dideoxynucleotide triphosphates."( In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of human telomerase by anti-HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) but not by non-NRTIs.
Côté, HC; Hukezalie, KR; Thumati, NR; Wong, JM, 2012)		0.38
" Drug concentrations at two trough values of 12 and 24 h after dosing (C(12) and C(24)), area under the concentration-curve values (AUC), maximum drug concentration (C(max)), and the time at which this concentration occurred (T(max)) in plasma were estimated with noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods and compared to data from a subset of white subjects randomized to the RAL twice a day (plus TDF/FTC) arm of the QDMRK study, a phase III study of the safety and efficacy of once daily versus twice daily RAL in treatment naive patients."( Raltegravir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive patients is not influenced by race: results from the raltegravir early therapy in African-Americans living with HIV (REAL) study.
Blevins, S; Dumond, JB; Eron, JJ; Floris-Moore, M; Hudgens, MG; Kashuba, AD; Massengale, K; Pittard, D; Ragan, D; Richardson, A; Walsh, K; Wang, R; Wohl, DA, 2013)		0.39
"Phase 0 studies can provide initial pharmacokinetics (PKs) data in humans and help to facilitate early drug development, but their predictive value for standard dosing is controversial."( Biphasic elimination of tenofovir diphosphate and nonlinear pharmacokinetics of zidovudine triphosphate in a microdosing study.
Chen, J; Flexner, C; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Liberman, RG; Louissaint, NA; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR, 2012)		0.38
" A fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulation of lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of CHB may provide dosing convenience and improve adherence."( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil fixed-dose combination in healthy Chinese male volunteers.
Chan, JC; Chen, S; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Gardner, S; Piscitelli, S; Tomlinson, B, 2013)		0.39
" Blood samples were collected immediately before and after dosing for 48 hours for plasma drug concentration measurement."( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil fixed-dose combination in healthy Chinese male volunteers.
Chan, JC; Chen, S; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Gardner, S; Piscitelli, S; Tomlinson, B, 2013)		0.39
" Twice daily dosing of GSK2656157 results in dose-dependent inhibition of multiple human tumor xenografts growth in mice."( Characterization of a novel PERK kinase inhibitor with antitumor and antiangiogenic activity.
Alsaid, H; Atkins, C; Axten, JM; Choudhry, AE; Figueroa, DJ; Gaul, N; Goetz, A; Jucker, BM; Kumar, R; Liu, Q; Minthorn, E; Moss, K; Sanders, B; Stanley, TB; Zhang, SY, 2013)		0.39
" Serum concentrations after vaginal dosing were 56-fold lower than after oral dosing (p<0."( MTN-001: randomized pharmacokinetic cross-over study comparing tenofovir vaginal gel and oral tablets in vaginal tissue and other compartments.
Bumpus, NN; Chen, BA; Gandham, S; Gomez, K; Guddera, V; Hendrix, CW; Hoesley, C; Justman, J; Minnis, AM; Nakabiito, C; Patterson, K; Richardson, BA; Salata, R; Soto-Torres, L, 2013)		0.39
"Compared to oral dosing, vaginal dosing achieved much lower serum concentrations and much higher vaginal tissue concentrations."( MTN-001: randomized pharmacokinetic cross-over study comparing tenofovir vaginal gel and oral tablets in vaginal tissue and other compartments.
Bumpus, NN; Chen, BA; Gandham, S; Gomez, K; Guddera, V; Hendrix, CW; Hoesley, C; Justman, J; Minnis, AM; Nakabiito, C; Patterson, K; Richardson, BA; Salata, R; Soto-Torres, L, 2013)		0.39
" Blood plasma (for TFV, FTC, EFV, ATV and RTV concentrations) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs; for tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) concentrations] were collected at 11 time-points over a 24-hour dosing interval."( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study.
Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)		0.39
" The MEMS-defined adherence for correct dosing (-0."( Adherence profiles and therapeutic responses of treatment-naive HIV-infected patients starting boosted atazanavir-based therapy in the ANRS 134-COPHAR 3 trial.
Barrail-Tran, A; Descamps, D; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Mentré, F; Nembot, G; Panhard, X; Parienti, JJ; Taburet, AM; Vigan, M; Vrijens, B, 2013)		0.39
"HIV seroconversion outcomes in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trials of oral tenofovir (TFV)-containing regimens are highly sensitive to drug concentration, yet less-than-daily dosing regimens are under study."( Single dose pharmacokinetics of oral tenofovir in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, colonic tissue, and vaginal tissue.
Anderson, JR; Bakshi, R; Cao, YJ; Everts, S; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Liberman, RG; Louissaint, NA; Nimmagadda, S; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR, 2013)		0.39
"Possible designs for a PrEP phase 3 efficacy trial are obtained by considering scenarios for potential experimental PrEP and control regimens, including consideration of placebo and active controls, longer acting PrEP and alternate dosing schedules."( Study design considerations for evaluating efficacy of systemic preexposure prophylaxis interventions.
Chen, YQ; Donnell, D; Fleming, TR; Hughes, JP; Wang, L, 2013)		0.39
"73 log10 copies per milliliter, including a dose-response relationship for viral load decrease up to 25 mg."( Antiviral activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of tenofovir alafenamide as 10-day monotherapy in HIV-1-positive adults.
Berger, D; Bredeek, UF; Callebaut, C; DeJesus, E; Fordyce, MW; Markowitz, M; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Ruane, PJ; Yale, K; Zhong, L, 2013)		0.39
" This may translate into greater antiviral efficacy, a higher barrier to resistance, and an improved safety profile relative to TDF, supporting further investigation of TAF dosed once daily in HIV-infected patients."( Antiviral activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of tenofovir alafenamide as 10-day monotherapy in HIV-1-positive adults.
Berger, D; Bredeek, UF; Callebaut, C; DeJesus, E; Fordyce, MW; Markowitz, M; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Ruane, PJ; Yale, K; Zhong, L, 2013)		0.39
" However, additional research is necessary to identify the optimal dosing schedule, as well as patients most likely to benefit from BTK inhibition."( Ibrutinib and novel BTK inhibitors in clinical development.
Akinleye, A; Chen, Y; Liu, D; Mukhi, N; Song, Y, 2013)		0.39
" No clinically relevant interactions between daclatasvir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were observed for either drug, and no dosing adjustments were indicated."( Assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions of the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir with antiretroviral agents: ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, efavirenz and tenofovir.
Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Grasela, D; Hartstra, J; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Oosterhuis, B; Sevinsky, H; Tiessen, R; Velinova-Donga, M, 2013)		0.39
"The HIV Prevention Trials Network 057 protocol was a phase 1, open-label study of the pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in HIV-infected women during labor and their infants during the first week of life with 4 dosing cohorts: maternal 600 mg doses/no infant dosing; no maternal dosing/infant 4 mg/kg doses on days 0, 3, and 5; maternal 900 mg doses/infant 6 mg/kg doses on days 0, 3, and 5; maternal 600 mg doses/infant 6 mg/kg daily for 7 doses."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir in HIV-infected women during labor and their infants during the first week of life.
Emel, L; Eshleman, SH; Fowler, MG; George, K; Herron, C; Hudelson, SE; Joao, E; Kearney, B; Kreitchmann, R; Kumwenda, N; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, L; Nielsen-Saines, K; Parsons, T; Pinto, J; Richardson, P; Santos, B; Sato, P; Taha, T, 2014)		0.4
"A TDF dosing regimen of 600 mg during labor and daily infant doses of 6 mg/kg maintains infant tenofovir plasma concentration above 50 ng/mL throughout the first week of life and should be used in the studies of TDF efficacy for HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission and early infant treatment."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir in HIV-infected women during labor and their infants during the first week of life.
Emel, L; Eshleman, SH; Fowler, MG; George, K; Herron, C; Hudelson, SE; Joao, E; Kearney, B; Kreitchmann, R; Kumwenda, N; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, L; Nielsen-Saines, K; Parsons, T; Pinto, J; Richardson, P; Santos, B; Sato, P; Taha, T, 2014)		0.4
" Knowledge of concentrations of Tenofovir and its active form Tenofovir diphosphate, at putative sites of anti-HIV functioning, is central to understanding trial outcomes and design of products and dosage regimens."( Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir delivery by a vaginal gel.
Gao, Y; Katz, DF, 2013)		0.39
" Thus contrasts predicted by this model can inform design of gels and dosage regimens in clinical trials, and interpretation of PK data."( Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir delivery by a vaginal gel.
Gao, Y; Katz, DF, 2013)		0.39
" As a fixed-dose combination tablet given once daily, EFV/FTC/TDF was the first available STR combining efficacy, tolerability and convenience, with the simplest dosing schedule and smallest numbers of pills of any ART combination therapy."( Single-tablet regimens in HIV: does it really make a difference?
Aldir, I; Horta, A; Serrado, M, 2014)		0.4
" Intermittently dosed vaginal gels containing the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir protected pigtailed macaques depending on the timing of viral challenge relative to gel application."( Intravaginal ring eluting tenofovir disoproxil fumarate completely protects macaques from multiple vaginal simian-HIV challenges.
Dinh, CT; Hendry, RM; Herold, BC; Kiser, PF; Martin, A; McNicholl, JM; Mesquita, PM; Nagaraja, U; Rastogi, R; Smith, JM; Srinivasan, P; Teller, RS, 2013)		0.39
" Once-daily dosing without requirement for a pharmacokinetic booster makes dolutegravir-based therapy an attractive treatment option for HIV-1-infected treatment-naive patients."( Once-daily dolutegravir versus twice-daily raltegravir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (SPRING-2 study): 96 week results from a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial.
Albrecht, H; Almond, S; Baril, JG; Belonosova, E; Brennan, C; Domingo, P; Gatell, JM; Jaeger, H; Min, S; Quiros-Roldan, E; Raffi, F, 2013)		0.39
" Median MEMS adherence rates were 98% (IQR: 93-100) for daily PrEP regimen, 91% (IQR: 73-97) for fixed intermittent dosing and 45% (IQR: 20-63) for post-coital dosing."( Safety, adherence and acceptability of intermittent tenofovir/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among HIV-uninfected Ugandan volunteers living in HIV-serodiscordant relationships: a randomized, clinical trial.
Bahemuka, U; Bangsberg, DR; Barin, B; Bwanika, AN; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Kamali, A; Katende, D; Kibengo, FM; Mark, D; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Ruzagira, E, 2013)		0.39
"Both daily and intermittent oral PrEP dosing regimens were safe."( Safety, adherence and acceptability of intermittent tenofovir/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among HIV-uninfected Ugandan volunteers living in HIV-serodiscordant relationships: a randomized, clinical trial.
Bahemuka, U; Bangsberg, DR; Barin, B; Bwanika, AN; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Kamali, A; Katende, D; Kibengo, FM; Mark, D; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Ruzagira, E, 2013)		0.39
"The MTD was 700 mg twice weekly when BIIB021 was dosed for 3 weeks out of each 4-week course."( A phase 1, dose-escalation, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of BIIB021 administered orally in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Banerji, U; Castro, J; Lamanna, N; Mita, M; O'Brien, S; Saif, MW; Stogard, C; Takimoto, C; Von Hoff, D, 2014)		0.4
" The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratio for rilpivirine, emtricitabine, tenofovir exposure was estimated for fed versus fasted dosing and light versus standard meal, with equivalence boundaries of 80 - 125%."( Effect of food on rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, an antiretroviral single-tablet regimen for the treatment of HIV infection.
Cheng, A; Custodio, JM; Hepner, M; Kearney, BP; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Yin, X, 2014)		0.4
"At weeks 12 and 24, all 49 dosed subjects remained suppressed on RPV/FTC/TDF."( Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens.
Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SK; Cohen, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, AM; Ramanathan, S; Wang, MH; White, K; Williams, S; Yale, KL, )		0.13
"The objectives of this analysis were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model (PPK) for tenofovir without using potentially unreliable patient reported dosing records and to retrace patient dosing history using pharmacokinetic simulations conditioned on protocol design constraints to assess patient adherence."( Estimation of tenofovir's population pharmacokinetic parameters without reliable dosing histories and application to tracing dosing history using simulation strategies.
Chaturvedula, A; Fossler, MJ; Hendrix, CW, 2014)		0.4
" A multiple dosing regimen may significantly increase the body clearance and volume distribution of the peripheral compartment compared to a single dosing regimen."( Population pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers.
He, Y; Huang, J; Huang, X; Li, L; Li, Y; Lv, Y; Wang, K; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Q, 2014)		0.4
"NAs are cleared by kidneys and their dosage should be adjusted in patients with creatinine clearance <50 mL/min."( Review article: nucleos(t)ide analogues in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and chronic kidney disease.
Cholongitas, E; Papatheodoridis, G; Pipili, C, 2014)		0.4
" Geometric-mean-ratios compared levels between each pair of dosing conditions."( Strong relationship between oral dose and tenofovir hair levels in a randomized trial: hair as a potential adherence measure for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
Anderson, PL; Bacchetti, P; Buchbinder, SP; Gandhi, M; Goggin, K; Grant, R; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Jin, C; Liu, AY; Stojanovski, K; Yang, Q, 2014)		0.4
"This study found a strong linear relationship between frequency of dosing and tenofovir levels in scalp hair."( Strong relationship between oral dose and tenofovir hair levels in a randomized trial: hair as a potential adherence measure for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
Anderson, PL; Bacchetti, P; Buchbinder, SP; Gandhi, M; Goggin, K; Grant, R; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Jin, C; Liu, AY; Stojanovski, K; Yang, Q, 2014)		0.4
" Antiviral treatments were withdrawn in patients who met all of the following 7 criteria: (i) no clinical and histologic evidence of cirrhosis, (ii) normal liver biochemistry, (iii) negative for both HBV DNA and hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg), (iv) no resistance to antiviral agent, (v) antiviral therapy > 9 months, (vi) maintenance dosage of immunosuppressant for > 3 months, and (vii) no history of acute rejection during recent 6 months."( Successful withdrawal of antiviral treatment in kidney transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis B viral infection.
Cho, JH; Choi, JY; Huh, S; Kang, YJ; Kim, CD; Kim, HK; Kim, JS; Kim, YL; Kwon, O; Lim, JH; Park, GY; Park, SH, 2014)		0.4
"Despite improvements in access to antiretroviral therapy and the use of simplified dosing regimens, HIV infection is still an important global public health problem."( An overview of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection.
McGowan, I, 2014)		0.4
" Adherence support for the before-and-after dosing strategy (BAT 24) was provided at enrolment and at each monthly study visit."( Adherence in the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel microbicide trial.
Abdool Karim, Q; Abdool Karim, SS; Baxter, C; Grobler, A; MacQueen, KM; Madlala, BT; Mansoor, LE; Yende-Zuma, N, 2014)		0.4
" A dosage form containing DPV must be able to deliver the drug to the tissue site of action."( Increased Dapivirine tissue accumulation through vaginal film codelivery of dapivirine and Tenofovir.
Akil, A; Cost, M; Devlin, B; Rohan, LC, 2014)		0.4
"Pill burden, dosing frequency, and concerns about safety and tolerability are important obstacles to maintaining adequate medication adherence."( Switching from twice-daily raltegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine to once-daily elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed, HIV-1-infected subjects: 48 weeks data.
Brinson, C; Cao, H; Cheng, A; Crofoot, G; Ebrahimi, R; Garner, W; Kulkarni, R; Mills, A; Ortiz, R; Rashbaum, B; Szwarcberg, J; Towner, W; Ward, D, )		0.13
"Plasma concentrations of tenofovir consistent with daily dosing were highly predictive of protection from HIV acquisition."( HIV protective efficacy and correlates of tenofovir blood concentrations in a clinical trial of PrEP for HIV prevention.
Baeten, JM; Bangsberg, DR; Brantley, J; Bumpus, NN; Celum, C; Donnell, D; Haberer, JE; Hendrix, C; Mugo, N; Mujugira, A; Ndase, P, 2014)		0.4
" A control group (n=34) received no drug, a second group (n=6) received oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine 3 days before each virus challenge and a third group (n=6) received the same dosing plus another dose 2 h after virus challenge."( Tenofovir diphosphate concentrations and prophylactic effect in a macaque model of rectal simian HIV transmission.
Anderson, PL; Bushman, LR; García-Lerma, JG; Glidden, DV; Heneine, W, 2014)		0.4
"Patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy might benefit from regimen simplification to reduce pill burden and dosing frequency."( Simplification to coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus continuation of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor with emtricitabine and tenofovir in adults with virologically suppressed HIV (STRATEGY-PI): 48 week results o
Arribas, JR; Di Perri, G; Ebrahimi, R; Gathe, J; Nguyen, T; Pialoux, G; Piontkowsky, D; Reynes, J; Tebas, P; White, K, 2014)		0.4
" The granule form carries a risk of dosing errors and has a particularly strong, unpleasant taste."( Tenofovir in HIV-infected children. Antiretroviral efficacy, but beware of adverse effects on bone and the kidneys.
, 2014)		0.4
" Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) liquid suspension (GS-02-526), as a new form of oral ADV, not only has competent antiviral efficacy, but is also more convenient for patients with swallowing difficulties or patients with impaired renal function requiring dosage adjustment."( Liquid oral suspension adefovir dipivoxil (GS-02-526): an update on treatments for hepatitis B infection.
Chen, EQ; Shi, Y; Tang, H; Wu, DB, 2014)		0.4
"Atazanavir/ritonavir 200/100 mg dosing provided adequate ATV AUC 0-24 when used with TDF in HIV-infected Thai children weighing between 25 and 50 kg."( Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir among HIV-infected Thai children concomitantly taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Ananworanich, J; Bunupuradah, T; Keadpudsa, S; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sahakijpicharn, T; Srimuan, A; Techasaensiri, C; Thammajaruk, N, 2014)		0.4
"In total, 128 patients with a decompensated state and lamivudine-resistant HBV were treated with ADV at a dosage of 10 mg/day for a median of 33 months in this multicenter cohort study."( Rescue therapy with adefovir in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus.
Cho, M; Choi, JY; Han, KH; Hwang, JS; Kim, BI; Kim, DJ; Lee, CK; Lee, HJ; Paik, SW; Suh, DJ; Um, SH; Woo, HY; Yoon, SK, 2014)		0.4
" We report here the sequential modification of UNC1062 to address DMPK properties and yield a new potent and highly orally bioavailable Mer inhibitor, 11, capable of inhibiting Mer phosphorylation in vivo, following oral dosing as demonstrated by pharmaco-dynamic (PD) studies examining phospho-Mer in leukemic blasts from mouse bone marrow."( UNC2025, a potent and orally bioavailable MER/FLT3 dual inhibitor.
Cummings, CT; DeRyckere, D; Earp, HS; Frye, SV; Glaros, TG; Graham, DK; Hunter, D; Janzen, WP; Kireev, D; Lee, M; Liu, J; Minson, KA; Newton, DL; Sather, S; Stashko, MA; Wang, X; Zhang, D; Zhang, W, 2014)		0.4
"Polymeric films can be used as a stable dosage form for the delivery of antiretroviral combinations as microbicides."( Formulation and characterization of polymeric films containing combinations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV prevention.
Agashe, H; Akil, A; Devlin, B; Dezzutti, CS; Hillier, SL; Moncla, BJ; Rohan, LC; Shi, Y; Uranker, K, 2015)		0.42
" Significant improvement in survival was observed after treatment with BCX4430 at 4 mg/kg of body weight per day dosed intraperitoneally (i."( BCX4430, a novel nucleoside analog, effectively treats yellow fever in a Hamster model.
Babu, YS; Bantia, S; Julander, JG; Kotian, P; Minning, DM; Morrey, JD; Sheridan, WP; Smee, DF; Taubenheim, BR, 2014)		0.4
"Electrospun fibers containing antiretroviral drugs have recently been investigated as a new dosage form for topical microbicides against HIV-1."( Manufacturing scale-up of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers containing tenofovir for vaginal drug delivery.
Krogstad, EA; Woodrow, KA, 2014)		0.4
"The difference in binding affinity of tenofovir (more than two orders of magnitude in terms of local concentration), a 30x higher dosage of the (R)-tenofovir enantiomer as compared to conformational isomeric or rotameric adefovir, and the constrained mutational space due to gene overlap in HBV may explain the absence of resistance mutations after 6 years of tenofovir monotherapy."( Differential binding of tenofovir and adefovir to reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B virus.
Berkhout, B; van Hemert, FJ; Zaaijer, HL, 2014)		0.4
" A dosing regimen according to body-weight-band has been established for pediatric use."( Review of tenofovir use in HIV-infected children.
Aurpibul, L; Puthanakit, T, 2015)		0.42
" Analysis of anti-CD20 mediated activation of natural killer cells isolated from patients on continued oral ibrutinib treatment suggested that repeated drug dosing inhibits these cells in vivo."( Ibrutinib interferes with the cell-mediated anti-tumor activities of therapeutic CD20 antibodies: implications for combination therapy.
Beurskens, FJ; Breij, EC; Da Roit, F; Engelberts, PJ; Golay, J; Gritti, G; Introna, M; Parren, PW; Rambaldi, A; Taylor, RP, 2015)		0.42
" Blood, colonic biopsies and rectal and vaginal mucosal fluids were collected after the single oral TDF, the single topical TFV gel dose, and after 7 days of topical TFV gel dosing for extracellular analysis of TFV and intracellular analysis of the active metabolite tenofovir diphosphate (TFVdp) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and isolated mucosal mononuclear cells (MMC), including CD4+ and CD4- cell subsets."( A multi-compartment single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic comparison of rectally applied tenofovir 1% gel and oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Anton, PA; Bumpus, N; Cranston, R; Elliott, J; Hendrix, C; Kashuba, AD; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N; Tanner, K; Yang, KH, 2014)		0.4
" As these anti-HIV lipid nanoparticles also prolonged plasma drug exposure, they hold promise as a long-acting dosage form for HIV patients in addressing residual virus in cells and tissue."( Anti-HIV drug-combination nanoparticles enhance plasma drug exposure duration as well as triple-drug combination levels in cells within lymph nodes and blood in primates.
Freeling, JP; Ho, RJ; Koehn, J; Shu, C; Sun, J, 2015)		0.42
" In a recently published phase 3 trial (RESONATE) that compared ibrutinib and ofatumumab for the treatment of relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma, ibrutinib at the daily dosage of 420 mg demonstrated a significantly higher overall response rate (43% in ibrutinib vs."( A review of a novel, Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, ibrutinib.
Kim, SS; Lee, CS; Rattu, MA, 2016)		0.43
" These results provide a framework for future early investigations of antiretroviral efficacy in HIV prevention to optimize dosing strategies in clinical investigations."( Models for predicting effective HIV chemoprevention in women.
Cohen, MS; Emerson, CW; Fedoriw, Y; Geller, EJ; Kashuba, AD; Nelson, JA; Nicol, MR; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C, 2015)		0.42
"This case indicates that Fanconi's syndrome with osteomalacia can be acquired by a chronic hepatitis B patient taking ADV at a conventional dosage of 10 mg/day."( Osteomalacia and Fanconi's syndrome caused by long-term low-dose adefovir dipivoxil.
Chen, YS; Sun, FR; Wang, BF; Wang, BY; Wang, Y; Zhang, D, 2015)		0.42
"Ibrutinib administered in fasted condition reduces exposure to approximately 60 % as compared with dosing in proximity to food-intake, regardless of timing/type of meal."( The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of oral ibrutinib in healthy participants and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Byrd, JC; Chauhan, V; de Jong, J; Hellemans, P; James, D; Jiao, J; Loury, DJ; Mannaert, E; Murphy, J; O'Brien, S; Skee, D; Sukbuntherng, J, 2015)		0.42
" For each drug, its loaded concentration, gel properties and applied volume, and frequency of dosing can be designed to optimize PK and, thence, PD."( Vaginal deployment and tenofovir delivery by microbicide gels.
Chuchuen, O; Gao, Y; Ham, A; Katz, DF; Yang, KH; Yuan, A, 2015)		0.42
" Adherence to the dosing regimen has emerged as a critical factor determining efficacy outcomes of clinical trials."( Pharmacokinetics of long-acting tenofovir alafenamide (GS-7340) subdermal implant for HIV prophylaxis.
Baum, MM; Beliveau, M; Fanter, R; Gunawardana, M; Hendrix, CW; Marzinke, MA; Miller, CS; Moss, JA; Remedios-Chan, M; Smith, TJ; Yang, F, 2015)		0.42
" In a preclinical model of renal cell cancer, systemic administration of DSR-6434 dosed once weekly resulted in a significant anti-tumor response."( TLR7 tolerance is independent of the type I IFN pathway and leads to loss of anti-tumor efficacy in mice.
Dovedi, SJ; Harada, H; Hirose, Y; Jewsbury, PJ; Koga-Yamakawa, E; Li, CJ; Murata, M; Ota, Y; Robinson, DT; Sugaru, E; Umehara, H; Wilkinson, RW; Yamamoto, S, 2015)		0.42
"The CAPRISA 004 trial showed that coitally dosed tenofovir 1% gel reduced HIV acquisition by 39% overall and 54% when used consistently."( Genital Tenofovir Concentrations Correlate With Protection Against HIV Infection in the CAPRISA 004 Trial: Importance of Adherence for Microbicide Effectiveness.
Abdool Karim, SS; Gengiah, TN; Karim, QA; Kashuba, AD; Werner, L; White, NR; Yang, KH, 2015)		0.42
" Finally, the in vivo mice bearing a SiHa xenograft, LicA dosed at 10 or 20 mg/kg significantly inhibited tumor growth."( Licochalcone A induces autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR inactivation and autophagy suppression enhances Licochalcone A-induced apoptosis of human cervical cancer cells.
Hsieh, YH; Hsueh, JT; Lee, CH; Lin, CL; Tsai, JP; Ying, TH, 2015)		0.42
" Both CQ and 3-MA were synergistic with VCR to inhibit the growth of retinoblastoma cells and the combinational use significantly reduced the dosage of each drug."( Low concentrations of chloroquine and 3-methyladenine suppress the viability of retinoblastoma cells synergistically with vincristine independent of autophagy inhibition.
Chen, X; Chen, YH; Jiang, PF; Li, LJ; Li, W; Shen, HQ; Zheng, XY, 2015)		0.68
" Cohort 1 (n = 3) consisted of two phases, a single-dose (140 and 280 mg) phase and a multiple-dose (420 mg) phase of ibrutinib; cohort 2 (n = 6) included multiple doses of ibrutinib 560 mg; and cohort 3 (n = 6) included only patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) dosed at ibrutinib 420 mg."( Safety and tolerability of ibrutinib monotherapy in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory B cell malignancies.
Aoki, T; Ishizawa, K; Morishita, T; Munakata, W; Ogura, M; Suzuki, T; Takahara, S; Tobinai, K; Uchida, T; Ushijima, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Target engagement was confirmed in humans following single intranasal doses of 32 of ≥20 ng, and reproducible pharmacological response was demonstrated following repeat intranasal dosing at weekly intervals."( Discovery of 6-Amino-2-{[(1S)-1-methylbutyl]oxy}-9-[5-(1-piperidinyl)pentyl]-7,9-dihydro-8H-purin-8-one (GSK2245035), a Highly Potent and Selective Intranasal Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist for the Treatment of Asthma.
Ahmed, M; Ball, DI; Biggadike, K; Coe, DM; Dalmas Wilk, DA; Edwards, CD; Gibbon, BH; Hardy, CJ; Hermitage, SA; Hessey, JO; Hillegas, AE; Hughes, SC; Lazarides, L; Lewell, XQ; Lucas, A; Mallett, DN; Price, MA; Priest, FM; Quint, DJ; Shah, P; Sitaram, A; Smith, SA; Stocker, R; Trivedi, NA; Tsitoura, DC; Weller, V, 2016)		0.43
"Multidrug resistance protein 4 is a critical protein associated with the antiviral efficacy of NAs, and combination therapy of NA and MRP inhibitors could reduce the dosage for long-term NA use."( Multidrug resistance protein 4 is a critical protein associated with the antiviral efficacy of nucleos(t)ide analogues.
Chen, Q; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Lu, M; Song, H; Wang, B; Xu, C; Xu, D; Yang, D; Zhang, W; Zheng, X, 2016)		0.43
" Chronic dosing may exacerbate the emergence of drug resistance, with resistant mutations already observed in ibrutinib-treated patients."( Investigational Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Norman, P, 2016)		0.43
" Monitoring of renal function showed no case of the Fanconi syndrome, no significant alterations of median serum creatinine, eGFR and phosphate levels, although a reduction of TDF dosage was required in five patients (8."( Long-term efficacy and safety of switching from lamivudine+adefovir to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed patients.
Angarano, G; Fasano, M; Fiore, JR; Leone, A; Maggi, P; Santantonio, TA; Volpe, A, 2017)		0.46
" When dosed once-daily, TAF results in approximately 90% lower levels of plasma TFV and a 4-fold increase in intracellular TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in PBMCs compared with the TFV prodrug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)."( Viability of primary osteoblasts after treatment with tenofovir alafenamide: Lack of cytotoxicity at clinically relevant drug concentrations.
Babusis, D; Callebaut, C; Kitrinos, K; Liu, Y; Miller, M; Ray, A, 2017)		0.46
"After tenofovir alafenamide dosing in vivo , tenofovir-dp was unquantifiable in most tissues (91%) although cervical and vaginal epithelial cells efficiently formed tenofovir-dp from tenofovir alafenamide in vitro ."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide and its active metabolite in the mucosal tissues.
Cottrell, ML; Emerson, CW; Garrett, KL; Gay, C; Kashuba, ADM; McCallister, S; Peery, A; Prince, HMA; Rooney, JF; Schauer, A; Sykes, C, 2017)		0.46
" After a genetic diagnosis, febuxostat treatment was started on postoperative day 7, with the dosage gradually increased to 80 mg/day until complete the disappearance of 2,8-DHA crystals."( Febuxostat for the Prevention of Recurrent 2,8-dihydroxyadenine Nephropathy due to Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency Following Kidney Transplantation.
Kimura, T; Kurosawa, A; Nanmoku, K; Shimizu, T; Shinzato, T; Yagisawa, T, 2017)		0.7
" Indeed, achieving the desired therapeutic outcome in the absence of an effective means of targeted delivery must rely on dosage escalation, which frequently causes severe toxicity."( Overcoming the Hydrolytic Lability of a Reaction Intermediate in Production of Protein/Drug Conjugates: Conjugation of an Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate to a Model Carrier Protein.
Kaltashov, IA; Xu, S, 2017)		0.46
" When CCP dosage reached 200mg/kg/day, the area of renal pathological damage was decreased by 59."( Renoprotective effect of Chinese chive polysaccharides in adenine-induced chronic renal failure.
Chena, HR; Li, QM; Lu, CQ; Luo, JP; Pan, LH; Zha, XQ, 2018)		0.73
" We conducted a prospective, randomized, crossover pharmacokinetic study of TFV-DP in DBS during 33%, 67%, or 100% of daily dosing under directly observed therapy (DOT)."( Intracellular Tenofovir-Diphosphate and Emtricitabine-Triphosphate in Dried Blood Spots following Directly Observed Therapy.
Anderson, PL; Buchbinder, S; Bushman, LR; Campbell, K; Castillo-Mancilla, JR; Gardner, EM; Ibrahim, M; Kiser, JJ; Liu, AY; MaWhinney, S; McHugh, C; Morrow, M; Seifert, SM; Wagner, T, 2018)		0.48
" Secondary outcomes included DBS TFV-DP concentrations of >1246 fmol/punch (ie, near-perfect adherence) and plasma FTC >350 ng/mL (consistent with dosing within the past 24 hours)."( Randomized Controlled Trial of Daily Text Messages to Support Adherence to Preexposure Prophylaxis in Individuals at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The TAPIR Study.
Anderson, P; Best, BM; Blumenthal, J; Collins, D; Corado, K; Daar, ES; Dubé, MP; Ellorin, E; Haubrich, R; Jain, S; Milam, J; Moore, DJ; Morris, SR; Sun, X; Young, J, 2018)		0.48
" At week 12, iTAB was superior to SoC for dosing in past 24 hours by plasma FTC (47."( Randomized Controlled Trial of Daily Text Messages to Support Adherence to Preexposure Prophylaxis in Individuals at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The TAPIR Study.
Anderson, P; Best, BM; Blumenthal, J; Collins, D; Corado, K; Daar, ES; Dubé, MP; Ellorin, E; Haubrich, R; Jain, S; Milam, J; Moore, DJ; Morris, SR; Sun, X; Young, J, 2018)		0.48
" Patients with rapidly progressing disease received an accelerated dosing schedule (to 400 mg per day by week 3)."( Venetoclax for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia progressing after ibrutinib: an interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial.
Barr, PM; Byrd, JC; Cheson, BD; Choi, M; Chyla, B; Coutre, S; Davids, MS; Furman, RR; Humerickhouse, RA; Jones, JA; Lamanna, N; Mato, AR; Potluri, J; Salem, AH; Verdugo, M; Wierda, WG; Woyach, J; Zhou, L, 2018)		0.48
" Effective rabies antivirals for therapeutic use need to be molecules that can be dosed into the cerebrospinal fluid and that rapidly and potently block ongoing virus replication and as such stop the further spread of the virus."( The path towards effective antivirals against rabies.
Jochmans, D; Neyts, J, 2019)		0.51
" Areas covered: The favourable pharmacological profile of TAF allows a marked reduction in dosage (25 mg/day) thus reducing systemic exposure to tenofovir and improving the bone and renal safety, keeping however the same virological efficacy, compared to TDF 300 mg/day."( Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) treatment of HBV, what are the unanswered questions?
Grossi, G; Lampertico, P; Loglio, A; Viganò, M, 2018)		0.48
" These results have demonstrated that oral dosing with adenine at 50 mg/kg for 28 days is suitable to induce a stable anemia associated with CKD in mice."( A novel approach to adenine-induced chronic kidney disease associated anemia in rodents.
Hitomi, H; Kitada, K; Nakano, D; Nishiyama, A; Rahman, A; Sufiun, A; Yamazaki, D, 2018)		1.05
" There was no inducibility difference after chronic dosing with washout."( Increased Susceptibility for Atrial and Ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmias in Mice Treated With a Single High Dose of Ibrutinib.
Jones, DL; Tuomi, JM; Xenocostas, A, 2018)		0.48
" The additive and synergistic inhibition of this combination additionally supports a therapeutic strategy involving lower dosing of each drug to reduce potential side effects."( Additive and synergistic inhibition of mantle cell lymphoma cell growth by combining olaparib with ibrutinib.
Curtis, A; Rajan, S; Rueter, J; Shopland, L; Zhang, R, 2018)		0.48
" This model represents a methodical alternative to long-term dietary dosing of adenine."( Short-term oral gavage administration of adenine induces a model of fibrotic kidney disease in rats.
Donnelly-Roberts, DL; Doyle, KJ; Gopalakrishnan, MM; McGaraughty, S; Namovic, MT; Nikkel, AL; Olsen, L; Salte, K; Su, Z; Widomski, D; Zhu, CZ, )		0.62
" To study a possible direct effect of metformin on the development of vascular calcification, independent of its effect on renal function, metformin (200 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was dosed for ten weeks to rats with warfarin-induced vascular calcification."( Metformin prevents the development of severe chronic kidney disease and its associated mineral and bone disorder.
Brand, K; D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; De Maré, A; Gottwald-Hostalek, U; Kamel, S; Lalau, JD; Neven, E; Opdebeeck, B; Verhulst, A; Vervaet, B, 2018)		0.48
" phase I/II trials have been conducted to evaluate the dosing schedules and activity of this agent."( BIIB021, an Hsp90 inhibitor: A promising therapeutic strategy for blood malignancies (Review).
He, W; Hu, H, 2018)		0.48
"MTN-014 was a phase 1, cross-over, randomized sequence trial comparing the cross-compartment pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of daily TFV reduced-glycerin 1% gel after 14 days each of rectal and vaginal application, with directly observed dosing and a 6-week washout period between phases."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tenofovir Reduced-Glycerin 1% Gel in the Rectal and Vaginal Compartments in Women: A Cross-Compartmental Study With Directly Observed Dosing.
Balar, B; Dai, JY; Dezzutti, CS; Galaska, B; Hendrix, CW; Justman, JE; Kunjara Na Ayudhya, RP; Levy, L; Marzinke, MA; McGowan, I; Mushamiri, I; Nair, GL; Pan, Z; Piper, JM; Schwartz, JL, 2018)		0.48
" TFV and TFV diphosphate (TFV-DP) were detected in most samples collected from the dosing compartment."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tenofovir Reduced-Glycerin 1% Gel in the Rectal and Vaginal Compartments in Women: A Cross-Compartmental Study With Directly Observed Dosing.
Balar, B; Dai, JY; Dezzutti, CS; Galaska, B; Hendrix, CW; Justman, JE; Kunjara Na Ayudhya, RP; Levy, L; Marzinke, MA; McGowan, I; Mushamiri, I; Nair, GL; Pan, Z; Piper, JM; Schwartz, JL, 2018)		0.48
" Although high TFV concentrations in the dosing compartment may be protective, low cross-compartment tissue concentrations are not likely to be protective."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tenofovir Reduced-Glycerin 1% Gel in the Rectal and Vaginal Compartments in Women: A Cross-Compartmental Study With Directly Observed Dosing.
Balar, B; Dai, JY; Dezzutti, CS; Galaska, B; Hendrix, CW; Justman, JE; Kunjara Na Ayudhya, RP; Levy, L; Marzinke, MA; McGowan, I; Mushamiri, I; Nair, GL; Pan, Z; Piper, JM; Schwartz, JL, 2018)		0.48
" Using a murine model, we compared the plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of TFV and various TFV prodrugs, including tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), and hexadecyloxypropyl tenofovir (CMX157), after dosing as enema formulations with varying osmolality and ion content."( Development of rectal enema as microbicide (DREAM): Preclinical progressive selection of a tenofovir prodrug enema.
Bensouda, S; Cone, RA; Date, AA; Ensign, LM; Fuchs, EJ; Gumber, S; Hanes, J; Hendrix, C; Hoang, T; Marzinke, M; Ortiz, JO; Rohan, L; Villinger, F; Xiao, P; Young, TW, 2019)		0.51
"This was an open-label, multicenter, phase-1 study to evaluate the drug interaction between steady-state ibrutinib and moderate (erythromycin) and strong (voriconazole) CYP3A inhibitors in patients with B-cell malignancies and to confirm dosing recommendations."( A drug-drug interaction study of ibrutinib with moderate/strong CYP3A inhibitors in patients with B-cell malignancies.
Chauhan, V; Córdoba, R; de Jong, J; De Wilde, S; de Zwart, L; Hellemans, P; Jiao, J; Manikhas, G; Masterson, T; Myasnikov, A; Osmanov, D; Ouellet, D; Panizo, C; Patricia, D; Snoeys, J; Sukbuntherng, J, 2018)		0.48
"The goal of this work was to evaluate dosing strategies for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), and emtricitabine (FTC) for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with injection drug use with a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics analysis of concentration data generated from two single-dose clinical studies conducted in healthy women."( A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model to Predict Effective HIV Prophylaxis Dosing Strategies for People Who Inject Drugs.
Chen, J; Cottrell, ML; Dumond, JB; Garrett, KL; Maas, BM; Prince, HA; Schauer, AP; Sykes, C; White, N, 2018)		0.48
" These findings suggest deterioration of the humoral immune system is associated with progressive CLL and altering the dosing of IgRT to achieve higher than conventional IgG target levels may have therapeutic activity."( Association of blood IgG with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Huang, J; Lazarus, A; Norris, P; Shi, Y; Spaner, DE; Venema, R; Wang, G, 2018)		0.48
" To test this postulate, a pilot study (NCT02801578) was designed to systematically reduce ibrutinib dosing within the same patient with CLL over the course of three 28-day cycles."( A pilot study of lower doses of ibrutinib in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Bose, P; Chen, LS; Cruz, ND; Feng, S; Gandhi, V; Huang, X; Jain, N; Jiang, Y; Keating, MJ; Kroll, MH; Qiao, W; Thompson, PA; Wierda, WG; Wu, Q, 2018)		0.48
" IM SMC concentrations were low relative to PBMC, as were EN concentrations, suggesting differences in cell phenotype and lineage in the MGT; these differences in phenotype and pharmacology may have an impact on selecting and dosing ARVs used in cure strategies."( Differential extracellular, but similar intracellular, disposition of two tenofovir formulations in the male genital tract.
Blake, KH; Chen, J; Cohen, MS; Dumond, JB; Gay, CL; Greene, SA; Kashuba, ADM; Maas, BM; Nelson, JAE; Prince, HMA; Schauer, AP; Sykes, C, 2019)		0.51
"As oral targeted agents, such as ibrutinib, become more widely used, understanding the impact of suboptimal dosing on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) outside of clinical trials is imperative."( Ibrutinib Dose Adherence and Therapeutic Efficacy in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Single-Center Experience.
Baloga, E; Baran, AM; Barr, PM; Casulo, C; Friedberg, JW; Helber, M; Moore, J; Reagan, P; Williams, AM; Zent, CS, 2019)		0.51
" Lack of adherence and insufficient dosing contributed to stone recurrence and AKI during pharmacotherapy."( Long-term renal outcomes of APRT deficiency presenting in childhood.
Agustsdottir, IM; Edvardsson, VO; Indridason, OS; Palsson, R; Runolfsdottir, HL, 2019)		0.51
" At baseline (pre-switch) and at 12 weeks post-switch, we measured HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma (SP) and blood plasma (BP), tenofovir (TFV) in SP and BP, and TFV-diphosphate (dp) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and seminal mononuclear cells (SMCs) at the end of the dosing interval (C24h)."( Seminal Tenofovir Concentrations, Viral Suppression, and Semen Quality With Tenofovir Alafenamide, Compared With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network, PreEC/RIS 40).
Cottrell, ML; Garcia, B; Imaz, A; Kashuba, ADM; Morenilla, S; Niubó, J; Perez, E; Podzamczer, D; Tiraboschi, JM, 2019)		0.51
" Additionally, debate exists regarding the recommended dosing strategy for ibrutinib for this indication with disease remission demonstrated at 560 mg and 420 mg."( Ibrutinib for the treatment of Bing-Neel syndrome, a complication of Waldenström macroglobulinemia: Patient case report.
Arnall, JR; Hartsell, L; Janes, A; Larck, C; Park, S, 2019)		0.51
"HPTN 067 assessed the feasibility of daily and non-daily dosing of open-label emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF)-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)."( Factors Associated With Sex-Related Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in New York City in HPTN 067.
Amico, KR; Franks, J; Grant, RM; Hirsch-Moverman, Y; Hughes, JP; Li, M; Loquere, A; Mannheimer, S, 2019)		0.51
"Factors associated with sex-related PrEP adherence were assessed among men who have sex with men (MSM) randomized to one of 3 PrEP dosing arms in HPTN 067 in New York City."( Factors Associated With Sex-Related Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in New York City in HPTN 067.
Amico, KR; Franks, J; Grant, RM; Hirsch-Moverman, Y; Hughes, JP; Li, M; Loquere, A; Mannheimer, S, 2019)		0.51
" In the multivariable analyses, higher sex-related PrEP adherence was significantly associated with daily dosing arm, older age, employment, and higher PrEP adherence behavioral skills."( Factors Associated With Sex-Related Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in New York City in HPTN 067.
Amico, KR; Franks, J; Grant, RM; Hirsch-Moverman, Y; Hughes, JP; Li, M; Loquere, A; Mannheimer, S, 2019)		0.51
"High urine FTC and TFV concentrations could provide an indication of adherence to daily oral dosing with TDF or TAF-based regimens used for treatment and prevention."( Brief Report: Urine Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Concentrations Provide Markers of Recent Antiretroviral Drug Exposure Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex With Men.
Conway-Washington, C; Dinh, C; Fountain, J; Haaland, RE; Hall, L; Holder, A; Kelley, CF; Livermont, T; Lupo, LD; Martin, A, 2019)		0.51
" Submaximal ibrutinib dosing will have to be further systematically evaluated."( Descriptive analysis of dosing and outcomes for patients with ibrutinib-treated relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a Canadian centre.
Banerji, V; Brown, K; Bucher, O; Dawe, DE; Dhaliwal, DH; Geirnaert, M; Hibbert, I; Johnston, JB; Uminski, K, 2019)		0.51
" With the assistance of therapeutic drug monitoring, dolutegravir dosing was increased to 150 mg daily."( Successful use of once-daily high-dose darunavir and dolutegravir in multidrug-resistant HIV.
Fulco, PP; Gomes, D; Leibrand Kaczmar, CR; Smith, T, 2020)		0.56
" It has been proven that HIV infection can be prevented by daily dosing of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate."( Direct quantitation of tenofovir diphosphate in human blood with mass spectrometry for adherence monitoring.
Anderson, PL; Bushman, LR; Cooks, RG; Ouyang, Z; Pandey, S; Pu, F, 2020)		0.56
" A link between the dosing compartment and the dihydrodiol-ibrutinib central compartment was added to assess for high first-pass hepatic metabolism."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Ibrutinib and Its Dihydrodiol Metabolite in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies.
Allal, B; Chatelut, E; De Barros, S; Despas, F; Dupré, L; Gallais, F; Obéric, L; Protin, C; Quillet-Mary, A; Thomas, F; White-Koning, M; Ysebaert, L, 2020)		0.56
" Recent dosing measures include antiretroviral levels in plasma or urine, as well as emtricitabine-triphosphate in dried blood spots (DBS) for those on tenofovir-emtricitabine-based therapy."( Approaches to Objectively Measure Antiretroviral Medication Adherence and Drive Adherence Interventions.
Anderson, PL; Castillo-Mancilla, J; Chai, PR; Gandhi, M; Haberer, JE; Spinelli, MA, 2020)		0.56
"\ Conclusions: The patients were generally satisfied with the change in medication and well nformed about the dosage and advantages of TAF over TDF, but less well informed about the possible adverse effects of TAF."( Satisfaction and knowledge among patients with HIV after switching from tenofovir to tenofovir alafenamide in regimens containing emtricitabine and rilpivirine
Bermejo-Vicedo, T; Gramage-Caro, T; Montero-Llorente, B; Rodríguez-Sagrado, MÁ; Vélez-Díaz-Pallarés, M, 2020)		0.56
"Fanconi syndrome with osteomalacia can develop in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection being treated with adefovir at a conventional low dosage of 10 mg/day."( Osteomalacia and renal failure due to Fanconi syndrome caused by long-term low-dose Adefovir Dipivoxil: a case report.
Cen, X; Cui, Y; Liu, Z; Mu, G; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Yu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, J, 2020)		0.56
"TAF-DBS was a randomized, crossover clinical study of TFV-DP in DBS, following directly observed dosing of 33%, 67%, or 100% of daily TAF (25 mg)/FTC (200 mg)."( Intracellular Tenofovir-Diphosphate and Emtricitabine-Triphosphate in Dried Blood Spots Following Tenofovir Alafenamide: The TAF-DBS Study.
Anderson, PL; Brooks, KM; Bushman, LR; Castillo-Mancilla, J; Ibrahim, ME; Kiser, JJ; MaWhinney, S; McCallister, S; McHugh, C; Morrow, M; Yager, J, 2020)		0.56
" Together, these moieties provide complementary measures of cumulative adherence and recent dosing for TAF/FTC."( Intracellular Tenofovir-Diphosphate and Emtricitabine-Triphosphate in Dried Blood Spots Following Tenofovir Alafenamide: The TAF-DBS Study.
Anderson, PL; Brooks, KM; Bushman, LR; Castillo-Mancilla, J; Ibrahim, ME; Kiser, JJ; MaWhinney, S; McCallister, S; McHugh, C; Morrow, M; Yager, J, 2020)		0.56
"TGM and TGW on at least 6 months of stable sex hormone therapy containing testosterone or estradiol (respectively) were enrolled in a 4-week study of directly observed dosing of daily oral coformulated emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF)."( Sex Hormone Therapy and Tenofovir Diphosphate Concentration in Dried Blood Spots: Primary Results of the Interactions Between Antiretrovirals And Transgender Hormones Study.
Anderson, PL; Bhasin, S; Defechereux, PA; Deutsch, MB; Glidden, DV; Grant, RM; O'Neal, J; Pellegrini, M; Sevelius, J; Yager, J; Yu, M, 2021)		0.62
" Ibrutinib is currently not available in a liquid oral dosage form."( Ibrutinib treatment via alternative administration in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and dysphagia.
Arnall, JR; DiSogra, KY; Janes, A; Moore, DC; Park, SI; Tran, T, 2021)		0.62
" Potentially, lower IFN-α and IP-10 levels as well as once-weekly intranasal dosing vs daily subcutaneous or intramuscular dosing with recombinant type I IFNs could explain the lack of pregnancy effects; however, there was an undesired impact on offspring immune function."( GSK2245035, a TLR7 agonist, Does Not Increase Pregnancy Loss in Cynomolgus Monkeys.
Baker, A; Bray, M; Hillegas, AE; Maier, CC; Phadnis-Moghe, AS; Posobiec, LM; Price, MA; Stanislaus, DJ, 2021)		0.62
" Here, CKD was developed by an oral dosage of adenine (AD) in the mice model."( Morin hydrate attenuates adenine-induced renal fibrosis via targeting cathepsin D signaling.
Kang, SC; Sharma, C; Singh, MP, 2021)		1.18
"In this study, a green stability indicating chromatographic methods were developed and validated for the quantitative determination of tenofovir alafenamide in the presence of its degradation products in bulk powder as well as in dosage forms."( Assessment of the greenness of new stability indicating micellar UPLC and HPTLC methods for determination of tenofovir alafenamide in dosage forms.
Abdel-Razeq, SA; Nasr, ZA; Said, NS, 2021)		0.62
"The model can be used to simulate clinical trials or various dosing scenarios."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Ibrutinib in Healthy Adults.
Al-Ghazawi, M; Najib, N; Najib, O; Saleh, MI; Salem, I, 2021)		0.62
" TAF was well tolerated and only 4 patients discontinued therapy due to adverse event during a median duration of TAF dosing of 74 weeks."( Safety and Effectiveness of Tenofovir Alafenamide in Usual Clinical Practice Confirms Results of Clinical Trials: TARGET-HBV.
Bernstein, DE; Fried, MW; Lok, AS; Mospan, AR; Schiff, ER; Smith, CI; Trinh, HN; Zink, RC, 2022)		0.72
" We sought to identify the optimal dosing combination, based on efficacy and toxicity, utilizing a continual reassessment method of 6 combinations of IBR (280 mg, 420 mg, and 560 mg by mouth daily) and VEN (max dose of 200 mg and 400 mg by mouth daily)."( Dose-finding study of ibrutinib and venetoclax in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma.
Budde, LE; Chen, RW; Cohen, JB; Kahl, BS; Petroni, GR; Portell, CA; Varhegyi, NE; Wages, NA; Williams, ME, 2022)		0.72
" Ruxolitinib dosing was based on a previous phase I trial."( Janus kinases restrain chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in patients on ibrutinib: Results of a phase II trial.
Gallagher, J; Luo, Y; Shi, Y; Spaner, DE; Tsui, H; Wang, G, 2021)		0.62
" Study 1 evaluated the safety and tolerability of IM galidesivir over single day dosing, single day dosing ± lidocaine, and 7-day dosing with lidocaine."( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Nucleoside Analog Antiviral Drug Galidesivir Administered to Healthy Adult Subjects.
Collins, D; Dobo, S; Mathis, A; Sheridan, WP; Taylor, R; Walling, DM, 2022)		0.72
" Chronic adenine dosing resulted in severe CKD in vehicle-treated rats as indicated by a marked rise in serum creatinine levels, a marked decrease in creatinine clearance, and a disturbed mineral metabolism."( Progression of established non-diabetic chronic kidney disease is halted by metformin treatment in rats.
Corremans, R; D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; Leysen, H; Maudsley, S; Neven, E; Verhulst, A; Vervaet, BA, 2022)		1.14
" Ibrutinib dosing was held (≥7 days) for 79 patients and reduced for 31 patients because of AEs; these AEs resolved or improved in 85% (67 of 79) and 90% (28 of 31) of patients, respectively."( Up to 8-year follow-up from RESONATE-2: first-line ibrutinib treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Bairey, O; Barr, PM; Burger, JA; Coutre, SE; Dearden, C; Ghia, P; Grosicki, S; Hillmen, P; Hsu, E; Kipps, TJ; Li, JY; McCarthy, H; Moreno, C; Offner, F; Owen, C; Robak, T; Szoke, A; Tedeschi, A; Zhou, C, 2022)		0.72
" Systemic drug disposition during TAF implant dosing was explained by a multi-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model."( Fundamental aspects of long-acting tenofovir alafenamide delivery from subdermal implants for HIV prophylaxis.
Baum, MM; Beliveau, M; Buser, C; Caprioli, RM; Castonguay, AE; Gallay, PA; Gunawardana, M; Hendrix, CW; Kuo, J; Marzinke, MA; Moss, JA; Remedios-Chan, M; Reyzer, ML; Sanchez, D; Trinh, M; Tuck, M; Webster, P; Webster, S, 2022)		0.72
" The collective results support the utility of AOPPs as a potential target for drug and/or dosage adjustment in CKD patients."( Advanced oxidation protein products upregulate ABCB1 expression and activity via HDAC2-Foxo3α-mediated signaling in vitro and in vivo.
Chen, Y; Feng, H; Lin, Z; Mo, L; Wang, X; Xun, T; Yang, X; Ye, C; Zhang, M; Zhao, J, 2022)		0.72
" A traditional 3 + 3 dose escalation design with 5 dosing cohorts was used."( Phase I dose escalation study of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition by Sapanisertib and Serabelisib in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Meissner, T; Rojas-Espaillat, L; Starks, DC; Williams, CB, 2022)		0.72
" We observed significant dose-response relationships between number of HIV risk factors and PrEP drug concentrations."( Alignment of PrEP adherence with periods of HIV risk among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa and Zimbabwe: a secondary analysis of the HPTN 082 randomised controlled trial.
Anderson, PL; Bekker, LG; Celum, C; Chirenje, ZM; Delany-Moretlwe, S; Donnell, D; Hosek, S; Marzinke, MA; Mgodi, N; Velloza, J, 2022)		0.72
" Due to binding interactions between polyvalent cations and bictegravir and the potential impact on antiretroviral efficacy, construction of a daily medication schedule to avoid interactions between the antiretroviral regimen and the supplements while promoting optimal dosing of each supplement was necessary; however there is currently no guidance on twice-daily cation dosing with coadministered bictegravir and limited guidance on multivitamin coadministration in this context."( Achievement of virologic suppression with HIV antiretroviral therapy in a patient also taking multiple daily cation supplement doses: A case report and review of the literature.
Buscemi, L; Mossholder, B, 2023)		0.91
" Our existing PK model, supported by an intravenous (IV) dosing dog study, was adapted to analyze mechanistic aspects underlying implant TAF delivery."( Preclinical Considerations for Long-acting Delivery of Tenofovir Alafenamide from Subdermal Implants for HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis.
Baum, MM; Beliveau, M; Fanter, R; Gallay, PA; Gunawardana, M; Kuo, J; Marzinke, MA; Moss, JA; Ramirez, CM; Remedios-Chan, M; Sanchez, D; Trinh, M; Webster, P; Webster, S, 2023)		0.91
"Antiretroviral agents with novel mechanisms and dosing intervals could expand treatment options for people with HIV."( Lenacapavir administered every 26 weeks or daily in combination with oral daily antiretroviral therapy for initial treatment of HIV: a randomised, open-label, active-controlled, phase 2 trial.
Baeten, JM; Benson, P; Berhe, M; Crofoot, G; Dvory-Sobol, H; Gupta, SK; Koenig, E; Liu, SY; McDonald, C; Ramgopal, M; Rhee, MS; Ruane, P; Sanchez, WE; Scribner, A; Sims, J; VanderVeen, LA, 2023)		0.91
" This semimechanistic model describes the population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir when dosed as either TDF or TAF in an African population living with HIV and can be used as a tool for exposure prediction in patients, and to simulate alternative regimes to inform further clinical trials."( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir given as either tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or tenofovir alafenamide in an African population.
Chandiwana, N; Denti, P; Kawuma, AN; Maartens, G; Sinxadi, P; Sokhela, SM; Venter, WDF; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L, 2023)		0.91
" However, considering its rapid uptake into target cells, we suggest only a cautious increase of tenofovir alafenamide dosage intervals to 2 or 3 days only in case of moderate or severe CKD, respectively."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling to characterize the effect of chronic kidney disease on tenofovir exposure after tenofovir alafenamide administration.
Alves Saldanha, S; Andre, P; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Courlet, P; Decosterd, LA; Desfontaine, V; Guidi, M; Kusejko, K; Thoueille, P, 2023)		0.91
"Icariin at the dosage of 100 mg/kg/d and 200 mg/kg/d markedly ameliorated rat renal function in a dose-dependent manner."( Icariin, the main prenylflavonoid of Epimedii Folium, ameliorated chronic kidney disease by modulating energy metabolism via AMPK activation.
Lu, J; Lv, C; Yang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2023)		0.91
" Although no dosage adjustment is needed for Oral Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in patients with mild renal impairment and coronavirus disease 2019, the dosage is reduced to twice daily in those with moderate renal impairment."( Medication safety in chronic kidney disease.
Singh, S, 2023)		0.91
"Cabotegravir plus rilpivirine is the only approved complete long-acting regimen for the maintenance of HIV-1 virological suppression dosed every 2 months."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of switching to long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine versus continuing fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in virologically suppressed adults with HIV, 12-month results (SOLAR): a random
Berni, A; Castagna, A; Cazanave, C; Chounta, V; D'Amico, R; Di Perri, G; Diaz-Brito, V; Dretler, R; Garges, HP; Latham, CL; Oka, S; Osiyemi, O; Pascual Bernáldez, M; Patel, P; Ramgopal, MN; Sims, J; Smith, K; Spreen, WR; Sutherland-Phillips, D; Sutton, K; Van Eygen, V; Van Solingen-Ristea, R; van Wyk, J; Walmsley, S; Zhang, F, 2023)		0.91
" Participants with HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies per mL were randomly assigned (2:1), stratified by sex at birth and BMI, to either long-acting cabotegravir (600 mg) plus rilpivirine (900 mg) dosed intramuscularly every 2 months or to continue daily oral bictegravir (50 mg), emtricitabine (200 mg), and tenofovir alafenamide (25 mg)."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of switching to long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine versus continuing fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in virologically suppressed adults with HIV, 12-month results (SOLAR): a random
Berni, A; Castagna, A; Cazanave, C; Chounta, V; D'Amico, R; Di Perri, G; Diaz-Brito, V; Dretler, R; Garges, HP; Latham, CL; Oka, S; Osiyemi, O; Pascual Bernáldez, M; Patel, P; Ramgopal, MN; Sims, J; Smith, K; Spreen, WR; Sutherland-Phillips, D; Sutton, K; Van Eygen, V; Van Solingen-Ristea, R; van Wyk, J; Walmsley, S; Zhang, F, 2023)		0.91
"These data support the use of long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine dosed every 2 months as a complete antiretroviral regimen that has similar efficacy to a commonly used integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based first-line regimen, while addressing unmet psychosocial issues associated with daily oral treatment."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of switching to long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine versus continuing fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in virologically suppressed adults with HIV, 12-month results (SOLAR): a random
Berni, A; Castagna, A; Cazanave, C; Chounta, V; D'Amico, R; Di Perri, G; Diaz-Brito, V; Dretler, R; Garges, HP; Latham, CL; Oka, S; Osiyemi, O; Pascual Bernáldez, M; Patel, P; Ramgopal, MN; Sims, J; Smith, K; Spreen, WR; Sutherland-Phillips, D; Sutton, K; Van Eygen, V; Van Solingen-Ristea, R; van Wyk, J; Walmsley, S; Zhang, F, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
Daphnia magna metaboliteA Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metaboliteAny fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Escherichia coli metaboliteAny bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
mouse metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
6-aminopurinesAny compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.
purine nucleobaseA nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (112)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Metabolism14961108
Nucleotide metabolism89125
Nucleotide salvage2128
Purine salvage1322
Amino acid and derivative metabolism250260
Methionine salvage pathway616
Sulfur amino acid metabolism2763
DNA Repair25547
Base Excision Repair3523
Base-Excision Repair, AP Site Formation1716
Depurination107
Cleavage of the damaged purine47
Purine Metabolism3766
Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency3766
Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency3766
Gout or Kelley-Seegmiller Syndrome3766
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (LNS)3766
Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency3766
Xanthine Dehydrogenase Deficiency (Xanthinuria)3766
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency3766
AICA-Ribosiduria3766
Azathioprine Action Pathway4782
Mercaptopurine Action Pathway4780
Thioguanine Action Pathway4781
Xanthinuria Type I3766
Xanthinuria Type II3766
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency (APRT)3766
Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome-33766
Myoadenylate Deaminase Deficiency3766
Quorum Sensing1020
S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Biosynthesis817
PreQ0 Metabolism623
Methylphosphonate Degradation I711
Adenine and Adenosine Salvage I412
Adenine and Adenosine Salvage II411
Adenine and Adenosine Salvage III58
Citrate Lyase Activation311
Purine Ribonucleosides Degradation717
Purine Deoxyribonucleosides Degradation414
S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Cycle414
Spermidine Biosynthesis and Metabolism39
Methionine Metabolism and Salvage1534
Cytokinins Degradation113
Disease1278231
Diseases of metabolism69121
Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome3566
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine degradation II04
adenine salvage09
L-methionine salvage cycle II (plants)829
adenine and adenosine salvage II08
L-methionine salvage cycle I (bacteria and plants)232
purine nucleosides salvage II (plant)419
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine degradation I214
cytokinins degradation114
purine uptake14
Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )10577
Adenosine + Orthophosphate = Adenine + D-Ribose 1-phosphate ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )13
AMP + Pyrophosphate = Adenine + D-5-Phospho-ribosyl 1-diphosphate ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )14
Deoxy-adenosine + Orthophosphate = 2-Deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate + Adenine ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )14
Purine metabolism1336
Organic Nitrogen Assimilation436
fluoroacetate and fluorothreonine biosynthesis016
Renz2020 - GEM of Human alveolar macrophage with SARS-CoV-20490
The impact of Nsp14 on metabolism (COVID-19 Disease Map)084
Diseases of nucleotide metabolism35
Nucleotide salvage defects24
Defective APRT disrupts adenine salvage12
T cell modulation in pancreatic cancer459
adenine and adenosine salvage III012
Gravitropism under normal or artificial gravity environments5811
Regulation of lemma joints development and leaf angle by cytokinin111
methionine salvage cycle III1028
purine ribonucleosides degradation to ribose-1-phosphate316
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine degradation16
1,4-dihydroxy-6-naphthoate biosynthesis II714
fluoroacetate and fluorothreonine biosynthesis422
(aminomethyl)phosphonate degradation1231
superpathway of demethylmenaquinol-6 biosynthesis II619
autoinducer AI-2 biosynthesis I319
autoinducer AI-2 biosynthesis II (Vibrio)213
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine degradation IV17
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine degradation I417
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine degradation II26
cytokinins degradation519
superpathway of microbial D-galacturonate and D-glucuronate degradation3592
adenosine nucleotides degradation III27
adeninyl adenosylcobamide biosynthesis from adenosylcobinamide-GDP310
purine ribonucleosides degradation822
purine deoxyribonucleosides degradation I212
superpathway of purine deoxyribonucleosides degradation637
nucleoside and nucleotide degradation (archaea)722
drosopterin and aurodrosopterin biosynthesis422
malonate decarboxylase activation26
citrate lyase activation412
superpathway of purine nucleotide salvage1334
L-methionine salvage cycle I (bacteria and plants)1938
adenine and adenosine salvage III925
adenine salvage311
L-methionine salvage cycle III1029
adenine and adenosine salvage I07
adenine and adenosine salvage V417
L-methionine salvage cycle II (plants)832
adenine and adenosine salvage II415
L-cysteine biosynthesis VI (from L-methionine)518
glyphosate degradation III718
salinosporamide A biosynthesis1129
queuosine biosynthesis521
guanosine nucleotides degradation III1425
superpathway of menaquinol-8 biosynthesis III722
methylphosphonate degradation I717
methylphosphonate degradation II116
D-galacturonate degradation II426
hopanoid biosynthesis (bacteria)830
S-adenosyl-L-methionine cycle I417
adenine and adenosine salvage IV510
salvage pathways of adenine, hypoxanthine and their nucleosides816
superpathway of purine nucleosides salvage920
methionine salvage pathway513
purine nucleosides salvage II (plant)613
salvage pathways of purine nucleosides021
salvage pathways of adenine, hypoxanthine, and their nucleosides023
purine and pyrimidine metabolism032
salvage pathways of purine nucleosides I027
salvage pathways of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides030
2'-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA biosynthesis I (citrate lyase)06
aminomethylphosphonate degradation419
Methionine de novo and salvage pathway148
Biochemical pathways: part I0466
Purine metabolism and related disorders2353
Responses to stimuli: abiotic stimuli and stresses9526
Yang cycle217

Protein Targets (46)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.00890.003245.467312,589.2998AID2517
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency33.49150.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.64270.000811.382244.6684AID686979
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency14.91060.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247; AID1259381; AID743042; AID743054
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency24.25810.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224893
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency24.54540.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency13.80060.000214.376460.0339AID720692
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.38190.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.30600.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.92730.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID743075; AID743080; AID743091
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency6.42560.001723.839378.1014AID743083
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency29.09290.00419.984825.9290AID504444
heat shock protein beta-1Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.48890.042027.378961.6448AID743210; AID743228
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency56.23415.804836.130665.1308AID540253
snurportin-1Homo sapiens (human)Potency56.23415.804836.130665.1308AID540253
tumor susceptibility gene 101 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.129810.833132.6090AID493005
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency56.23415.804816.996225.9290AID540253
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.51190.891312.067628.1838AID1487
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency29.84930.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency29.84930.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
TAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)Potency14.12541.778316.208135.4813AID652104
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency18.83360.011917.942071.5630AID651632
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency18.83360.011912.222168.7989AID651632
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MTA/SAH nucleosidaseEscherichia coliKi300.0000300.0000300.0000300.0000AID977610
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1,000.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1449628
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)200.00000.00041.345210.0000AID51554
Heat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)4,000.00000.00100.683610.0000AID1799223; AID419781
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)43.25000.00132.81389.8200AID1799677; AID287937
Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)15.00002.40006.40979.0000AID1734010
Leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)15.80900.00040.39438.3000AID1817494
Leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki6.71500.00061.13536.7150AID1817495
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Ribosome-inactivating protein alpha-trichosanthinTrichosanthes kirilowiiKd260.0000260.0000260.0000260.0000AID977611
Chain A, Ricin A chainRicinus communis (castor bean)Kd700.0000700.0000700.0000700.0000AID977611
Chain A, Ribosome-inactivating protein 3Zea maysKd0.00630.00630.00630.0063AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
Chain A, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)Kd180.00004.6000234.7667690.0000AID977611
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (242)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycleCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organizationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
DNA replicationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repairCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodelingCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphorylationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic nuclear membrane disassemblyCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome cycleCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
pronuclear fusionCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of Schwann cell differentiationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to amineCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell migrationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-serine phosphorylationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-threonine phosphorylationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome condensationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
animal organ regenerationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization to kinetochoreCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleusCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythmCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of embryonic developmentCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to cadmium ionCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to copper ionCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic processCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to axon injuryCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell divisionCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell developmentCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hydrogen peroxideCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to organic cyclic compoundCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi disassemblyCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleusCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochoreCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosisCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transportCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein deubiquitinationCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
telomere maintenance via telomeraseHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
placenta developmentHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to unfolded proteinHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
virion attachment to host cellHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein ubiquitinationHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic processHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activityHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein localizationHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic processHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell differentiationHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
chaperone-mediated protein complex assemblyHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
chaperone-mediated protein foldingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-4Heat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
supramolecular fiber organizationHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic processHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
telomerase holoenzyme complex assemblyHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein localization to cell surfaceHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to heatHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein foldingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
allantoin metabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
guanine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
inosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyinosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
adenosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyadenosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyguanosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
AMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
IMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
lactationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
iron-sulfur cluster assemblyXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
amide catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
GMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
dGMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
dAMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascadeXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathwayXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vasculogenesisXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA processingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
RNA splicingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stabilityTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
response to endoplasmic reticulum stressTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleusTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythmTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcriptionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic processTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilizationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilizationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane organizationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
protein poly-ADP-ribosylationProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of GTPase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphorylationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
endocytosisLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion organizationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum organizationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi organizationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome organizationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
JNK cascadeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Rho protein signal transductionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
spermatogenesisLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junction developmentLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to starvationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of autophagyLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein kinase A signalingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein processingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron projection developmentLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron maturationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of macroautophagyLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
phosphorylationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-serine phosphorylationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-threonine phosphorylationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
striatum developmentLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
olfactory bulb developmentLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulbLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein ubiquitinationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stabilityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic processLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to oxidative stressLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to reactive oxygen speciesLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of kidney sizeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
exploration behaviorLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory exploration behaviorLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of lysosomal lumen pHLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed cell deathLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein kinase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
GTP metabolic processLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein autophosphorylationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular distribution of mitochondriaLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection morphogenesisLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion localizationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic processLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial depolarizationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
canonical Wnt signaling pathwayLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transportLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathwayLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesisLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization to mitochondrionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum exit siteLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to manganese ionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial fissionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathwayLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potentialLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection arborizationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosisLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein autoubiquitinationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuroblast proliferationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic vesicle transportLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of late endosome to lysosome transportLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of autophagosome assemblyLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of thioredoxin peroxidase activity by peptidyl-threonine phosphorylationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to dopamineLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of microglial cell activationLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Wnt signalosome assemblyLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to GolgiLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascadeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerveLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosisLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
isotype switchingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypesATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloadingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (89)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
virus receptor activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein serine/threonine kinase activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat kinase activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
kinase activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyclin bindingCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Hsp70 protein bindingCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
histone kinase activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyclin-dependent protein kinase activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein serine kinase activityCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
double-stranded RNA bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase regulator activityHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
kinase bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
MHC class II protein complex bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase regulator activityHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
TPR domain bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
heat shock protein bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
peptide bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent protein bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein folding chaperoneHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
cadherin bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein dimerization activityHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
tau protein bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA polymerase bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent protein folding chaperoneHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
receptor ligand inhibitor activityHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
histone methyltransferase bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
unfolded protein bindingHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine dehydrogenase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine oxidase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
molybdopterin cofactor bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine dehydrogenase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine oxidase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
FAD bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
lipid bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
pre-mRNA intronic bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activityTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor activityProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activityProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotidyltransferase activityProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
NAD+ bindingProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
NAD+-protein ADP-ribosyltransferase activityProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
SNARE bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
actin bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
GTPase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein serine/threonine kinase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
JUN kinase kinase kinase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
MAP kinase kinase kinase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
GTPase activator activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
GTP bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
microtubule bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
tubulin bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
kinase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
syntaxin-1 bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor complex adaptor activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
clathrin bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
small GTPase bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
GTP-dependent protein kinase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
peroxidase inhibitor activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
co-receptor bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase A bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein serine kinase activityLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
beta-catenin destruction complex bindingLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloader activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (83)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome, telomeric regionCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
spindle microtubuleCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
midbodyCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindleCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyclin A1-CDK1 complexCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyclin A2-CDK1 complexCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyclin B1-CDK1 complexCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complexCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCyclin-dependent kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
COP9 signalosomeHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein folding chaperone complexHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
membraneHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumenHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
melanosomeHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic growth coneHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
axonal growth coneHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
dynein axonemal particleHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumenHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
aryl hydrocarbon receptor complexHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
HSP90-CDC37 chaperone complexHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolHeat shock protein HSP 90-betaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
cytosolXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
peroxisomeXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmic reticulumXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
perichromatin fibrilsTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speckTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
interchromatin granuleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP15Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membraneLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial inner membraneLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
endosomeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi-associated vesicleLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoskeletonLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
microvillusLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
axonLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
growth coneLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicleLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial membraneLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic side of mitochondrial outer membraneLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite cytoplasmLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
terminal boutonLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryonLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
amphisomeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
autolysosomeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum exit siteLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
multivesicular body, internal vesicleLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapseLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
caveola neckLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic cytosolLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Wnt signalosomeLeucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Elg1 RFC-like complexATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (145)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID613171Inhibition of ROCK1 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by IMAP assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID613143Inhibition of IKK-beta expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 667 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID613155Inhibition of ErbB2 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID566703Inhibition of human recombinant MMP2 at 1 mM after 30 mins2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2
Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID566699Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at 1 mM after 10 mins2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2
Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID566702Inhibition of human recombinant MMP1 at 1 mM after 30 mins2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2
Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID613162Inhibition of MK2 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 667 uM by IMAP assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID566705Inhibition of human recombinant MMP8 at 1 mM after 30 mins2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2
Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID445467Displacement of [3H]adenine from adenine 1 receptor in rat brain cortical membrane by liquid scintillation counting2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Structure-activity relationships of adenine and deazaadenine derivatives as ligands for adenine receptors, a new purinergic receptor family.
AID419781Binding affinity to ATP binding site of full length human Hsp90beta after 30 mins by fluorescence polarization assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Combining hit identification strategies: fragment-based and in silico approaches to orally active 2-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine inhibitors of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone.
AID287938Inhibition of human xanthine oxidase at 30 uM2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10
The screening and characterization of 6-aminopurine-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID338748Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase in human A431 cell membrane by liquid scintillation counting
AID613156Inhibition of ErbB4 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 to 667 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID243493Inhibition of human Protein kinase B alpha at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID453744Inhibition of Escherichia coli recombinant N-terminal hexahistidine-tagged CTP synthetase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as inhibition of CTP formation by continuous spectrophotometric assay in presence of 150 mM NH4Cl2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Inhibition of CTP synthase from Escherichia coli by xanthines and uric acids.
AID243583Inhibition of human Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID243566Inhibition of human c-Jun N-terminal kinase-2 alpha-2 at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID613151Inhibition of AurB expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by IMAP assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID287937Inhibition of human xanthine oxidase2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 15, Issue:10
The screening and characterization of 6-aminopurine-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID588220Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2008Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3
Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID613158Inhibition of GSK3-beta expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells using ATP as substrate at 667 uM by fluorescence polarization assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID613169Inhibition of PIM1 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by IMAP assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID243617Inhibition of human stress-activated protein kinase-2 alpha (p38 MAP-kinase) at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID243637Inhibition of human Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1817495Binding affinity to human GST tagged truncated LRRK2 G2019S mutant incubated for 2 hrs by TR-FRET based Lanthascreen kinase activity assay
AID243565Inhibition of human c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 alpha-1 at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID243475Inhibition of human Protein kinase C alpha2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID566707Inhibition of mouse recombinant iNOS at 1 mM after 40 mins by colorimetric assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2
Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID243555Inhibition of human Rho-dependent protein kinase-II at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID613161Inhibition of JAK3 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 667 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID1065710Displacement of [2,8-3H]-adenosine from Trypanosoma brucei AT1/P2 expressed in bloodstream stage of Trypanosoma brucei brucei B482013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 56, Issue:24
Structure-activity relationships of synthetic cordycepin analogues as experimental therapeutics for African trypanosomiasis.
AID566700Inhibition of human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase at 1 mM after 10 mins by fluorescence assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2
Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID717236Binding affinity to Streptomyces avidinii streptavidin at 4 mM using dye labeled Streptavidin binding aptamer by fluorescence spectral analysis method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23
Specific interactions between adenosine and streptavidin/avidin.
AID243516Inhibition of rat c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID445484Inhibition of [3H]adenine uptake at rat adenine 1 receptor expressed in human 1321N1 cells at 1 mM after 1 min by liquid scintillation counting2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Structure-activity relationships of adenine and deazaadenine derivatives as ligands for adenine receptors, a new purinergic receptor family.
AID445475Agonist activity at rat adenine 1 receptor expressed in human 1321N1 cells assessed as inhibition of isoproterenol-induced [3H]cAMP formation by scintillation counting2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Structure-activity relationships of adenine and deazaadenine derivatives as ligands for adenine receptors, a new purinergic receptor family.
AID613147Inhibition of AKT1 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells using gamma-[33P]ATP at 400 uM by scintillation proximity assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID445473Selectivity ratio of Ki for adenine 1 receptor in HEK293 cells to Ki for adenine 1 receptor in rat brain cortical membrane2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Structure-activity relationships of adenine and deazaadenine derivatives as ligands for adenine receptors, a new purinergic receptor family.
AID613167Inhibition of PI3Kalpha expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells using gamma-[33P]ATP at 400 uM by scintillation proximity assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID613152Inhibition of B-Raf expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells using ATP as substrate at 400 uM by fluorescence polarization assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID613160Inhibition of ITK expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 667 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID243481Inhibition of human cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID152454Inhibitory activity against adenosine uptake through P2 adenosine transporter of blood stream Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigotes at the concentration 10 ug/mL1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-07, Volume: 8, Issue:7
An approach to use an unusual adenosine transporter to selectively deliver polyamine analogues to trypanosomes.
AID613154Inhibition of FES expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells using ATP as substrate at 400 uM by fluorescence polarization assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID613150Inhibition of AurA expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by IMAP assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID1449628Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12
Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID1817494Inhibition of recombinant human GST tagged truncated LRRK2 G2019S mutant using fluorescein-labeled LRRKtide as substrate in presence of ATP preincubated for 50 mins followed by anti-phospho-LRRKtide antibody addition and measured after 30 mins by TR-FRET
AID613165Inhibition of PAK2 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by IMAP assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID613163Inhibition of p38alpha expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 667 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID1452128Inhibition of ATPgammaS-BODIPY binding to Thermotoga maritima His-tagged HK853 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS Rosetta preincubated for 30 mins prior to ATPgammaS-BODIPY addition measured after 1 hr by coomassie staining-based SDS-PAGE analys2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-12, Volume: 60, Issue:19
Rational Design of Selective Adenine-Based Scaffolds for Inactivation of Bacterial Histidine Kinases.
AID19262Aqueous solubility2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-05, Volume: 10, Issue:11
Prediction of drug solubility from Monte Carlo simulations.
AID613153Inhibition of EGFR expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID440574Binding affinity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase assessed as S-sulfocysteine formation at pH 5.5 by single turnover method in absence of thioredoxin2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-10, Volume: 52, Issue:17
Identification of critical ligand binding determinants in Mycobacterium tuberculosis adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase.
AID51554Inhibitory activity against purified cdc2 p34/Cyclin B obtained from M phase oocytes of the starfish Marthasterias glacialis.1997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytokinin-derived cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: synthesis and cdc2 inhibitory activity of olomoucine and related compounds.
AID243699Inhibition of rat Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID566701Inhibition of recombinant anthrax lethal factor at 1 mM after 30 mins by fluorescence assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2
Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID613166Inhibition of PDK1 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells using gamma-[33P]ATP at 400 uM by scintillation proximity assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID445476Agonist activity at rat adenine 1 receptor expressed in human 1321N1 cells assessed as inhibition of isoproterenol-induced [3H]cAMP formation at 1 uM by scintillation counting2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Structure-activity relationships of adenine and deazaadenine derivatives as ligands for adenine receptors, a new purinergic receptor family.
AID613148Inhibition of AKT2 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells using gamma-[33P]ATP at 400 uM by scintillation proximity assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID152455Inhibitory activity against adenosine uptake through P2 adenosine transporter of blood stream Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigotes at the concentration 1 ug/mL1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-07, Volume: 8, Issue:7
An approach to use an unusual adenosine transporter to selectively deliver polyamine analogues to trypanosomes.
AID1267460Inhibition of recombinant N-terminal truncated human cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase-2 assessed as inhibition of inosine 5'-monophosphate hydrolysis at 1 mM by rapid green malachite assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Identification of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of Cytosolic 5'-Nucleotidase II Using a Fragment-Based Approach.
AID613159Inhibition of IGF1R expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID243584Inhibition of human Mitogen-activated protein kinase 2 at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID613168Inhibition of PI3Kdelta expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells using gamma-[33P]ATP at 400 uM by scintillation proximity assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID613172Inhibition of SGK1 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by IMAP assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID613149Inhibition of ASK1 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 667 uM by IMAP assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID613144Inhibition of PI3Kgamma expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 667 uM by fluorescence polarization assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID243585Inhibition of human lymphocyte protein tyrosine kinase Lck at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID566704Inhibition of human recombinant MMP3 at 1 mM after 30 mins2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2
Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID453747Inhibition of Escherichia coli recombinant N-terminal hexahistidine-tagged CTP synthetase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as inhibition of CTP formation by continuous spectrophotometric assay in presence of 10 mM L-glutamine and 0.15 mM 2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Inhibition of CTP synthase from Escherichia coli by xanthines and uric acids.
AID613170Inhibition of RIP2 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by fluorescence polarization assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID613157Inhibition of FAK expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 400 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID566706Inhibition of human recombinant MMP9 at 1 mM after 30 mins2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2
Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID105205Potency against non nucleoside reverse transcriptor was determined in MT-4 cells2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-17, Volume: 14, Issue:10
Threshold interaction energy of NRTI's (2'-deoxy 3'-substituted nucleosidic analogs of reverse transcriptase inhibitors) to undergo competitive inhibition.
AID445471Displacement of [3H]adenine from adenine 1 receptor in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Structure-activity relationships of adenine and deazaadenine derivatives as ligands for adenine receptors, a new purinergic receptor family.
AID613145Inhibition of JNK1 expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 667 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID1361355Inhibition of fungal FcyB expressed in Aspergillus nidulans assessed as reduction in FcyB-mediated [2,8-3H]-adenine accumulation2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156Structure-activity relationships in fungal nucleobases transporters as dissected by the inhibitory effects of novel purine analogues.
AID243690Inhibition of human RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID613173Inhibition of SYK expressed in Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells at 667 uM by TR-FRET assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Selectivity of kinase inhibitor fragments.
AID243554Inhibition of human Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta at 30 uM2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
AID152453Inhibitory activity against adenosine uptake through P2 adenosine transporter of blood stream Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigotes at the concentration 100 ug/mL1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-07, Volume: 8, Issue:7
An approach to use an unusual adenosine transporter to selectively deliver polyamine analogues to trypanosomes.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID977611Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2010The Biochemical journal, Oct-01, Volume: 431, Issue:1
Fragment-based screening by X-ray crystallography, MS and isothermal titration calorimetry to identify PNMT (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitors.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID977611Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2007Nucleic acids research, , Volume: 35, Issue:18
Structure-function study of maize ribosome-inactivating protein: implications for the internal inactivation region and the sole glutamate in the active site.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID977611Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2003Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, Apr, Volume: 41, Issue:5
Structural basis for the interaction of [E160A-E189A]-trichosanthin with adenine.
AID1811Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB2003Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, Apr, Volume: 41, Issue:5
Structural basis for the interaction of [E160A-E189A]-trichosanthin with adenine.
AID977611Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2004The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 279, Issue:45
Reaction intermediates in the catalytic mechanism of Escherichia coli MutY DNA glycosylase.
AID1811Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB2004The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 279, Issue:45
Reaction intermediates in the catalytic mechanism of Escherichia coli MutY DNA glycosylase.
AID1811Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB2007BMC structural biology, Nov-06, Volume: 7Fragment-based identification of determinants of conformational and spectroscopic change at the ricin active site.
AID977611Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2007BMC structural biology, Nov-06, Volume: 7Fragment-based identification of determinants of conformational and spectroscopic change at the ricin active site.
AID1811Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB2001Structure (London, England : 1993), Oct, Volume: 9, Issue:10
Structure of E. coli 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase reveals similarity to the purine nucleoside phosphorylases.
AID977610Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Ki) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2001Structure (London, England : 1993), Oct, Volume: 9, Issue:10
Structure of E. coli 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase reveals similarity to the purine nucleoside phosphorylases.
AID1799223Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay from Article 10.1021/jm900357y: \\Combining hit identification strategies: fragment-based and in silico approaches to orally active 2-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine inhibitors of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone.\\2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Combining hit identification strategies: fragment-based and in silico approaches to orally active 2-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine inhibitors of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone.
AID1799677Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1080/14756360500112326: \\6-(N-benzoylamino)purine as a novel and potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: inhibition mechanism and molecular modeling studies.\\2005Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 20, Issue:4
6-(N-benzoylamino)purine as a novel and potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: inhibition mechanism and molecular modeling studies.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (20,995)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19905873 (27.97)18.7374
1990's2360 (11.24)18.2507
2000's4514 (21.50)29.6817
2010's6394 (30.45)24.3611
2020's1854 (8.83)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 73.84

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index73.84 (24.57)
Research Supply Index10.05 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.68 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index157.51 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.30 (0.95)

This Compound (73.84)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1,153 (5.26%)5.53%
Reviews1,275 (5.82%)6.00%
Case Studies912 (4.16%)4.05%
Observational68 (0.31%)0.25%
Other18,495 (84.44%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
9-ethyladenine
[no description available]		5.73270
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		210chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		2.0610dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
chloroacetaldehyde
[no description available]		4.19170organochlorine compound
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.		11.39401bisphosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		human metabolite
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		2.0610catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.		210aminobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		1.96103-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.7730non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid
cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids		1.9810
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		4.8781amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.46204-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.9810hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycineamide
[no description available]		2.6430
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.2510ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.7230monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		4.72300aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.6930acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		8.74110ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0410guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		5.4200imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		8.32401azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		8.97140acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		210benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		5.2160aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		3.1350benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.420benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		8.0750amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.3470halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.		2.0710gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		3.0650alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.420fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine
[no description available]		4.06140alkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		17.289129amino-acid anion
carbamyl phosphate
Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).		1.9510acyl monophosphate;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		3.1250carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		5.03420monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.3720amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		7.14205amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.6730catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		8.45441alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		5.77290cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		8.28353tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		5.33570halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		3.75110chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.5220coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.5180monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		2.0610alkanexenobiotic
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		7.6830trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate
nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.		1.9710aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		7.9940gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
dihydrolipoic acid
dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.		2.1110thio-fatty acidantioxidant;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.7330(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		5.4951aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
[no description available]		2.7930hexitol
n(1)-methylnicotinamide
N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.		2.3620pyridinium ionalgal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.7630guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid
2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.		1.9710amino dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
4-aminoimidazole
4-aminoimidazole: structure in first source. 4-aminoimidazole : An aminoimidazole that is 1H-imidazole substituted by an amino group at position 4.		1.9410aminoimidazole
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine		2.3110alpha-amino acid
trimetaphosphoric acid
trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.		2.0610cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
inorganic heterocyclic compound;
phosphorus oxoacid
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		1.94102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde
propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.		210alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.		2.9140amino acid zwitterion;
monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		ethylene releasers;
plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		3.3770monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.4520amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		210dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
creatine
[no description available]		10.56171glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		17.091,6402aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine
[no description available]		210alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion		fundamental metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		12.223612-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydrouracil
hexahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 5,6-dihydrouracil : A pyrimidine obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of uracil.		2.6930pyrimidoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.0710alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone
[no description available]		7.3620ketotriose;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antifungal agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		6.9910methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.		3.1450dimethylbenzimidazoleEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		9.97390sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		7.7130ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		5.11460aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		3.3160carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		210chlorocyclohexane
glycine
[no description available]		8.882260alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		2.3820aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		9.44463alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.3720glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		2.1102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycocyamine
glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.		2.0310guanidinoacetic acids;
zwitterion		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		5.22160hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		4.2180carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		8.55511aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid
Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.		2.0210dihydroxyphenylacetic acid;
hydroquinones		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		8.2831elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		3.250benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		7.3920hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		3.87120imidazole
indole
[no description available]		2.9340indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		10.06420indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		4.09160diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.7630hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
pipecolic acid
pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.		1.9610piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
[no description available]		2.1110hydroxyaldehyde;
pentose;
polyol
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.6930dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.94402-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		6.24240alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		2.3720inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		9.26190cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		8.680acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
croton oil
[no description available]		1.9510N-acyl-hexosamine
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.4320acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
naphthalene
[no description available]		8.2660naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		5.47210metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		6.76800pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		9.69300pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		7.46151monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		7.71311monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		3.0650gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4420octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.420oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		8.571360pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		7.940alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxamic acid
Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.		1.9510dicarboxylic acid monoamideEscherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.8840aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.03104-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		8.15132acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.5920long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		1.9510aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		3.360phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.4520benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		2.420phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.		3.7430carboxyalkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		3.2960phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.0310benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.4820pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		3.3370acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		4.921glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.4680propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.2510saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		6.09230azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		8.951980purine
putrescine
[no description available]		8.3770alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		4.1531monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyrazole
1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.		2.0710pyrazole
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		3.3570azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal
[no description available]		1.9510hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		3.0850methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		4.93120hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		1.9710benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		3.951302-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.9540pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		210aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		2.8330divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		2.3620N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		210selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		4.4870divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		3.67100polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		4.1160polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		3.260alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.7330sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		4.9921sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		3.76100amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		6.17440primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		16.171,4761pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		4.26180methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		2.3110tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
trimethylamine
[no description available]		8.0850methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		1.9710aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		16.298784pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		11.511861uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		10.17791isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		6.68710xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.		2.0110prenol phosphateantigen;
antioxidant;
epitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
isocitric acid
isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0210secondary alcohol;
tricarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.6930non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		210phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.6630benzenes;
organic amino compound
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.4420benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.4920p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
mandelic acid
SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer		2102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes		antibacterial agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		3.150phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-didecanoylglycerol
1,2-didecanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.98101,2-diglyceride;
decanoate ester
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.3620hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		4.75300oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		3.3870
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		4.18170aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.0510methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.0110imidazoles
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.4320glycerophosphocholine
pd 173074
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic amine;
biaryl;
dimethoxybenzene;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine
N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.		210aralkylamine;
carboxamidine;
primary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		4.38200oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
9-(2',3'-dihydroxycyclopent-4'-enyl)adenine
9-(2',3'-dihydroxycyclopent-4'-enyl)adenine: structure given in first source; S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase antagonist		2.0210
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.4320bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		4.94370chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
beta-resorcylic acid
beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.3720dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		3.3470alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
pyrithione
pyrithione: split from cephalosporin molecule; some metal complexes of this have fumarate reductase inhibitory activity and may be useful against trypanosomes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyrithione : A pyridinethione that is pyridine-2(1H)-thione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a Zn(2+) ionophore; the zinc salt is used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.		2.4320monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinethione		ionophore
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.		2.0210organoboron compound;
primary amino compound		calcium channel blocker;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		2.110benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		2.830amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.8940aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.6730benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.4320
meglutol
Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.		2.07103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid;
tertiary alcohol		anticholesteremic drug;
antimetabolite;
EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.0550ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.420oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.7530C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
ro 5-4864
4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor		1.9710
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.9440aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.01101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		8.4680imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
ag-1549
capravirine: a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor		2.420
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.9340aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-hydroxydecanoate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd		2.4720medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		1.9810indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0110
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		3.5180
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.420oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		3.4880
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.830monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4620acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		1.9910monoazo compound
abt 702
[no description available]		2.5220bipyridines
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		2.0510aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		8.84110acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetarsol
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.4620acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine
methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.		2.0410acetate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		bronchoconstrictor agent;
cholinergic agonist;
epitope;
muscarinic agonist;
vasodilator agent
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.520acridines
4-(acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
adiphenine
adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94		2.0710diarylmethane
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		210catechols
tyrphostin 25
[no description available]		2.0210benzenetriol
aklomide
aklomide: structure		2.0710carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
albendazole
[no description available]		2.4520aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.6180phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.74301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		2.0710triamino-1,3,5-triazine
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		3.2560aluminium coordination entity
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		2.7530amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		7.1661adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.4520aromatic amine
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		3.69100dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.7530guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		5.2641N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		7.781340dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.41101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.48701-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.1150carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.4720dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		3.0550barbiturates
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.0710aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		2.0710dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium
Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.		3.9940pyridinium ioncoccidiostat
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.420acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		2.4320nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.4620aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
9-anthroic acid
9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.		2.4420anthroic acid
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.4220anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.3820pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.6920acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
[no description available]		2.0710aporphine alkaloid
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.3820enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		3.1750aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		6.22190benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0710benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.7230ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
atrazine
[no description available]		210chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		5.71110aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		1.9710monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		7.940azobenzenes
baclofen
[no description available]		2.730amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		8.1150barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.6730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		2.0510indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		2.4620benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0710carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		7.6930benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		2.48201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		3.96130ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.4320benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzquinamide
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		5.6451benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.4620pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		3.1640alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		8.2760carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
propiolactone
Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.		3.0650propan-3-olide
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		2.0410guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		2.4620propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.4120carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.4320biphenyls;
imidazoles
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		2.4620diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		3.94130bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		3.2660
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0710quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		210organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.4620organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
seratrodast
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.7130amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunitrolol
bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate		2.0410aromatic ether
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.0510aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		2.0410aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.7530azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		2.6930methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.0710benzoate ester
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.4520barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
caffeine
[no description available]		8.35980purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		8.96130aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid
beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.		1.9710glycerol monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		2.3920imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.8840bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.5520benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamylcholine
[no description available]		2.0710
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		4.6761dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		2.0410
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		2.4620monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		2.0510carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		3.150N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0510carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.0710quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.0510carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		2.940hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.7630organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.0510ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		3.2710quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		3.2710pyridinium ion
cgp 12177
CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.		2.0110aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
cgs 15943
9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.		2.4320aromatic amine;
biaryl;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
triazoloquinazoline		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
antineoplastic agent;
central nervous system stimulant
chetomin
chetomin: C31H30N6O6S4, similar to epipolythiodioxopiperazines. chetomin : An organic heteropentacyclic compound of the class of epipolythiodioxopiperazine. Isolated from Chaetomium globosum and Farrowia seminuda, it exhibits immunosuppressive activity.		2.0510indoles;
organic disulfide;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		Chaetomium metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.4120benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.3820aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		18.753314aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		2.0410diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		2.0510benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		2.05101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		8.091170aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.4720monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.3820monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		5.14150organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.7530monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.0810chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.9440quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		2.4420lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.7530aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
aricine
[no description available]		2.0710cinchona alkaloid
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.0510cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.4520cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.2860aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.0510benzamides
platinum tetrachloride
platinum chloride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF; structure in first source: K2PtCl; see also platinum tetrachloride. platinum dichloride : A platinum coordination entity consisting of platinum(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.		1.9810platinum coordination entitycatalyst;
reagent
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.76302-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0210amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4520monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.9740aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		1.9610aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
clofilium
clofilium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510benzenes;
organic amino compound
clomiphene
[no description available]		2.4720tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.6930dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.3970clonidine;
imidazoline
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.4720conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cloxyquin
cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source		2.4720organochlorine compound;
quinolines
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		3.1650cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.0710chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.7530carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.0710carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclocreatine
cyclocreatine: structure given in first source		2.0110
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		2.0410organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.6630non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		2.4120piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		1.9510organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		2.6730hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		3.690indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		2.830substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.4620carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		1.9810medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2560acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
denbufylline
denbufylline: structure given in first source		2.4420oxopurine
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		4.3260dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		8.2460primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		4.0140alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.94401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.6930benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0710dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.0710aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.4220dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.1850amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		4.0240benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		2.4620dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		1.9410alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0710carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethyl pyrocarbonate
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.		3.68100acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		1.9410N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0410benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.4720monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilazep
Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.		4.86110benzoate ester;
diazepane;
diester;
methoxybenzenes		cardioprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dilacor xr
5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.		2.0710acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazepine;
lactam;
tertiary amino compound
dimaprit
Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.		1.9810imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		2.3620dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.0710oxazolidinone
dinitolmide
Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.		1.9610dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.6530ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0810organic cation
benzophenone
benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.0710benzophenonesphotosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
diphenylpyraline
diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.		2.0710piperidines;
tertiary amine		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		7.42920piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
stallimycin
[no description available]		2.7130
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.1150organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		3.3360branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3920
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0210N-acyl-amino acid
n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenine
N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine : A tertiary amine that is adenine substituted at N-6 by geminal methyl groups.		14.812441tertiary amine
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.		2.01101,4-naphthoquinones
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.4920aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.0810aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		2.0510dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		2.7730pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyclonine
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic ketone;
piperidines		topical anaesthetic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		2.7530oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.0710benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4720dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase		12.464161
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.05101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		3.3770
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		2.0510triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
etazolate
Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.		7.6530ethyl ester;
hydrazone;
pyrazolopyridine		alpha-secretase activator;
antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		2.6630aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.4220ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.4620phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.0710dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		2.0710imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.0510alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.07101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		6.851402-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		3.45111,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		1.9610aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.4720carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.420dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0410(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.4720aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		2.0710benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7130resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.0510anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		2.0410carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.7530aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.7650conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.4670aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.7330aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0710N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.4720ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.39201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		9.35642nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		3.4370(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0410decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0410phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.7330fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.9640(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
flutazolam
flutazolam: structure		2.0410hemiaminal ether;
organic molecular entity
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		2.0510pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		10.97140carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		1.9410nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		8.3160chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		2.0610aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.8421gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		9.8100
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.		2.0610dihydroxybenzoic acidEC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
MALDI matrix material;
mouse metabolite
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		2.4720aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.9240N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.5220sulfonamide
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		7.4320dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.6530piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.74100monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		7.4220glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.7630
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		2.7230methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		2.7330azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		8.6290carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
[no description available]		1.9810isoquinolines;
sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		3.2460isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004
N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source		2.6930isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
ha14-1
ethyl 2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate: a BH3 mimetic; synergistic induction of apoptosis by simultaneous disruption of the Bcl-2 and MEK/MAPK pathways in acute myelogenous leukemia		2.05101-benzopyran
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		3.6290aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.6730haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.0510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.5320phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		1.9910quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.3820barbiturates
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		2.0710
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.0410resorcinols
beta-thujaplicin
beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.		2.7630cyclic ketone;
enol;
monoterpenoid		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiplasmodial drug;
plant metabolite
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.0710acetamides
homarine
homarine: structure		6.9310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		5.76350phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410diarylmethane
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		7.3920thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.9440azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0510benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		2.4620benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		5.1791aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		13.31344one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.7530hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0610
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0610pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.9640monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.4720primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.2460benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
batyl alcohol
batyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. batilol : An alkylglycerol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding octadecyl ether. It is used in cosmetics as a stabilising ingredient and skin-conditioning agent.		1.9910alkylglycerol
idebenone
[no description available]		2.44201,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.821ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		3.2460dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.7530bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.4720indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indole-3-carbinol
indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.		2.0510indolyl alcoholantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		9.73300aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
indoprofen
Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.		210gamma-lactam;
isoindoles;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodamide
Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.		2.0410benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.1710organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.3820
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		2.0710monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		3.0340benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.4520benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.4720carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		5.245103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.0710catecholamine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		4.9721organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine
isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.7261carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isopropamide iodide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.7100secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		10.48660catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		2.7530alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.0510benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		2.0510piperazines
juglone
juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.		2.1710hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinonegeroprotector;
herbicide;
reactive oxygen species generator
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.9721cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		4.5451dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		2.4320benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.4620cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kinetin
Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.		9.924006-aminopurines;
furans		cytokinin;
geroprotector
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.06104-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		210monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		7.9340benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.48201,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.4820benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.7630benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lavendustin a
lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source		1.9810aromatic amine
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.7530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		2.4820nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lidoflazine
Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.		3.7730diarylmethane
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomustine
[no description available]		2.0510N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.0410benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.4220benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.2760biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		2.0410dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
ly 171883
LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.		2.0710acetophenones;
aromatic ether;
phenols;
tetrazoles		anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		6.12380chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.		3.1150aminoquinoline;
aromatic amine;
p-quinones;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		2.0410anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		2.6930aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		4.4470nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		2.0510diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0710aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		5.2531adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		3.28601,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		2.0510ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		2.0710aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.7230imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		2.3720piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.0510organic molecular entity
benzoic acid [2-methyl-2-(propylamino)propyl] ester
[no description available]		2.0710benzoate ester
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.4720amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		2.0410phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		2.0710aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		5.03140guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		6.0242benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.4620ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		2.4620aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxyamine
methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		7.6930organooxygen compound
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.3670aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
nocodazole
[no description available]		9.2170aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		4.9721benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		5.69260methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.0510beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.4520organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.0510benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.7630aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.470C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		2.9340aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.9940dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.4720dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		5.4751imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
milrinone
[no description available]		3.6390bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.4720dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.4920benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		2.7830diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.9740dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		2.7430monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		2.730ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine
monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.		3.92120aminonaphthalene;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
protective agent
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		2.4520monoterpenoid
n(1),n(11)-diethylnorspermine
N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine: structure given in first source		2.6120
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.4520benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.0710acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		3.98140maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		210aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
n 0840
N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist		2.9140
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0510methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		2.0710tetralins
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		2.0710naphthalenes
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.0710piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		4.091601,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		2.0710naphthalenes
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		2.7530aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0710quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin
Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.		10.51210
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		15.978024cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		2.0510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		2.0710benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		4.26180C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.0710dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.4320aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.73302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		1.9610beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitr 5
nitr 5: photosensitive Ca++ chelator; structure given in first source		2.0210
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.150C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.4220nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nitromide
nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure		2.0710
nizatidine
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		2.4620isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.0510catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		2.4520organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
npc 15437
NPC 15437: interacts with th C1 doamin of protein kinase C		210
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.0510nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		210
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		210aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.0710alkylbenzene
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		2.4620phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.46203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		10.481202,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		3.6830aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.0510carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		2.4720ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		3.28501,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
1,2-cyclohexanediamine
1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4110primary aliphatic amine
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.4520aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.05101,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		2.43201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.4720amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		3.5680benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0410aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.4720aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.5520acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		2.4620aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		8.13501,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.0410phenylalanine derivative
p-fluorophenylalanine
p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.6530fluoroamino acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine derivative
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.1610phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		10.91251benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		2.0510dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.4620aromatic amine
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		2.1310furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		3.83110aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		2.05101,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.4170aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.1650barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.1250oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		2.730piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		3.150N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.4620acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.940acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.0410diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		3.5520aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.0410pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		8.67100barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.4520phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.3470aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		2.0410primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		4.1840monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
oxophenylarsine
oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.		2.6930arsine oxidesantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.0510pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		2.3520dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
1,3a,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate
[no description available]		2.0710pyrroloindole
pifithrin
pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source		2.9840aromatic ketone
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.9440pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		2.0410indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.4420aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0710organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.0710pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.0710aromatic ether
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		4.86350inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		2.8640potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
ag 1879
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor		2.0310aromatic amine;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazolopyrimidine		beta-adrenergic antagonist;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.		2.4220arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde		purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.3820acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		2.0710pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.7330isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.2560aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		2.4720aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.0510pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.6530diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		6.57151benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.9340dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.7430benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		3.3670benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0510benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
procaterol
Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.		2.4420quinolines
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.4720N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.0410benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.6730phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.4520phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propentofylline
[no description available]		210oxopurine
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		3.1250phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propiomazine
propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.8130phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		4.9370naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		2.7330
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		2.4620carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
proxyphylline
[no description available]		2.0410oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.730aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.940aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.0510aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		7.1310benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.4720benzothiazoles
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		2.75301,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		2.0410tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.0110imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		3.77110methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.9740butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		9.31190pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.07102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		3.38601,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		3.7630benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicyl alcohol
salicyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd; saligenin is the aglycone of salicin; structure; it is oxidatively metabolized to gentisic acid. salicyl alcohol : A hydroxybenzyl alcohol that is phenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at C-2.		2.0210aromatic primary alcohol;
hydroxybenzyl alcohol		human urinary metabolite
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.7630phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
sarpogrelate
sarpogrelate: structure given in first source		2.4820hemisuccinate;
stilbenoid
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		2.4620benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sc-10
N-(m-heptyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: protein kinase C activator		1.9310naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
scriptaid
scriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first source		2.2510isoquinolines
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		2.0410barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		8.0240ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		2.0510organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		2.940pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.730morpholines
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		2.940fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.6830haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		2.0410
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.8940ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.5920long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		3.0810pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		340dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure		2.07101,3-thiazoles
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.3820N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.7530aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.4720pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.6930pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.4720sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		7.9840isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		7.4820substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0510primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.0510
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.0510pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0710isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.04102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		840isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		2.0510alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.4720benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		2.0410sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		9.7790naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0510N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0710benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		2.0510benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		9.5280imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		2.0410furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4520phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.4720diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.6930benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		210quaternary ammonium ion
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone: structure. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone : A hydroxybenzoquinone in which all four protons of the benzoquinone structure are substituted by hydroxy groups. A systemic keratolytic, it is normally supplied as its hydrate (CHEBI:137471).		2.0710hydroxybenzoquinonekeratolytic drug
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		18.02274phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		8.67100dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		2.47201,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.0710sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.9540phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.2160aziridines
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.9640monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.420aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		2.4520N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		2.4520benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3720trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.4720N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		2.3920imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.0950N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0710monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.4520aromatic ketone
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		2.2510N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		2.4520aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.0510amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.0710triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trequinsin
trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.420pyridopyrimidine
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.0610pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.3770N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.4620aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.7330organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.0110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
trigonelline
trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.		7.3520alkaloid;
iminium betaine		food component;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.4620trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.0710phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		2.4520oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.4880aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		6.0833
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		2.0410dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		2.6930psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		2.0410aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.7530chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.0710acetamides
tulobuterol
[no description available]		2.0710organochlorine compound
tyramine
[no description available]		8.3770monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.110alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		8.8984aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0710piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		4.84110carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		2.7530cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.4220organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		2.0510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.6930
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.110aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.4120
xanthurenic acid
xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.		7.7330dihydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		animal metabolite;
iron chelator;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source		2.110
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.07101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710alkylbenzene
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.0810aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0510carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.0510imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		8.690mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		4.5325011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		5.8512011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.683016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.0410ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		8.3570alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.21180imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
hexobendine
Hexobendine: A potent vasoactive agent that dilates cerebral and coronary arteries, but slightly constricts femoral arteries, without any effects on heart rate, blood pressure or cardiac output.		1.9510trihydroxybenzoic acid
6-methylthiopurine
6-methylthiopurine : A thiopurine that is 9H-purine substituted by a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.		1.9810thiopurine
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.65280glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		8.0450pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		18.7151218pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		5.53230nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.4720benzodioxolespesticide synergist
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		8.0650benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		2.86401,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		5.59240nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.39204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		4.091602-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine
Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.		1.9510
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		2.05101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		4.12160ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.45203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		8.91403-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.4520barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		3.69011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.9940non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		12.7841611-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.085017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		2.723017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		1.941017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		2.061017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		1.9610
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		3.76302-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		1.9310indoles
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		3.260N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		10.9681penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		9.29273organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.0710phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.6930pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		3.360organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		4.771002-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		3.2260nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.77110chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		23.17441117alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		7.3820L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		5.37110C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		6.51630C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		5.43630aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		7.01610amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		10.641061aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		4.44230pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		2.6530carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		5.54700glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		10.1513617-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.0510steroid ester
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		3.3670ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		7.6730aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.6730pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		2.653017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		2.3820benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		3.811203'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		10.062321adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.3820azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		1.9510tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		12.563211uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.		5.16111pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.4820pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.68100kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
ethopabate
Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.		2.0710amidobenzoic acid
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		12.29450pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		4.21180D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		17.859738monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		4.3190phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.72100amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		6.13420ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		2.6330azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.7330benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		7.71870amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.7330amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
phlorhizin
[no description available]		2.6430aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.1110phenothiazines
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.3920amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		12.83501adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		1.9410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		2.0710penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		11.21270organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0410organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0710benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		9.052011amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.0710dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		4.32200methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.4520quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		2.9240anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		2.0810calcium saltchelator
2-aminoisobutyric acid
2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.		1.96102,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion;
2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		11.05230nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.422017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.6730cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cytidine diphosphate
Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.		2.3720cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.3770pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		4.15170lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		9.082250aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.0710
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		6.78820amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
diethyl sulfate
diethyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diethyl sulfate : The diethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		1.9810alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		3.085020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		11.24280alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.0410
cytidine
[no description available]		9.48820cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate
Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		6.36120cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		12.871450antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		3.1250psoralensplant metabolite
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		3.86120diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		4.31200chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		3.0240organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		3.4880formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.472017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		2.66304-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone
Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		2.64301,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		2.0510aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		1.981017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		6.89530antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.3820beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		11.8614811mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		12.24495beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		1.9710nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.7330nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		3.84120non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		9.69290amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-toluenesulfonamide
4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.		2.4320sulfonamide
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.0410acetophenones
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		8.591261amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-azauracil
5-azauracil: structure given in first source		2.1110
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		4.0731pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		210chloroethanespolar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		5.55120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		8.61761L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		5.12450amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.382017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.0410organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		4.071503'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		5.891010erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		9.9370aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		2.0410quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
4-chlorobenzoic acid
4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.		2.0210monochlorobenzoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine
N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.		210N-substituted diamine;
secondary amino compound		antioxidant
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		7.511260arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		2.6430alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		7.14161alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		7.7530alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methyl iodide
methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.		2.3920iodomethanes;
methyl halides		fumigant insecticide
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		3.4980methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		2.4420boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		2.3820alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		3.68100chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		210primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		3.4470aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol
ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.		1.9910alkanethiolrodenticide
isocyanic acid
isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.		2.1110hydracid;
one-carbon compound
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		9.5980gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
2-propylamine
2-propylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610alkylamines;
primary aliphatic amine
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		7.2510acyl chloride
nitromethane
nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.		210primary nitroalkane;
volatile organic compound		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
explosive;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		7.3920epoxide
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		210tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.7130alkanesulfonic acid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
tribromoethanol
tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tert-amyl alcohol
2-methylbutan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is propan-1-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by methyl groups.		2.0310aliphatic alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		protic solvent
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		2.420fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		3.2460alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		3.96140monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		210fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.4620diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		9.59260C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.1310benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
carbromal
carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94		2.0410N-acylurea
divinyl sulfone
divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.		210sulfonecross-linking reagent
dimethyl sulfate
dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		4.13160alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		1.9610primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.1710
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.0410stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
azobis(isobutyronitrile)
azobis(isobutyronitrile): blowing agent for elastomers & plastics; initiator for free radical reactions; structure		2.0710
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		210butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.4320chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		4.4160acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		3.2250alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
methyl acetate
methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.		2.4120acetate ester;
methyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
fragrance;
polar aprotic solvent
nitroethane
nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.		210primary nitroalkane
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		3.91130pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
cumene hydroperoxide
cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.		2.3920peroxolenvironmental contaminant;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
oxidising agent
sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.		2.0710organochlorine compound;
pyridazines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.7530amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride
1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride: used as seed protector from herbicides		2.0510cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		2.7630organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
buclizine
buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		antiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
local anaesthetic
bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid
bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid: a metabolite of DDT; RN given refers to parent cpd.. bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid : A organochlorine compound comprising acetic acid having two 4-chlorophenyl substituents attached at the 2-position.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
3-methylsalicylic acid
3-methylsalicylic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of salicylic acid carrying a methyl group at the 3-position.		2.0610monohydroxybenzoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		3.28606-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
lawsone
lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.		2.0610
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		3.72100organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
thiopropazate
thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		7.0410anthraquinone
acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid
pyocyanine
Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.0710iminium betaine;
phenazines		antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
virulence factor
phensuximide
phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710pyrrolidines
fluorene
[no description available]		2.7230ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
dimethisoquin
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
1-naphthaleneacetic acid
1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.		4.6260naphthylacetic acidsynthetic auxin
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		2.0510glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
hexamethylbenzene
hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.		210methylbenzene
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		2.3820
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		4.3880pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthranilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid: inhibitor of auxin transport; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3 and 5 are replaced by iodine atoms. It is an auxin polar transport inhibitor.		210benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		antiauxins
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4620arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound
5-methylsalicylic acid
[no description available]		2.0610
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		3.3110hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
2-aminodiphenyl
aminobiphenyl : Any member of the class of biphenyls in which the biphenyl skeleton is substituted by at least one amino group.		2.1110
2-phenylphenol
2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.		2.1110hydroxybiphenylsantifungal agrochemical;
environmental food contaminant
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		2.6630aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
benzohydrol
diphenylmethanol : A secondary alcohol that is diphenylmethane which carries a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.1110benzyl alcohols;
secondary alcohol		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
rat metabolite
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		7.17281mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		2.6730azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		6.9510naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
phenidone
phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		210aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
proflavine
Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.		2.6630aminoacridinesantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
chromophore;
intercalator
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		3.5890xanthene
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		210biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl
biphenyl-4,4'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl with hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4'.		2.1110hydroxybiphenyls
quinaldic acid
[no description available]		2.0610quinolinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyleugenol
methyleugenol: structure		1.9710phenylpropanoid
methyl benzoate
methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.		210benzoate ester;
methyl ester		insect attractant;
metabolite
benzoic anhydride
[no description available]		2.0210acyclic carboxylic anhydride
synephrine
[no description available]		2.4720ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0410benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.4120carbonyl compound
2,4-dichlorotoluene
[no description available]		2.0710dichlorobenzene
4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene
4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd		210monochlorobenzenes
styrene oxide
styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.		3.6190epoxidehuman xenobiotic metabolite
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.5170butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		3.7930phosphonic ester
lactobionic acid
[no description available]		1.9810disaccharideantioxidant
2,4-dinitroaniline
2,4-dinitroaniline : A nitroaniline consisting of an aniline core having two nitro substituents located at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.2110nitroaniline
sulfosalicylic acid
5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.		7.0610arenesulfonic acid;
benzoic acids;
phenols		metabolite
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		7.616205-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		2.3720aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
benzotrifluoride
alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: structure in first source. (trifluoromethyl)benzene : A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
fluorohydrocarbon		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
butylphen
butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.		210phenolsallergen
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		3.44115-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		210acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		210nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-aminobenzoic acid
3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.		2.2110aminobenzoic acid
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		4.01130trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carvone
carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.		2.4620botanical anti-fungal agent;
carvones		allergen
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.0410parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
terephthalic acid
terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.		2.1710benzenedicarboxylic acid
2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid
2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocinchomeronic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 5.		2.0610pyridinedicarboxylic acid
benzyl bromide
benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.		210benzyl bromideslachrymator
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		3.1250styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
benzonitrile
benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.7330benzenes;
nitrile
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		1.9410phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		210monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.2510quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid
Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.		2.2110sulfamic acidsenvironmental contaminant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.0710pyridinium salt
1,3-diphenylurea
1,3-diphenylurea : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens of each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group. It is present in coconut milk (Cocos nucifera).		2.0610phenylureascytokinin;
plant metabolite
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		2.0710benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
nonoxynol
Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.		2.7730
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.921caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
4-chloroaniline
4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.		210chloroaniline;
monochlorobenzenes
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.		2.0110epoxide;
organochlorine compound
glycidyl methacrylate
glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.		7.0510enoate ester;
epoxide
ethylene dibromide
Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.		1.9510bromoalkane;
bromohydrocarbon		algal metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
fumigant;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
butane
butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.		2.0710alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant;
refrigerant
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		3.2560butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
acrolein
[no description available]		2.9140enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
propionitrile
propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.		210aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		7.7230aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
glyoxal
[no description available]		8.9750dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
hexylene glycol
hexylene glycol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol : A glycol in which the two hydroxy groups are at positions 2 and 4 of 2-methylpentane (isopentane).		3.7930glycol
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.4920alkane
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		2.0110cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		9.140triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.4620bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		210monochlorobenzenessolvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.420cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
thiophenol
thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.		2.0510aryl thiol
2-aminopyrimidine
pyrimidin-2-amine : An aminopyrimidine carrying an amino group at position 2.. aminopyrimidine : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.		2.0710aminopyrimidine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		2.0310
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.1310short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		210alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethoxymethane
dimethoxymethane : An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.		210acetal;
diether
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		11.65674pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.730cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		7.9540furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		7.92191mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		4.6111fatty acid ester
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.4420alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.4420cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		210cycloalkene
piperidine
[no description available]		2.940azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		210morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.3820polyazaalkane;
triamine
carbitol
carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.		2.1310diether;
glycol ether;
hydroxypolyether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
dodecanol
Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.		2.7430dodecanol;
primary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
cosmetic;
insect attractant;
insecticide;
pheromone;
plant metabolite
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.6530peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0410steroid ester
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0510bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.6930biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
propylene
propylene: structure		1.9810alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.420barbituratesanticonvulsant
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0410oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		3.6390diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
maltol
maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure		2.06104-pyranonesmetabolite
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		1.95101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		3.93130aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
dianisidine
Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.		2.3620biphenyls
anthracene
acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.		2.4420acene;
anthracenes;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure		210ethyl ester;
paraben		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.610dichlorophenol
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		210methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
3-nitrobenzoic acid
3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		3.89110anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone
naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.		2.01101,4-naphthoquinones
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.4420hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		2.4720quinolines
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.		2.6930carboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide		herbicide
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		2.0710benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		1.9510benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
indolebutyric acid
indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.		3.96130indol-3-yl carboxylic acidauxin;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
uridine diphosphate glucose
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.		2.3920UDP-D-glucosefundamental metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		3.6390naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
4-nitrosodimethylaniline
4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.		1.9910dimethylaniline;
nitroso compound;
tertiary amino compound
estragole
estragole : A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.		3.0610alkenylbenzene;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenylpropanoid		carcinogenic agent;
flavouring agent;
genotoxin;
insect attractant;
plant metabolite
n-butyl acrylate
butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.		2.830acrylate ester
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.4320acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine
hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.7230monohydroxypyridineplant metabolite
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0610amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		2.420cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
anileridine
anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
substituted aniline		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist
pregnenolone
[no description available]		2.894020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		3.4980methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
acridine mustard
acridine mustard: ICR 170 was heading 1975-95 (see under NITROGEN MUSTARD COMPOUNDS 1975-90); ACRIDINE MUSTARD was see ICR 170 1981-95; use ICR-170 (NM) to search ICR 170 1975-95		2.6630acridinesintercalator
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		4.5240purine nucleoside
2-fluoroadenosine
[no description available]		7.9240adenosines;
organofluorine compound
pentoxyl
Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.		5.47120pyrimidone
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		4.0240dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4820organic molecular entity
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		2.3720cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
aziridine
[no description available]		2.3820azacycloalkane;
aziridines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		alkylating agent
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		2.0410pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		9.86100catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		3.4780organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
homoarginine
L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.		2.110homoarginine;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		1.9410amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene: structure in first source		2.7330ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenehuman metabolite;
mutagen
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.0610ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
benzo(c)fluorene
benzo(c)fluorene: structure in first source		1.9710carbotetracyclic compound
cinnoline
cinnoline: structure in first source. cinnoline : An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.		2.1710azaarene;
cinnolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		11.2952azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		7.33470acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		5.17140indazole
7-azaindole
[no description available]		2.0610pyrrolopyridine
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		7.17521,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		4.550adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		4.67280cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		4.7990isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.25601,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		17.199251,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		6.25480diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		15.99947diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.4620xanthenes
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		3.5420organic cation
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.7230phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diiodotyrosine
Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.		2.6430diiodotyrosine;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
muscarine
Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.		2.4120monosaccharide
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		12.86231azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		2.3520diarylmethane
gamma-resorcylic acid
[no description available]		2.0610dihydroxybenzoic acidmetabolite
norchlorcyclizine
norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
perfluorotributylamine
perfluorotributylamine: perfluorochemical (3M Co) artificial O(2) carrier. perfluorotributylamine : An organofluorine compound that is tributylamine in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine atoms.		1.9610organofluorine compoundblood substitute;
greenhouse gas;
solvent
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.4520organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.0510heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		2.0410dibenzoazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.9130mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		7.12161N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
6-aminonicotinamide
6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.		2.6430aminopyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary amino compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
teratogenic agent
nicarbazin
Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.		1.9610organic molecular entity
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		2.3620diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
perfluorodecanoic acid
perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.		1.9610fluoroalkanoic acidenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.4520benzenes;
sulfonamide
glymidine
glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.		2.0410diether;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		hypoglycemic agent
methylthioinosine
Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.		2.8940purine ribonucleoside;
thiopurine
5-fluorotryptophan
5-fluorotryptophan: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. 5-fluorotryptophan : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is tryptophan in which the hydrogen at position 5 on the indole ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
organofluorine compound;
tryptophan derivative
3-acetylpyridine
3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors		2.3420aromatic ketone
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.0510steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.		5.49210aminoimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		mouse metabolite
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.0410ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		8.580thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic amine
benzenediazonium
benzenediazonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenediazonium : The aromatic diazonium ion formed from diazotisation of aniline.		2.4120aromatic diazonium ionhapten
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		3.7730amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.6630diarylmethane
5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid: structure. 5-methyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid : A memebr of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole with methyl and carboxylic acid group substituents at positions 5 and 3 respectively.		6.9610monocarboxylic acid;
pyrazoles		metabolite
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		2.0810organosilicon compound
cyanamide
Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.		2.1110nitrile;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
beta-cyclocitral
beta-cyclocitral: structure in first source. beta-cyclocitral : A monoterpenoid formally derived from citral by cyclisation. It is a volatile compound produced by a cyanobacteria.		2.0310monoterpenoidbacterial metabolite
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.6930bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate
Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.		1.9710
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		9.8619502-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
cyanogen
cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.		2.2110dinitrile;
pseudohalogen
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		9.78100imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		2.0410amphetamines
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		8.26104monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine
[no description available]		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
homocystines		human metabolite
beta-erythroidine
beta-erythroidine: alkaloid found in various species of Erythrina; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic indole alkaloid isolated from the seeds and other parts of Erythrina species. It differs from the alpha isomer in having the double bond of the dihydropyranone ring located beta,gamma- to the lactone carbonyl group instead of alpha,beta-.		2.0110delta-lactone;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		muscle relaxant;
plant metabolite
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.68301-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		3.4980guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		4.0440calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4320bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.110bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		4.3260
rhein
[no description available]		2.1510dihydroxyanthraquinone
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		7.8740thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine
dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate		2.0410
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		3.84120isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.7530phthalazines
cytisine
[no description available]		2.0510alkaloid;
bridged compound;
lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.9440benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
adenosine phosphosulfate
Adenosine Phosphosulfate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.. 5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine 5'-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups.		2.0510acyl monophosphate;
acyl sulfate;
adenosine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lumazine
lumazine: structure. 2,4-dihydroxypteridine : Any dihydroxypteridine in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 2 and 4.. lumazine : A 2,4-dihydroxypteridine.		2.06102,4-dihydroxypteridine
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.9340dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0510amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
melarsoprol
Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.		2.9240triazines
indoline
indoline: structure given in first source		7.0510indoles
butenolide
butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		7.0110butenolide
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.4720pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
biphenylacetylene
biphenylacetylene : An arylacetylene that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.1110arylacetylene;
benzenes		fluorochrome
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9810phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		9.86221
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		4.1231thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.8940ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		2.9140
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.6920hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.3820ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dithiazanine
Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.		1.9410benzothiazoles;
benzothiazolium ion		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
methallenestril
methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410naphthalenes
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.6530furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		3.387017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		7.0310
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		2.0710diarylmethane
1,2-naphthoquinone
naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.		7.03101,2-naphthoquinonesaryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.4520gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.9140organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.8940C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.		2.2110
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid: Bepask is calcium salt		2.0710benzamides
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.0510thiazoles
tropolone
Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.		2.7630alpha-hydroxy ketone;
cyclic ketone;
enol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
toxin
1,3-dichloroacetone
1,3-dichloroacetone : A ketone that is propan-2-one in which a hydrogen at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by chloro groups. It is used in the synthesis of citric acid. Also used as a solvent and as an intermediate in organic synthesis.		1.9610ketone;
organochlorine compound
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.		3.0850dinitrophenol acaricide;
hydroxytoluene;
nitrotoluene		dinitrophenol insecticide;
fungicide;
herbicide
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		2.0510amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		1.9810carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
4-chloroacetanilide
4-chloroacetanilide : Acetamide substituted on nitrogen by a para-chlorophenyl group.		210acetamides;
monochlorobenzenes
1-chloropropane
1-chloropropane: structure in first source		210
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		2.0410carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.0410
muscone
muscone: structure in first source		4.6111
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		5.81280dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.1710long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		2.5420carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.4820organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride
Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.		2.4320
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.7630organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
thiphenamil
thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.0210phenoxazine
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.6630hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
aniline mustard
Aniline Mustard: Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.		6.9810
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.5220carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
linamarin
[no description available]		2.0410beta-D-glucoside
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		2.3820arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
glycidol
glycidol: structure given in first source		2.0110epoxide;
primary alcohol
lignoceric acid
lignoceric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetracosanoic acid : A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0510straight-chain saturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.1710organic molecular entity
diepoxybutane
diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		3.580epoxidemutagen
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
phenindamine
phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410indene
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.4520naphthalenediolmouse metabolite
lactulose
[no description available]		2.0510glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
2,3-dichlorophenol
dichlorophenol : Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.		210
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.8330flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
8-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		2.0610
6-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		2.0510
2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene
[no description available]		2.1110
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		2.0610aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
levulinic acid
levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.		2.3420oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.472020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
methyl pyruvate
methyl pyruvate : A pyruvate ester resultinf grom the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyruvic acid with the hydroxy group of methanol.		2.1510methyl ester;
pyruvate ester
triphenylphosphine
triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		7.0810benzenes;
tertiary phosphine		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reducing agent
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		7.3920antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid: structure. (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of phenylalanine and is excreted in the urine of patients suffering from diseases like phenylketonuria.		1.9810hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-methylbenzimidazole
5-methylbenzimidazole: structure in first source. 5-methyl-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted by a methyl group.		2.0310imidazoles
1-methyluracil
1-methyluracil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group substituent at position 1.		2.6930nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		metabolite
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid: structure in first source		3.520
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		6.18390acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate
[no description available]		2.4110oxo carboxylic acid
methyl butyrate
[no description available]		210fatty acid ester
methyl isocyanate
methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.		6.9710isocyanatesallergen;
apoptosis inducer
methyl nitrite
[no description available]		2.0610
6-methyluracil
6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.		2.0610pyrimidonemetabolite
amyl acetate
amyl acetate: sources do not specify n-isomer. pentyl acetate : An acetate ester of pentanol.		3.4711acetate estermetabolite
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine
Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0310dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester		hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		1.9410
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.0610pyrrolecarboxylic acidplant metabolite
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.4620morpholines
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		10.37141cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
butaperazine
butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94		2.0410phenothiazines
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.		3.62902'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		fundamental metabolite
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		2.0710docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
homoserine
homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.		3.4920amino acid zwitterion;
homoserine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrosoguanidines
Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.		4.39220
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.1510delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hempa
Hempa: A chemosterilant agent that is anticipated to be a carcinogen.		1.9710phosphoramideinsect sterilant;
mutagen
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		10.74280N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
hadacidin
hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.		2.8740aldehyde;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide
[no description available]		2.3720
2-fluoroadenine
2-fluoroadenine : An organofluorine compound that is adenine in which the hydrogen at position 2 (the carbon between the two nitrogens of the pyrimidine ring) is replaced by a fluorine.		5.55220organofluorine compound;
purines		antineoplastic agent
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		9.05150N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
glycinaldehyde
glycinaldehyde: structure		2.0310epoxide
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		7.074317beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
methylphosphate
methylphosphate: specifically and irreversibly inactivates inorganic pyrophosphatase; RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl dihydrogen phosphate : A monoalkyl phosphate having methyl as the alkyl group.		3.0910monoalkyl phosphate;
one-carbon compound		algal metabolite;
epitope;
phosphoantigen
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline: structure in first source		2.0610hydroxyquinoline
(pentafluorophenyl)hydrazine
[no description available]		2.0110
naphthyl acetate
naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol		2.0210
2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole
2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole: structure in first source. 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)phenol : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazole substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2.		2.06101,3-benzoxazoles;
phenols		geroprotector
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.4520
n-nitrosobutylurea
N-nitrosobutylurea: structure		1.9510
1H-indazol-3-amine
1H-indazol-3-amine: structure in first source		2.0610indazoles
3-hydroxypicolinic acid
[no description available]		2.0610monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxypyridine		MALDI matrix material
3,4-epoxy-1-butene
3,4-epoxy-1-butene: RN given refers to monomer		8.7100
nitrosobenzylmethylamine
nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure		2.3820
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		30.67747269pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		5.63250pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol
2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.		1.9510dichlorobenzene;
quinone imine
2'-deoxyadenosine
2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source		4.3190purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxolamine
oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410oxadiazole;
ring assembly
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.0510steroid ester
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		2.0210
methylphosphonic acid
methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.		2.1110one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
chlormequat
Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.		1.9710quaternary ammonium ionplant growth retardant
2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine
2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine: see also 2,4,6-triaminopyridinium (cation). 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine core carries amino substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6.		1.9510aminopyrimidine
deoxycytidine monophosphate
Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.52202'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		10.0681ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyanoacetylene
cyanoacetylene: structure in first source		2.4110
nicotinamide mononucleotide
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.		2.6730nicotinamide mononucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tetradecyltrimethylammonium
tetradecyltrimethylammonium: cationic surfactant; used to determine thermal stability of DNA; Catrimox-14 is the tradename of the oxalate; Catrimox-14 lyses cells and simultaneously precipitates RNA and was demonstrated useful in isolating RNA from whole blood		2.1310
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-formylpyridine : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a formyl group.		2.4620pyridinecarbaldehyde
5-iodocytosine
5-iodocytosine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.4720
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.0710alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
8-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide
8-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.0610monohydroxyquinoline;
quinoline N-oxide
4-aminothiophenol
[no description available]		2.1110
3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one
3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one: in a releaser significantly reduced trap catches and spruce beetle attacks on standing live spruce by 96 and 87%, respectively		2.0310cyclic olefin
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate
3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source		2.0410steroid ester
gallium arsenide
[no description available]		2.4110
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.4120
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		2.0510cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		1.9610alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		8.3470alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.0810manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.8630zinc molecular entity
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		7.5720sulfide salt
monolaurin
monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol		2.05101-monoglyceride;
dodecanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		3.7190
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.0510glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		3.4211enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		5.03130alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		2.4720
1,2-epoxyhexane
[no description available]		4.6111
pseudouridine
[no description available]		5.3270pseudouridinesfundamental metabolite
2-methyladenine
methyladenine : Any member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing a single methyl substituent.		3.0650
picolinamide
picolinamide: degradation product of diquat. pyridinecarboxamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.. picolinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of picolinic acid.		2.0510pyridinecarboxamide
guanazole
Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.		1.9710aromatic amine;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.4420selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
flurandrenolone
Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)		2.071021-hydroxy steroid
metaxalone
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.0650cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
clopyralid
clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.		2.0610organochlorine pesticide;
pyridines		herbicide
5-chlorouracil
5-chlorouracil : An organochlorine compound consisting of uracil having an chloro substituent at the 5-position.		3.0140organochlorine compound
stearylamine
stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.4520primary aliphatic aminefilm-forming compound
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		8.470organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		5.531612'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		310tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7330quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone
2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.		2.1110hydroquinonesfood antioxidant
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		2.0510benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		2.8840methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
bamifylline
bamifylline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist		3.0910oxopurine
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.6190aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
decachlorobiphenyl
decachlorobiphenyl: structure. decachlorobiphenyl : A polychlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		210pentachlorobenzenes;
polychlorobiphenyl
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		2.0410dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.7930benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		3.11502-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
6-methylbenzo(a)pyrene
[no description available]		2.4120
mirex
Mirex: An organochlorine insecticide that is carcinogenic.		1.9810chlorocarbon;
organochlorine insecticide		persistent organic pollutant
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.1510organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		2.3520fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.7530pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
n-acetylimidazole
[no description available]		2.0110N-acylimidazole
acetosyringone
acetosyringone: plant inducer which induces expression of VirE & VirG in A. tumefaciens. acetosyringone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0210acetophenones;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-asthmatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
polyethylene glycol 300
[no description available]		2.0810poly(ethylene glycol)
acadesine
[no description available]		4.36601-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0410N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
thymine glycol
thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		4.4970hydroxypyrimidine
clopidol
pharmcoccide: Russian drug; no other info available 1/1/79		1.9610chloropyridine
4-nitroimidazole
5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		16.39724dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		2.0710dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
sudan red
[no description available]		2.0710
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		2.0710primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		3.2960fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.420thujeneplant metabolite
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole
2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)phenol : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 1,3-benzothiazole substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2.		2.0610benzothiazoles;
phenols		geroprotector
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		9.04150D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
thiamine triphosphate
thiamine(1+) triphosphate(1-) : An ammonium betaine that is the conjugate base of thiamine(1+) triphosphate arising from the deptoronation of one of the hydroxy groups of the terminal phosphate group.		2.2510ammonium betaine;
thiamine phosphate;
vitamin B1
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		4.542501,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine
[no description available]		2.0410
cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antimicrobial agent
2-tert-butyl-4-quinone
2-tert-butyl-4-quinone: a metabolite of butylated hydroxyanisole ; structure given in first source		2.1110
ecdysone
[no description available]		2.352014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
cyclic cmp
Cyclic CMP: A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions.. 3',5'-cyclic CMP : A 3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.04103',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotidehuman metabolite
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.07102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
denatonium benzoate
[no description available]		1.9910
nafenopin
Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.		1.9510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.51250antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chloric acid
[no description available]		2.0810chlorine oxoacid
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		4.6690carbon oxoanion
5-azacytosine
5-azacytosine: structure given in first source. 5-azacytosine : A monoamino-1,3,5-triazine that is cytosine in which the aromatic CH at position 5 is replaced by a nitrogen.		2.0510monoamino-1,3,5-triazine
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		4.39210adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
9-benzyladenine
[no description available]		3.89120
cladribine
[no description available]		8.49134organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.1510phthalic acid monoester
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
2-cyanoethylene oxide
2-cyanoethylene oxide: acrylonitrile metabolite; structure in first source		2.1710
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		2.0110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
ethyl maltol
ethyl maltol: structure given in first source		2.0610pyranone
noxiptilin
noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410organic tricyclic compound
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.4520carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.4120diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0410isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.7530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410acridines
2-aminobenzyl alcohol
2-aminobenzyl alcohol: structure given in first source		2.0210
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		1.9410
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		13.63767beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
diadenosine tetraphosphate
P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.		2.730diadenosyl tetraphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		2.0410indoles
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.3110dioxolane
6-n-hydroxylaminopurine
N(6)-hydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurinnes that is adenine in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.865106-aminopurines;
hydroxylamines;
nucleobase analogue		mutagen;
teratogenic agent
isometheptene
isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040		2.0410secondary amino compound
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		2.0410azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene
Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.		1.99102-acetamidofluorenescarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
nsc 520594
[no description available]		2.0310
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.7330amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		9.94120
coralyne
coralyne: RN given refers to parent cpd; at this time it is not known for which salt NSC-154890 is synonym; structure; DNA topoisomerse antagonist		2.7330isoquinolines
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
hepes
[no description available]		2.3820HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		2.0410indoles
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		7.7630cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		3.4880f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		4.96390elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		4.41220elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		4.83100chromium group element atommicronutrient
neptunium
Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.		1.9410actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		2.0310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		8.1150iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		5.23150metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		4.73290elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		2.520manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		8.1350cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		4.04140iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		8.64711copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		2.1510vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.110manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		2.4820f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		4.6111f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		11.4121titanium group element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		2.8940monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		10.36180cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.3820f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		3.3570chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		2.4820f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.7730f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		5.77800copper group element atom;
elemental gold
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		3.150monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		5.1731actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		4.5780elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		2.4220monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		2.4520d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		2.3110titanium group element atom
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.0410copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		7.69250pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		2.3520magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.0810mercury coordination entitysensitiser
6-nitrochrysene
6-nitrochrysene: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro group in position 6		7.0810carbopolycyclic compound
meladrazine
nitrosoproline: RN given refers to 1-nitroso-L-proline		4.540
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		2.8940D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
hexocyclium
hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410amine
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		5.07101sodium phosphate
perchloric acid
[no description available]		1.9410chlorine oxoacid
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		1.9810inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
palladium chloride
palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.		7.0610palladium coordination entitycatalyst
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		2.9240inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		1.9510chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		7.64191delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.0710iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		1.9710iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate
sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.		3.411inorganic sodium saltchelator;
food emulsifier;
food thickening agent
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		7.69540N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		5160diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate
[no description available]		2.4120
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		1.9410barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		7.1310inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		3.0850calcium phosphate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.1310metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		1.9910divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		8.69100inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
chloroethylene oxide
chloroethylene oxide: postulated metabolite of vinyl chloride; structure		7.8940organochlorine compound
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		8.0940inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		2.0710calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		2.420potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		4.76320dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		9.27190diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		3.97140diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
nitrous acid
Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2160nitrogen oxoacid
silver chloride
[no description available]		2.0210inorganic chloride;
silver salt
beryllium fluoride
beryllium difluoride : The fluoride salt of beryllium (+2 oxidation state). In the solid state it exists as a glass, with four-coordinate Be(2+) tetrahedral centres and two-coordinate fluoride centres. As a gas it adopts a linear triatomic structure and in the liquid state a fluctuating tetrahedral structure. In protein crystallography it is used as a mimic of phosphate.		2.9240beryllium molecular entity;
fluoride salt
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		4.0350deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		1.9310divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		2.2110calcium phosphate
glycerol 1-stearate
glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.		2.04101-acylglycerol 18:0;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol		algal metabolite;
Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
desmedipham
desmedipham: structure. desmedipham : A carbamate ester that is phenylcarbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.		210carbamate esteragrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		12.23131
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		2.4420
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		5.1931elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		210inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.9240cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		1.9710cadmium salt
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.1710benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.0410diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.9340barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.6930
clortermine
[no description available]		2.0410amphetamines
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
rhamnose
[no description available]		1.9410L-rhamnose
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.75301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
chloramine
[no description available]		2.2110halide
coformycin
[no description available]		7.49411coformycinsEC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nicofuranose
nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)		2.0410organooxygen compound
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		4.58260ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		6.53640S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
n-ethyl-n-hydroxyethylnitrosamine
N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is N-nitrosodiethylamine in which one of the ethyl froups has been replaced by a 2-hydroxyethyl group. It is used to induce renal and liver tumours in rodents.		1.9810nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate
Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate: A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.		2.6830
melarsonic acid
melarsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		8.4470titanium oxidesfood colouring
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.07102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		2.3620
mopidamol
Mopidamol: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. Formerly used as an antineoplastic.		1.9710dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
menthone
menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).		2.4420menthone
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.3820
parbendazole
parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
cloforex
cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275		2.0410amphetamines
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.4520selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		7.93406-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clobutinol
clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)		2.0410benzenes;
organic amino compound
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		2.2110beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
1-methyladenosine
[no description available]		2.6830methyladenosinehuman metabolite
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.4520glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		210
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		4.74300acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
showdomycin
Showdomycin: 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent.		1.9510
2,3-dihydroxypyridine
2,3-dihydroxypyridine: affects thyroid function. pyridine-2,3-diol : A dihydroxypyridine in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 2 and 3.		2.0610dihydroxypyridine
hexachloroiridic acid
hexachloroiridic acid: inhibitor of DNA synthesis; K2IrCl6 as oxidizing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
fluorides
[no description available]		4.79330halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.472017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.0710carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
decoquinate
Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.6630
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		7.0710chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
mecysteine
mecysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer. methyl L-cysteinate : An L-cysteinyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-cysteine with methanol. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough.		1.9710L-cysteinyl ester;
primary amino compound;
thiol		mucolytic
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		1.97102-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
iodine
[no description available]		3.98140halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
osmium tetroxide
Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.		2.8940osmium coordination entityfixative;
histological dye;
oxidising agent;
poison
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		6.47171aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine
capobenic acid
[no description available]		2.0710benzamides
lofexidine
lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247		2.4220aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
diftalone
[no description available]		2.0710
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		4.0240nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.4820L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
melarsen oxide
melarsen oxide: inhibits glutathione reductase		2.6930
2,6-diaminopurine
9H-purine-2,6-diamine : A member of the class of 2,6-diaminopurines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by amino groups.		6.435602,6-diaminopurines;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.47201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.4220indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		7.41652benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		3.8221chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
acetylacetone
acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.		2.0610beta-diketone
propionic anhydride
[no description available]		2.0210
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.0210azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
butyl acetate
butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.		3.4711acetate estermetabolite
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.693011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		2.0510indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide
hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		210acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4720bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		3.2860ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
rafoxanide
Rafoxanide: Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.		2.3920
proquazone
proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure		2.0410pyrimidines
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.0610C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0410organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		1.9310
dihydro-beta-erythroidine
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.		2.0110delta-lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		5.813503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.9840
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.4720
fanft
FANFT: A potent nitrofuran derivative tumor initiator. It causes bladder tumors in all animals studied and is mutagenic to many bacteria.		1.9610
3-butenoic acid
but-3-enoic acid : That isomer of butenoic acid having the double bond at position C-3.		2.0110butenoic acid
alkenes
[no description available]		3.74110
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		3.1150organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		9.57250glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.4320amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
adenylyl imidodiphosphate
Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.		3.1150adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		1.9810
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.0410inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		4.8330pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		3.93130ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.360penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		3.8230timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4620tryptamines
kethoxal
kethoxal: modifies guanine containing oligoribonucleotides by reacting selectively with guanine in polynucleotides. Drug is hydrate of 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde. 1,1-dihydroxy-3-ethoxy-2-butanone : A butanone derivative having two hydroxy substituents at the 1-position and an ethoxy substituent at the 3-position.		1.9810aldehyde hydrate;
butanone		antiinfective agent
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
benthiocarb
Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
monothiocarbamic ester
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		2.6920polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.0710catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		2.0410carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
dimethyl suberimidate
Dimethyl Suberimidate: The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.		210
s-adenosylmethionine
acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.0210sulfonium betainehuman metabolite
vidarabine phosphate
Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.		4.4670
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		2.0510amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		18.1218445azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0410organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		2.0510pyrroline
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.		2.0810dichlorobenzene;
tetrachlorobiphenyl
4-ipomeanol
4-ipomeanol: lung-toxic furanoterpenoid produced in moldy sweet potatoes in response to fungus infection; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		4.4611aromatic ketone
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.4520amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		14.81263taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
bikaverin
bikaverin : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 10H-benzo[b]xanthene-7,10,12-trione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 11, methoxy groups at positions 3 and 8 and a methyl group at position 1.		2.3520
etoposide
[no description available]		7.26122beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		3.0750peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.9740catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
cartazolate
cartazolate: structure		6.9610
2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 5 position of each benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.		2.1310dichlorobenzene;
tetrachlorobiphenyl
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.0410phenanthrenes
4-methylhistamine
4-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.		1.9810aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		histamine agonist;
metabolite
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		11.784131-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.7230alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.3820butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
fluorescamine
Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.		2.0310
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.7530L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.9740aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.0510
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.94405-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.5220pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		1.9910organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		5.29200alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		2.47201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		2.2510cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
thidiazuron
[no description available]		4.5170ureas
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.0510cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0510pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0110chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
diisopropanolnitrosamine
diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.		1.9910diol;
nitrosamine;
secondary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
vindesine
Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).		3.1910methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary carboxamide;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.472017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.		3.580epoxideintercalator
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
arprinocid
arprinocid: structure		7.393716-aminopurines
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		2.3110benzamides;
carboxylic ester
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.0710aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		4.460aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in seventh source		1.9810
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.0510organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
tiropramide
[no description available]		2.1310phenylalanine derivative
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		2.0410aromatic ether
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.7830anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
dihydroalprenolol
Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.		2.0610
clorsulon
clorsulon: potent fasciolicide; structure		2.3920benzenes;
sulfonamide
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.4720penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.4920aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		7.4120alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
bpde-ii
BPDE-II: structure given in first source; a DNA adduct		210
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
indalpine
indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710indoles
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke		2.4220nitrosamine;
pyridines
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		2.0710ureas
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		7.5120nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0410diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		6.72890acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.0510benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0710benzofurans
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
[no description available]		1.9910
5-hydroxymethylchrysene
5-hydroxymethylchrysene: structure given in first source		6.9710
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.0710dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fiacitabine
fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.		3.4720
fialuridine
[no description available]		1.9710
amonafide
xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor		14.4611340isoquinolines
doxofylline
doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.		2.0410oxopurineanti-asthmatic drug;
antitussive;
bronchodilator agent
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		1.9910fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.940aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		210aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
dazoxiben
dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.0750
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		2.4520
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		3.69100delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		2.0710naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source		1.9910butenolide
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0510aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		8.59144delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.0710dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		3.8740pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-n-carboxymethylnitrosamine
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-carboxymethylnitrosamine: N-nitrosodiethanolamine metabolite in rat urine		3.0810
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.71303-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
caracemide
[no description available]		3.3711
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0510hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.7530dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		2.0710imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.1110hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.75303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
desciclovir
[no description available]		2.3820
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		4.5511aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
gusperimus
gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride		3.0710N-acyl-amino acid
dopexamine
dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0710catecholamine
3-deazaguanine
3-deazaguanine: structure		2.3920
flavone acetic acid
flavone acetic acid: structure given in first source		3.0710
lonapalene
RS 43179: used in treatment of psoriasis		2.0710naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound
antineoplaston a10
antineoplaston A10: peptide analogue isolated from human urine		2.610
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.0710naphthoic acid
ipsapirone
[no description available]		2.0710N-arylpiperazine
brequinar
brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.		5.3721biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		3.3870
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		2.13103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		3.8100imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.0710
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		2.0410aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
piroxantrone
[no description available]		4.4611
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		24.069521176-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
sulofenur
sulofenur: a diarylsulfonylurea		4.4611
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		2.73301-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		2.0710stilbenoid
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.0140methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		10.25770phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0410beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.0110tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.8130pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		2.0510aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		7.42141organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
u 77779
bizelesin: structure given in first source		2.6830
atorvastatin
[no description available]		12.8464aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		26.121,148233monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		2.0510duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		7.05101carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.7630biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
draflazine
draflazine: a nucleoside transport inhibitor; has cardioprotective effect; draflazine is the (-)-enantiomer; R 88016 is the (+)-enantiomer		2.420
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		2.04101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		3.1610guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		28.756251556-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		26.45858345monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
bisnafide
bisnafide: structure in first source		2.4120
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		2.0510carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		16.771,0562adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
3-methyl-2-butenal
3-methylbut-2-enal : An enal consisting of but-2-ene with a methyl substituent at position 3 and an oxo group at position 1.		6.9510enalmetabolite
3-n-butylphthalide
3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source		2.110benzofurans
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3711
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		4.29190trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
ruthenium chloride (rucl3)
ruthenium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		1.9710
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		2.8740
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		8.470aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
benzylaminopurine
benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.		6.1913106-aminopurinescytokinin;
plant metabolite
sodium persulfate
sodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt		1.9710
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		1.9610inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0710hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
halofuginone
[no description available]		3.0750quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.1310hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		4.33200hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		2.0710
cefprozil
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		20.0522687acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		9.63188aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
2,4-diamino-5-adamantyl-6-methylpyrimidine
[no description available]		2.3920
rolofylline
rolofylline: selective antagonist for adenosine receptors; a cardiovascular agent		2.4120oxopurine
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
methionine methyl ester
[no description available]		2.3520
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.6190D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		1.95102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
acid citrate dextrose
acid citrate dextrose: used as blood preservative; a mixture of dextrose, citric acid and trisodium citrate		9.04150
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.5320
ursolic acid
[no description available]		7.1710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
propamidine
propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.		2.0110aromatic ether;
guanidines;
polyether		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug
xanthosine
[no description available]		2.3720purines D-ribonucleoside;
xanthosines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		3.82110organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate
thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.		3.580pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
thymidine phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
dexelvucitabine
dexelvucitabine: inhibits human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro		4.8860
arctigenin
arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants		2.2510lignan
baicalin
[no description available]		4.9921dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine
[no description available]		6.6390
emivirine
emivirine: a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. emivirine : A pyrimidone that is uracil which is substituted at positions 1, 5 and 6 by ethoxymethyl, isopropyl, and benzyl groups, respectively. A non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, emivirine was an unsuccessful experimental agent for the treatment of HIV.		8.1243pyrimidoneantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.8330azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		8.62193carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.6220acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
isocytidine
[no description available]		2.0310
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		8.54590methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
thymine arabinoside
thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus		3.0510N-glycosyl compound
2',3'-dideoxythymidine triphosphate
ddTTP : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having thymine as the nucleobase.		1.9710pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
thymidine phosphate
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		4.0740flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
alpha-terthienyl
[no description available]		2.0710terthiophene
deoxyuridine triphosphate
[no description available]		3.8530deoxyuridine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.7330xanthene dyefluorochrome
psicofuranine
[no description available]		1.9710psicose derivative;
purine nucleoside
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		4.01402'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
25-hydroxycholesterol
[no description available]		2.452025-hydroxy steroid;
oxysterol		human metabolite
phenylalanylphenylalanine
phenylalanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer		2.0610
phosphoramidic acid
phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds		4.5270phosphoric acid derivative
aica ribonucleotide
AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.		3.56801-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole		cardiovascular drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salvin
salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)		2.1110abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
1,2-distearoyllecithin
[no description available]		2.0710
2'-deoxynebularine
2'-deoxynebularine: structure given in first source. purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside : A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).. purine deoxyribonucleoside : A deoxyribonucleoside containing a purine base.. 2'-deoxynebularine : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside in which a 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue is attached at position 9 of 9H-purine via a glycosidic linkage.		210purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside
2',5'-dideoxyadenosine
[no description available]		3.580deoxyribonucleoside
kasugamycin
kasugamycin: experimental antimicrobial agent from Streptomyces kausugaensis; used in pseudomonas infections; interfers with protein synthesis in susceptible Escherichia coli. kasugamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties.		1.9610
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		3.5590iodine oxoacid
neocuproine
neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.		2.0210phenanthrolineschelator;
copper chelator
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.0510gallate ester;
galloyl beta-D-glucose		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(1+) ion
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(1+) ion: RN given refers to (1+) ion		1.9810
aristeromycin
aristeromycin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha,3beta,5alpha)-isomer		3.0850
o-(6)-methylguanine
O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.		5.85310methylguaninemutagen
2',3'-dideoxyadenosine triphosphate
[no description available]		3.8121purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
surfactin peptide
surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.		1.9810
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.4820dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
o-4-methylthymine
O(4)-methylthymine : A methylthymine in which the methyl group is located at the O4-position.		1.9810aromatic ether;
methylthymine		human metabolite
2',3'-dideoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate
[no description available]		1.9510
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		210nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		3.1550glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate
trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate: deprotecting cpd for peptides		210
3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'phosphate
3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'phosphate: inhibits thymidylate kinase		2.4120
fenclofenac
fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4320aromatic ether
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		6.38530purine nucleoside
sinefungin
[no description available]		3.0850adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
proxicromil
proxicromil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.1310
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		1.9310phosphate salthistamine agonist
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.4420cephalosporinfungal metabolite
3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		2.8740purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphateantifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent
bendamustine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
aloxistatin
aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.		2.4520epoxide;
ethyl ester;
L-leucine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticoronaviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor
ceftezole
ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
lercanidipine
[no description available]		2.1310diarylmethane
torbafylline
torbafylline: structure given in first source		2.0710
web 2086
WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		1.9710organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
tallimustine
tallimustine: structure given in first source		7.420
pidotimod
pidotimod: RN given refers to compound with unspecified stereochemistry		3.4411peptide
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		3.5120pyridoindole
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.5220benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether)
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410stilbenoid
lumiflavin
lumiflavin : A compound showing yellow-green fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in alkaline solution.		2.0810flavin
boron nitride
[no description available]		2.5420nitride
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.0510fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
edoxudin
[no description available]		3.0510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
estradiol-2,3-o-quinone
[no description available]		2.0310
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.974017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
naphthalimides
Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.		14.4711440
protoanemonin
protoanemonin: a furanone found in RANUNCULACEAE plants; structure given in first source; has antifungal & antibiotic properties; ranunculine is hydrolyzed to protoanemonin which dimerizes to anemonin		1.9710butenolide
isocytosine
2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring bears amino and hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4, respectively.		2.4120aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone
bromosuccinimide
Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).		210dicarboximide;
organobromine compound;
pyrrolidinone		reagent
estradiol-3,4-quinone
estradiol-3,4-quinone: structure in first source		2.4420
2,4-diaminopyrimidine
2,6-diaminopyrimidine: structure in first source. pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.		2.4420aminopyrimidine
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		3.88120phenanthroline
pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine
[no description available]		2.0210
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		11.587841,2,3-triazole
carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone
[no description available]		1.9910
5-fluorosalicylic acid
5-fluorosalicylic acid: structure given in first source; product from action of alkaline phosphatase on 5-fluorosalicyl phosphate; forms highly fluorescent terbium ternary complex		2.0610
guanidinopropionic acid
guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure. 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels		2.0110guanidines;
zwitterion		hypoglycemic agent
6-methyladenine
6-methyladenine: structure. 6-methyladenine : A methyladenine that is 9H-purin-6-amine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen.		10.9521706-alkylaminopurine;
methyladenine		human metabolite
difluorotoluene
difluorotoluene: structure in first source		3.2660
azauracil
azauracil: minor descriptor (64-72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search URACIL (66-74); URACIL/AA (75-86); INDEX MEDICUS search URACIL (64-72); AZAURACIL (73-86). 6-azauracil : A 1,2,4-triazine compound having oxo-substituents at the 3- and 5-positions.		7.9401,2,4-triazines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
tangeretin
tangeretin: structure given in first source; from citrus plants; inhibits invasion of MO4 mouse cells into embryonic chick heart in vitro. tangeretin : A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8.. pentamethoxyflavone : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a five methoxy groups.		2.0110pentamethoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
harmol
harmol: harmol is oxidized form of alkaloid harmolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610harmala alkaloid
pyromeconic acid
pyromeconic acid: from herb Dengzhanhua; structure		2.0610
2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source		210
nebularine
nebularine: structure. nebularine : A purine ribonucleoside that is 9H-purine attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.		7.4320purine ribonucleoside;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fungal metabolite
7-methylxanthine
[no description available]		1.9710oxopurine;
purine alkaloid		human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-hydroxypyrimidine
pyrimidone : A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.. pyrimidin-2-ol : The hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine mono-substituted at C-2 by a hydroxy group.		2.0610hydroxypyrimidineelectron donor;
Lewis base
disobutamide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.4120imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		7.25622-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.9840dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		2.46201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
fluindione
fluindione: structure		3.1610cyclic ketone;
indanones
1-triacontanol
1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0110fatty alcohol 30:0;
ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol
glycine amide
glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210amino acid amide;
glycine derivative
4-hydroxyquinoline
4-quinolone : A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.		2.0510monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone
4,4'-diaminobenzophenone
4,4'-diaminobenzophenone: structure in first source		2.1110
n-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine
[no description available]		6.9510
phenylazide
phenylazide: photosensitive hydrophobic non-polar probe; photolabeling agent		210
beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid
3-hydroxyisovaleric acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency.		2.13103-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
allomaltol
allomaltol: structure in first source		2.0610
4(5)-phenylimidazole
4(5)-phenylimidazole: tautomeric cpd; cytochrome P450 14alpha-sterol demethylase, CYP51 antagonist		2.1110
9-methyladenine
9-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-9.		6.43540methyladeninemetabolite
5-fluoroorotic acid
5-fluoroorotic acid: inhibits the dietary induction of serine dehydratase. 5-fluoroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic that is orotic acid which is substituted by fluorine at position 5. It is used in yeast molecular genetics to detect expression of the URA3 gene, which encodes orotine-5'-monophosphate dicarboxylase. A yeast with and active URA3 gene converts 5-fluoroorotic acid to fluorodeoxyuridine, which is toxic to cells.		2.6830
1-methyluric acid
1-methyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by a methyl group at N-1. It is one of the metabolites of caffeine found in human urine.		2.0510oxopurinehuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-hydroxy-2(1h)-pyridinone
1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone: structure in first source		2.0610
1-methylguanine
[no description available]		7.9940methylguanine
1,3-dimethyluric acid
1,3-dimethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trionesubstituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-3.		2.0510oxopurinemetabolite
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
4,5-dicyanoimidazole
imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile: structure in first source		2.0110
8-azaadenine
8-azaadenine: xanthine oxidase inhibitor. 8-azaadenine : A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7.		5.76280aromatic amine;
nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
5-hydroxymethylcytosine
5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.		5.2360aminopyrimidine;
aromatic primary alcohol;
nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-methylhypoxanthine
1-methylhypoxanthine: increased concentration in rats bearing Yoshida Tumour. 1-methylhypoxanthine : A methylhypoxanthine that is hypoxanthine with the methyl group at position 1.		210methylhypoxanthinehuman urinary metabolite;
rat metabolite
5-aminoisoquinoline
[no description available]		2.1110
3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine
3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine: causes NADPH-& time-dependent in vitro loss of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450; do not confuse with etoprine, also called DDEP		2.0310
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0410fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.0710cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		2.730
uk 68798
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
dapoxetine
[no description available]		4.6111naphthalenes
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		2.0510razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
tyloxapol
tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.		2.6630
7-methyladenine
7-methyladenine: potential marker for monitoring exposure to methylatingcarcinogens. 7-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-7.		3.6290methyladeninemetabolite
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		6.5772conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
mepindolol
mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710indoles
fpl 52791
FPL 52791: also has anti-allergic properties; related to sodium cromoglycate; structure		2.0710
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
olaquindox
olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure		2.1110quinoxaline derivative
mioflazine
[no description available]		1.9710
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		2.0710acetamides
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		2.7430
lodenosine
lodenosine: anti-HIV nucleoside analog, the flourine atom on lodenosine is located at 2-arabinoside location, while 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine has the flourine residue at the 2-ribose sugar location		210
zidovudine triphosphate
[no description available]		4.0731
2-aminoadenosine
[no description available]		2.6930purine nucleoside
oxetanocin a
oxetanocin: from Bacillus megaterium NK84-0218; structure given in first source. oxetanocin A : A nucleoside analogue found in Bacillus megaterium in which an adenine moiety is attached to position 2 of a of an oxetane ring which is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxymethyl groups.		12.46420diol;
nucleoside analogue;
oxetanes;
primary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite
adenosine 2',3'-ribo-epoxide
adenosine 2',3'-ribo-epoxide: structure		2.3920
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine: RN refers to (S)-isomer		3.580
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.0710phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
[no description available]		2.0210
honokiol
[no description available]		2.5520biphenyls
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
coptisine
coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4110alkaloidmetabolite
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.0110methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
narciclasine
narciclasine: antitumor alkaloid from bulbs of Narcissus species		2.3110phenanthridinesmetabolite
lycorine
lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.		7.0110indolizidine alkaloidanticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
neamine
neamine: fragment of NEOMYCIN B; structure in first source. neamine : 2-Deoxy-D-streptamine glycosylated at the 4-oxygen with a 6-amino-alpha-D-glucosaminyl group.		2.96402,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucoside;
aminoglycoside		antibacterial agent
lividomycin
[no description available]		2.4420lividomycinsmetabolite
gentamicin c1
[no description available]		2.0410
leupeptin
[no description available]		4.13160aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
3-deazaaristeromycin
3-deazaaristeromycin: antagonist of S-adenosylhomocysteinase		3.7530
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure		2.0410
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		8.68100
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
bes
2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.15 at 20 degreeC.		2.6101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
amino sulfonic acid;
BES
reactive red 120 dye
reactive red 120 dye: used in dye ligand chromatography; MF & structure unknown. Reactive red 120 : A bis(azo) compound that consists of a benzene core having two (4-amino-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino groups attached at positions 1 and 4 and which in turn have 5-hydroxy-6-[(2-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]-2,7-disulfonaphthalen-4-yl groups attached to their 4-amino functions.		1.9710azobenzenes;
bis(azo) compound;
chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		dye
5-ethyluracil
5-ethyluracil: antagonist of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP)		1.9910
5-hydroxyuracil
5-hydroxyuracil: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma		4.6461hydroxypyrimidine
xanthosine 5'-triphosphate
xanthosine 5'-phosphate : xanthosine phosphate compounds having phosphate groups at position 5'.. 5'-xanthylic acid : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having xanthine as the nucleobase.		2.1510purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
xanthosine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.5320amino acid amide
dehydroleucodine
dehydroleucodine: has antimicrobial activity; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer		2.0710
corilagin
corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.		2.4110ellagitannin;
gallate ester		antihypertensive agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-aminoisoquinoline
[no description available]		2.0510
2,2'-dipicolylamine
2,2'-dipicolylamine: structure in first source		2.0610
3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine
3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
8-hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0610quinolines
2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole
2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole: structure in first source		2.0510benzimidazoles
3-chloro-2,4-pentanedione
3-chloro-2,4-pentanedione: structure in first source		2.0610
phenylsulfate
phenylsulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl hydrogen sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is phenol bearing an O-sulfo substituent.		2.110aryl sulfatehuman xenobiotic metabolite
pentafluorobenzyl bromide
pentafluorobenzyl bromide : A member of the class benzyl bromides that is benzyl bromide in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the phenyl ring are replaced by fluoro groups. It is a versatile derivatization agent in chromatography and mass spectrometry.		2.0210benzyl bromides;
fluorobenzenes
4-nitro-4'-aminodiphenyl sulfone
4-nitro-4'-aminodiphenyl sulfone: dapsone metabolite; structure given in first source		2.4110
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		1.9710hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
tetrahexylammonium
tetrahexylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
dicetylphosphate
dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.		2.0110dialkyl phosphate
5-bromocytosine
[no description available]		7.0210
1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid
1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid: RN from CHEMID. 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is uric acid in which the hydrogens at positions 1,3,7 and 9 are replaced by methyl groups. It is a purine alkaloid that is found in Chinese tea known as kucha (Camellia assamica var. kucha) and exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.		2.0510oxopurine;
purine alkaloid		analgesic;
anti-inflammatory agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
[no description available]		2.0210
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine: adenine analog which suppresses growth of E coli & Bacillus cereus; inhibits cell growth & purine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma		13.86971
3-methylguanine
3-methylguanine : A methylguanine carrying the methyl substituent at position 3.. 2-amino-3-methyl-3,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 3-methylguanine that is 3,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.. 2-imino-3-methyl-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 3-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.. 2-amino-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 3-methylguanine that is 3,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.		8.681003-methylguanine
isoguanine
isoguanine: structure. isoguanine : An oxopurine that is 3,7-dihydro-purin-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by an amino group.		3.71100oxopurine
bendamustine hydrochloride
[no description available]		15.655716
sofosbuvir
5-carboxycytosine: a 5-formylcystosine oxidation product; structure in first source. 5-carboxycytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.4130aminopyrimidine;
aromatic carboxylic acid;
nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		metabolite
ribose-5-phosphate
ribose-5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3520D-ribose 5-phosphate
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		8.8940aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
n,n-dimethylthymine
[no description available]		1.9710
5-hydroxymethyluracil
[no description available]		5.47120primary alcohol;
pyrimidone		human metabolite
1-methylcytosine
1-methylcytosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylcytosine : A pyrimidone that is cytosine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group.		3.2760aminopyrimidine;
methylcytosine;
pyrimidone		metabolite
1,3,7-trimethylurate
1,3,7-trimethylurate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid.. 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8, and the nitrogens at positions 1, 3, and 7 are substituted by methyl groups. It is a metabolite of caffeine.		2.0510oxopurinehuman blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-methylxanthine
1-methylxanthine: urinary metabolite of caffeine. 1-methylxanthine : A monomethylxanthine having the methyl group located at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of caffeine in humans.. 1-methyl-7H-xanthine : A 1-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 7-position.		2.03101-methylxanthinemouse metabolite
methylenecyclopropane
methylenecyclopropane: structure in first source		7.4420
8-bromoadenine
8-bromoadenine: affects DNA repair		3.1350
4,4'-dimethoxytrityl cation
4,4'-dimethoxytrityl cation: RN given refers to non-ionic form; structure in first source		2.0110
2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid
2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7130
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure		2.1710catechols;
primary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
3,7-dimethyluric acid
3,7-dimethyluric acid: structure given in first source. 3,7-dimethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-3 and N-7.		2.0510oxopurinemetabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-phenylbutylamine
4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.1710benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
hypobromous acid
[no description available]		210bromine oxoacid
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure		1.9810
acetaminophen glucuronide
acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).		2.2510beta-D-glucosiduronic aciddrug metabolite
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.9540macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
ferroin
ferroin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
4-aminoquinazoline
4-aminoquinazoline: structure in first source		2.4110
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		210bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
epidepride
epidepride: structure given in first source		2.0110dimethoxybenzene
1-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one
[no description available]		2.0610
cp094
1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source		2.0610
coenzyme a
[no description available]		9.16170adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole: receptor H1 agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.98101,3-thiazoles
1-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-2-one
[no description available]		2.0610
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		11.431313-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		5.04130iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		2.0410peptide
sennoside B
sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.		2.0410oxo dicarboxylic acid;
sennosides
friedelin
3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
plant metabolite
7-ketocholesterol
7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
7-oxo steroid;
cholestanoid		neuroprotective agent
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		2.0310
cytidylyl-3',5'-adenosine
cytidylyl adenosine: CPA removed as SY because it is also used as an abbreviation for N6-cyclopentyladenosine, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, and cyclopiazonic acid		2.420nucleoside analogue;
purines
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate		2.4120nucleoside triphosphate analogue
glycidamide
glycidamide: metabolite of acrylamide; structure given in first source		2.9440
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		6.92560amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd		210nucleoside triphosphate analogue
methylglucoside
[no description available]		1.9610
hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde
hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde: structure in first source		210
1,7-dimethyluric acid
1,7-dimethyluric acid: urinary metabolite of caffeine. 1,7-dimethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and is often found in human urine samples.		2.0510oxopurinehuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-methylhistamine
2-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 2 position on the ring.		1.9810aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		histamine agonist;
metabolite
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.71303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
sarsasapogenin
[no description available]		2.1710sapogenin
n(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine
N(6)-dimethylallyladenine : A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group.		7.384806-isopentenylaminopurinecytokinin
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate
[no description available]		3.94130nucleoside diphosphate analogue
n(6)-benzyladenosine
N(6)-benzyladenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.99107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
2,8-dihydroxyadenine
2,8-dihydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; component of urinary stores; structure. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 8. It is a highly insoluble metabolite of adenine that causes radiolucent urolithiasis. It is produced by individuals who suffer from adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive error of purine metabolism.		9.8814406-aminopurines;
diol;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
oxopurine		human urinary metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nephrotoxic agent
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		1.9610
isometamidium chloride
isometamidium chloride: Samorin & Veridium are tradenames		1.9510organic molecular entity
melanotan-ii
melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer		2.0810organic molecular entity
lopinavir
[no description available]		17.4210247amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
orotidine
orotidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orotidine : A nucleoside formed by attaching orotic acid to a ribose ring via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.		2.730nucleoside;
pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid;
uridines		bacterial metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite
5-methylcytidine
[no description available]		3.2310methylcytidine
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		3.05501,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.3920
n-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-n'-phenylurea
forchlorfenuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a phenyl group and a 2-chloropyridin-4-yl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively. It is a plant growth regulator widely used in agriculture for improving fruit quality and fruit size.		3.830monochloropyridine;
phenylureas		plant growth regulator
levcromakalim
[no description available]		2.07101-benzopyran
5,6-dihydrothymine
5,6-dihydrothymine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dihydrothymine : A pyrimidone obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of thymine.		1.9910pyrimidonehuman metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adenylyl-(3'-5')-adenosine
adenylyl-(3'-5')-adenosine: structure		1.9710
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		5.52210
dimethacrine
dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410acridines
1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one
[no description available]		2.0610
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine: synthetic substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme; used in affinity chromatography		2.1310
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone		2.1110
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		3.1450D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
2-chloroadenine
6-amino-2-chloropurine: RN & structure given in first source		7.23202
4-mercaptobenzoate
4-mercaptobenzoate: substrate for 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase		2.1110
o(6)-n-butylguanine
[no description available]		1.9510
6-ethylguanine
6-ethylguanine: found in rat brain DNA		3.0650
1-methylthymine
1,5-dimethyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with methyl group substituents at positions 1 and 5.		3.89120methylthyminemetabolite
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport		2.0110
septacidin
septacidin: structure		2.2510
6'-o-methylguanosine
[no description available]		2.3920
1-methylguanosine
1-methylguanosine : Guanosine substituted with a methyl group at position N-1.		2.0510methylguanosinemetabolite
1-(2-carboxyethyl)uracil
[no description available]		6.9610
1-cyclohexyluracil
[no description available]		8.0550
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine: a major oxidation product of 2'-deoxycytidine		1.9910
phosphazine
phosphazine: structure		2.0310
5-iodotubercidin
7-iodotubercidin: inhibits Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase		4.39210organoiodine compound
2-acetylcyclopentanone
2-acetylcyclopentanone: an enolate-forming compound that is protective against electrophilic drugs; structure in first source		2.0610
3-methoxybenzamide
[no description available]		1.9710
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine
5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.420
cellulose sulfate
cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9		4.430ether;
flavonoids
diosgenin
[no description available]		2.78303beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs		2.730
phorbolol myristate acetate
[no description available]		2.1710
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure		2.520pyrimidine ribonucleosides
nimbolide
nimbolide: isolated from Nigerian medicinal plant Azadirachta indica; RN given refers to 4alpha,5alpha,6alpha,7alpha,15beta,17alpha-isomer; structure given in first source		2.1310
2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		7.4320
fangchinoline
fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.		2.1510
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate
[no description available]		2.0610
amiprophos methyl
amiprophos methyl: structure		1.9610
n-acetyldopamine
N-acetyldopamine : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the amino group of dopamine. A dopamine metabolite.		2.2510acetamides;
catechols;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		human urinary metabolite;
marine metabolite
arctiin
arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		2.2510glycoside;
lignan
5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.0210
leukogen
[no description available]		1.9910
n(6)-phenyladenosine
[no description available]		2.1510purine nucleoside
n(6)-methoxyadenine
[no description available]		4.01130
2-amino-n(6)-hydroxyadenine
2-amino-N(6)-hydroxyadenine: mutagen & bacterial growth inhibitor; structure in first source. 2-amino-6-hydroxyaminopurine : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is the N(6)-hydroxy derivative of 2,6-diamino-3H-purine.		6.112402,6-diaminopurines;
hydroxylamines;
nucleobase analogue		mutagen;
teratogenic agent
2',3'-cyclic amp
2',3'-cyclic AMP: structure; ADENOSINE CYCLIC 2',3'-MONOPHOSPHATE was see ADENOSINE CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE 1980-93; use CYCLIC AMP to search ADENOSINE CYCLIC 2',3'-MONOPHOSPHATE 1980-93		2.01102',3'-cyclic purine nucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite
11-ketoetiocholanolone
11-ketoetiocholanolone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.06103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		5.1580methyladenosine
2'-o-methyluridine
[no description available]		2.1710methyluridine
2'-o-methyladenosine
cordysinin B : A member of the class of adenosines that is adenosine in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.		2.1710adenosines;
ether		fungal metabolite
adenylyl-(2'-5')-adenosine
A2'p5'A : A (2'->5')-dinucleotide in which the two nucleoside components connected by the (2'->5')-phosphodiester linkage are adenosine.		1.9810(2'->5')-dinucleotide
hexylcaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0710
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		4.77320cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		3.2260aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		2.462017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		3.7620sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		1.9810polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		2.4920chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		4.22170aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.4420oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		1.9910calcium salt;
hydrate
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		2.0810
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.4320beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
sr141716
[no description available]		2.9540amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.		2.110nitrosamine;
pyridines;
secondary alcohol		biomarker;
carcinogenic agent;
human urinary metabolite
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.0810glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		2.7330primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.4420xanthene dyefluorochrome
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine
1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure		9.76891imidazo[2,1-i]purinemutagen
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		2.0710aromatic ketone
benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione
benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione: a metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene; structure given in first source. benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione : An o-quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of both of the hydroxy groups of benzo[a]pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione is a metabolite of the widespread carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene.		2.0710orthoquinones;
pyrenes		genotoxin;
xenobiotic metabolite
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		3.2260
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		2.0610
1,n(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine
[no description available]		1.9810purines
bromoacetaldehyde
bromoacetaldehyde: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.3720organobromine compound
n-acetylcytidine
N(4)-acetylcytidine : Cytidine in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.		3.9420acetamides;
cytidines;
secondary carboxamide		metabolite
indobufen
indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist		7.2110isoindoles
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		4.61111,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		1.98101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
aminomethyltrioxsalen
[no description available]		1.9810
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine
[no description available]		1.9910
bremazocine
bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source		210
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
bismuth nitrate
[no description available]		2.3920
propionylcarnitine
propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710O-acylcarnitineanalgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cardiotonic drug;
human metabolite;
peripheral nervous system drug
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets		2.0210
6-hydroxydopa
6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.520non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.4520alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine
[no description available]		2.0410aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
s-benzyl-n-acetyl-l-cysteine
S-benzyl-N-acetyl-L-cysteine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyl-S-benzyl-L-cysteine : The S-benzyl derivative of N-acetyl-L-cysteine.		3.0810organic sulfide;
S-substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteine		human urinary metabolite;
rat metabolite
chlorodiethylenetriamine platinum
chlorodiethylenetriamine platinum: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
geniposide
[no description available]		2.0510terpene glycoside
1,n(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine
1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine: structure & RN given in first source		3.1310carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.7330proanthocyanidin
n-nitroso-2-hydroxymorpholine
N-nitroso-2-hydroxymorpholine: structure given in first source		210
epicatechin gallate
epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.		2.1510catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
2'-5'-oligoadenylate trimer
2',5'-oligoadenylate: inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free systems		2.420
benzanthracene-3,4-dihydrodiol
benzanthracene-3,4-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4120
1,9-dideoxyforskolin
[no description available]		2.730acetate ester;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		plant metabolite
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		2.0810hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
dihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		2.4520capsaicinoid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine
[no description available]		2.4520L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide
[no description available]		3.0340diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
cafestol
[no description available]		3.1210diterpenoid;
furans;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.0410germacranolide
benzamil
[no description available]		1.9810guanidines;
pyrazines
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
kt 5823
KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		3.2860gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
methyl ester;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.72302-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
aristolochic acid ii
aristolochic acid II: structure given in first source. aristolochic acid B : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions and by a nitro group at position 10.		2.4320aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
1,n(6)-ethenoadenosine
1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine: fluorescent probe; structure		2.8940
exp3174
losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.		2.0210biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound		metabolite
3,4-epoxybutane-1,2-diol
3,4-epoxybutane-1,2-diol: a butadiene metabolite		210
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		9.25180
tadalafil
[no description available]		7.4920benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
beta-lumicolchicine
Lumicolchicines: Three, alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of ultraviolet degradation products of colchicine that lack many of the physiological actions of the parent; used as experimental control for colchicine actions.		1.9610
9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine
[no description available]		6.89530
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410catecholamine
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		3.89110short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalenediol
trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalenediol: structure in first source. (1S,2S)-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol : The (1S,2S)-isomer of trans-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol.		4.0440trans-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine
N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.4120
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		1.9610
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		2.110abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
4,6-diamino-5-n-formamidopyrimidine
4,6-diamino-5-N-formamidopyrimidine: formed when adenine is exposed to ionizing radiation. 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing an additional formamido substituent at position 5. A DNA lesion formed when DNA exposed to ionising radiation.		3.87120aminopyrimidine;
formamidopyrimidine
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene 11,12-dihydrodiol
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene 11,12-dihydrodiol: structure given in first source		2.0110
monobutyryl cyclic amp
monobutyryl cyclic AMP: RN given refers to parent cpd. N(6)-butyryl-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.		1.96103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
butanamides		protein kinase agonist
way 100135
WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source		210piperazines
2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine
[no description available]		2.4220
amarogentin
amarogentin: secoiridoid glycoside. amarogentin : A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.110monosaccharide derivative;
secoiridoid glycoside		EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
metabolite
brassinolide
brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.73022-hydroxy steroid;
23-hydroxy steroid;
2alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
brassinosteroid		plant growth stimulator;
plant hormone
delta-philanthotoxin
delta-philanthotoxin: from wasp Philanthus triangulum; blocks transmission postsynaptically at excitory synapses		1.9810
nitisinone
[no description available]		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
duocarmycin sa
duocarmycin SA: structure similar to CC-1065 and yatakemycin, composed of a pyrrolo-indole plus an indole; isolated from Streptomyces		2.9440
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3h)-furanone
N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone: cpd synthesized by luminous bacteria excreted into medium that induces luciferase synthesis at threshold concentration; structure in first source. N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone : A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-oxohexanoic acid with the amino group of homoserine lactone.		3.1610N-acyl homoserine lactone;
secondary carboxamide
lithospermate b
lithospermate B: major biologically active component of dan shen ; improves renal failure		2.3820
clofarabine
[no description available]		2.7130adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
dioscin
[no description available]		2.1710hexacyclic triterpenoid;
spiroketal;
spirostanyl glycoside;
trisaccharide derivative		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite
ginsenoside rh2
ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.131012beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mozavaptan
mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0210benzamidesaquaretic
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		1.9510fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-nitrosomorpholinoaminoacetonitrile
[no description available]		2.0110
ah 6809
6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD		2.0510xanthones
pentosidine
pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.		2.9210imidazopyridine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
cross-linking reagent
4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure given in first source; a pyridyloxobutylating agent used for altering DNA		1.9810
angustmycin a
angustmycin A: structure; from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; inhibits GMP synthesis		2.67306-aminopurines
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
5-oxo-prolyl-glycyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide
5-oxo-prolyl-glycyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide: urokinase substrate; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
fpl-52694
FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source		2.0710
alliin
alliin: nutritional supplement in diet; possible therapeutic use in anemia and splenic hypertrophy; structure. alliin : An L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group.		2.2510alpha-amino acid
n(4)-methylcytosine
N(4)-methylcytosine : A pyrimidone that is cytosine bearing an N(4)-methyl substituent.		3.6290aminopyrimidine;
methylcytosine;
pyrimidone		metabolite
pd 81723
PD 81723: adenosine binding enhancer; structure given in first source		210
fluorescein 5-maleimide
[no description available]		210
bw a1433u
BW A1433U: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist; attenuates hypoxia-induced AH interval prolongation; derivative of 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine		2.3820
cyclobut a
cyclobut A: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (1alpha,2beta,3alpha)-(+-)-isomer		3.2360
luzindole
luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.		2.0410acetamides;
indoles		melatonin receptor antagonist
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ester
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ester: RN given refers to the 1,4-bis(dihydrogen phosphate)-5-isomer		2.0210
hexaamminecobalt(ii)
hexaamminecobalt(II): RN given refers to parent cpd		210
4-aminophenylphosphate
4-aminophenylphosphate: RN refers to di-Ag salt; structure given in first source		2.0410
emoxypine succinate
emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects		2.110
9-(3-fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine
9-(3-fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine: highly selective antiretroviral agent in vivo & vitro; structure given in first source		11.9272
celastrol
[no description available]		2.110monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
cyclic-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine
cyclic-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine: prodrug for HPMPC; specific name and structure not given in first source		2.4120
trichloromethyl free radical
trichloromethyl free radical: able to react with amino acid esters		1.9610organic radical
methyleneimine
methyleneimine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		1.9510aldimine;
one-carbon compound
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		2.4520carbene;
methanediyl
3-methylthymine
3,5-dimethyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with methyl group substituents at positions 3 and 5.		2.4420methylthymine;
pyrimidone		metabolite
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		5.2531nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		2.9540fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		7.05131methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		2.0110indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		2.0410penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		6.0981aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
2-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine
N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)		2.4920leucine derivative
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.730adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
adenophostin a
adenophostin A: structure given in first source; an inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate agonist isolated from Penicillium brevicompactum		3.2660disaccharide phosphate
melarsomine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9240
kf 17837s
KF 17837: adenosine A(2a) receptor antagonist; KF17837S is the equilibrium mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers		2.9140
3'-o-(n-methylanthraniloyl) atp
[no description available]		1.9610
1,n(6)-ethenoadenosine diphosphate
1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine diphosphate: polarized fluorescence reagents		2.3820
technetium tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate
technetium Tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate: bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical		2.0610
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		2.520amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
p(3)-1-(2-nitro)phenylethyladenosine 5'-triphosphate
P(3)-1-(2-nitro)phenylethyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: inert toward Na pump; can be incorporated into vesicles & on continuous irradiation forms ATP; structure given in first source		2.0210
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine
2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors		2.9440
citrate phosphate dextrose
citrate phosphate dextrose: anticoagulant used in blood preservation		4.87340
n,n-dimethylarginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.		2.3110dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
cyclic adp-ribose
Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.		10.41110cyclic purine nucleotide;
nucleotide-sugar		metabolite;
ryanodine receptor agonist
antibiotic g 418
antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea		2.0510
6-hydroxydopa quinone
6-hydroxydopa quinone: structure given in first source; quinoid cofactor of quinoproteins; RN given refers to the 4-hydroxy-3,6-dioxo- tautomer. L-topaquinone : A topaquinone that has S configuration.		2.0210
ramatroban
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		6.11240dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
rmi 12330a
RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure		4.03140
bq 610
BQ 610: endothelin A receptor antagonist; endothelin-1 antagonist		2.0210
naadp
nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate : A nicotinic acid dinucleotide that is NADP(+) in which the carboxamide group on the pyridine ring is replaced by a carboxy group.		9.4160nicotinic acid dinucleotidecalcium channel agonist;
metabolite;
signalling molecule
zd 7288
ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function		2.9640
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.110dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
tetrahydrocurcumin
tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.		2.0610beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
polyphenol		metabolite
amdoxovir
amdoxovir: structure in first source; RN given refers to (2R-cis)-isomer		4.7250
alpha-(n6-adenyl)styrene oxide
alpha-(N6-adenyl)styrene oxide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		1.9810
4-azido-7-phenylpyrazolo-(1,5a)-1,3,5-triazine
4-azido-7-phenylpyrazolo-(1,5a)-1,3,5-triazine: structure given in first source		1.9910
3-deazaguanosine
3-deazaguanosine: structure		2.3620
5'-amino-5-iodo-2',5'-dideoxyuridine
[no description available]		3.0510
1,(n2)-ethenoguanine
1,(N2)-ethenoguanine: formed from 2-halooxiranes; structure given in first source. 1,N(2)-ethenoguanine : A nucleobase analogue obtained by addition of an etheno group across positions 1 and N2 of guanine.		2.9940imidazopurine;
nucleobase analogue
4-carbamoylimidazolium 5-olate
4-carbamoylimidazolium 5-olate: purine antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-hydroxyimidazole-4-carboxamide : A hydroxyimidazole that is 5-hydroxyimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group.		6.9610hydroxyimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent
pseudoisocytidine
pseudoisocytidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4220
6-methoxypurine arabinoside
[no description available]		1.9710
histamine trifluoromethyl-toluidide
histamine trifluoromethyl-toluidide: structure given in first source		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid
[no description available]		1.9710
1,n(2)-ethenoguanosine
1,N(2)-ethenoguanosine: structure given in first source		3.0810
8-oxo-dado
2'-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenosine: structure given in first source		1.9910
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		1.9910
dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-cytidine monophosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
3-iodo-n(6)-4-aminobenzyladenosine
3-iodo-N(6)-4-aminobenzyladenosine: labeled with 125I for radioligand assay of adenosine receptors; structure given in first source		1.9910
beta-lipotropin, gln(9)-
corynebactin: a triscatechol derivative of a cyclic triserine lactone; siderophore synthesized by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. corynebactin : A crown compound that is enterobactin in which the pro-R hydrogens at positions 2, 6 and 10 of the trilactone backbone are replaced by methyl groups, and in which a glycine spacer separates the trilactone backbone from each of the catecholamide arms. It is the endogenous siderophore of Bacillus subtilis, used for the acquisition of iron.		2.1510catechols;
crown compound;
macrocyclic lactone		bacterial metabolite;
metabolite
4-azidophenylpropionamide
[no description available]		210
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.4110morpholines
furamidine
furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this		2.4420
lestaurtinib
[no description available]		2.0410indolocarbazole
n 0861
N 0861: adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		6.82201
amthamine
amthamine: histamine H2 receptor agonist; structure & RN given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310thiazoles
5'-noraristeromycin
5'-noraristeromycin: structure given in first source		2.0810
methotrexate
[no description available]		15.14472dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
dilactitol tyramine
dilactitol tyramine: labeled with (125)I for VLDL lipoprotein catabolism identification		1.9710
ono 6240
[no description available]		1.9710
uk 1
UK 1: a cytotoxic metabolite from Streptomyces sp. 517-02; structure given in first source		1.9910
rhodamine 800
rhodamine 800: structure in first source		1.9910
bw-a 78u
9-(2-fluorobenzyl)-6-(methylamino)-9H-purine: RN from first source; structure in first source		1.9910
n(6)-ribosyladenine
N(6)-ribosyladenine: N(6) analog of adenosine; N(9) compound is adenosine		2.3110
cloturin
Cloturin: structure given in first source		1.9710
xaliproden
xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		serotonergic agonist
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
2,3-dihydro-5h-oxazolo(3,2-a)thieno(3,2-d)pyrimidin-5-one
2,3-dihydro-5H-oxazolo(3,2-a)thieno(3,2-d)pyrimidin-5-one: structure given in first source		2.110
4-(3,4-dibutoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
[no description available]		2.3920
n-isobutyrylcysteine
N-isobutyrylcysteine: RN given refers to L-isomer		2.0710
ad 5
AD 5: free radical scavenger		1.9410
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0510penicillanic acids
7-benzylamino-6-chloro-2-piperazino-4-pyrrolidinopteridine
7-benzylamino-6-chloro-2-piperazino-4-pyrrolidinopteridine: inibits growth of B16 melanoma & MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells		1.9910
6h,8h-3,4-dihydropyrimido(4,5-c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one
6H,8H-3,4-dihydropyrimido(4,5-c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one: structure given in first source		2.6930
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		2.0510biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		2.0710amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
umifenovir
umifenovir: an antiviral agent		2.2510indolyl carboxylic acid
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		8.5134sulfonamideprodrug
ganoine
ganoine: structure given in first source; isolated from Ganoderma capense		1.9710
pyridinium 3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-6-yl sulfate
pyridinium 3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-6-yl sulfate: structure given in first source; RN given is for 6alpha isomer		1.9910
5-propynyluracil
5-propynyluracil: a PYaraU metabolite		2.0110
quilostigmine
quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710pyrroloindole
mdl-201112
3-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-cyclopentanol: structure given in first source; a synthetic carbocyclic adenosine analog; RN given refers to (1R-cis)-isomer		3.690
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		4.0250amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.21103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
dk-ah 268
DK-AH 268: a bradycardic agent and sinus node inhibitor		2.110
5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine
5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine: affinity label of the inhibitory DPNH site of bovine liver dehydrogenase; adenosylhomocysteinase antagonist; structure		2.0310
imidazolecarboxamide
imidazolecarboxamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also related record for imidazole-4-carboxamide		7.3620
imiloxan
[no description available]		2.0710benzodioxine
4-hydroxy-equilenin
4-hydroxy-equilenin: structure given in first source; is the major catechol metabolite of the equine estrogens EQUILENIN and EQUILIN; induces DNA damage		2.4420
butyryl-n-trihexylcitrate
[no description available]		7.4420
8-chloroadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
8-chloroadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate: inhibits growth of human cancer cells; the Rp-isomer is more potent than the Sp-isomer; RN given refers to the (S)- isomer		1.9910
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		2.84301,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
pixantrone
pixantrone: an immunosuppressant; structure given in first source		3.7120isoquinolines
butoxamine
Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.		2.0110
triiodothyronine
L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.		4.04150tetrahydrothiophenes;
thiolactone		human metabolite
aspartame
[no description available]		2.0710carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
calcium borate
calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7		4.6111
pomalidomide
3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source		3.6920aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
cytidine 5'-phospho-2-methylimidazolide
[no description available]		2.3920
diphloretin phosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		9.2180D-xylose
3-(2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)pyrimido(1,2-a)purin-10(3h)-one
3-(2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)pyrimido(1,2-a)purin-10(3H)-one: a malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adduct; structure given in first source		2.0110
quinone methide
quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.		2.0810quinomethane
m 8218
M 8218: structure given in first source		2.2510
tempol
[no description available]		2.0710aminoxyls;
hydroxypiperidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
catalyst;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
3-methylcytosine
3-methylcytosine : A pyrimidone that is cytosine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is substituted by a methyl group.		5.33100aminopyrimidine;
methylcytosine;
pyrimidone		metabolite
sinensetin
sinensetin: isolated from citrus fruit; exhibit antiadhesive action on platelets. sinensetin : A pentamethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.0110pentamethoxyflavoneplant metabolite
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		13.66561amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.		2.4120
3-nitropyrrole
[no description available]		2.420
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion: RN given refers to (Cu+2) cation		1.9710
2,3-epoxy-4-hydroxynonanal
2,3-epoxy-4-hydroxynonanal: forms in vitro nucleic acid adducts; structure given in first source; RN given is for (2alpha,3beta,(3S*))-(+-) isomer		6.9910
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination: female oral combined contraceptive containing 30 mcg (0.030 mg) Ethinyl Estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (Androstenes)		7.544
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		2.5420N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.0510hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.4671secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		2.0510carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
peptide elongation factor 2
Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.		2.3920
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.75309-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.4820azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
glucose 6-(hydrogen sulfate)
glucose 6-(hydrogen sulfate): RN given refers to (D)-isomer		1.9310monosaccharide sulfate
threonic acid
threonic acid: RN given refers to (R*,S*)-isomer		2.610threonic acid
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
vatalanib
[no description available]		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
altritol
altritol: structure given in first source. D-altritol : A hexitol that is hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having (2R,3R,4S,5R) configuration; the D-enantiomer of altritol.		2.0710hexitolalgal metabolite;
marine metabolite
evodiamine
[no description available]		2.830beta-carbolines
8-(methylsulfonylamino)quinoline
8-(methylsulfonylamino)quinoline: has diabetogenic properties; structure given in first source		2.0610
3,4-dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz(a)anthracene
3,4-dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz(a)anthracene: intermediate in carcinogenic & mutagenic process; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		2.4120
dirhodium tetraacetate
dirhodium tetraacetate: structure given in first source		2.7330
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.4720aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin
[no description available]		2.0810
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		2.0710dihydropyridine
ruboxistaurin
ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source		2.2510
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
potassium diazoacetate
potassium diazoacetate: it is a stable nitrosated derivative of glycine, one of the most common dietary amino acids		210
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.0710tropane alkaloid
rp 73401
piclamilast: an antiasthmatic agent and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; structure in first source. piclamilast : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine.		2.730aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
1-ethynylpyrene
1-ethynylpyrene: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 12/84		2.0510
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.0210morpholines
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I		2.4220oxopurine
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		2.7330methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		8.0240(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
9,10-dihydroxy-7,8-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-3-methylcholanthrene
9,10-dihydroxy-7,8-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-3-methylcholanthrene: structure given in first source		1.9610
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		6.02360oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		2.0710glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine triphosphate
1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine triphosphate: RN given refers to (D)-isomer		210
lubiprostone
[no description available]		7.1110
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		17.9711551organic sulfate salt
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.3110biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
nps-568
N-(2-chlorophenylpropyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine: NPS-568 is the ((R), HCl salt)-isomer; calcimimetic compound and calcium-sensing receptor agonist		2.0510
camphora
camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.		210camphor
telbivudine
[no description available]		17.5213617pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate
adenosine 3',5'-bismonophosphate : An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.		2.0510adenosine bisphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yttria
yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3		2.0610
ammonium cyanide
[no description available]		2.4220
amotosalen
[no description available]		2.0210
resiquimod
S 28463: structure given in first source		2.5220imidazoquinoline
1-deazaadenosine
1-deazaadenosine: inhibits nucleic acid & protein synthesis; structure given in first source		2.0410
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		2.0510chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
n(4)-hydroxycytosine
[no description available]		2.4920
eritadenine
eritadenine: isolated from Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom); inhibits S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase activity		4.68280
justicidin a
justicidins: from Justica procumbens		2.1110lignan
oracine
oracine: structure in first source; 11-dihydrooracin is the enantiomer		2.0110
neplanocin c
neplanocin C: see also neplanocin A; structure in first source		1.9810
clofibride
clofibride: structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
cryptotanshinone
cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza		2.0110abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.4320
combivir
lamivudine, zidovudine drug combination: contains half the typical daily doses of both drugs in one tablet		5.7254
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		5.692502,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		2.1110carbodiimide
2-fluoro-atp
[no description available]		2.6730
beta-ureidoisobutyric acid
beta-ureidoisobutyric acid: structure given in first source. 3-ureidoisobutyric acid : A ureidocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a carbamoylamino group at position 3.		2.2110ureidocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
saicar
SAICAR: adenosylsuccinase catalyzes its conversion to AICAR. SAICAR : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide resulting from the formal condesation of the darboxy group of 5-amino-1-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of L-aspartic acid.		2.46201-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
s-adenosyl-2-methylmethionine
S-adenosyl-2-methylmethionine: inhibitor of mammalian S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase		1.9610
2'-deoxythymidylyl-(3'-5')-2'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		2.0210
n(4)-methoxycytosine
[no description available]		3.0750
adenosine 5'-phosphoroimidazolide
[no description available]		1.9610
dactylarin
dactylarin: isolated from Dactylaria lutea (Deuteromycetes); structure		1.9510
aminoimidazole ribotide
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole that is 5-aminoimidazole in which the proton at position 1 has been replaced by a 5-phospho-beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.36201-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole;
aminoimidazole		bacterial metabolite
ampelopsin
ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.1110dihydromyricetin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
ammonium borate
ammonium borate: RN refers to H3BO3		1.9510
withanolide d
withanolide D: structure. withanolide D : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 22 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Tubocapsicum anomalum and Withania somnifera, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		21020-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
enone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol;
withanolide		antineoplastic agent
2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone
[no description available]		1.9710ribonolactonemetabolite
fpl 52757
FPL 52757: FPL 52758 is Na salt of FPL 52757; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
etheno-amp
[no description available]		1.9710
amipurimycin
amipurimycin: from Streptomyces novoguineensis sp. nov.		7.0610
r 64719
soluflazine: nucleoside transport inhibitor; analog of mioflazine		2.6730
bw a522
BW A522: blocks adenosine A3 receptor-mediated hypotensive responses in rats		1.9910
nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide
[no description available]		2.3920
cp 113818
CP 113818: structure in first source		1.9810
histidinol
L-histidinol : An amino alcohol that is propanol substituted by 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2 (the 2S stereoisomer).		1.9510amino alcohol;
imidazoles		EC 2.3.1.97 (glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diadenosine triphosphate
[no description available]		2.730diadenosyl triphosphatemouse metabolite
nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide
nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide: intermediate in the biosynthesis of NAD		1.9410nicotinic acid dinucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.2960amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
phosphorodiamidic acid
phosphorodiamidic acid: structure in first source		2.1110
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
2'-deoxy-3'-adenosine monophosphate
2'-deoxy-3'-adenosine monophosphate: inhibitor of adenylate cyclase; see also record for 2',5' cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 3'-monophosphate : A 2'-deoxyadenosine phosphate having a monophosphate group located at the 3'-position.		2.41202'-deoxyadenosine phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphate
lanthanum carbonate
lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease		2.7830
6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, (d)-isomer
6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine : The pteridine that is lumazine substituted with methyl groups at C-6 and -7 and with a 1-D-ribityl group on N-8.		2.4220pteridinescofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite
tyrosinyl-5'-amp
tyrosinyl-5'-AMP: RN given refers to S-isomer		2.3920
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		9.3200dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		2.0610corticosteroid hormone
5-methyl-2-pyrimidinone
5-methyl-2-pyrimidinone: structure given in first source		7.0210
adenosine 5'-o-(1-thiodiphosphate)
adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiodiphosphate): do not confuse with ADP beta S		2.7130
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		6.4230biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		10.03150amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fpl 59257
FPL 59257: abolishes cough response & partly inhibits bronchoconstriction produced by leukotrienes C & D		2.0710
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.		2.06101-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		8.92130
adenosine-5'-o-(beta,gamma-dichloromethane)triphosphate
adenosine-5'-O-(beta,gamma-dichloromethane)triphosphate: competitive blocker of ATP receptor in the sensory neurons of rats		2.0110
benzofurocaine
benzofurocaine: used for local & conduction anesthesia in general & microsurgical procedures; no other info available 2/13/84		1.9710
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.0710piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
2-butene-1,4-diol
penitricin C: metabolite of penitricin; structure given in first source		2.0610
sb 203580
[no description available]		3.1650imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
enzastaurin
[no description available]		2.4820indoles;
maleimides
zm 241385
ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor		3.4270diamino-1,3,5-triazine
n(2),3-ethenoguanine
N(2),3-ethenoguanine: formed from 2-halooxiranes. N(2),3-ethenoguanine : A nucleobase analogue obtained by addition of an etheno group across positions N2 and 3 of guanine.		4.8560imidazopurine;
nucleobase analogue
erlotinib
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.0440hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		31.084,044862divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169
Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source		2.0710
l 694,458
DMP 777: structure given in first source		2.0410
dibenz(a,j)anthracene-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide
dibenz(a,j)anthracene-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide: structure given in first source		1.9910
sibenadet
sibenadet: structure in first source		2.0710
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		3.7630aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
1,4,7-triazacyclononane
1,4,7-triazacyclononane: structure given in first source		2.0610azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-putrescinylthymine
alpha-putrescinylthymine : An N-substituted putrescine that is thymine in which a hydrogen of the methyl group has been replaced by one of the amino groups of putrescine. It replaces about half of the thymine residues in the DNA of bacetriophage phiW-14.		3.0510N-substituted putrescine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
5'-methylthiotubercidin
[no description available]		1.9610
cyclic-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine
cyclic-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine: specific name and structure not given in first source		2.9240
6-dodecyl-2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione: isolated from Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) roots; structure in first source		210
adenosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate
[no description available]		1.9610
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.4220L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
etravirine
[no description available]		10.32135aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ribose-5-triphosphate
[no description available]		2.4420
etaden
etaden: Russian (alkylamino derivative of adenine); stimulates protein synthesis		4.6161
1-((4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiazoyl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine
1-((4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiazoyl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: structure given in first source		2.0510
n(4)-hydroxycytidine
N(4)-hydroxycytidine : A nucleoside analogue that is cytidine which carries a hydroxy group at the N(4)-positon. It has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against influenza, SARS-CoV , SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.		2.4220ketoxime;
nucleoside analogue		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral agent;
drug metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
latrepirdine
latrepirdine: structure		2.0710methylpyridines;
pyridoindole		geroprotector
fe(iii)-edta
Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810iron coordination entity
cadmium metallothionein
cadmium-binding protein: metallothionein which serves in a metal-sequestering mechanism		1.9810
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.4520acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
purine n-oxide
purine N-oxide: RN given refers to the 3-oxide		3.1960
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		2.0710indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.2250furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine
2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine: structure in first source		2.0210morpholines;
purines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		adenosine A3 receptor antagonist;
antineoplastic agent;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
cell dedifferentiation agent
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		15.754523carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine
Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission		6.16120
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		2.0510benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		2.9330aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.4920benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		2.0210benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		8.2650(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		15.33811aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.7330alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.833012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol
[no description available]		2.3520butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.4320bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
cortisone
[no description available]		8.337011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dromostanolone propionate
dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.04103-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent
lilial
[no description available]		210
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.86402-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
2,3-dihydro-1h-imidazo(1,2-b)pyrazole
2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo(1,2-b)pyrazole: inhibitor of DNA synthesis		3.0650
2-hydroxyestradiol
2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.		2.031017beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-hydroxy steroid		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug
nogalamycin
Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.		3.4720
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		3.0240monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		4.87130
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		2.05101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
cyclovirobuxine d
cyclovirobuxine D: active priciple of Buxus microphylla var. sinica; has anti-arrhythmic & arrhythmia-inducing actions		2.110
withaferin a
withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		21027-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
enone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
withanolide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
fusicoccin
fusicoccin: phytotoxic glycoside from Fusicoccum amydali; structure		2.420
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.4620penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		4.1231alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin
[no description available]		1.9810isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
5-formyluracil
5-formyluracil: structure. 5-formyluracil : A pyrimidone resulting from the formal oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 5-hydroxymethyluracil to the corresponding aldehyde. It is a major one-electron photooxidation product of thymine in oligodeoxynucleotides.		8.2560aldehyde;
nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		human metabolite;
mutagen
wortmannin
[no description available]		11.4510acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
menogaril
Menogaril: A semisynthetic anthracycline with the amino sugar on the D ring. It displays broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity against a variety of tumors.		3.0710
2-oxindole
2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.		2.0310gamma-lactam;
indolinone
mitonafide
[no description available]		3.3770
pinafide
pinafide: structure		1.9610
withanolides
Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.		2.4420
9-beta-d-erythrofuranosyladenine
9-beta-D-erythrofuranosyladenine: structure in first source		7.0310
2'-fluorothymidine
[no description available]		7.7240
graveoline
graveoline: structure in first source		2.110quinolines
adozelesin
[no description available]		2.4120
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		4.1231
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
2,5-bis(5-hydroxymethyl-2-thienyl)furan
[no description available]		2.5220thiophenes
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		3.3960bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		13.03434amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		19.55198971,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
mrs 1191
MRS 1191: a selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4320cinnamate ester
bardoxolone methyl
methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source		2.3110cyclohexenones
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.9440
protoverin
Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.		2.3520
3-deazaadenine
[no description available]		4.16160
gant 61
GANT 61: a sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor and Gli inhibitor; structure in first source. GANT61 : An aminal that is hexahydropyrimidine which is substituted on each nitrogen by a 2-(dimethylamino)benzyl group, and at the aminal carbon by a pyridin-4-yl group. A Hedgehog signaling pathway and Gli protein inhibitor.		2.1110aminal;
dialkylarylamine;
pyridines;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor
permanganate
[no description available]		5.4441manganese oxoacid
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		6.4390
carboplatin
[no description available]		7.6463
tetrachloropalladium
tetrachloropalladium: RN given refers to ion(2-); see also record for palladium chloride RN: 7647-10-1		1.9710
picumast
picumast: RN & NM refer to di-HCl		1.9510
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		3.4470inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
9-deazaadenosine
[no description available]		1.9610
leptomycin b
[no description available]		2.0210
6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside-5'-phosphate
6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside-5'-phosphate: causes cyotoxicity		1.9810
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		7.54570adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
5'-methylthioadenosine
5'-methylthioadenosine: structure. 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine : Adenosine with the hydroxy group at C-5' substituted with a methylthio (methylsulfanyl) group.		5.65250thioadenosinealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		5.92200
5'-deoxyadenosine
5'-deoxyadenosine: main heading DEOXYADENOSINE refers to the 3' cpd. 5'-deoxyadenosine : A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase.		2.45205'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sorbose
sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.		2.3420L-sorbose;
sorbopyranose
arabinose
[no description available]		10.31596L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.6930N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		3.150peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		3.68100oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		3.0450amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		3.99140D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		210oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		210amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		5.081403,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
ribose 1-phosphate
ribose 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate : The 1-phospho derivative of alpha-D-ribose.		2.8940D-ribose 1-phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.9140raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.2110(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.		1.96102,6-diaminopimelic acid;
amino acid zwitterion		Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.2260heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410kanamycins
pantetheine
Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.		2.3820pantetheines;
thiol		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dithioerythritol
[no description available]		1.96101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diolreducing agent
s-adenosyl-3-methylthiopropylamine
S-adenosyl-3-methylthiopropylamine: decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine		1.9610adenosines;
sulfonium compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
rat metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		9.31190myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		5.9736011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
salicin
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic primary alcohol;
aryl beta-D-glucoside;
benzyl alcohols		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
scopolin
[no description available]		2.0110beta-D-glucoside;
coumarins;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
amastatin
amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence		2.0210tetrapeptideEC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
protease inhibitor
puromycin
[no description available]		6.9560puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		1.9710alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		7.5820tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
alpha-aminobutyric acid
alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.		1.9710alpha-aminobutyric acid;
D-alpha-amino acid
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		8.42441coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.3520amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenosine
N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with two methyl groups attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.3520hydrocarbyladenosine
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.9340guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
5-methyldeoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.08102'-deoxycytidine
xylose 1-phosphate
xylose 1-phosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer. alpha-D-xylose 1-phosphate : A xylose phosphate that is alpha-D-xylose carrying a phosphate group at position 1.		1.9710xylose phosphate
adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate
adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate : The phosphoramadite analogue of AMP.		2.0510organic phosphoramidateMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		2.4520
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.		1.9710nucleoside triphosphate analogue
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		1.9610dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene
(4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.		210limoneneplant metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.3110cellotriose
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		3.4720monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.8940cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.4220alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.72301-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		3.5990cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.4720cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		10.462213L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		17.69152382,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.4520
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
linezolid
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
(S)-bicalutamide
(S)-bicalutamide : A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.		2.0710N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
beta-D-ribopyranose
beta-D-ribopyranose : A D-ribopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.4620D-ribopyranose
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		1.9910homodetic cyclic peptide
cucumopine
cucumopine: an opine from Agrobacterium vitis; RN given refers to cucumopine (4S-trans)-isomer; mikimopine is (4R-cis)-isomer		2.0210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
indican
[no description available]		3.96120beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		2.9140
ginsenoside rg1
[no description available]		2.11012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		neuroprotective agent;
pro-angiogenic agent
naringin
[no description available]		2.4820(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
pulegone
pulegone: component of peppermint oil; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck. (+)-pulegone : The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.		2.1310p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		2.9410isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
gingerol
gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.		2.0610beta-hydroxy ketone;
guaiacols		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.0510piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		3.460
schizandrin c
schizandrin C: from Schizandra chinensis Baill & Fructus schisandrae; protects liver from carbon tetrachloride injury;		2.1710tannin
acriflavine
Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.		2.6430
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		2.4920aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
bq 123
cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		210cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		4.6100tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.47201,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
teprotide
Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0210peptide
hetacillin
[no description available]		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.1110arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
tolterodine
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
halcinonide
Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.		2.0710organic molecular entitySMO receptor agonist
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.420amino sugar
medigoxin
Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).		2.0410cardenolide glycoside
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.7130alkaloidgeroprotector
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.85110cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.0510amino cyclitol;
glycoside
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.7930butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		3.4820acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
ergosterol
[no description available]		2.91403beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.7730antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		7.41131retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
equilenin
Equilenin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.. equilenin : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estrone which carries two double bonds at positions 6 and 8. It is found in the urine of pregnant mare's and extensively used for estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.		2.442017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		antioxidant;
mammalian metabolite
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		5.23160icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
elinafide
elinafide: structure given in first source		2.4220
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		7.1310butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.940farnesolplant metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.		2.25103-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA;
3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		4.01120resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.3770retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.6690octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		6.7392macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.2510ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		2.1110D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		4.5290benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.7130icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		4.31180butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		5.161112-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.940
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		4.3260
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.620epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		5.651macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
adenylosuccinate
aspartyl adenylate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9510
formycin
[no description available]		3.2560formycinantineoplastic agent
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
argininamide
argininamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. L-arginine amide : An amino acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with ammonia.		210amino acid amide;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative
9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl)adenine diphosphate
9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl)adenine diphosphate: structure in first source		3.2960
2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine
2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine: structure in first source		7.0110adenosines;
organofluorine compound
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.4620aromatic amide
cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid
Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: A nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein.. CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid : A nucleotide sugar used as a donor by glycosyltransferases for the synthesis of sugar chains		210CMP-N-acyl-beta-neuraminic acidmouse metabolite
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		4.47230adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.8940prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		3.5690olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
purvalanol b
purvalanol B: protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		5.26160purvalanolprotein kinase inhibitor
zeatin
Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)		5.73270zeatinplant metabolite
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast
[no description available]		7.8330aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.76300N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
taribavirin
[no description available]		3.1310nucleobase-containing molecular entity
decitabine
[no description available]		4.53512'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.4820
lamivudine triphosphate
[no description available]		4.5350
kt 5720
KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		3.81110carboxylic ester;
gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
apricitabine
apricitabine: BCH-10619 is the (+)-isomer; structure in first source		2.4420
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.9940purvalanol
phosmidosine
phosmidosine: from Streptomyces sp. RK-16; structure given in first source		3.2510
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		7.21270actinomycinmutagen
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.4201,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		9.96120tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
2-methyladenosine
2-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine in which the methyl group is located at position 2 on the adenine ring.		6.9510methyladenosine
carbodine
carbodine: RN given refers to (R-(1alpha,2beta,3beta,4alpha))-isomer		1.9610
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		4.69300carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		10.18111L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		2.4120pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		5.8200amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		30.352,940725nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
schizandrin
schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name		2.110
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
cmx 001
[no description available]		3.8830
iqp-0528
[no description available]		2.4820
mg 262
MG 262: a proteasome inhibitor		2.0310
favipiravir
favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.		6.0190hydroxypyrazine;
organofluorine compound;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		7.13700flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide
conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source		4.6111
5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine
5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: inhibitor of herpes viruses; structure given in first source		1.9710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		3.5990
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium acetate
Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions		2.0110potassium saltfood acidity regulator
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.2110metallophthalocyanine;
zinc tetrapyrrole		fluorochrome
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
cholestane-3,5,6-triol
cholestane-3,5,6-triol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		3.59902-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
n-fluorobenzenesulfonimide
N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide: structure in first source		2.1110
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
glycosides
[no description available]		6.35310
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		7.0110chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		11.984150isomethyleugenol
isosafrole
isosafrole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710benzodioxoles
piplartine
piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source		2.1110cinnamamides;
dicarboximide
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		2.1710triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		4.07140stilbene
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		2.1510chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
1,4-dichloro-2-butene
1,4-dichloro-2-butene: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9710organochlorine compound
hirsutanol a
hirsutanol A: from fungus chondrostereum sp.; structure in first source		2.0510
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		5.42630flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
flavin mononucleotide
[no description available]		2.0410flavin mononucleotide;
vitamin B2		bacterial metabolite;
coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a
Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.		2.0210malonyl-CoAsEC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.4320vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		8.68751diphosphate ion
s 1033
[no description available]		2.8530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.0310tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.011017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
adenophostin b
adenophostin B: structure given in first source; an inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate agonist isolated from Penicillium brevicompactum		1.9810disaccharide phosphate
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
isopropyl thiogalactoside
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.		2.940S-glycosyl compound
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.0410
fludarabine
[no description available]		17.31355purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.3820pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0410
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		3.3970
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.75100
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		2.0710chlorprothixene
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		2.7530ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		7.83790aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		9.7471pyrimidone
4,6-dimethyl-2-thiopyrimidine
4,6-dimethyl-2-thiopyrimidine: structure		2.0610
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		11.42550
crotamiton
[no description available]		2.0710
6-methylflavone
6-methylflavone: structure in first source		2.3110
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		7.0110caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
2-mercaptobenzimidazole
2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110
n-benzoylalanine
N-benzoylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd (L-Ala)-isomer. N-benzoylalanine : An N-acylamino acid that is the N-benzoyl derivative of alanine.. N-benzoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.		210N-acyl-L-alanine;
N-benzoylalanine		metabolite
lobeline
[no description available]		2.0410
purine-nucleoside phosphorylase
nucleoside phosphorylase: from Klebsiella sp.; acts on both purine & pyrimidine nucleosides & catalyzes the production of AraA from uridine arabinoside (AraU) & adenine		2.3520
n-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide: Cardioprotective Agent; a small-molecule activator of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 that reduces ischemic damage to the heart		2.1110carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.110N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.0710diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		2.4620N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		5.06140aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
cct018159
CCT018159: structure in first source. CCT-018159 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole carrying 1,4-benzodioxane-6-yl and 5-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 4 and 5 respectively.		3.930benzodioxine;
pyrazoles;
resorcinols		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
2-[[benzamido(sulfanylidene)methyl]amino]-5,5-dimethyl-4,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyran-3-carboxylic acid
CID1067700: a pan-GTPase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.2110thienopyran
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		2.4620diarylmethane
5-methoxyuridine
5-methoxyuridine : A derivative of uridine, bearing an additional methoxy substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.		2.2510uridines
6-thioxanthine
6-thioxanthine: gpt/6-TXenzyme/prodrug pair is a promising alternative to the thymidine kinase gene and ganciclovir combination in the gene therapy of cancer		2.0310
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		3.6190nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		2.2510
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.47201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.9440monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.5480capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine
[no description available]		2.4520acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source		2.0410
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		1.9810
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.7630cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		5.154802-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		9.05140one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		4.52250cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
potassium oxonate
potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice		3.140organic molecular entity
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.6930thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
diaminomaleonitrile, (z)-isomer
diaminomaleonitrile: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.1310
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		2.1110
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.5220aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
brij-58
Cetomacrogol: Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.		2.420
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		2.1110dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.9940cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
6-thioguanosine
6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9910purine nucleoside
streptozocin
[no description available]		2.0510
fumonisin b1
fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.		2.110diester;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound;
triol		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source		2.4120benzoic acid;
imidazolines;
organic radical		apoptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist		2.4220
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.85110stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is butyl.		2.06101-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
[no description available]		2.0310
4-thiouracil
[no description available]		2.0610
nadp
[no description available]		6.41560
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.110
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.4720pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester
[no description available]		2.1710
stattic
[no description available]		3.25101-benzothiophenes;
C-nitro compound;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
STAT3 inhibitor
nitrobenzanthrone
3-nitrobenzanthrone: mutagenic environmental contaminant; structure in first source		7.4420phenanthrenes
krn 7000
KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.4920glycophytoceramide;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine		allergen;
antigen;
antineoplastic agent;
epitope;
immunological adjuvant
3'-o-(n-methylanthraniloyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate
3'-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate that is ADP substituted at position 3' by an N-methylanthraniloyl group.		1.9810purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate
sirtinol
[no description available]		2.5320aldimine;
benzamides;
naphthols		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source		3.0140organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
4,6-dimorpholino-n-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine
4,6-dimorpholino-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine: an mTOR activator; structure in first source		2.1510
kl001
KL001: inhibits degradation of the cryptochrome; structure in first source		2.110
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.0410macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.051011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
r-82913
R-82913: antiviral target on reverse transcriptase of HIV-1		1.9810
scopolamine
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy carboxylic acid
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		3.4520cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.3820barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
uc-781
[no description available]		5.2990
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		2.4220C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
hmr 3647
[no description available]		2.0510
maraviroc
[no description available]		8.47163tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.4520aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
2'-deoxytubercidin
2'-deoxytubercidin: structure given in first source. 2'-deoxytubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the ribose moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.4420deoxyribonucleoside;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.3360aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine
2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine: a highly active anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		2.4920
telaprevir
[no description available]		5.470cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		2.610
5-hydroxycytosine
[no description available]		6.0991
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.1110acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		9.04150alkali metal atom
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
alpha-sarcin
alpha-sarcin: basic protein 150 aa, MW 16 kDa; isolated from aspergillus giganteus; sequence similarity with ribonucleases such as RIBONUCLEASE T1; 85% identity with restrictocin; a ribotoxin cleaving the phosphodiester bond on the 3' side of G4325 in the alpha-sarcin/ricin domain of rat 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA; sometimes called a ribosome-inactivating protein but falls outside the normal definition of plant RIP that de-adenylate rRNA		1.9710
6-thiouric acid
6-thiouric acid: structure		2.0310oxopurine
iodothiouracil
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.5720cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		4.6111nitrogen oxide
thiouridine
Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.		2.6730nucleoside analogue;
thiouridine		affinity label;
antimetabolite
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
almokalant
almokalant: structure given in first source		2.0710
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0510steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.4720beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
carzelesin
carzelesin: a cyclopropylpyrroloindole analog of U 73975; longer lasting than U 77779; structure in first source		1.9910
quinine
[no description available]		7.6430cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioinosinic acid
[no description available]		1.9710purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
thiopurine
9-(n-butyl)-6-thioguanine
[no description available]		1.9310
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		2.4420
2-chloro-3'-deoxyadenosine
2-chloro-3'-deoxyadenosine: do not confuse with 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine which is CLADRIBINE		2.0810
2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine
2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine: structure given in first source; RN given is for mono HCl		1.9810
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
[no description available]		2.9640
(2r,3s)-3-(4-amino-1h-imidazo(4,5-c)pyridin-1-yl)-2-nonanol
(2R,3S)-3-(4-Amino-1H-imidazo(4,5-c)pyridin-1-yl)-2-nonanol: InChIKey: DAWSASDELFSMFB-NEPJUHHUSA-N		3.2360
8-azidoadenine
8-azidoadenine: photoaffinity label		3.5890
5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin
5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin: structure given in first source		2.0510
cystine
[no description available]		3.66100
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		210dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
2-thiouridine
[no description available]		2.1110nucleoside analogue;
thiouridine
3-acetylpyridine-adenine dinucleotide phosphate
[no description available]		1.9310
vx-745
[no description available]		2.0710aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
rasagiline
[no description available]		2.0610indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
deracoxib
SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.		2.0710organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		6.011201,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-aminohippuric acid
[no description available]		2.0710N-acylglycine
oxalylglycine
oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.		2.1510amino dicarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine		EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
inositol 1,4,6-trisphosphate
inositol 1,4,6-trisphosphate: inhibits (1,4,5)P3/(1,3,4,5)P4-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase; structure in first source. 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate : A myo-inositol trisphosphate having the three phosphate groups at the 3-, 4-, and 6-positions.		2.0110myo-inositol trisphosphate
fp 21399
FP 21399: structure given in first source		1.9910
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mycosubtiline
mycosubtiline: antifungal agent isolated from Bacillus subtilis which is a mixture of homologous lipopeptides		2.0310
5-chlorocytosine
5-chlorocytosine: structure in first source		2.4820
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		1.9610
gentamicin c
gentamicin C: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also record for micronomicin for which gentamicin C2b is synonym		2.0210
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.4420
phosphonic acid
phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.		2.1110
salinomycin
salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3720polyketide;
spiroketal		animal growth promotant;
potassium ionophore
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		3.2250
tecoflex
Tecoflex: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.2510
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.		4.26180adenosines;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
monocarboxylic acid		adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
anti-inflammatory agent
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		2.0710L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
sb 258585
SB 258585: is a high affinity ligand at 5-HT(6) receptors; structure in first source		2.2110piperazines
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		2.0510naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		4.09150
rs-130830
RS-130830: orally-active broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		2.0710
tissue plasminogen activator
[no description available]		210alpha-amino acid
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		3.92130organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
4-nitrocatechol
4-nitrocatechol : A member of the class of catechols that is benzene-1,2-diol substituted by a nitro group at position 4.It is the by-product of the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol.		2.0310C-nitro compound;
catechols		human xenobiotic metabolite;
lipoxygenase inhibitor
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
mrs 1523
2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist		2.0110
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.9540quinoxaline derivative
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		2.1710
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor		2.0810
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine: structure given in first source		3.0710
alizarin red s
Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
organosulfonate salt		histological dye
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		3.83120
ferrostatin-1
ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.		7.4110ethyl ester;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		antifungal agent;
antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins		3.1510
7-deazapurine
7-deazapurine: structure in first source		3.2550
2-amino-1,8-naphthyridine
2-amino-1,8-naphthyridine: structure in first source		2.0810
3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4h-pyran-4-thione
3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-thione: inhibits Bla2 beta-lactamase; structure in first source		2.0610
bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9610
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		3.6190
d 609
[no description available]		2.0210
am 630
iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.5120N-acylindole
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.0510aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose
hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.		2.520
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.0710triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.0610long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g
Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.		2.0210
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940		210alkylbenzene;
ring assembly
2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)butanoic acid
2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)butanoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4120
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.0710benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0310organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
4-cresol sulfate
p-cresol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.		3.2350aryl sulfategut flora metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.75302-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin
7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin: fluorescent probe for actin		1.9610
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110monocarboxylic acid anion
ex 527
6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.		2.0810carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination: combination of Epivir and Ziagen		15.645432
jtk-303
[no description available]		17.238038aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
ku 55933
2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source		2.2110
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		3.4270sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		4.031307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		12.9175biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		4.69280prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		3.6390monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane
arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group		2.0110fatty acid derivative;
ketone;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.5220trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.13103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.0950octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		10.38244D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		4.1650
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		3.1350carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		1.9910retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		2.730dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		2.0210leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		3.8240epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.3110hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		2.4220fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
furylfuramide
Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.		1.9610acrylamides;
C-nitro compound;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
primary carboxamide
alprostadil
[no description available]		3.6390prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
stigmasterol
stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.		2103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		plant metabolite
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		9.78105D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.13107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
leukotriene e4
Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).		2.1110amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-cysteine thioether;
leukotriene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		2.3720prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		1.9910linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.0610harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		8.52807-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		7.591antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.4520oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.472011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		2.0510
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0510aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		2.0410
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		2.05102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
tentoxin
tentoxin: cyclic peptide from fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct.; structure		210lactam
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.730oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.5220carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		1.9410carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
isobavachalcone
isobavachalcone: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. isobavachalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'.		2.0710chalcones;
polyphenol		antibacterial agent;
metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfuretin
sulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl		2.21101-benzofurans
azadirachtin
azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).		2.0710acetate ester;
azadirachtin;
cyclic hemiketal;
enoate ester;
epoxide;
methyl ester;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		hepatoprotective agent
cucurbitacin d
cucurbitacin D: toxic constituent in edible gourd; see also records for cucurbitacins & specific cucurbitacins. cucurbitacin D : A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23.		2.1310cucurbitacin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
baicalein
[no description available]		5.5841trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.52207-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmetin
[no description available]		2.25103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
fisetin
[no description available]		2.21103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
galangin
5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.		2.49207-hydroxyflavonol;
trihydroxyflavone		antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
mangostin
mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.		2.1510aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.11107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		7.31107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
wogonin
wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.		2.0710dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pterostilbene
[no description available]		2.7730diether;
methoxybenzenes;
stilbenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
neurotransmitter;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
echinacoside
echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity		7.3110oligosaccharide
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.0610alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.0510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		2.7430endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
cerulenin
Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.		7.0310epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.0710organic molecular entity
uf 021
isopropyl unoprostone: a safe and effective ocular hypotensive drug. isopropyl unoprostone : The isopropyl ester of unoprostone.		2.0210isopropyl ester;
ketone;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
prodrug
sorivudine
[no description available]		2.0210organic molecular entity
geranylgeranylacetone
geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).		2.0610
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0510amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		2.13102-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
4-hydroxyestradiol
4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.		7.44204-hydroxy steroidmetabolite
menatetrenone
menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		2.5220menaquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.4520enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.9340
epoprostenol
[no description available]		2.0410prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.4620N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.7730cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
zinostatin
Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.		1.9910
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510
homatropine
[no description available]		2.0710tropane alkaloid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		210cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		1.9710thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8-isoprostaglandin e2
8-isoprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,8 beta,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer; see also 8,12-epi-prostaglandin E2 & prostaglandin E2. 8-epi-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.0210cyclic ketone;
diol;
prostanoid;
secondary alcohol		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
2-octenal
2-octenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-oct-2-enal : The (E)-isomer of oct-2-enal.. oct-2-enal : An enal consisting of oct-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.		1.9710oct-2-enalantifungal agent;
volatile oil component
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer
2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.		1.9710enal;
medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
monounsaturated fatty aldehyde		plant metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.59804-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
2,4-decadienal
(2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.		1.9710polyunsaturated fatty aldehydeapoptosis inducer;
nematicide
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		6.3861
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.4920sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cholesteryl oleate
cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.		1.9810CE(18:1);
cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate		mouse metabolite
sq-18506
5-Amino-3-((5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole: A nitrovinyl furan used as a schistosomicidal agent and proposed for trypanosomiasis, especially Chagas disease.		2.3620
codeine
[no description available]		2.7430morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.4720homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
mitolactol
Mitolactol: Alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs.		1.9610alcohol;
organobromine compound
methyl 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoate
methyl linoleate hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer		1.9710
natamycin
[no description available]		2.4520antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.0510acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cloprednol
cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.041017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
diminazene aceturate
diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.		2.6930N-acetylglycinate saltantiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		3.2710sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		2.0410piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydroxystilbamidine
hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.7530pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
meprednisone
[no description available]		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.4170morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		2.4520morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		2.5220phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
acepreval
acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0410organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		13.572227antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.4720cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
6-methylpurine
6-methylpurine : Purine bearing a methyl substituent at position 6.		3.0750purinesEC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
menaquinone 7
menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.		5.121menaquinonebone density conservation agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.7130macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
cerium
cholesteryl linoleate: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. cholesteryl linoleate : The (9Z,12Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate.		1.9810CE(18:2);
cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		4.7250dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.4420
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
topiroxostat
FYX-051: xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor		7.1310
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.		4.63401,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		8.87120morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pactamycin
Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.		2.2110
aftin-4
aftin-4: increases production of amyloid-beta protein (1-42)		2.7830
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
ar c67085mx
PSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors		2.0710
adp beta s
adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd		2.7230
arachidonylcyclopropylamide
arachidonylcyclopropylamide: a potent and selective agonist of neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source		2.0510
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0710oligopeptide
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0310monoterpenoid
cloprostenol
Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.		2.0510prostanoid
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		2.2510medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		3.2660carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.		210prostaglandins Jelectrophilic reagent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
metabolite
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0510isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.45201-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		3.06501-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.4620
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		4.57250cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
pd 123319
PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively		2.0210imidazopyridineangiotensin receptor antagonist;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		2.7130
thromboxane a2, carbocyclic
carbocyclic thromboxane A2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes that is thromboxane A2 in which the bridging oxygen has been replaced by a methylene group.		3.3120
sb 223412
SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710
sq 29548
SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist		2.1310
vinorelbine
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
kn 62
KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II		1.9910piperazines
sulprostone
sulprostone: structure		2.730prostanoid
1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthene
1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthene: from Swertia tetrapetala Pall; structure given in first source		2.0310
icariin
[no description available]		2.610flavonols;
glycosyloxyflavone		antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen
licochalcone a
licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		2.1110chalcones
malealdehyde
malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer		2.0610but-2-enedial
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.1431(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
2,6-dichloropurine
[no description available]		210
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		3.3660
erbstatin
erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source		1.9710
ag 99
tyrphostin A46: epidermal growth factor-urogastrone receptor antagonist		210
ag-490
[no description available]		2.7330catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
bosutinib
4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.1140aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
N-methylpiperazine;
nitrile;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.0510olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		4.2950monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib
[no description available]		6.442aminopyridine;
aromatic ketone;
cyclopentanes;
piperidines;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		2.8740guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
fosbretabulin
fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source		2.110
ergothioneine
ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.		7.34201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
amino-acid betaine;
L-histidine derivative;
sulfur-containing amino acid		antioxidant;
chelator;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4320
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		5.7261carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		2.4920carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
sulindac sulfide
sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.		210aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.4320monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		2.8130nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
bay 11-7085
BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.		2.0510benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.		2.0210cyanine dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0510ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		3.2960
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		4.72310alkali metal atom
meradine
meradine: for treatment of radiation injury; structure		2.9440
8-hydroxyadenine
8-hydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; structure. 8-oxoadenine : An oxopurine that is adenine bearing a single oxo substituent at position 8.. 8-hydroxyadenine : A nucleobase analogue that is adenine bearing a single hydroxy substituent at position 8.		9.587826-aminopurines;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.6530alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		4.5680alkali metal atom
trimethyltin
trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		2.0710
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		8.6190boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
6-chloropurine
[no description available]		4.4160purines
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		9.09150alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		2.3920metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		2.3720boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		6.75181metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
7-deazaadenine
[no description available]		5.7250
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		2.610boron group element atom
2-amino-6-chloropurine
6-chloroguanine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source. 6-chloroguanine : An organochlorine compound that is 7H-purin-2-amine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		3.42702-aminopurines;
organochlorine compound
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.7630cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		2.45206-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
lasalocid
Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.		2.3620beta-hydroxy ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
oxanes;
oxolanes;
polyether antibiotic;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		3.8321boron group element atom
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		2.0410morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		2.7530cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		8.0640dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.0510azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
elsamicin a
elsamicin A: from actinomycete strain J907-21; structure given in first source		3.3811
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		10.48213dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		11.06230chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
ethyl oleate
[no description available]		2.0510long-chain fatty acid ethyl esteracaricide;
plant metabolite
geldanamycin
[no description available]		4.2450
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		2.4620styrenes
monocrotophos
Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		2.1710alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		3.4980benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
n,o-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide
[no description available]		210
7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin
7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin: structure given in first source		2.1510
diphenylhexatriene
Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.		2.1710alkatrienefluorochrome
xantocillin
xantocillin: structure in first source		2.0710
warangalone
warangalone: structure in first source		2.3110
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		3.82120alkaloid
puerarin
[no description available]		2.8630C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.6530
cotylenin a
cotylenin A: induces differentiation in murine and human myeloid leukemia cells; structure in first source		3.5220
sinomenine
sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic		2.1110morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.07101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		2.051014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxyribose
[no description available]		5.95200deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		11.09344butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, (alpha-d-erythro)-isomer
[no description available]		1.97102-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 1-phosphate
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		3.0850alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
bleomycin
[no description available]		2.0510bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		5.49650cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		3.4570carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		11.68606monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		7.7620boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.4720dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
4,4'-dihydroxychalcone
4,4'-dihydroxychalcone: structure		2.0110
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		3.1550pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		2.0510amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
pradimicin a
pradimicin A: from actinomycete strain No. P157-2; has inhibitory effect against HIV in vitro; structure given in first source. pradimicin A : A member of the class of pradimicins that is isolated from the cultured broth of Actinomadura hibisca No. P157-2 (ATCC 53557).		3.0810aromatic ether;
carboxylic acid;
disaccharide derivative;
L-alanine derivative;
p-quinones;
polyphenol;
pradimicin;
secondary alcohol
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		2.45201,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ancriviroc
Ancriviroc: CCR5 receptor antagonist		2.0110aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
ceftazidime
[no description available]		2.0410cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
tenofovir diphosphate
[no description available]		14.847623
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		2.0610aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.4520dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		2.9440
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0710
4-acetoxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide
4-acetoxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide: structure given in first source		1.9710
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		7.1310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
n-acetylsphingosine
N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.		1.9910N-acylsphingosine
z-val-ala-asp(ome)-fluoromethylketone
z-Val-Ala-Asp(Ome)-fluoromethylketone: confuse with Z-VAD-FMK. Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-CH2F : A tripeptide consisting of Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe) in which the C-terminal OH group has been replaced by a fluoromethyl group. An irreversible pan-caspase inhibitor.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
tripeptide		apoptosis inhibitor;
protease inhibitor
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.0740dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
bafilomycin a
[no description available]		3.96120
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		9.42102-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		3.6890cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
salubrinal
salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).		3.4160aminal;
organochlorine compound;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide;
thioureas
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.42201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
nw 1029
Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source		2.0710
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.0310ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone
1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9410
gw-5074
[no description available]		2.0310
su 1498
SU 1498: structure in first source. SU1498 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-2-cyano-3-[4-hydroxy-3,5-di(propan-2-yl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 3-phenylpropylamine.		2.0310enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
phenols;
secondary carboxamide		vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		3.65100ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
magnesium citrate
magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.		7.1710magnesium saltlaxative
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		2.4220
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
monorden
monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II		3.5520cyclic ketone;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antifungal agent;
metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		4.29190azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		2.3110carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.3770chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		2.420
methaneselenol
methaneselenol: RN given refers to (75)Se-labeled cpd. methylselenol : An organoselenium compound that is a selenium analogue of methanol, comprising a methyl group covalently bound to a selenol group.		2.1110
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.0310chalcogen;
metalloid atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		4.5980
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd		2.3920organic anion
octadecylsilane
[no description available]		2.1310
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		3.2960maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		8.260amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol
[no description available]		1.9410
dolichols
Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.		3.4620polyterpene
hygromycin a
hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B		2.0110hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
citreoviridin
citreoviridin: formed from Penicillium toxicarium, Penicillium citeoviride; Penicillium ochrosalmoneum on rice during storage		2.11102-pyranones
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		5.64680cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
aminoethoxyvinylglycine
aminoethoxyvinylglycine: RN given for (S-(E))-isomer		1.9810
carboprostacyclin
carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0410prostanoid
involucrin
involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor		2.0610
12-o-tetradeca-2,4,6,8-tetranoylphorbol-13-acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source		2.0310
sphingosine phosphorylcholine
sphingosine phosphorylcholine: a wound healing agent		2.1110
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound		2.1710cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
concanamycin a
concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.		2.1110carbamate ester;
concanamycin		antifungal agent;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
metabolite
manumycin
manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.		2.4420enamide;
epoxide;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
polyketide;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary alcohol		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor;
marine metabolite
corrin
corrin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is the core macrocycle of vitamin B12.		2.0410
cholesteryl linoleyl ether
cholesteryl linoleyl ether: analog of cholesterol linoleate		1.9710
thermozymocidin
thermozymocidin: a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor; FTY720 is an analog		2.1510alpha-amino fatty acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sphingoid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
9-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)adenine
9-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)adenine: structure in first source		3.2760
fk 453
FK 453: adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a new antihypertensive agent with diuretic action in isolated rabbit aorta; FR113452 is the S-(-) enantiomer of FK 453		3.0910
oxadin
oxadin: a 2,3-dihydro-6H-1,3,4-oxadiazine product; inhibits a variety of RNA & DNA, as well as retroviruses, in vivo & in vitro; see also record for oxadiarrhot		2.2110
1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium
1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: cpd is non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN given refers to the tetraiodide cpd		1.9410cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
ici d1542
ICI D1542: redirects arachidonic acid metabolism; an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase and of thromboxane receptors		2.0710
3-(thymin-1'-yl)-2-propenal
3-(thymin-1'-yl)-2-propenal: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3920
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.		3.2710
zeatin riboside
zeatin riboside: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-ribosyl-trans-zeatin : A 9-ribosylzeatin having trans-zeatin as the nucleobase.		2.91409-ribosylzeatin;
nucleoside analogue		cytokinin;
plant metabolite
ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one
ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one: antineoplastic, non-toxic fungal steroid. ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one : An ergostanoid that is (22E)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.		2.48203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
ergostanoid		fungal metabolite
everolimus
[no description available]		5.6890cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
emerin
emerin: a serine-rich protein; responsible for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD)		2.0410
ixabepilone
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
gavestinel
[no description available]		2.0710
axitinib
[no description available]		4.6111aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
indazoles;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
salvianolic acid B
salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza		2.53201-benzofurans;
catechols;
dicarboxylic acid;
enoate ester;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
rilpivirine
[no description available]		14.024014aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(melle-4)cyclosporin
(melle-4)cyclosporin: a non-immunosuppressive analog of cyclosporin A		2.0510
nifuroxime
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source		210
scy-635
[no description available]		2.1110
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate
2'-deoxy-4'-C-ethynyl-2-fluoroadenosine: has anti-HIV activity; structure in first source		4.4760
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		4.97601,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.4820
synadenol
synadenol: structure in first source		7.9240
su 5614
SU 5614: inhibits the mast cell growth factor receptor known as kit protein; a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. SU5614 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 5-chlorooxindole in which the two hydrogens at position 3 are replaced by a (3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl)methylidene group.		2.0310organochlorine compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
gdp 366
GDP 366: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.3110
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		2.0710ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
paclobutrazol
paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.		2.0810
beta-escin
[no description available]		3.71100
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		3.1650nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.9540imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sb 269970
SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source		2.0610sulfonamide
aminopurvalanol a
aminopurvalanol A: casein kinase I alpha inhibitor; structure in first source		2.9740monochlorobenzenes;
purvalanol		protein kinase inhibitor
lactacystin
[no description available]		3.360lactam;
S-substituted L-cysteine
ca 074 methyl ester
[no description available]		2.0510
2-[[6-[(phenylmethyl)amino]-9-propan-2-yl-2-purinyl]amino]ethanol
[no description available]		1.9910thiopurine
4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone
4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone: structure		2.3820
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.4620nitrofuran antibiotic
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		2.6620gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		2.6930isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		1.9410diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).		4.14160nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		6.56451cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate
adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
8-bromo-beta-phenyl-1,n(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
8-bromo-beta-phenyl-1,N(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate: RN refers to (S)-isomer; protein kinase G inhibitor; structure given in first source		210
dantrolene
[no description available]		2.0710
fk 866
N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source		2.1310benzamides;
N-acylpiperidine
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0510roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		1.9910
etonogestrel
[no description available]		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
tipredane
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.9340enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		2.3110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
beta-elemene
beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.		2.0710beta-elemeneantineoplastic agent
isavuconazole
isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.		2.63201,3-thiazoles;
conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor;
orphan drug
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		2.0510diarylmethane
xct790
XCT790: structure in first source		2.1710cinnamamides
panobinostat
Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.		2.1510cinnamamides;
hydroxamic acid;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
bentiromide
bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.		2.0710dipeptidediagnostic agent;
indicator;
reagent
isoborneol
isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0310borneol
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		4.97120ammonium ion derivative
aminomethyltransferase
Aminomethyltransferase: A one-carbon group transferase that transfers lipoamide-linked methylamine groups to tetrahydrofolate (TETRAHYDROFOLATES) to form methylenetetrahydrofolate and AMMONIA. It is one of four components of the glycine decarboxylase complex.		210
bufalin
bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.		2.171014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
cardiotonic drug
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.4620penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		3.91130phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taxane
taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae		2.0110diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
9h-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-n-(1-methylethyl)-
9H-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-N-(1-methylethyl)-: an epichaperome (purine-scaffold) inhibitor; structure in first source		2.5420
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.0210biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		1.9910
tri-cyclen
[no description available]		3.4311
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		2.07101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
gs-7340
tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		27.843571126-aminopurines;
ether;
isopropyl ester;
L-alanine derivative;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
fosinopril
[no description available]		2.4520
pradefovir mesylate
pradefovir: a HepDirect prodrug of adefovir; structure in first source		8.51124
s-nitrosocysteine
S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.		1.9910L-cysteine derivative;
nitrosothio compound		hematologic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
s-allylcysteine
S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.		2.4110L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
disilver oxide
[no description available]		1.9310
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
(Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).		3.1350
utibapril
utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid		2.0710
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		2.6930
bicyclol
bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.		4.4122
abiraterone acetate
Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.		2.8330pyridines;
sterol ester		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
kb r7943
2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source		2.0410
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		2.0410benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here		2.0110
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.1110oligopeptide
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination
Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.		12.82446
racivir
[no description available]		2.7330
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.4720aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist		3.1150
brl 37344
BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer		2.0110monocarboxylic acid
zd 9379
ZD 9379: structure given in first source		2.0710
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.0710peptide
du 86
DU 86: structure given in first source		1.9810
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		3.3960bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
ginsenoside m1
ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.081012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
gambogic acid
gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer		2.1510pyranoxanthonesmetabolite
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		2.940organic molecular entity
cangrelor
cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.		2.9740adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
elisidepsin
elisidepsin: antineoplastic; structure in first source. elisidepsin : A synthetic cyclodepsipeptide derived from a marine metabolite that exhibits antineoplastic properties.		2.0610cyclodepsipeptideantineoplastic agent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		6.89211aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron
mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.		2.48201,3-thiazoles;
aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		beta-adrenergic agonist
sch 527123
[no description available]		2.0710
carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal
carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal: structure given in first source		1.9910peptide
abt-770
ABT-770: structure in first source		2.0410
avanafil
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
prolinols;
pyrimidines		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 858051
L 858051: activates adenylate cyclase and inhibits glucose transport in rat adipocytes		1.9910
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.5420aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		3.1910dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
pi103
PI103: pyridofuropyrimidine antineoplastic; a potent inhibitor of class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K); structure in first soruce		2.7930aromatic amine;
morpholines;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		2.0610aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
clerocidin
[no description available]		7.0510
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine
9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
shu 9119
SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source		2.0810
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		2.110ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
g(m2) ganglioside
G(M2) Ganglioside: A glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A or B (BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES), or GM2 activator protein, resulting in GANGLIOSIDOSES, heredity metabolic disorders that include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE.. ganglioside GM2 (18:0) : A sialotriaosylceramide that is N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine in which the acyl group on the sphingosine nitrogen is octadecanoyl. A constituent of natural ganglioside GM2.		2.2110N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotriaosylceramide		antigen
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
tgx 221
TGX 221: a platelet aggregation inhibitor		3.0140pyridopyrimidine
miv 150
MIV 150: structure in first source		3.1610
ic 87114
IC 87114: structure in first source		7.435506-aminopurines;
biaryl;
quinazolines		EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
hki 272
[no description available]		2.8430nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ginsenoside rg3
ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.1310ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		4.6111fatty acid ester
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.1110N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tocotrienols
tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.		7.1110diterpenoid
ap23464
AP23464: a potent adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-based inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases		2.0310
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)-
[no description available]		2.5320organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
eht 1864
[no description available]		2.1310
cc 1065
CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc		4.95120
roflumilast n-oxide
roflumilast N-oxide: an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; active metabolite of roflumilast		2.0710
zeolites
[no description available]		7.5220
pitolisant
pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source		4.6111organochlorine compound
azonafide
azonafide: structure given in first source		2.9140
cp 31398
CP 31398: structure in first source		2.0810
linaprazan
linaprazan: structure in first source		2.0710
tetramethylrhodamine
tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure		2.0310xanthene dye
vosaroxin
vosaroxin: has antineoplastic activity; vosaroxin was formerly voreloxin; structure in first source		2.0610
u 18666a
3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.		2.0210hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
nicotinic antagonist;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		2.0410alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.7930
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.4620
sm360320
SM360320: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 Feb 7;103(6):1828-33		3.75100
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		2.0410
osu 03012
OSU 03012: a PDK-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0410antibiotic antifungal drug;
aromatic amide;
glycine derivative;
organofluorine compound;
phenanthrenes;
pyrazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
candicidin
Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.		1.9510macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal drug;
bacterial metabolite
phosphoramidite
phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.		3.75100
cystathionine
Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.		210cysteine derivative
lecozotan
lecozotan: structure in first source		2.0710
sepantronium
sepantronium: a survivin suppressant with antineoplastic activity. sepantronium : An organic cation that is 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione in which the nitrogen at position 3 of the napthoimidazole moiety has been alkylated by a pyrazin-2-ylmethyl group.		2.110organic cation
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1h-indole
5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole: a 5-HT6 agonist; structure in first source		2.2110indoles
bibw 2992
[no description available]		2.5820aromatic ether;
enamide;
furans;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.6620
ar c155858
AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide
succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide: fluorogenic substrate for ingensin. succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin : A tetrapeptide compound with a succinyl group at the N-terminal and a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin group at the C-terminal.		2107-aminocoumarins;
tetrapeptide		fluorochrome
pik 75
PIK 75: structure in first source		2.0610
sotrastaurin
sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.		2.5220indoles;
maleimides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		5.39100
7-aminoactinomycin d
7-aminoactinomycin D: staining reagent used in flow cytometry		2.4520
ngr peptide
[no description available]		2.2110
cgs 24012
CGS 24012: adenosine agonist with both high affinity & selectivity for the adenosine A2 receptor		2.0110
2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone
2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone: has antineoplastic activity; blocks NF-kappaB p65 activation; structure in first source; do not confuse with DMC cpd. 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and methyl groups at positions 3' and 5'. Isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus, it has been shown to exhibit inhibitory effects on the viral neuraminidases from two influenza viral strains, H1N1 and H9N2.		2.0610chalcones;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.0410
galidesivir
[no description available]		11.32362
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		4.55240
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
2'-deoxyadenylyl-(3'-5')-2'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		3.0850nucleoside analogue;
purines
1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one
1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one: from Curcuma longa; structure in first source		2.3110diarylheptanoid
baci-im
[no description available]		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		2.4320
heptelidic acid
heptelidic acid: structure given in second source		2.110
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		9.981870D-ribose;
ribopyranose
5-formylcytosine
5-formylcytosine: structure in first source. 5-formylcytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a formyl group.		4.4130aminopyrimidine;
heteroarenecarbaldehyde;
nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		metabolite
molybdenum carbide
molybdenum carbide: catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils		7.1710
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.6530alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		7.2110
2-chlorohexadecanoic acid
2-chlorohexadecanoic acid: structure in first source		2.1710
palytoxin
palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.		1.9810polyoltoxin
disodium hexachloroplatinate
disodium hexachloroplatinate: inhalation causes pulmonary hyperreactivity. sodium hexachloroplatinate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising separate sodium cations and octahedral [PtCl6](2-) anions.		2.1310inorganic sodium salt
calpain inhibitor iii
calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug		2.5520
wp1066
[no description available]		2.1110
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one
[no description available]		2.0710methoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
erastin
erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.		2.1710aromatic ether;
diether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinazolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer;
voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.7730morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
abt-737
[no description available]		2.5120aromatic amine;
aryl sulfide;
biphenyls;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
phenylnitrene
[no description available]		2.0510
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		3.7930
procyanidin b1
procyanidin B1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach.		1.9810biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavan;
polyphenol;
proanthocyanidin		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
metabolite
fg-4592
roxadustat: structure in first source. roxadustat : An N-acylglycine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH).		2.2110aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
N-acylglycine		EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.5790nystatins
bms-663068
fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source		3.2110
inno-406
[no description available]		2.1110biaryl
nutlin-3a
nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source		2.5820stilbenoid
danusertib
[no description available]		2.1310piperazines
nvp-aew541
[no description available]		2.1510
5-(2,2-difluorobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione
5-(2,2-difluorobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione: a PI3Kgamma inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4720
pf 00299804
dacomitinib: a pan-ERBB inhibitor. dacomitinib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 7-methoxyquinazoline-4,6-diamine in which the amino group at position 4 is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group and the amino group at position 6 is substituted by an (E)-4-(piperidin-1-yl)but-2-enoyl group.		2.2110enamide;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
dorsomorphin
dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.		2.5220aromatic ether;
piperidines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
pyridines		bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist;
EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
carfilzomib
[no description available]		6.17103epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		2.2110
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.6430
idelalisib
idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		14.82953aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
purines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
crizotinib
Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)		2.52203-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amineantineoplastic agent;
biomarker;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
as 252424
5-(5-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione: a PI3K gamma inhibitor; structure in first source		2.2110
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
lorcaserin
lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.		2.0810benzazepine;
organochlorine compound		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant
methyl 4-(adenin-9-yl)-2-hydroxybutanoate
methyl 4-(adenin-9-yl)-2-hydroxybutanoate: suppresses antigen-induced specific immune responses, particularly Th1 responses, through inhibition of AdoHcy hydrolase and elevation of endogenous AdoHcy		3.87110
fostamatinib
fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406		5.6870
trametinib
[no description available]		2.2110acetamides;
aromatic amine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
organoiodine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
ring assembly		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
abexinostat
abexinostat: structure in first source		2.1310benzofurans
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		5.75201
dc 88-a
duocarmycin A: from a Streptomycete		2.6930
pulvomycin
pulvomycin: isolated from culture MA-2465; structure		210
lc15-0444
LC15-0444: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes		2.1510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
octanoylcarnitine
octanoylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-octanoyl-L-carnitine : The L-enantiomer of an O-octanoylcarnitine.		2.0210O-octanoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite
palmitoylcarnitine
Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).		210O-palmitoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination
Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of emtricitabine and tenofovir that is used as an ANTI-HIV AGENT in the treatment and prevention of HIV INFECTIONS.		9.15262
at 13387
(2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-(5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)methanone: structure in first source. onalespib : A member of the class of isoindoles that is isoindole in which the amino group has been acylated by a 2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylbenzoyl group and in which position 5 of the isoidole moiety has been substituted by a (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl group. A second-generation Hsp90 inhibitor.		2.2110benzamides;
isoindoles;
N-alkylpiperazine;
resorcinols;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
Hsp90 inhibitor
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		6.04450benzoxazole
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		3.4170
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.25101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4920
cinobufagin
cinobufagin: isolated from Chinese medicinal preparation ch'an su; derived from toad venom		2.2110steroid lactone
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		3.0140imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		5.58140
podophyllin
Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.		1.9410
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		2.420
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source		2.8330
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
arabinofuranosyluracil
Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.		7.78260
rifamycins
[no description available]		2.8840
santalol
santalol: combination of alpha and beta isomers		2.3110
ethidium homodimer-1
[no description available]		2.3720
ginsenoside rb3
[no description available]		2.211012beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antidepressant;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
plant metabolite
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		9.57260
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.1510
carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine
carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine: carboxylic analog of 3-deazaadenosine		3.0650
ants
Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)		2.4110
asterina
Asterina: A genus of STARFISH in the family Asterinidae. They externally hold developing embryos (EMBRYO, NON-MAMMALIAN) among the spines below the oral surface.		2.9940
tetrahydrouridine
Tetrahydrouridine: An inhibitor of nucleotide metabolism.		3.0510
o-methylthymidine
O-methylthymidine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer		1.9710
ptaquiloside
ptaquiloside: a norsesquiterpene from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum); not a pteridine; can be activated to alkylate DNA		6.9910
7-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)mitomycin c
[no description available]		1.9610
agrocin 84
agrocin 84: contains glucose, deoxy arabinose & other yet unidentified sugars. agrocin 84 : A nucleotide conjugate that is produced by Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K-84. A 'Trojan horse' antibiotic used to control crown gall.		1.9610purines
isolongifolenone
isolongifolenone: natural compound found in the Tauroniro tree (Humiria balsamifera) of South America, Insecticide for mosquito control		2.0410
butaprost
butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source		3.1250
azinomycin b
azinomycin B: C31H33N3O11; from Streptomyces griseofuscus S42227; structure given in first source		2.0810
lyoniside
lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer		2.1110
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		1.9910
jaw
[no description available]		2.0510indolecarboxamide
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid: inhibits salicylic acid synthesis		2.110
pluramycin
[no description available]		1.9910
adenosine thiamine triphosphate
adenosine thiamine triphosphate: structure in first source. adenosine thiamine triphosphate : An adenosine 5'-phosphate obtained by formal condensation of the hydroxy group of thiamine with the triphosphate group of ATP.. adenosine thiamine triphosphate(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of adenosine thiamine triphosphate.		2.0510organophosphate oxoanion
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Triphosphate: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-4-methyl-5-(4,6,8,8-tetrahydroxy-3,5,7-trioxa-4,6,8-triphosphaoct-1-yl)thiazolium hydroxide, inner salt, P,P',P''-trioxide. The triphosphate ester of thiamine. In Leigh's disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation.. thiamine(1+) triphosphate(4-) : Trianion of thiamine(1+) diphosphate arising from deprotonation of the four OH groups of the triphosphate.		2.0510organophosphate oxoanion;
vitamin B1		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		8.191350organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gs-9148
GS-9148: anti-HiV; structure in first source		4.9260
3-o-methylfluorescein phosphate
[no description available]		1.9710aryl phosphate
rabacfosadine
rabacfosadine: has potent antineoplastic activity in dogs with spontaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; structure in first source		3.5620
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4520
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		5.63270
st-246
tecovirimat: A potent and specific inhibitor of orthopoxvirus replication. It is used for the treatment of SMALLPOX and other orthopoxvirus infections, including MONKEYPOX under expanded access investigational new drug protocol (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/Tecovirimat.html).		3.1410
calcitonin
[no description available]		2.0410
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.2110oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		2.0310
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		3.72100polypeptide
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		10.68183
gem91
GEM91: a 25-mer antisense oligonucleotide phosphorothioate used as a therapeutic agents for AIDS; may block the translation of gag mRNA& disrupt the secondary structure of RNA		3.1410
fullerene c70
[no description available]		2.0310fullerene
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.5420
fibrinopeptide b
Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.		2.1710
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		2.6630
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.0210
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		7.48241peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		2.0610
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.730
peptide phi
Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.		2.0210
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		2.9540
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		4.3760
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.6830
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		10.322261
anticodon
Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.		4.87110
liraglutide
[no description available]		2.0710lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		2.4420
vasoactive intestinal peptide (10-28)
vasoactive intestinal peptide (10-28): inhibits VIP stimulation of adenylate cyclase		2.0210
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		2.3920
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		2.7130
ge 2270 a
GE 2270 A: from Planobispora rosea; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis in vitro by affecting specifically the GTP-bound form of elongation factor Tu; structure given in first source		210
ristocetin
Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.		2.5720glycopeptide;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		8.85392glycoside
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		7.0310
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		4.04140
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		4.332001,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cufe2o4
[no description available]		2.1110
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		7.8840
vx-770
ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.		2.1710aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols;
quinolone		CFTR potentiator;
orphan drug
gdc-0973
cobimetinib: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. cobimetinib : A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.		2.2110aromatic amine;
difluorobenzene;
N-acylazetidine;
organoiodine compound;
piperidines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
buparlisib
NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		6.0921aminopyridine;
aminopyrimidine;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		5.21160chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		3.2660alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
uk 453,061
UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		4.4322aromatic ether
14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene
14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene: has antineoplastic activity; also inhibits Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3; structure in first source		2.3110
azd 7545
AZD 7545: an anilide tertiary carbinol; a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 inhibitor. AZD7545 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl, chloro and [(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl]amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) with IC50 of 6.4 nM and exhibits glucose-lowering activity. Also inhibits PDHK1 at higher levels (IC50 = 36.8 nM).		2.0710benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary carboxamide		EC 2.7.11.2 - [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
azd5438
[no description available]		2.1510sulfonamide
dihydroceramide
dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.		2.1510
adenosine kinase
Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.		6.96570
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		3.580
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		3.4520organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		4.1230
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		3.9940
n-formylglycinamide
N-formylglycinamide: structure in first source		1.9410
robenidine
Robenidine: An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.		2.3720
k-strophanthin-beta
strophanthin K: induces arrhythmias; see also K-strophanthin-beta		1.9310cardenolide glycoside;
steroid aldehyde
thuringiensin
thuringiensin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		3.76100
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		2.9140organic lithium saltfluorochrome
succinyladenosine
succinyladenosine: found in body fluids of children with severe psychomotor delay & autism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. succinyladenosine : An aspartic acid derivative that is L-aspartic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by a 9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-yl group.		2.4220adenosines;
amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-aspartic acid derivative		metabolite
dodecyl 2-(n,n-dimethylamino)propionate
dodecyl 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)propionate: a transdermal penetration enhancer; RN refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0510
oleracein e
oleracein E: antioxidant from Portulaca oleracea; structure in first source		2.1510
v 2006
3-(4-amino-3-methylbenzyl)-7-(2-furyl)-3H-(1,2,3)triazolo(4,5-d)pyrimidine-5-amine: antiparkinson agent; structure in first source		3.1410
menotropins
Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.		1.9710
chitosan
[no description available]		7.05221
2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine
2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine: inhibits cytokine degradation; inhibits AtCKX2 protein		3.3460
2-fluoro-araatp
[no description available]		1.9610
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		12.822640
cmx 157
hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl)adenine: an anti-HIV and anti-hepatitis B agent; structure in first source		3.1750
p276-00
P276-00: antineoplastic, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.2510
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		2.0510organosulfonic acid
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		5.034203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0710potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.6630inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		1.9610inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
cytomel
liothyronine sodium : The sodium salt of liothyronine. Thought to be more active than levothyroxine and with a rapid (few hours) onset and short duration of action, liothyronine sodium is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, particularly in cases of hypothyroid coma.		2.0710organic sodium salt
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate
[no description available]		1.9710
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.940inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
raltegravir potassium
Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.		16.667036
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.2110
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		2.3520
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		1.9610
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		1.9710organic molecular entity
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.6630
arginine
Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.		3.3711
echinomycin
Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.		4.4870cyclodepsipeptide
olaparib
[no description available]		2.6120cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
thiostrepton
Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.		3.2710
hygromycin b
[no description available]		2.0110
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		2.9240
cx 4945
[no description available]		2.8230
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.		1.9910
largazole
largazole: an antiproliferative agent from Symploca; structure in first source		2.0710
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		8.961020organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
purfalcamine
purfalcamine: a PfCDPK-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4620
snx 2112
SNX 2112: an orally available small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1310
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		2.4120
incednine
incednine: modulates Bcl-xL; structure in first source		2.2110
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		7.6920C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		28.041,757291acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cgi 1746
CGI 1746: inhibits Bruton's protein kinase (Btk); structure in first source		2.1310
apalutamide
[no description available]		2.2510
dolichol monophosphate
[no description available]		1.9910
mk 2206
MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent		3.0440organic heterotricyclic compoundEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
navitoclax
[no description available]		3.2110aryl sulfide;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
piperazines;
secondary amino compound;
sulfone;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
gsk 650394
[no description available]		2.0610phenylpyridine
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		340BODIPY compound
n-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide
N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide: a Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2 inhibitor; structure in first source. momelotinib : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl}benzoic acid with the primary amino group of aminoacetonitrile. It is an ATP-competitive JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 11 nM and 18 nM, respectively. Used for the treatment of patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis.		2.2110aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
morpholines;
nitrile;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-anaemic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.3660
dsr-6434
DSR-6434: structure in first source		2.7930
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		2.3620peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
fibrinopeptide a
Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.		1.9610
apelin-13 peptide
apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.		2.1510oligopeptideantihypertensive agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
biomarker;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
cabozantinib
cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.		2.1710aromatic ether;
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organofluorine compound;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ly2584702
[no description available]		3.9521
incb-018424
[no description available]		7.0681nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mannans
[no description available]		2.1710
cobicistat
[no description available]		18.1593451,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
ureas		P450 inhibitor
bms-790052
daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.		3.4711biphenyls;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
imidazoles;
valine derivative		antiviral drug;
nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
emd1214063
tepotinib: MET inhibitor		2.0810
ldn 193189
LDN 193189: inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling		310pyrimidines
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		3.0550
guanidinosuccinic acid
guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.		6.9710L-alpha-amino acid anion
nvp-bep800
[no description available]		2.0510
phosphinothricin
phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.		3.5720organic anion
azd2014
vistusertib: potent and selective dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.110
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol
(5-(2,4-bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity; structure in first source		2.110benzyl alcohols;
morpholines;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
mTOR inhibitor
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.		2.422011,12-EEThuman xenobiotic metabolite
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		2.6430
bi 201335
faldaprevir: inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease		3.4811
4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl acetic acid
(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.1110monocarboxylic acid anion
adenosine diphosphate glucose
Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose: Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.. ADP alpha-D-glucoside(2-) : A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion resutling from the deprotonation of both free OH groups of the diphosphate group of ADP alpha-D-glucoside.		210NDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-);
ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate-alpha-D-glucose(2-)		human metabolite
plx4032
[no description available]		4.2140aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
a 967079
A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source		2.0710
3'-o-anthraniloyl atp
[no description available]		1.9610
glycolipids
[no description available]		5.1931
pf 04929113
[no description available]		4.1740
ddd 85646
DDD 85646: a trypanocidal agent for treating African sleeping sickness; structure in first source		3.1710
baricitinib
[no description available]		2.1710azetidines;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
m&b 28,767
11-deoxy-16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin E1: an EP3 agonist; RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2beta(1E,3R*)))-isomer		1.9910
4-[6-[4-(methoxycarbonylamino)phenyl]-4-(4-morpholinyl)-1-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid methyl ester
WYE-354: an mTOR inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1310carbamate ester
idx 899
IDX 899: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor		7.544
quad pill
Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of the ANTI-HIV AGENTS elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS.		10.64163
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		28.081,788296
pht 427
4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.0710
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		3.110
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		8.01261
dabrafenib
[no description available]		2.21101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
organofluorine compound;
sulfonamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
sd 1029
SD 1029: putative antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.0510
phillyrin
[no description available]		2.2110
4-(cyclopropylamino)-2-((4-(4-(ethylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide
4-(cyclopropylamino)-2-((4-(4-(ethylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide: a protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1510
gs-9131
GS-9131: structure in first source		5.0570
thiopental sodium
[no description available]		2.1310organochlorine compound;
piperazines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gsk2245035
GSK2245035: a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist		7.6864
guanidinohydantoin
guanidinohydantoin: structure in first source. 5-guanidinohydantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a guanidino group at position 5.		2.5220guanidines;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.3820
hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.		2.3520
tylosin
[no description available]		2.0110
fosinopril
Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.		2.110
sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		6.2152isopropyl ester;
L-alanyl ester;
nucleotide conjugate;
organofluorine compound;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		6.5722benzoxazole
p(1),p(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate
P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate: structure. P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate(5-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the pentaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate.		2.3920organophosphate oxoanion
int-777
[no description available]		2.3110
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		3.0740
2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate
[no description available]		2.0310phospho sugar
ophiopogonin b
ophiopogonin B: RN given refers to (1beta,3beta,25R)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810steroid saponin
lalistat 2
[no description available]		2.2510
rn486
RN486: a selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor		3.2510
mpi-0479605
MPI-0479605: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits mitotic kinase Mps1; structure in first source		2.4720
dinaciclib
[no description available]		3.2110pyrazolopyrimidine
chymostatin
[no description available]		2.3720
diphthamide
[no description available]		1.9810quaternary ammonium ion
fructose-1,6-diphosphate
fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer		3.830
longdaysin
[no description available]		3.570
evacetrapib
[no description available]		2.1310benzazepine
abt-199
venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.		18.1412322aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
oxanes;
pyrrolopyridine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
blood group a trisaccharide
alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1->3)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->2)]-beta-D-Galp : A branched amino trisaccharide consisting of beta-D-galactose having an alpha-L-fucosyl residue at the 2-position and an N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl residue at the 3-position.		2.420alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1->3)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->2)]-D-Galpantigen;
epitope
ipi-145
[no description available]		7.1882isoquinolines
spautin-1
[no description available]		3.0840
pf-670462
PF-670462: inhibitor of casein kinase I epsilon; structure in first source. PF-670462 : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the formal reaction of 3-[(3-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. It is a selective inhibitor of the delta- and epsilon-isoforms of casein kinase 1 (CK1delta and CK1epsilon).		2.1710hydrochlorideEC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.0710
butyrolactone i
butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source		2.9240butenolide
armillaridin
armillaridin: isolated from Armillaria mellea mycelium I; structure given in first source		2.2110benzoate ester;
sesquiterpenoid
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		3.4980
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		3.1450polypeptide
acy-1215
ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.2110pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		5.6961
gsk2656157
[no description available]		7.41220biaryl;
indoles;
methylpyridines;
organofluorine compound;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
PERK inhibitor
7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1h-indol-5-yl)-7h-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine
7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-7H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: inhibits protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK); structure in first source		7.68540
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		8.7530
dihydronicotinamide
[no description available]		6.9310
cudc-907
[no description available]		2.2110
lanthanide nitrate
[no description available]		2.0110
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		7.49401ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.6830carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.87110
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.6830
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.3820
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.0240
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		3.5890monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		4.1650hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		2.0510benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.48201,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		10.69250benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure		2.0410
ascorbate-2-phosphate
ascorbate-2-phosphate: inhibitor of ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase from bovine liver. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate : An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.		6.9710aldonolactone phosphate
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.4520hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		6.4171sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0510
3-deazauridine
3-Deazauridine: 4-Hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridinone. Analog of uridine lacking a ring-nitrogen in the 3-position. Functions as an antineoplastic agent.		3.4620N-glycosyl compound
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
magnesium monoperoxyphthalate
magnesium monoperoxyphthalate: RN given refers to dihydride		2.0110
lfm a13
LFM A13: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source		3.7430
gsk1265744
[no description available]		7.2351difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
dolutegravir
[no description available]		16.445535difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
byl719
[no description available]		2.6120proline derivative
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		4.58250
acth (7-38)
ACTH (7-38): do not confuse with CIP protein. defensin : A family of cysteine-rich polypeptides that function as host defence peptides and consist of 18-45 amino acids including six to eight cysteine residues.		2.4120
microcystin
microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.		210peptide
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		1.9410aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		3.8430
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.9440
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		5.67230
calicheamicin gamma(1)i
calicheamicin gamma(1)I: structure given in first source; isolated from Micromonospora echinospora sp. calichensis; acts as a DNA double-stranded cleaving agent. calicheamicin gamma1(I) : A calcheamicin in which contains 3-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnosyl, 2,6-dideoxy-4-thio-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl, and 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-[2,4-dideoxy-4-(ethylamino)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-threo-pentopyranosyl]-alpha-L-idopyranose units and in which the aromatic ring contains an iodo substituent.		1.9910calicheamicin;
enediyne antibiotic;
organoiodine compound		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		1.9510alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		4.24180ketal
rg7112
[no description available]		2.2110
sybr green i
SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.		2.4420benzothiazolium ion;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
cc-292
spebrutinib: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source		2.5820
bay 85-3934
[no description available]		2.2510
pyrethrins
[no description available]		3.0610
ledipasvir
ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		5.2331azaspiro compound;
benzimidazole;
bridged compound;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
fluorenes;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gsk-2816126
GSK-2816126: inhibits EZH2 methyltransferase; structure in first source		2.2110piperazines;
pyridines
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
acp-196
acalabrutinib: inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; has antineoplastic activity. acalabrutinib : A member of the class of imidazopyrazines that is imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine substituted by 4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl, (2S)-1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl, and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an irreversible second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who have received at least one prior therapy.		15.29637aromatic amine;
benzamides;
imidazopyrazine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide;
ynone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
gsk343
GSK343: an EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitor. GSK343 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1-isopropyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxamide in which the nitrogen of the carboxamide group is substituted by a (6-methyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl group and in which the indazole ring is substituted at position 6 by a 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl group. A highly potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor (IC50 = 4 nM).		2.2110aminopyridine;
indazoles;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridone;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.1.1.43 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitor
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		2.1710
spiroiminodihydantoin
spiroiminodihydantoin: structure in first source. spiroiminodihydantoin : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,6,8-tetraazaspiro[4.4]non-6-ene which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 4, and 9. Both enantiomers are highly mutagenic products resulting from the oxidation of guanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in DNA by reactive oxygen species.		2.1510azaspiro compoundmutagen
selinexor
selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1		5.651
osimertinib
osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.		3.2540acrylamides;
aminopyrimidine;
biaryl;
indoles;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		3.5690
cb-839
[no description available]		2.2110
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits sphingosine kinase-2; structure in first source		3.8520
2',3'-(o-(2,4,6-trinitrocyclohexadienylidine))adenosine 5'-diphosphate
2',3'-(O-(2,4,6-trinitrocyclohexadienylidine))adenosine 5'-diphosphate: structure given in first source		1.9810
glutaminase
[no description available]		2.4420
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		8.5780
unc2025
UNC2025: inhibits both MER and FLT3 kinases; structure in first source		3.7790
lysophosphatidylethanolamine
lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.		2.4420
onc201
TIC10 compound: a TRAIL-dependent antitumor agent; structure in first source		2.2110
sorbitan monolaurate
sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol		2.110
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		3.97140
coprogen
coprogen: siderochrome found in Penicillium & Neurospora; structure. coprogen : An iron(III) hydroxamate isolated from fungi and bacteria including Penicillium species and Neurospora crassa. It is a growth factor for coprophilous fungi.		210Fe(III)-complexed hydroxamate siderophore;
homoallylic alcohol		Penicillium metabolite
mitotracker green fm
[no description available]		2.0710
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		3.77110
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		4.54230
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		3.84120
bictegravir
bictegravir: HIV Integrase Inhibitors. bictegravir : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R,5S,13aR)-8-hydroxy-7,9-dioxo-2,3,4,5,7,9,13,13a-octahydro-2,5-methanopyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-10-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4,6-trifluorobenzylamine. It is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and used (as its sodium salt) for the treatment of HIV-1.		17.348233monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide;
trifluorobenzene		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
tws 119
[no description available]		2.2110
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		2.520angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
germacranolide
germacranolide: from Artemisia pallens; structure in first source. germacranolide : A sesquiterpene lactone based on germacrane skeleton.		7.1710
cobinamide
[no description available]		2.0410
cobamamide
cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.		5.2290
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.3520
etamycin
etamycin: antibiotic substance (macrolide lactone) produced by Streptomyces griseus & allied Streptomyces; active against gram-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis & some fungi & other coccal infections; see also neoviridogriseins; structure		1.9410
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		3.4170
epoetin alfa
Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.		2.0110
nephrin
nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)		2.5520
carboxyatractyloside
carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		1.9710
oridonin
[no description available]		2.9640
gibberellins
[no description available]		11.14420
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		2.2110
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		7.02440
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		3.4311
s 8932
[no description available]		5.1160aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.4720
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		5.6130
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		9.52250
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		3.3360
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		3.3870
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		3.1850
delta hemolysin protein, staphylococcus aureus
delta hemolysin protein, Staphylococcus aureus: membrane-damaging peptide of 26 residues from Staph aureus		2.0310
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.0310
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.8840
catalpol
catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		4.6111
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		3.150
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		2.0610
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		3.9120
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		3.580
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		3.5590
ribosomal protein l7-l12
[no description available]		2.0210
nedaplatin
nedaplatin: structure given in first source		2.4920
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.8130
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.7430
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.0510
narasin
narasin: related to salinomycin & A28086B; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine
tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source		1.9910
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		22.51470592-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		8.154102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
stf 083010
STF 083010: inhibits Ire1 endonuclease; structure in first source		3.6820
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.05505-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate
8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate: mutagenic nucleotide; hydrolyzed by 8-oxodGTPase to 8-oxodGMP. 8-oxo-dGTP : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine as the nucleobase.		3.0640purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphatemutagen
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		11.767803',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		12.7470purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyinosine
[no description available]		8.0950purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.6830deoxyguanosine phosphate;
guanyl deoxyribonucleotide;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate
[no description available]		6.4992deoxyguanosine phosphate;
guanyl deoxyribonucleotide;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.3870guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine pentaphosphate
Guanosine Pentaphosphate: Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis.. guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate : A guanosine bisphosphate having a diphosphate at the 3'-position and a triphosphate at the 5'-position.		2.4110guanosine 5'-phosphate;
guanosine bisphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		10.02130guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		6.72760guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		25.123,189662-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		10.032330guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate
Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.		2.3620guanosine bisphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		9.162370nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		10.9330inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		9.792940inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate
Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.		1.9610inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-methyladenine
1-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-1.		9.381540
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		7.64640folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine
[no description available]		2.46202-amino-4-hydroxypteridine;
pterin
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		13.471,2180
cyclic imp
Cyclic IMP: Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 3',5'-cyclic IMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.		2.08103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate		mammalian metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
viomycin
[no description available]		2.3720heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
discadenine
[no description available]		4.9970
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		3.3970nucleoside triphosphate analogue
2'-deoxycytosine
[no description available]		210
7-methylguanine
7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.		7.335507-methylguanine
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.110
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		9.62345cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		3.1750benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		9.5790dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		20.4411220purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		11.792602-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		4.3430L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		2.4720piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.7530benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		4.971202-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		4.3260pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		3.2660triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid: RN refers to parent cpd(L-Glu)-isomer		2.3820benzamides;
methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
8-azaxanthine
methanochondroitin: a heteropolysaccharide from cell wall which resembles the eukaryotic chondroitin		2.8840triazolopyrimidines
2-aminopurine dioxolane
(4-2-aminopurin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: structure in first source		210
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		9.331660nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
9-methylguanine
9-methylguanine: structure in first source		3.1350
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		10.99370nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		2.4720formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		2.6730nucleoside triphosphate analogue
xanthopterin
[no description available]		4.4751
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		2.3110N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
3-benzyladenine
[no description available]		3.150
acyclovir triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
2'-o-methylguanosine
2'-O-methylguanosine : Guanosine with the hydrogen on the hydroxyl at position C-2' substituted with a methyl group.		2.420methylguanosinemetabolite
allopurinol riboside
allopurinol riboside : A nucleoside analogue that is allopurinol with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.		2.6530nucleoside analoguemetabolite
8-hydroxyguanosine
8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source		3.73100purine nucleoside
adenine-n-oxide
[no description available]		8.83120
7-deazaguanine
[no description available]		4.7290organic molecular entity
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610hydroxypyrimidine
cyclopropavir
cyclopropavir: cyclopropavir is the (Z)-isomer; has antiviral activity; structure in first source		7.9510
alanosine
[no description available]		5.23121
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine: pteridine precursor in biosynthesis of dihydropteroate; structure. 6-formylpterin : Pterin carrying a formyl group at position 6.		2.3620aldehyde;
pterins		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
reactive oxygen species generator
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		1.9610imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
forodesine
forodesine: structure in first source		4.2850dihydroxypyrrolidine;
pyrrolopyrimidine
9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl)guanine
9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl)guanine: structure given in first source		5.41190phosphoethanolamine
thiopurinol ribonucleoside
[no description available]		2.6530
8-azahypoxanthine
8-azahypoxanthine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure. 8-azahypoxanthine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 1,4-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.		6.9410nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimalarial;
EC 2.4.2.8 (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate)
[no description available]		2.4420nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.8830N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
loxoribine
[no description available]		2.0510
1-hydroxyphenazine
1-hydroxyphenazine: a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1-hydroxyphenazine : A phenazine carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position.		7.0710phenazines
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.4320aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
lobucavir
lobucavir: inhibits the replication of HIV virus in T cells, monocytes & macrophages in vitro by inhibiting DNA polymerase and viral DNA synthesis		5.79110
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.9640citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		4.3230L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
pyrazofurin
pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.6630C-glycosyl compound;
pyrazoles		antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
vardenafil dihydrochloride
Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.		2.0210
rifabutin
[no description available]		2.0510
9-ethylguanine
[no description available]		2.9540
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		2.6630tetrahydrofolic acid
ci 972
CI 972: structure given in first source		1.9710
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		3.731003',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		9761oxopurine
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		3.2460
2-azahypoxanthine
2-azahypoxanthine: metabolite of DTIC; structure		6.9910
8-methylguanine
8-methylguanine: structure given in first source		210
nintedanib
nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.		2.2110
2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine
[no description available]		2.0310
3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine
3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine: structure given in first source		2.0310
nsc 614846
carbovir: structure given in first source; potent & selective anti-HIV agent. carbovir : Cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-hydroxy-9H-purin-9-yl group such that the two substitutents on the cyclopentene ring are in a cis relationship. The (-)-enantiomer, also known as carbovir, is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication replication in cell cultures.. (-)-carbovir : The (active) (-)-enantiomer of the carbocyclic analogue of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydroguanosine.		3.150carbovirHIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxetanocin g
oxetanocin G: inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication; structure given in first source		3.0750
lixazinone
lixazinone: structure given in first source		1.9910
3-ethyladenine
3-ethyladenine: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3870
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		5.32180nitroso compoundalkylating agent
adenallene
adenallene: structure given in first source; inhibits replication and cytopathic effects of HIV in vitro		3.2360
cytallene
cytallene: structure given in first source; inhibits replication and cytopathic effect of HIV in vitro		2.3820
2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine
2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with unspecified F (fluorine) orientation		1.9910
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid
[no description available]		2.5920cyclic purine dinucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		immunomodulator;
signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		5.01150guanosinesbiomarker
6-methylisoxanthopterin
6-methylisoxanthopterin: a fluorescent structural probe for monitoring the integrity of triple-stranded DNA conformation		2.1110
tisopurine
tisopurine: 4-thio analog of allopurinol; structure		2.6530pyrazolopyrimidine
7-methylguanosine
7-methylguanosine : A positively charged methylguanosine in which a single methyl substituent is located at position 7.		2.6630methylguanosine;
organic cation		metabolite
immucillin g
immucillin G: structure in first source		3.5720dihydroxypyrrolidine;
pyrrolopyrimidine
7-ethylguanine
[no description available]		7.3920oxopurine
formycin b
formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		3.3570formycin
inosine pranobex
Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.		2.3720
amg531
[no description available]		2.0710
prodigiosin
Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.		2.2510
futalosine
futalosine: structure in first source		2.0610inosines
deoxyadenylyl-(3'-5')-deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.0110
npt 15392
NPT 15392: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.9610
3,n(4)-ethanocytosine
[no description available]		6.29280organic heterobicyclic compoundmutagen
formycins
Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.		4.22180
trifazid
[no description available]		3.4711
n(7)-hydroxyethylguanine
[no description available]		1.9810
9-deazahypoxanthine
9-deazahypoxanthine: structure in first source		2.0510
carbovir triphosphate
carbovir triphosphate: metabolite of abacavir. carbovir triphosphate : The organic triphosphate that is the 5'-triphosphate of (-)-carbovir.		5.0531organic triphosphate
n(2),n(2)-dimethylguanosine
N(2),N(2)-dimethylguanosine: elevated levels in urine of cancer patients. N(2),N(2)-dimethylguanosine : A guanosine where the hydrogens of the amine group at C-2 are substituted by methyl groups.		2.0410methylguanosinehuman metabolite
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine: also referred to as CpG		2.6730(3'->5')-dinucleotide
8-hydroxyguanosine triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9910
carbadox
Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)		2.0710quinoxaline derivative
apogossypolone
apogossypolone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.4820
8-aminoguanosine
[no description available]		2.3720
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)guanine
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)guanine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/89		2.940
luf 5834
2-amino-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(1H-imidazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile: structure in first source		2.0510
9-beta-d-arabinofuranosylguanosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate
2'-3'-cGAMP : A cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclised via 3',5'- and 2',5'-linkages respectively.		2.1710adenyl ribonucleotide;
cyclic purine dinucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide
sta 9090
[no description available]		3.1810ring assembly;
triazoles
bay 80-6946
copanlisib: an antineoplastic agent with PI3K inhibitory activity; structure in first source. copanlisib : An imidazoquinazoline that is 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline substituted by (2-aminopyrimidine-5-carbonyl)amino, methoxy, and 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 8, respectively. It is a intravenous pan-class I PI3K inhibitor used for the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma in patients who have received at least 2 prior systemic therapies.		6.0321
pp242
torkinib : A member of the class of pyrazolopyrimidines that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by isopropyl, 5-hydroxyindol-2-yl and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		2.1510aromatic amine;
biaryl;
hydroxyindoles;
phenols;
primary amino compound;
pyrazolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
mTOR inhibitor
2',3'-dideoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		2.0210
dibutyryl cyclic gmp
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.		1.9910
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.0710ureas
guanosine 5'-phospho-2-methylimidazolide
[no description available]		2.3720
2,4-diaminotriazine
2,4-diaminotriazine: structure in first source		2.1110
ciliobrevin d
ciliobrevin D: a cytoplasmic dynein inhibitor. ciliobrevin D : A member of the class of quinazolines that functions as a ATPase motor cytoplasmic dynein inhibitor.		2.1510
molybdenum cofactor
molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.		3.5580Mo-molybdopterin cofactor;
organophosphate oxoanion
9-((2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl)guanine p-oxide
9-((2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl)guanine P-oxide: has anti-DNA-viral activity; acyclonucleotide analog of cGMP; structure given in first source; RN given refers to monosodium salt		2.3820
cyanine dye 3
cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source		2.9740
1,n(6)-ethanoadenine
[no description available]		4.6280
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		2.5820
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		1.9510
eye
[no description available]		8.0650
zinc(ii) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid
zinc(II) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid: agent for photodynamic therapy		2.2110
chromomycin a3
Chromomycin A3: Glycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.		1.9610
amicoumacin a
amicoumacin A: has antibacterial activity, & strongly suppresses inflammatory & ulcer activity; structure in first source		2.1310organic molecular entity
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		4.921
agelasine d
agelasine D: compound with antibacterial and cytotoxic activities from a marine sponge (Agelas sp.); structure in first source		2.0310
mordenite
[no description available]		2.2110
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		10.01130
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		2.3620
lucinactant
lucinactant: a pulmonary surfactant composed of sinapultide, colfosceril palmitate, palmitoyloleaoylphosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid		2.0810
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		3.6190
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		1.9710
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		6.58670
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.7730
pkh 26
PKH 26: no further information available 8/91		2.0810
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		17.7614126
8-azidoadenosine
[no description available]		7.3920
filipin
Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.		2.1510
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.87120
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.0110
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		06.22131
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		06.22131
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		09.3232
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		09.3232
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		016.815324
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		016.815324
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		03.1450
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		03.1450
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		015.9817313
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		015.9817313
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.9740
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		07.9740
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		07.72191
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		07.72191
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		08.0764
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		022.64618107
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		08.0764
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		027.131,111334
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		014.54515
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		027.131,111334
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		03.5970
Anoxemia
[description not available]		08.56551
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		08.56551
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		08.5970
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		021.2325277
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		021.2325277
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		019.313369
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		08.07341
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		019.284415
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		014.284415
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		028.671,627551
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		028.671,627551
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01812932
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		01812932
Diathesis
[description not available]		07.31160
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		05.83200
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		05.83200
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		031.593,2051,565
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		031.593,2051,565
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		017.6820614
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		09.851090
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.98130
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		08.98130
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		013.15565
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		018.1913520
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		018.1913520
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		06.79260
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.520
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		06.79260
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.520
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		08.57200
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		08.57200
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		08.79314
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		012.18815
Metastase
[description not available]		011.09268
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		06.57171
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		08.79314
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		012.18815
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		011.09268
Infection
[description not available]		016.584732
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		011.66112
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		06.21150
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		016.584732
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		06.66112
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		06.21150
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		08.65402
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		017.399333
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		022.399333
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		04.61260
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		05.9360
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		07.23351
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		07.91671
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		05.9360
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		012.91671
B-Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		06.5180
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		09.887
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.4110
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.4110
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		09.887
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		03.2310
Autoimmune Disease Models, Nervous System
[description not available]		03.2310
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		03.2310
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		03.2310
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.2310
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		03.2310
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		08.97211
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		012.18510
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		06.25340
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		07.18510
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		06.25340
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		08.97211
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		012.46544
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.4110
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		016.227011
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		010.59304
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		012.46544
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.4110
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		016.227011
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		010.59304
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		019.362354
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		03.3650
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		014.362354
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		013.193017
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		07.51010
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.51010
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		013.734716
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.4670
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		011.64898
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		027.1242373
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		022.1242373
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		08.62201
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		08.62201
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		03.5990
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		08.5990
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		06.58183
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		06.58183
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		014.811539
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		014.831629
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		014.811539
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		014.831629
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary
[description not available]		05.1931
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		07.65201
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		09.42332
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		07.65201
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		09.42332
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		03.2450
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		03.2450
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		06.26111
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		07.7830
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		06.26111
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.9540
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.9540
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		05.4480
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		018.228735
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		05.4480
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		018.228735
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		07.55162
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		021.1724472
Friedreich Disease
[description not available]		04.4570
Friedreich Ataxia
An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)		09.4570
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		012.143611
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		024.83548405
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		012.143611
Recrudescence
[description not available]		021.79263116
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		011.87199
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		011.87199
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		09.54585
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		09.54585
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		02.3110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		010.01184
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		010.01184
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		024.21632582
Congenital Immunodeficiency Disease
[description not available]		04.331
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Genetic immunologic deficiency diseases and syndromes due to mutations in genes involved in IMMUNITY generally characterized by an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. They are often associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE manifestations.		04.331
Gestational Weight Gain
Increase in body weight of the mother during the course of her PREGNANCY.		02.4110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		023.25413189
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.5820
Bleb
[description not available]		02.3920
Bleeding
[description not available]		017.467429
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		02.8220
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		03.2660
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		017.467429
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		02.8220
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		03.2660
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		04.4580
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		04.4580
Disseminated Fungal Infection
[description not available]		05.36170
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.9330
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.7220
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		09.27282
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		014.27282
Harelip
[description not available]		05.72300
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		05.72300
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		05.72300
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		05.72300
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		022.051229
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		022.051229
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		010.2392
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		05.5140
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.9440
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		010.2392
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		05.5140
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		013.021502
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		013.021502
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		010.3751
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		013.89316
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		012.432710
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		012.432710
Lassitude
[description not available]		017.87111103
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		017.87111103
Aneuploid
[description not available]		03.0750
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.7620
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.4110
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		015.495931
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		04.9590
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		04.9590
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.4160
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.4160
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		03.2460
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		012.49776
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.2460
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		05.1590
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		05.1590
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		0123016
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		0123016
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus
[description not available]		04.4270
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)		04.4270
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		010.96315
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		010.96315
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		015.42166
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		010.42166
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		015.66219
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.7620
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		04.72100
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		04.72100
HbS Disease
[description not available]		03.4870
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		03.5380
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		03.4870
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		03.5380
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		09.19814
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		09.19814
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		05.2231
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		05.2231
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		010.11186
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		010.11186
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		05.73140
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		05.73140
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		05.8321
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		011.953010
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		03.1840
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		03.1840
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		016.567329
Joint Pain
[description not available]		011.91310
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		05.2531
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		011.91310
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		03.9821
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		05.2531
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.8530
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.8530
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		09.51343
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		09.51343
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		02.4110
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		024.29117105
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		06.35121
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		06.35121
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.4110
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.4110
Delayed Awakening from Anesthesia
[description not available]		02.4110
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		013.24910
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		018.24910
Apoplexy
[description not available]		07.73182
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		03.0430
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		03.1240
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		08.0430
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.1240
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.73182
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		04.12120
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		011.34141
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		08.29362
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		08.29362
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		05.5870
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		05.5870
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.2250
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.2250
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		07.94182
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		07.94182
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		012.498314
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		012.498314
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		012.66445
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		017.66445
Cerebral Nocardiosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.4110
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.4110
Exanthem
[description not available]		07.27111
Hives
[description not available]		02.4110
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		07.27111
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.4110
Schnitzler Syndrome
An extremely rare condition manifested as monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN M dysproteinemia without features of lymphoproliferative disease, but with chronic urticaria, fever of unknown origin, disabling bone pain, hyperostosis, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate.		03.240
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		03.4620
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		03.150
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		013.6478
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		013.6478
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		06.82160
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		06.82160
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		0591
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7620
Progeria
An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.		07.7620
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		05.11150
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		011.48236
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		011.48236
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		03.1850
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		03.1850
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		06.32500
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		04.75100
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		04.8880
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		04.8880
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		09.6113
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		09.6113
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		02.4110
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		020.566825
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		02.4110
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		04.4840
Generalized Resistance To 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		015.397718
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets
A hereditary disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; renal defects in phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D metabolism; and growth retardation. Autosomal and X-linked dominant and recessive variants have been reported.		02.4110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		04.2150
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		09.25212
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		04.54240
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.2150
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		09.25212
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		04.54240
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		05.97170
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		04.03130
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		04.03130
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		05.97170
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		06.95420
HPV Infection
[description not available]		03.1850
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		03.1850
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		04.3560
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		04.3560
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.7330
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		014.67364
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.7330
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		09.67364
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		02.4110
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		03.680
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		03.680
Hemoglobinopathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.		02.6730
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.01140
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		02.7220
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		014.073614
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		014.073614
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		07.15250
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		05.3441
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		013.54914
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		07.15250
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		05.3441
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		013.54914
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		03.8740
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		08.8740
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		03.74100
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		03.74100
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		03.1650
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		03.4670
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		05.0991
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		05.0991
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		03.4670
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		09.2157
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		09.5227
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		03.5180
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		09.2157
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		09.5227
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		03.5180
Molar, Fourth
[description not available]		02.8130
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		012.61493
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		010.66168
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		07.01171
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		07.01171
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		010.66168
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		010.27920
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		010.27920
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		03.72100
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		03.72100
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.680
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		08.680
Tetraploid
[description not available]		02.4110
Co-infection
[description not available]		013.18528
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		011.27121
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		02.4420
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		02.4420
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.41200
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		03.0950
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		04.41200
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		016.899322
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		016.899322
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		07.21122
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		07.21122
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		07121
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		07121
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		02.610
Cockayne-Touraine Disease
[description not available]		04.0290
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica
Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.		04.0290
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		05.23160
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		07.49230
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		05.23160
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		09.3170
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		04.41170
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.8130
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		03.6130
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		03.6130
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		05.31110
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		04.87120
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		05.31110
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		02.6920
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		03.3310
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		03.3310
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.7332
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		05.0831
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		03.9911
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		05.0831
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		03.730
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		08.730
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		04.1860
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.610
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.610
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		04.1860
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		04.0650
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		04.9421
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		04.9421
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		03.3860
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		03.3860
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.3920
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		02.610
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		013.131061
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		02.9840
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		09.94272
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.610
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		09.43220
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		015.055515
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		015.055515
Infusion Site Adverse Event
[description not available]		03.9911
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		09.13150
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		04.13150
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		03.9440
Great Pox
[description not available]		07.8964
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		07.8964
Leanness
[description not available]		02.5120
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.7230
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		03.520
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		03.520
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		03.1140
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		03.6830
Emesis
[description not available]		05.9752
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		03.940
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		03.6830
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		05.9752
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		03.940
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		04.1140
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		04.3370
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		04.3370
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		04.1140
Abnormal Karyotype
A variation from the normal set of chromosomes characteristic of a species.		03.1140
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.61330
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.61330
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		012.262512
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		012.262512
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		07.76243
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		07.76243
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)		02.2110
Angiitis
[description not available]		04.4980
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		03.0340
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		04.4980
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		02.6620
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		010.58100
Bends
[description not available]		02.2110
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		015.627264
Blood Clot
[description not available]		08.05192
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		08.05192
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		04.23160
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		04.5451
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		04.5451
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		04.23160
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		03.7330
Ache
[description not available]		04.92130
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		04.92130
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		017.2313932
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		017.2313932
Late Onset Diseases
[description not available]		02.6620
Complex IV Deficiency
[description not available]		02.7130
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.7330
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		010.77332
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		010.77332
Mucorales Infection
[description not available]		02.930
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.		02.930
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		02.4520
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		03.1650
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		03.1650
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.2510
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.2510
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		02.5520
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		02.5520
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		02.7130
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		02.7130
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		03.98130
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		04.0221
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		010.64223
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		010.64223
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		04.78110
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		03.88110
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		04.78110
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.88110
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		02.5920
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		02.5920
Pericementitis
[description not available]		07.47250
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		04.5990
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		012.47250
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.5120
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.5120
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		02.2510
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		03.4970
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.2510
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		03.4970
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		05.2941
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		05.2941
4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.6620
Tyrosinemias
A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)		02.6620
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		02.420
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		04.8721
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.5320
DDPAC
[description not available]		02.5720
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.930
Frontotemporal Dementia
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.		02.5720
Atheroma
[description not available]		05.5751
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		06.7781
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		06.7781
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.7130
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.7130
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		03.1650
Carcinomatous Meningitis
[description not available]		03.5520
Meningeal Carcinomatosis
Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.		03.5520
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		07.51291
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.8171
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		010.71572
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		08.82243
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		08.82243
B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.3250
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell
A neoplasm of prolymphocytes affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. It is characterized by prolymphocytes exceeding 55% of the lymphoid cells in the blood and profound splenomegaly.		03.3250
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.2510
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.2510
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		02.2510
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		09.57162
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.7330
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		07.55102
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		07.55102
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.2510
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		02.6620
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		02.6620
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		02.2510
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		02.2510
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		02.5920
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		02.5920
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.		07.6844
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		0855
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		0855
Central Nervous System Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
17p11.2 Monosomy
[description not available]		07.79111
Smith-Magenis Syndrome
Complex neurobehavioral disorder characterized by distinctive facial features (FACIES), developmental delay and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Behavioral phenotypes include sleep disturbance, maladaptive, self-injurious and attention-seeking behaviors. The sleep disturbance is linked to an abnormal circadian secretion pattern of MELATONIN. The syndrome is associated with de novo deletion or mutation and HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY of the retinoic acid-induced 1 protein on chromosome 17p11.2.		07.79111
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.1950
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.9540
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		05.49250
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.9540
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		05.49250
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		06.82251
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		07.7554
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		02.5920
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		06.82251
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		07.7554
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		02.5920
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		012.162410
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		014.786114
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		014.786114
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		015.084031
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		015.084031
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.2510
Infections, Paramyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.2510
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.		02.2510
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		02.3110
Leukokeratosis
Leukoplakic lesions related to abnormal keratin fiber formation.		02.2510
Leukoplakia
A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.		02.2510
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.6920
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).		02.6620
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		07.24480
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		07.24480
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		04.8421
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		05.8181
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		04.4311
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		05.1431
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		0691
Ductal Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.7621
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		05.3722
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		07.1171
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		05.3541
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		04.4311
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		04.4311
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.4311
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		05.6431
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		04.8621
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		05.3741
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		010.82489
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		09.84314
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		07.21151
Amaurosis
[description not available]		05.0531
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		07.89152
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		08.951252
Anasarca
[description not available]		06.03101
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		04.7221
E coli Infections
[description not available]		05.341
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		09.69422
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		0661
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		011.061310
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		04.4311
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		05.9991
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		04.4311
Prediabetes
[description not available]		04.4311
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		05.0131
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		04.4311
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		05.2841
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		05.5832
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		013.262417
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		05.3651
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		04.7821
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		04.821
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.4311
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		04.4311
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		06.69131
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		09.5395
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		05.6431
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		010.82489
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		010.85166
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		09.84314
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		07.21151
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		05.0531
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		04.4311
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		06.03101
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		04.7221
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		05.341
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		09.69422
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		0661
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		011.061310
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		04.4311
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.4311
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		05.0131
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.4311
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		05.2841
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		05.5832
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		011.4963
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		013.262417
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		05.3651
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		04.7821
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		04.821
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		04.8421
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		04.4311
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		05.1431
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		0691
Carcinoma, Ductal
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.		04.7621
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		05.3722
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		04.4311
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		04.76120
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		04.76120
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		05.4782
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		03.2660
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		05.4782
EBV Infections
[description not available]		05.3941
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		05.3941
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		05.180
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		05.180
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.2510
Amazon Black Fever
[description not available]		07.11131
Hepatitis D
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		07.11131
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		07.06111
Disseminated Fusariosis
[description not available]		03.5120
Fusariosis
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.		03.5120
Deficiency, Yang
[description not available]		03.360
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		05.77122
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		04.3460
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		05.77122
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1710
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.1710
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		04.8521
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		04.8521
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.3920
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.3920
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		08.1950
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		09.32201
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		09.32201
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		06142
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		06142
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		03.4870
Ecchymosis
Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.		03.1710
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.5720
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell
A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		02.5720
Monosomy
The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.		07.2510
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		04.69280
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		09.69280
Pleural Effusion, Malignant
Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.		02.8530
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		07.5820
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		03.4370
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		02.2510
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		013621
Macrocephaly
[description not available]		02.2510
Aura
[description not available]		03.3460
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		04.05140
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		03.3460
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		04.05140
Aerobic Glycolysis, Oncologic
[description not available]		02.3110
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.5511
Angiogranuloma
[description not available]		02.2510
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		05.9961
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.9130
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		02.7530
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.0440
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		03.0440
A-Thalassemia
[description not available]		02.4520
alpha-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.		02.4520
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		09.5280
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		03.1710
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration
[description not available]		02.5320
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II
[description not available]		03.1750
Machado-Joseph Disease
A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)		02.5320
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)		03.1750
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		07.8882
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		07.8882
Plasmablastic Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.6920
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		03.5370
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.5370
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		02.2510
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.6930
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.5320
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		02.5320
Histiocytosis
General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.		02.3110
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.7220
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		02.3110
Ecthyma
An ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.1340
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.7220
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.3110
Hydrophobia
[description not available]		03.8840
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		05.0290
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		06.32131
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		05.0290
Enterobiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.		02.2510
Antisocial Behavior
Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others		02.2510
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.3110
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.3110
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		03.630
Acrania
[description not available]		03.3720
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		03.3720
Combined Immunodeficiency, X-Linked
[description not available]		02.2510
MODS
[description not available]		02.8230
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.8230
X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases
Forms of combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene for INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA SUBUNIT. Both severe and non-severe subtypes of the disease have been identified.		02.2510
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.5120
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.5120
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.3110
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		04.3441
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		04.3441
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		05.08160
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		03.250
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		05.08160
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		03.250
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		010.3190
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		05.3190
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		09.3124
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.81181
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.81181
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.4520
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.4520
Febrile Neutropenia
Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.		03.1710
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		06.26360
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		06.26360
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		02.2510
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		07.55181
Aujeszky Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.4110
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.4110
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		02.5420
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.5420
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		03.2460
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		03.2460
Arbovirus Infections
Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.		02.3110
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		04.0450
Paronychia
An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)		02.3110
Prolymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.930
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic
A chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. It can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.		02.930
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		03.150
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.3110
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		02.3110
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		02.3110
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		04.860
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		04.860
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.79100
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		08.79100
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.8340
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.0140
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		03.8340
Eye Pain
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.		02.3110
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.3260
Splenic Rupture
Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.		02.8930
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.7830
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		010.23105
Hyphema
Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.		02.4110
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.5220
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		06.11111
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		06.11111
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		06.74131
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		06.74131
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		04.5851
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		04.5851
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.3110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		09.92253
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		09.92253
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		03.6590
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		03.6590
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		03.6420
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		03.6420
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		03.2550
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		03.2550
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.3110
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.4320
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.4320
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		07.3110
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		04.5490
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.4620
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.4620
Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.8440
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		03.8440
Panuveitis
Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.		02.3110
Cancer of the Retina
[description not available]		05.1831
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		012.671261
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		06.2672
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		06.2672
Carditis
[description not available]		07.9140
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		07.9140
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF)
[description not available]		04.8821
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure
Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.		04.8821
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.4620
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		05.64290
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		08.31431
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.3110
Chylothorax
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6320
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.4110
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		0440
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		0440
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		05.2262
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		05.2262
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		08.52213
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		08.52213
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.9540
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.9540
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.4270
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		04.45210
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		03.4270
Infections, Tick-Borne
[description not available]		02.1510
Central European Encephalitis
[description not available]		02.7230
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		021.58379376
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.63100
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		04.63100
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced
[description not available]		02.5220
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1510
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.1510
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		04.4280
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		04.6630
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		04.4280
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4880
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.4420
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		06.8181
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.4420
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		06.8181
Protein Folding Diseases
[description not available]		03.0610
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.		02.4920
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		06.64144
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		06.64144
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.9840
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.9840
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.5320
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.8130
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.5320
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.8130
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		07.18211
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		07.18211
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		02.1510
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		03.4320
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		04.85130
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.8330
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		04.131
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.5790
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.1510
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		02.1510
Bloom Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic ERYTHEMA of the face, photosensitivity, DWARFISM and other abnormalities, and a predisposition toward developing cancer. The Bloom syndrome gene (BLM) encodes a RecQ-like DNA helicase.		03.0610
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3820
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.8230
Hay Fever
[description not available]		03.5311
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		03.5311
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		07.3791
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		07.3791
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		03.7530
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		03.7530
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.1510
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		08.12880
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.5820
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.5820
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		08.0274
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		08.0274
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		03.3970
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		03.3970
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		05.3260
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola
A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.		05.3260
Stomatitis, Vesicular
[description not available]		02.1510
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		08.3260
Ritter Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		03.1250
Corneal Dystrophies
[description not available]		03.1650
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.1510
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		010.13460
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.1510
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.9340
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.9340
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		04.9542
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		04.9542
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1510
Flank Pain
Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.		02.1710
Inflammation, Perinephrium
[description not available]		02.1710
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.3920
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		03.1650
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		03.1650
Lymphogranuloma Inguinale
[description not available]		02.1510
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		010.04139
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		010.04139
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		02.5420
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		03.2760
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		08.2760
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.9540
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.9540
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.3720
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.4620
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		06.5670
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		06.5670
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.6490
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.6490
Bone Diseases, Developmental
Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.		02.1510
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.6630
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		04.4951
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		02.8730
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.8730
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.8130
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.7630
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.7630
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.1710
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.1710
Allergy, Peanut
[description not available]		03.0910
Allergy, Nut
[description not available]		03.0910
Peanut Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.		03.0910
Nut Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to tree nuts that is triggered by the immune system.		03.0910
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		08.16600
Aspergillosis, Nervous System Invasive
[description not available]		02.8930
Neuroaspergillosis
Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)		02.8930
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).		02.1710
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.4420
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		04.3270
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
[description not available]		03.7630
Hepatitis E
Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.		03.7630
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		04.65270
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		04.65270
Human Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.4220
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.		02.4220
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		03.2150
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		03.2150
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		02.5720
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.5720
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.5720
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.830
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.9740
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		02.9740
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.830
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		02.7930
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		03.0140
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		02.7930
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		03.0140
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		07.1710
Genome Instability
[description not available]		03.7190
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.4680
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		02.1710
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		05.250
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.1710
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.1710
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		05.250
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.8221
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral
[description not available]		04.921
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		04.8221
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral
A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.		04.921
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		03.1250
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		15.1250
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.1710
Albinism
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.		02.1710
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.1710
Ataxias, Hereditary
[description not available]		03.3620
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.6930
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		07.6930
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		03.2660
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		03.5580
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.3820
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Rift Valley Fever
An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.		02.1710
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		02.1710
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.7930
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.7930
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		02.8930
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		02.8930
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		02.4120
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		02.4120
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.4470
Diastolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		02.1710
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		03.4470
Heart Failure, Diastolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.		02.1710
Neutrophilic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.2110
Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic
A rare myeloproliferative disorder that is characterized by a sustained, mature neutrophilic leukocytosis. No monocytosis, EOSINOPHILIA, or basophilia is present, nor is there a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr-abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL).		02.2110
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.9940
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.9940
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		03.0910
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		03.0910
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		014.645049
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.1710
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		02.1710
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.4920
Neoplasms, Plasma Cell
Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.		03.0910
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		04.8621
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.2110
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		02.2110
Black Fever
[description not available]		03.0540
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		03.0540
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		05.4451
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		05.4451
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		04.8671
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.8671
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		02.2110
Genital Tract Infections
[description not available]		02.2110
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
[description not available]		02.2110
Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.2110
G(M2) Gangliosidoses
[description not available]		02.2110
Gangliosidoses, GM2
A group of recessively inherited diseases characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in the neuronal cells. Subtypes include mutations of enzymes in the BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES system or G(M2) ACTIVATOR PROTEIN leading to disruption of normal degradation of GANGLIOSIDES, a subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS.		02.2110
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries
[description not available]		02.2110
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		04.1231
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		04.1231
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		04.4580
Iris Neoplasms
Tumors of the iris characterized by increased pigmentation of melanocytes. Iris nevi are composed of proliferated melanocytes and are associated with neurofibromatosis and malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. Malignant melanoma of the iris often originates from preexisting nevi.		02.1710
Hemorrhagic Proctocolitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.2110
Proctocolitis
Inflammation of the RECTUM and the distal portion of the COLON.		02.2110
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.6930
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.6930
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		04.1631
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.7730
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.7730
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid
[description not available]		02.5220
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.2110
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Autism
[description not available]		02.730
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.730
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.7630
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		03.3460
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		03.3460
Serositis
Inflammation of a serous membrane.		02.2110
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
[description not available]		07.83540
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.		02.5820
Luft Disease
[description not available]		02.7230
Mitochondrial Myopathies
A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.		02.7230
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		03.5830
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.5180
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.5830
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.2110
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.5180
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		02.2110
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		02.2110
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		04.5111
Atrial Remodeling
Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.		02.2110
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.5520
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		02.2110
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.2110
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.4720
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.4720
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		09.83213
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		09.83213
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		03.0750
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		03.0750
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		04.6260
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		04.6260
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.9421
Encephalitis, Japanese B
[description not available]		02.4620
Encephalitis, Japanese
A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)		02.4620
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		02.4320
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		02.4420
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		07.4420
Phlegmon
[description not available]		03.1710
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		03.1710
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.3820
Benign Mastocytoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		03.8640
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		03.520
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		03.520
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.7330
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		03.6411
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		03.6411
Itching
[description not available]		02.5220
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.5220
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.2110
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.2110
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral
A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.		03.1210
Chronic Delta Hepatitis
[description not available]		09.07153
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		02.0810
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.9240
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.9240
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		03.4711
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		03.4711
Tricuspid Incompetence
[description not available]		02.110
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.4120
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.4120
Hypophosphatasia
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9940
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.7830
AIDS Nephropathy
[description not available]		06.79120
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy
Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.		06.79120
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4920
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4920
Erythema Migrans, Lingual
[description not available]		02.0810
Granulomas
[description not available]		03.0850
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		02.0810
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		08.0850
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.6930
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.6930
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		04.2741
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		04.2741
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral
[description not available]		03.8940
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		04.5550
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		04.5550
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		015.926552
Aphthae
[description not available]		02.7730
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		02.7730
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		0652
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		0652
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		03.7940
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		03.7940
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.0810
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		013.25272
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		08.25272
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.7730
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		09.87223
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		02.7730
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion
A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.		02.0810
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		04.3570
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		04.3570
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		09.799
Icterus
[description not available]		02.0810
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		02.0810
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.0810
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.4820
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		02.4820
Eye Infections, Viral
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.		02.4720
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		03.360
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		03.360
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		03.6730
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		06.12200
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		06.67190
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		05.65170
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		05.65170
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.110
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.110
Infections, Lentivirus
[description not available]		04.7840
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.0810
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.0810
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		04.2260
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		04.2260
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		04.580
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		02.110
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		02.110
Bone Stress Reaction
[description not available]		02.110
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		02.3820
Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine
[description not available]		02.110
Grippe
[description not available]		05.8951
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		02.3820
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		05.8951
Gingival Overgrowth
Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)		02.7630
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		02.110
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		03.5880
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		03.5880
Fundus Flavimaculatus
[description not available]		02.0810
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		03.3160
Stargardt Disease
A juvenile-onset macular dystrophy characterized by progressive loss of VISUAL ACUITY with normal acuity in peripheral VISUAL FIELDS. Other associated clinical features may include LIPOFUSCIN fundus autofluorescence, atrophy of the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM, loss of color vision, PHOTOPHOBIA and PARACENTRAL SCOTOMA. Germline mutations in the ABCA4 gene have been identified in recessive and dominant diseases.		02.0810
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		03.3160
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell
[description not available]		02.0810
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.		02.0810
Aspiration, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.0810
Near Drowning
Non-fatal immersion or submersion in water. The subject is resuscitable.		02.0810
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		08.0240
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		09.3433
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		03.7100
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		09.3433
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		03.7100
Classical Swine Fever
An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.		02.110
Aggressive Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.		05.84130
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		02.4620
Cyst
[description not available]		02.6830
Anodontia
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.4570
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.4420
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.4420
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		04.1431
Prognathism
A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4820
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7630
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.7630
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		02.7630
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		02.7630
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.110
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.		02.110
Filoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family FILOVIRIDAE. The infections in humans consist of a variety of clinically similar viral hemorrhagic fevers but the natural reservoir host is unknown.		02.110
Marburg Disease
[description not available]		02.520
Marburg Virus Disease
An RNA virus infection of rhesus, vervet, and squirrel monkeys transmissible to man.		02.520
Acquired Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets
[description not available]		02.110
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		03.1750
Fractures, Ununited
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.110
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		03.1750
Rickets, Hypophosphatemic
A disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; resulting from lack of phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys and possible defects in vitamin D metabolism.		02.110
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		02.520
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		02.520
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.4920
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.4920
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		02.110
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		05.0590
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		05.0590
AIDS, Feline
[description not available]		07.18104
Apnea, Central
[description not available]		02.1110
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		02.1110
Sleep Apnea, Central
A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.		02.1110
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.9140
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.9140
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.110
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.110
Anochlesia
[description not available]		02.9740
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		012.132110
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome
Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.		012.132110
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		04.9931
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.4920
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		06.4282
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.110
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.110
Tauopathies
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.		03.0110
Immune Reconstitution Disease
[description not available]		05.8981
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		03.3160
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides
[description not available]		03.4320
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.		03.4320
Cleidocranial Digital Dysostosis
[description not available]		02.4820
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.4720
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.4720
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.9740
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing
[description not available]		02.4420
Hereditary Optic Atrophy
[description not available]		02.9140
Leigh Disease
A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).		02.4420
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.9740
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		03.150
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		03.150
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		08.92130
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.4920
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.4920
Impotence
[description not available]		02.110
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		07.110
Yellow Fever
An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.		02.110
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.5220
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.5220
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		03.2160
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.		04.8942
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.1110
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.1110
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.110
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
A clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary conditions characterized by malformed DENTAL ENAMEL, usually involving DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA and/or TOOTH HYPOMINERALIZATION.		03.6490
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.8721
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.1110
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1110
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.1110
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		02.3920
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.1110
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5220
Alobar Holoprosencephaly
[description not available]		02.1110
Arthritis, Spinal
[description not available]		02.110
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.1110
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		07.1110
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4420
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1110
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4520
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.0140
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.6630
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.6630
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		02.1110
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.4620
Teratogenesis
The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.		02.3820
Abnormalities, Teeth
[description not available]		0340
Pycnodysostosis
Rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by delayed closing of CRANIAL SUTURES, short stature, ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS of distal phalanges, dental and MAXILLOFACIAL ABNORMALITIES and an increase in bone density that results in frequent BONE FRACTURES. It is associated with BONE RESORPTION defect due to mutations in the lysosomal cysteine protease CATHEPSIN K.		02.1110
Skin Syphilis
[description not available]		02.1110
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		0340
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		03.1950
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		03.1950
Communicable Diseases, Emerging
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.		02.4920
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		09.82109
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		09.88119
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		09.88119
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		02.1110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		04.690
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		04.690
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.7730
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.7730
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.73100
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		03.73100
Dental Fluoroses
[description not available]		02.1110
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		02.420
Fluorosis, Dental
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)		02.1110
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		02.1110
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		02.1110
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.5320
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.5320
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		02.1110
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		02.1110
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia
An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.		02.9840
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		04.8321
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.1110
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.1110
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1
[description not available]		02.1310
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial
Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.		02.1310
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		05.16110
Blast Phase
[description not available]		02.1110
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		02.1110
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		03.0310
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		03.0310
Malignant Mesothelioma
[description not available]		02.1110
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		07.1110
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		02.1110
Encephalopathy, Subacute Spongiform, Gerstmann-Straussler Type
[description not available]		02.1110
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.1510
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.1510
Choked Disk
[description not available]		02.1310
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		02.1310
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		04.72110
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		04.72110
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4820
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.4820
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.1110
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses
[description not available]		02.1310
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.		02.1310
ATLL
[description not available]		04.1660
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		04.1660
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		04.1350
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		04.4311
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		04.4311
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		02.1110
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		02.1110
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		02.5120
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		02.5120
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.1310
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		02.9140
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.9140
Infections, RNA Virus
[description not available]		02.4420
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.7230
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.7230
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		02.1310
Cystic Angiomatosis Of Bone, Diffuse
[description not available]		02.1310
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		03.0410
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		05.0431
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.1310
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		06.84370
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.4920
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.1310
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar
[description not available]		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1310
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		02.1310
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		02.1310
Angiodysplasia
Acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal BLOOD VESSELS, often associated with aging. They are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. They occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE and ANEMIA.		02.1310
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.4420
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.4520
Histiocytic Sarcoma
Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.		02.1310
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.420
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.420
DNA Degradation, Necrotic
The random catabolism of DNA accompanying the irreversible damage to tissue which leads to the pathological death of one or more cells.		02.1310
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		02.4420
Denys-Drash Syndrome
A disorder of sex development characterized by UROGENITAL ABNORMALITIES; GONADAL DYSGENESIS; and WILMS TUMOR. It is caused by a mutation in the Wilms tumor suppressor gene (GENES, WILMS TUMOR) on chromosome 11.		02.4620
Contagious Pustular Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.4720
Malacoplakia
The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.		02.1310
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		02.1310
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		02.1310
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.4620
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		03.2160
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		03.2160
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.1510
Polyploid
[description not available]		09.68110
Asymptomatic Colonization
[description not available]		02.1710
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.0410
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		03.0410
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		03.3320
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		03.0410
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		03.0410
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		02.1310
Leukemic Infiltration
A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.		06.53110
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.7130
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.7130
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.4820
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.1510
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.4820
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		02.6930
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		02.4620
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		02.6930
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		02.4620
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.1510
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		05.1131
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		05.1131
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		04.4990
Cockayne Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.		07.4620
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		04.4990
Adenopathy
[description not available]		02.1510
Avian Flu
[description not available]		02.1510
Influenza in Birds
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.		02.1510
Heatstroke
[description not available]		02.1510
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		02.1510
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.1510
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.1510
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1510
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		02.9610
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		02.9610
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.0410
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.		02.7230
Desmoid
[description not available]		02.0410
Fibromatosis, Aggressive
A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0410
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.6430
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3420
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		02.0510
Hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.		02.4320
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.6830
Fifth Phacomatosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		02.7430
Keratocysts
[description not available]		02.0510
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.		02.4420
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.0510
Cherubism
A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.		02.0510
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		02.0510
Flatus
[description not available]		03.4311
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		03.4311
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.0410
MEA 2a
[description not available]		02.0410
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		02.0410
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		02.0410
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.0410
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		03.4411
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		03.4411
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.6830
Rachitis
[description not available]		02.9610
Glucose Metabolic Disorder
[description not available]		04.4430
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.0510
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		02.0510
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		02.0510
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4420
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		02.0510
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		02.0510
Bechterew Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Spondylarthropathies
Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.		02.0510
Tuberculosis, Renal
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		02.0510
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		06.5261
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.0510
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.0510
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.0510
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.0510
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.6330
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		03.6330
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.0510
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.730
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.0510
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.0510
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		04.3241
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		04.7771
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		04.3241
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		04.7771
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4520
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.4520
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		02.0510
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		03.1350
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		02.0510
Oxaluria, Primary
[description not available]		02.0510
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.		02.0510
Dermal Sinus
[description not available]		02.0510
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.9240
Injuries, Needlestick
[description not available]		02.4220
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		03.0950
Thyroid Agenesis
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		08.0950
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.7530
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		02.7530
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		02.0510
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		06.44160
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		03.3870
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		06.44160
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		02.0510
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		04.1131
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		04.1131
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.6630
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6630
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		03.2460
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.4420
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		03.2460
Anosmic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		02.0510
Kallmann Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by hypothalamic GNRH deficiency and OLFACTORY NERVE defects. It is characterized by congenital HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM and ANOSMIA, possibly with additional midline defects. It can be transmitted as an X-linked (GENETIC DISEASES, X-LINKED), an autosomal dominant, or an autosomal recessive trait.		02.0510
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0510
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		02.0510
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		02.0510
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		02.4520
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.9340
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.9340
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		06.06111
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.0610
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.0610
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		06.06111
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.9240
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		02.9240
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		07.14340
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		07.14340
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		09.51250
Dentin Dysplasia
An apparently hereditary disorder of dentin formation, marked by a normal appearance of coronal dentin associated with pulpal obliteration, faulty root formation, and a tendency for peripheral lesions without obvious cause. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7530
Attrition, Dental
[description not available]		02.0510
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		02.0510
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		02.0510
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		02.0510
Costen's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		02.0510
Capdepont Teeth
[description not available]		02.4720
Sycosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		02.0610
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Folliculitis
Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.		02.0610
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		02.0610
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		02.6630
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.7430
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.7430
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.0610
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		02.0610
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.9710
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.9710
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.4220
Bednar Tumor
[description not available]		02.9710
Dermatofibrosarcoma
A sarcoma of the deep layers of the skin. The tumors are locally aggressive tends to recur but rarely metastatic. It can be classified into variants depending on the cell type tumors are derived from or by its characteristics: Pigmented variant from MELANIN-containing DERMAL DENDRITIC CELLS; Myxoid variant, myxoid STROMAL CELLS; Giant cell variant characterized by GIANT CELLS in the tumors; and Fibrosarcomatous variant chracterized by tumor areas histologically indistinguishable from FIBROSARCOMA.		02.9710
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		03.2160
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		03.2160
Fra(X) Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Fragile X Syndrome
A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)		02.0610
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		02.0610
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		02.0610
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		02.0610
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4520
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		04.660
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		02.9810
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		02.9810
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		02.9840
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		02.9840
Anhidridic Ectodermal Dysplasia, Autosomal Recessive
[description not available]		02.0610
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		02.4720
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		02.4720
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		02.0610
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		02.0610
Chickungunya Fever
[description not available]		02.0610
Alpha Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.0610
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.0610
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.0610
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		02.0610
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.76110
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		03.76110
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0610
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)		02.0610
Alastrim
[description not available]		03.7721
Smallpox
An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)		03.7721
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.7230
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.7230
Chromosome Instability Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0710
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.0710
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		03.3320
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		03.3320
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		06150
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		06150
Feline Leukemia
[description not available]		03.821
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.0710
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		02.0710
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		02.4220
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.4120
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.4120
Triploid
[description not available]		02.0710
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		02.0710
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		02.0710
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		02.0710
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.0710
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.9910
Encephalopathy, Mercury
[description not available]		02.0710
Embryopathies
[description not available]		02.6730
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.3820
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.3820
Niemann-Pick Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Niemann-Pick Diseases
A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.		02.0710
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		02.7330
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.4420
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.4420
Autolysis, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		02.0710
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		02.4420
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		02.4420
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis
[description not available]		03.8540
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.		03.8540
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.1131
Rubeola
[description not available]		04.6921
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		04.6921
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		02.9910
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		03.0950
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.0710
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.3720
Blue-Eared Pig Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.0810
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.0810
Abscess, Periapical
[description not available]		02.0810
Dental Granuloma
[description not available]		02.0810
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		02.7330
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.4420
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.4420
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
[description not available]		07.0810
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy
A chronic, acquired, idiopathic, progressive eruption of the skin that occurs in the context of RENAL FAILURE. It is sometimes accompanied by systemic fibrosis. The pathogenesis seems to be multifactorial, with postulated involvement of circulating fibrocytes. There is a strong association between this disorder and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents.		02.0810
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
ADPKD
[description not available]		02.4520
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		02.4520
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		02.0710
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		04.2770
Pythiosis
A granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism PYTHIUM insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses, cattle, dogs, cats, fishes, and rarely in humans. It is classified into three forms: ocular, cutaneous, and arterial.		02.0810
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.7230
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.7230
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.0810
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		02.4120
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		02.0810
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.0710
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.0710
Clonorchiasis
Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0710
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.0810
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		02.0810
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		03.3820
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		03.3820
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		02.0810
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		0310
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		0310
Berger Disease
[description not available]		02.9440
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		02.9440
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy
[description not available]		02.7130
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber
A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))		02.7130
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		02.0110
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		02.4220
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		02.4220
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.6830
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4220
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.6830
Vaccinia
The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.		05.96101
AIDS, Murine
[description not available]		02.6830
Fibroid
[description not available]		02.9340
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		07.9340
MELAS
[description not available]		03.71100
MELAS Syndrome
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)		03.71100
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.		02.420
Infections, Hepadnaviridae
[description not available]		02.4120
Hepadnaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.		02.4120
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		02.0110
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.0110
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		02.3720
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		04.0350
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.4320
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.4320
Chromosomal Breakage
[description not available]		02.0110
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.0110
Infections, Poxviridae
[description not available]		02.0110
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		02.0110
Fukuhara Disease
[description not available]		02.9140
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Myopathy
[description not available]		02.0110
Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria
[description not available]		02.0110
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0110
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		02.0110
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		04.7871
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		04.7871
Infection, Pelvic
[description not available]		02.0110
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9310
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		05.83231
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.3620
Psychoses, Alcoholic
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.		01.9310
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.3620
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.1960
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		04.13170
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		04.5861
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		01.9310
Rigor Mortis
Muscular rigidity which develops in the cadaver usually from 4 to 10 hours after death and lasts 3 or 4 days.		06.9310
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		03.4480
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.3420
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		07.3420
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		04.1160
Porphyria
[description not available]		07.8640
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		02.8640
Maxillary Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.		01.9310
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		01.9310
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.6330
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		02.6330
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		02.3320
Leukocyte Disorders
Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.		02.3420
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		06.85136
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		011.85136
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		01.9310
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		01.9310
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8540
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		01.9310
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		01.9310
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.5590
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		01.9410
Encephalitis, Equine
[description not available]		01.9410
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		01.9410
Deficiency, Vitamin K
[description not available]		01.9410
Vitamin K Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)		01.9410
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		05.07440
Avian Leukosis
A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.		01.9410
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		04.16170
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		02.6330
Bovine Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		02.9340
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		02.6530
DNA Virus Infections
Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.		04.430
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		02.4220
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		02.0110
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		07.4220
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III
[description not available]		02.0210
Dysautonomia, Familial
An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)		02.0210
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		02.3520
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		07.3520
Ornithosis
[description not available]		01.9310
Psittacosis
Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.		01.9310
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.4320
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		02.7130
Lipomatosis
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.		02.0110
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.4320
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi
[description not available]		02.0210
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		09.7571
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		04.7571
Frigidity
[description not available]		02.0210
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		02.0210
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		02.0210
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		04.7221
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		04.7221
Binge Eating
[description not available]		02.0210
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.0210
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		02.0210
Absent Iris
[description not available]		02.4320
Aniridia
A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant.		02.4320
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.0210
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		03.9850
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		03.9850
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.3720
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		02.3720
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.4320
Cretinism
[description not available]		02.420
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		02.420
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		07.3920
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		02.0210
Tuberculosis, Bovine
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.		02.0210
Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome
Syndrome characterized by the triad of oculocutaneous albinism (ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS); PLATELET STORAGE POOL DEFICIENCY; and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin.		02.0210
Familial Turner Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Noonan Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.		02.0210
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.730
Congenital Errors of Steroid Metabolism
[description not available]		02.0210
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		02.0210
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.0210
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.0210
ARPKD
[description not available]		02.0210
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.0210
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive
A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.		02.0210
Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis, Moebius
[description not available]		02.0210
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Vestibular Diseases
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.		02.0210
Calcification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
[description not available]		02.0210
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.0210
Haim-Monk Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7230
Primate Diseases
Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.		02.0210
Schistosoma haematobia Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Schistosomiasis haematobia
A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.		02.0210
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		02.6830
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		02.6830
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.0210
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.0210
Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypobetalipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.		02.0210
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.0210
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		05.23121
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.0210
46, XY Gonadal Dysgenesis
[description not available]		02.0210
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		04.7321
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		04.7321
Deafness, Sudden
Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.		02.0210
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		02.0210
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		02.0210
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		02.0210
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.0210
Deficiency, Factor 7
[description not available]		02.4320
Factor VII Deficiency
An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.		02.4320
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		02.0210
Xanthoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.0210
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		02.0210
Deficiency, Riboflavin
[description not available]		02.0210
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		03.3520
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.9410
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.9410
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.9410
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		02.9410
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		03.3520
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.0310
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.0310
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis
[description not available]		02.0310
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis
A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.		02.0310
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		02.0310
Acrocephalosyndactylia
Congenital craniostenosis with syndactyly.		02.0310
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		02.0310
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
[description not available]		02.0310
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary
A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)		02.0310
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.7230
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.		02.4220
Deficiency Syndrome, Leukocyte-Adhesion
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome
Rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the beta 2 integrin receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION) comprising the CD11/CD18 family of glycoproteins. The syndrome is characterized by abnormal adhesion-dependent functions, especially defective tissue emigration of neutrophils, leading to recurrent infection.		02.0310
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		02.0310
Dizzyness
[description not available]		02.4120
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		02.0310
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		02.4120
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		02.0310
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		02.0310
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		05.19110
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		010.19110
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		02.0210
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		07.0210
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.4420
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		02.4420
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		02.0310
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		02.0310
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
HTLV-I Infections
Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.		02.0310
Cherry Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Xeroderma
[description not available]		02.0310
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		02.0310
Angiohemophilia
[description not available]		03.840
von Willebrand Diseases
Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.		03.840
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.4220
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.4220
Altidudinal Hemianopia
[description not available]		02.0310
Microsatellite Instability
The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.		02.0310
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		02.420
Bilateral Deafness
[description not available]		02.0310
Cow Pox
[description not available]		02.4420
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency
[description not available]		02.9510
beta-Mannosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.9510
Fabry Disease
An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.		02.9510
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
[description not available]		02.0310
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.		02.0310
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.3820
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.3820
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		02.0310
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		02.0310
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.		02.0310
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans
[description not available]		02.4220
Achondroplasia
An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)		02.4220
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0310
Pellagra
A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).		02.3320
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.3820
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.3820
Microphthalmia
[description not available]		02.0310
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		02.0310
Phlebitis, Sagittal Sinus, Septic
[description not available]		02.0310
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.0310
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.0310
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.0310
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0310
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.6830
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		03.4211
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		03.4211
Adult GM1 Gangliosidosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Gangliosidosis, GM1
An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the absence or deficiency of BETA-GALACTOSIDASE. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of G(M1) GANGLIOSIDE and oligosaccharides, primarily in neurons of the central nervous system. The infantile form is characterized by MUSCLE HYPOTONIA, poor psychomotor development, HIRSUTISM, hepatosplenomegaly, and facial abnormalities. The juvenile form features HYPERACUSIS; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. The adult form features progressive DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; and MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp96-7)		02.0410
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		02.0410
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		02.0410
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		02.0410
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.3420
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		03.0450
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		04.19180
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		04.02150
Athetoid Movements
[description not available]		03.73110
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		02.3420
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		03.0450
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		04.19180
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		01.9410
Ectromelia, Infectious
A viral infection of mice, causing edema and necrosis followed by limb loss.		01.9610
Anemia With Multinucleated Erythroblasts
[description not available]		01.9610
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.6430
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital
Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.		02.6430
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		02.3820
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		02.3820
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		07.48710
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		07.48710
Infections, Reoviridae
[description not available]		01.9610
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		01.9610
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		01.9610
Hypolipoproteinemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		05.69201
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		05.48161
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		02.3820
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.6630
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		06.9610
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida
[description not available]		02.3520
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		02.3720
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		02.3620
Autolysis
The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.		02.8740
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous
A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.		01.9610
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		03.2920
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		03.2920
Thalassemias
[description not available]		02.3720
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		02.3720
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		01.9610
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		01.9610
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.6530
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.6530
Insulin Coma
Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.		01.9610
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		03.0850
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		03.0850
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		01.9810
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		01.9810
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		03.4880
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.4880
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		01.9810
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		03.3711
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		03.3711
Carcinoma, Embryonal
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)		01.9810
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.910
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.910
Encephalomyelitis, Ovine
[description not available]		01.9810
Deficiency, Factor II
[description not available]		01.9810
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute
[description not available]		02.3920
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute
A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.		02.3920
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.3720
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		03.3711
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		03.3711
Hyperdactyly
[description not available]		01.9810
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
[description not available]		01.9810
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease
An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)		01.9810
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		02.3920
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		03.2920
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		03.2920
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		02.6630
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6630
Neuroma
A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9810
Atypical Lipoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Lipoma
A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.		01.9810
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		01.9810
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
[description not available]		02.420
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).		02.420
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.3920
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		02.3920
Echinostomiasis
Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.		02.3920
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
[description not available]		02.3820
Keratitis, Herpetic
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)		02.3820
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		01.9910
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		01.9910
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		01.9910
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		02.420
Anal Atresia
[description not available]		01.9910
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined
A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.		01.9910
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.420
Ataxia Telangiectasia
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).		02.420
Deficiency, Protein C
[description not available]		02.420
ARC
[description not available]		03.3711
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		03.3711
Anemia Neonatorum
[description not available]		04.3422
Anemia, Neonatal
The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.		04.3422
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		01.9910
Mesenchymoma
A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		02.3620
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9910
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		01.9910
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		01.9910
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		01.9910
Anemia, Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic
[description not available]		02.3720
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		02.420
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		02.3720
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.		02.3720
Acoustic Neurinoma, Bilateral
[description not available]		01.9910
Neurofibromatosis 2
An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.		01.9910
Night Blindness
Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		03.3811
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		03.3811
Mixed Tumor, Mesodermal
A sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells. It is associated with previous pelvic radiation exposure in 20% of patients. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1702)		03.3811
Amentia
[description not available]		01.9910
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		01.9910
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		01.9910
Seasonal Affective Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.		0210
Activated Protein C Resistance
A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.		02.420
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.3920
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		02.3920
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		0210
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		0210
Rhabdoid Tumor
A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)		0210
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.3720
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.3720
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		0210
Generalized Resistance to Thyroid Hormone
[description not available]		0210
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		0210
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)		0210
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		0210
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		0210
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		0210
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		0210
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary
[description not available]		0210
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		0210
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		0210
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		0210
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		02.3720
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		0210
Deficiency, Vitamin B
[description not available]		0210
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		02.3720
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		0210
Vitamin B Deficiency
A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.		0210
Abetalipoproteinemia
An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.		0210
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		0210
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		07.8740
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		0210
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy
[description not available]		0210
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		0210
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		0210
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		01.9910
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		01.9910
Keratosis, Oral
[description not available]		0210
Leukoplakia, Oral
A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		0210
Anticipation, Genetic
The apparent tendency of certain diseases to appear at earlier AGE OF ONSET and with increasing severity in successive generations. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)		0210
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		0210
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		0210
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.		02.9210
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		02.9210
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		0210
Click-Murmur Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.0110
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		02.0110
Monieziasis
Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.		01.9510
Furrow Keratitis
[description not available]		07.3124
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.7521
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.7521
Corridor Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Erythremia
[description not available]		02.3620
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		02.3620
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic
[description not available]		01.9510
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.		01.9510
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.8840
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		02.8640
Anemia, Megaloblastic
A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.		01.9510
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		01.9510
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		01.9510
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid
Marked developmental anomalies of a fetus or infant.		01.9510
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		01.9510
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		01.9510
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		01.9510
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		01.9510
Chromosome Inversion
An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.		01.9510
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		02.3520
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		01.9510
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		02.3520
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		02.3520
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		01.9510
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		03.2720
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		03.2720
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.6430
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		01.9510
Carcinoma, Krebs 2
A transplantable neoplasm of mice.		02.3520
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		01.9810
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		01.9810
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.3620
Gyrate Atrophy
Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.		01.9810
Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Zellweger Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder due to defects in PEROXISOME biogenesis which involves more than 13 genes encoding peroxin proteins of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix. Zellweger syndrome is typically seen in the neonatal period with features such as dysmorphic skull; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; visual compromise; SEIZURES; progressive degeneration of the KIDNEYS and the LIVER. Zellweger-like syndrome refers to phenotypes resembling the neonatal Zellweger syndrome but seen in children or adults with apparently intact peroxisome biogenesis.		01.9810
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		01.9710
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		01.9810
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		01.9810
Convulsions, Febrile
[description not available]		01.9710
Seizures, Febrile
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)		01.9710
Radius Fractures
Fractures of the RADIUS.		01.9710
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		01.9710
Viral Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Conjunctivitis, Viral
Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.		01.9710
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		01.9710
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy
An outdated term for Tay-Sachs disease.		01.9710
Tay-Sachs Disease
An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset in infancy of an exaggerated startle response, followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. It is caused by mutation in the alpha subunit of the HEXOSAMINIDASE A resulting in lipid-laden ganglion cells. It is also known as the B variant (with increased HEXOSAMINIDASE B but absence of hexosaminidase A) and is strongly associated with Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.		01.9710
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		01.9710
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		02.8910
BCKD Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9710
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)		01.9710
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		01.9710
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.6430
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.6630
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		02.6630
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		01.9710
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.3520
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.3520
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		01.9610
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		01.9710
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		02.3720
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		01.9710
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		01.9710
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase
[description not available]		01.9610
Deficiency, Muscle Phosphorylase
[description not available]		01.9610
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.		01.9610
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.		01.9610
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		02.3720
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		02.3720
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		01.9610
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		02.3420
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.8640
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.8640
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3520
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles
[description not available]		01.9510
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		01.9510
Malaria, Avian
Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.		02.6330
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		01.9410
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.6430
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.6430
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		02.3520
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		02.3520
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.		01.9410
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		010.532
Shingles
[description not available]		02.3520
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3520
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.		09.0231
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		01.9510
Pregnancy, Prolonged
A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.		01.9510
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.3520
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		01.9510
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		01.9510
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		01.9510
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		01.9510
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		01.9510
Hypoascorbemia
[description not available]		01.9510
Scurvy
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.		01.9510
Sarcoma 37
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		01.9510
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		01.9410
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		01.9410
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		01.9510
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
[description not available]		02.8610
Afibrinogenemia
A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.		02.8610
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.8610
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.8610
Measles, German
[description not available]		02.8610
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.		02.8610
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.8610
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.8610
Blastomycosis, North American
[description not available]		01.9510
Blastomycosis
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.		01.9510
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		01.9410
Hymenolepiasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.		01.9510
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		01.9510
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		01.9510
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		02.3520
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		02.3520
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		01.9410
Aldrich Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8610
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.		02.8610
Paratyphoid Fever
A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.		01.9410
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		01.9410
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		01.9410
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		01.9410
Rida
[description not available]		01.9410
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		01.9410
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		01.9410
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		01.9410
Infections, Vibrio
[description not available]		01.9410
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		01.9410
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		01.9410
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		01.9410
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		01.9410
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		01.9410
Cervix Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		01.9410
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9410
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		01.9410
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		01.9410
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		01.9410
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		01.9410
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		01.9410
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		01.9410
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		01.9410
Asystole
[description not available]		01.9410
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		01.9410
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		01.9410
Kussmaul Aphasia
[description not available]		01.9410
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		01.9410
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		01.9410
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		01.9410
Classic Galactosemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Galactosemias
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)		01.9410