enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- profile

Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	104787
CHEMBL ID	31421
CHEBI ID	73356
SCHEMBL ID	727022
MeSH ID	M0328765

Synonym
(4s,7s,13s)-13-[[(2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3,3,14,14-tetramethyl-6,9,12-trioxo-7-(phenylmethyl)-1,2-dithia-5,8,11-triazacyclotetradecane-4-carboxylic acid
gtpl1608
d-valine, l-tyrosyl-3-mercapto-d-valylglycyl-l-phenylalanyl-3- mercapto-, cyclic (2-5)-disulfide
d-valine, l-tyrosyl-3-mercapto-d-valylglycyl-l-phenylalanyl-3-mercapto-, cyclic (2>5)-disulfide (9ci)
1,2-dithia-5,8,11-triazacyclotetradecane-4-carboxylic acid, 13-[[(2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropyl]amino]-3,3,14,14-tetramethyl-6,9,12-trioxo-7-(phenylmethyl)-, (4s,7s,13s)-
88373-73-3
(d-pen2,d-pen5)-enkephalin
cyclic(d-penicillamine2,5)enkephalin
[d-pen2, d-pen5]enkephalin
[d-pen2,5]enkephalin
1,2-dithia-5,8,11-triazacyclotetradecane, cyclic peptide deriv.
cyclic [d-pen2, d-pen5]enkephalin
tyr-d-pen-gly-phe-d-pen [disulfide bridge: 2-5]
[2-d-penicillamine, 5-d-penicillamine]enkephalin
enkephalin, [tyrosyl-2,6-3h(n)]- (2-d-penicillamine, 5-d-penicillamine)
dpdpe-oh
chembl31421 ,
[3h]dpdpe
dpdpe-cl
bdbm21008
(4s,7s,13s)-13-[(2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido]-7-benzyl-3,3,14,14-tetramethyl-6,9,12-trioxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11-triazacyclotetradecane-4-carboxylic acid
dpdpe
d-valine, l-tyrosyl-3-mercapto-d-valylglycyl-l-phenylalanyl-3-mercapto-, cyclic (2-5)-disulfide
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
dpdpe(sh)2
bis-penicillamine-enkephalin
d-penicillamine (2,5)-enkephalin
dplpe
bis-pen-enkephalin
chebi:73356 ,
(4s,7s,13s)-7-benzyl-3,3,14,14-tetramethyl-6,9,12-trioxo-13-(l-tyrosylamino)-1,2-dithia-5,8,11-triazacyclotetradecane-4-carboxylic acid
(4s,7s,13s)-13-[[(2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-7-benzyl-3,3,14,14-tetramethyl-6,9,12-trioxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11-triazacyclotetradecane-4-carboxylic acid
C20164
pen(2),pen(5)-enkephalin
enkephalin, penicillamine(2,5)-
2,5-pen-enkephalin
ly 198572
(d-pen(2),d-pen(5))enkephalin
cyclo-[d-pen(2,5)]-enkephalin
h-tyr-c(d-pen-gly-phe-d-pen)-oh
h-tyr-cyclo-(d-pen-gly-phe-d-pen)-oh
c[d-pen(2,5)]-enkephalin
[d-pen(2)-d-pen(5)]-enkephaline
l-tyrosyl-3-mercapto-d-valylglycyl-l-phenylalanyl-3-mercapto-d-valine, cyclic (2-5)-disulfide
d-penicillamine-(2,5)-enkephalin
SCHEMBL727022
[d-pen2,d-pen5]enkephalin
(d-pen2,pen5)-enkephalin
[d-pen2,5]-enkephalin hydrate, >=95% (hplc)
DB08861
cyclo-[d-pen2,5]-enkephalin
[d-pen2-d-pen5]-enkephaline
(4s,7s,13s)-13-((s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido)-7-benzyl-3,3,14,14-tetramethyl-6,9,12-trioxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11-triazacyclotetradecane-4-carboxylic acid
Q27077106
DTXSID201008102
d-valine, l-tyrosyl-3-mercapto-d-valylglycyl-l-phenylalanyl-3-mercapto-, cyclic (2?5)-disulfide

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This investigation assesses pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of PEG-conjugated [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]-enkephalin (DPDPE), a met-enkephalin analog, in rodent (in vivo, in situ) and bovine (in vitro) systems."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) conjugation to met-enkephalin analog [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin (DPDPE). Bentley, MD; Davis, TP; Egleton, RD; Guo, L; Huber, JD; Roberts, MJ; Wei, H; Witt, KA; Yamamura, HI, 2001)	0.31
" Results of pharmacokinetic modeling were consistent with the hypothesis that GF120918 inhibited a [3H]DPDPE basolateral excretion mechanism."	( Hepatobiliary disposition of the metabolically stable opioid peptide [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin (DPDPE): pharmacokinetic consequences of the interplay between multiple transport systems. Brouwer, KL; Hoffmaster, KA; Pollack, GM; Zamek-Gliszczynski, MJ, 2004)	0.32
" The fentanyl concentrations derived by both methods were compared by linear regression and pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Comparison of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay for measurement of fentanyl and determination of pharmacokinetics in equine plasma. Mama, KR; Stanley, SD; Thomasy, SM, )	0.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The ability of intrathecally administered clonidine alone or in combination with morphine, DPDPE, or U50,488H to alter thresholds for the production of the visceromotor response was examined."	( Visceral antinociceptive effects of spinal clonidine combined with morphine, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5] enkephalin, or U50,488H. Collins, JG; Harada, Y; Kishikawa, K; Kitahata, LM; Nishioka, K, 1995)	0.29

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" administration, large amounts of [3H]DPDPE were found in the small intestine and flush, but not until 60 min postadministration, suggesting a slower rate of absorption from the site of administration."	( Whole body and brain distribution of [3H]cyclic [D-Pen2,D-Pen5] enkephalin after intraperitoneal, intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration. Davis, TP; Greene, DL; Hruby, VJ; Porreca, F; Weber, SJ; Yamamura, HI, 1992)	0.28
" The extent to which these effects can be attributed to changes in drug pharmacokinetics and bioavailability versus sensitivity of the neuronal circuits that mediate the affected behavioral functions, has not been established."	( Chronic food restriction in rats augments the central rewarding effect of cocaine and the delta1 opioid agonist, DPDPE, but not the delta2 agonist, deltorphin-II. Cabeza de Vaca, S; Carr, KD; Kim, GY, 2000)	0.31
", ip) indicate that the liver is the primary site of biotransformation of the compound, suggesting that both 22a and its metabolite(s) are active, compensating probably low bioavailability of the parent molecule."	( Design, physico-chemical properties and biological evaluation of some new N-[(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-{2-[2-(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols as anticonvulsant agents. Bednarski, M; Gunia-Krzyżak, A; Marona, H; Nitek, W; Pękala, E; Powroźnik, B; Słoczyńska, K; Walczak, M; Waszkielewicz, AM; Żesławska, E, 2016)	0.43
" To develop stable and orally bioavailable analogues of DN-9, eight lactam-bridged cyclic analogues of DN-9 between positions 2 and 5 were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated."	( Development of Multifunctional and Orally Active Cyclic Peptide Agonists of Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptors that Produce Potent, Long-Lasting, and Peripherally Restricted Antinociception with Diminished Side Effects. Chen, D; Fang, Q; Li, N; Niu, J; Shi, X; Shi, Y; Xiao, J; Xu, B; Xu, K; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" This observation can be interpreted as indication that within this dosage range there is an absence of morphine-like subjective effects."	( Analogs of the delta opioid receptor selective cyclic peptide [2-D-penicillamine,5-D-penicillamine]-enkephalin: 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine and Gly3-Phe4 amide bond isostere substitutions. Anthony, E; Beardsley, PM; Chandrakumar, NS; Drury, B; Lopez, OT; Reichman, M; Savage, MA; Stapelfeld, A; Williamson, LN, 1992)	0.28
" Different potencies in stimulating the low Km GTPase was observed at sub-maximal agonist concentrations, although the shallow dose-response behavior did not allow accurate determination of ED50s."	( Assessment of delta-opioid receptor activation by a series of peptides in cultured cells. Costa, EM; Hoffman, BB; Loew, GH, 1992)	0.28
" agonist dose-response curves by theophylline (i."	( Involvement of adenosine in antinociception produced by spinal or supraspinal receptor-selective opioid agonists: dissociation from gastrointestinal effects in mice. DeLander, GE; Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F, 1992)	0.28
" catheters, dose-response curves were carried out using the hot plate (HP) test for a number of receptor-preferring opioids."	( Characteristics of dose-dependent antagonism by beta-funaltrexamine of the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal mu agonists. Mjanger, E; Yaksh, TL, 1991)	0.28
"8-fold rightward shift in the dose-response curve."	( Lack of antinociceptive cross-tolerance between [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin and [D-Ala2]deltorphin II in mice: evidence for delta receptor subtypes. Mattia, A; Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F; Vanderah, T, 1991)	0.28
" Upon pretreatment with morphine over greater than or equal to 12 h, a fourfold shift of the PGE1-morphine dose-response curve was observed, whether or not IBMX was added."	( Regulation of cyclic AMP by the mu-opioid receptor in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Duan, DS; Eiger, S; Lameh, J; Sadée, W; Yu, VC, 1990)	0.28
" On the basis of our dose-response data, we suggest that, in mice, kappa and mu, but not delta, opioid receptors modulate tonic pain perception at both spinal and supraspinal loci."	( Tonic pain perception in the mouse: differential modulation by three receptor-selective opioid agonists. Cowan, A; Murray, CW, 1991)	0.28
" However, when the dose-response curves for both U50, 488H and DPDPE in the presence of a low-analgesic dose of the other agent were compared with the dose-response curves for the respective agonist administered alone, the curves for the combination regimens were shifted to the left."	( Kappa- and delta-opioid agonists synergize to produce potent analgesia. Levine, JD; Miaskowski, C; Taiwo, YO, 1990)	0.28
" On day 6, the magnitude of tolerance was assessed by establishing IT dose-response lines for the effect of the chronic drug given as bolus injections (probe)."	( Tolerance to delta- but not mu-opioid receptors in the spinal cord attenuates inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by beta-endorphin administered intracerebroventricularly in mice. Suh, HH; Tseng, LF, 1990)	0.28
" Proglumide both shifted the dose-response curve for morphine analgesia to the left and prolonged morphine's duration of action."	( Proglumide selectively potentiates supraspinal mu 1 opioid analgesia in mice. Bodnar, RJ; Pasternak, GW; Paul, D, 1990)	0.28
" The FHR response to DADLE was similar to DAGO in both dose-response and time-action characteristics."	( Central opioid modulation of fetal cardiovascular function: role of mu- and delta-receptors. Cai, LQ; Szeto, HH; Zhu, YS, 1990)	0.28
" morphine dose-response line was shown to be displaced progressively to the right with decreasing maximal effect (i."	( Modulation of the potency and efficacy of mu-mediated antinociception by delta agonists in the mouse. Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F; Qi, JN, 1990)	0.28
" Graded dose-response curves (DRC) were constructed from tail-flick latencies converted to % maximal possible effect (%MPE), and the ED50 calculated."	( Spinal antinociceptive synergy between clonidine and morphine, U69593, and DPDPE: isobolographic analysis. Green, J; Harris, S; Lloyd, P; Lozito, R; Messineo, E; Ossipov, MH, 1990)	0.28
" Both the morphine and normorphine dose-response lines were displaced to the left in the presence of DPDPE."	( Modulation of mu-mediated antinociception by delta agonists in the mouse: selective potentiation of morphine and normorphine by [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin. Haaseth, RC; Heyman, JS; Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F; Vaught, JL, 1989)	0.28
" Naloxonazine shifted the supraspinal DAGO dose-response curve 4-fold to the right without changing the curve for spinal DAGO."	( Different mu receptor subtypes mediate spinal and supraspinal analgesia in mice. Bodnar, RJ; Gistrak, MA; Pasternak, GW; Paul, D, 1989)	0.28
" The slopes of the dose-response lines were parallel, but the delta compound was about 250 times less potent than DAMGO."	( Sympathoadrenal, cardiovascular and blood gas responses to highly selective mu and delta opioid peptides. Kiritsy-Roy, JA; Marson, L; Van Loon, GR, 1989)	0.28
", DPDPE displaced the morphine dose-response line to the left and also potentiated the effects of normorphine and etorphine."	( Differential modulation by [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin and dynorphin A-(1-17) of the inhibitory bladder motility effects of selected mu agonists in vivo. Nunan, L; Porreca, F; Sheldon, RJ, 1989)	0.28
" As is seen for [Leu]enkephalin when tested in a one-way active avoidance task, the dose-response function for the impairment produced by DPen2-[DPen5]enkephalin in the automated shelf-jump task is U-shaped."	( DPen2-[DPen5]enkephalin, a delta opioid receptor-selective analog of [Leu]enkephalin, impairs avoidance learning in an automated shelf-jump task in rats. Gehrig, CA; Martinez, JL; Weinberger, SB, 1989)	0.28
" Antinociceptive dose-response curves were constructed for mu ([D-Ala2,NMePhe4,Gly-ol]enkephalin, DAGO; morphine) and delta ([D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin, DPDPE)-agonists in the absence, and in the presence of the mu non-surmountable antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA) or the delta-antagonist ICI 174,864 (N,N-diallyl-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-Leu-OH, where Aib is alpha-amino-isobutyric acid)."	( Opioid delta-receptor involvement in supraspinal and spinal antinociception in mice. Heyman, JS; Mosberg, HI; Mulvaney, SA; Porreca, F, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curves of the preferential mu- ligands morphine and [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5] enkephalin (DAGO) were shifted by naloxone at low doses but not by ICI 174,864."	( The role of mu- and delta- opioid receptors on the intestinal propulsion in rats. La Regina, A; Petrillo, P; Sbacchi, M; Tavani, A, 1986)	0.27
"5 microgram/hr) for 5 days caused 61- and 6-fold shifts to the right of the dose-response curves for PL-17 and DPDPE, respectively."	( Interaction between highly selective mu and delta opioids in vivo at the rat spinal cord. Chang, KJ; Leslie, JB; Russell, RD; Su, YF; Watkins, WD, 1986)	0.27
" In an effort to examine the receptor subtypes responsible for opioid analgesia in specific brain regions, we examined dose-response relationships and naloxonazine sensitivity of morphine and two enkephalin derivatives in the above 4 brain regions."	( Role of mu 1-opiate receptors in supraspinal opiate analgesia: a microinjection study. Bodnar, RJ; Lee, SJ; Pasternak, GW; Williams, CL, 1988)	0.27
" Incubation of increasing concentrations of ICI 174,864 (10,30,100 and 300 nM) produced a dose-related and parallel rightward displacement of the DPDPE dose-response curve in the MVD."	( Studies in vitro with ICI 174,864, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin (DPDPE) and [D-Ala2, NMePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAGO). Burks, TF; Hirning, LD; Hruby, VJ; Hurst, R; Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F, 1985)	0.27
" pairs of time-response curves, pairs of dose-response lines were constructed at various times; these lines showed decreasing displacement with time, indicative of the disappearance of naloxone."	( Estimation of the affinity of naloxone at supraspinal and spinal opioid receptors in vivo: studies with receptor selective agonists. Heyman, JS; Koslo, RJ; Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F; Tallarida, RJ, 1986)	0.27
" The slope of the analgesic dose-response curve for the highly specific delta agonist, cyclic [D-Penicillamine2, D-Penicillamine5]enkephalin (DPDPE), was significantly different (flatter) from those of mu agonists or DADLE."	( Continuous intrathecal opioid analgesia: tolerance and cross-tolerance of mu and delta spinal opioid receptors. Chang, KJ; Leslie, JB; Russell, RD; Su, YF; Watkins, WD, 1987)	0.27
", the morphine dose-response curve shifted to the left and the ED50 value of morphine decreased."	( Effects of a highly selective nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist, TAN-67, on morphine-induced antinociception in mice. Endoh, T; Misawa, M; Mori, T; Nagase, H; Suzuki, T; Tsuji, M, 1995)	0.29
" The pellets were removed and 24 h later, mice were sacrificed and binding studies were conducted, or mice were tested in analgesia (tail-flick) dose-response studies."	( Supersensitivity to opioid analgesics following chronic opioid antagonist treatment: relationship to receptor selectivity. Chan, K; Davis, T; Duttaroy, A; Shah, S; Yoburn, BC, )	0.13
" Bicuculline (GABAA receptor antagonist) and picrotoxin (chloride ion channel blocker) given intrathecally produced rightward shifts in the dose-response curves of DPDPE and heroin given intracerebroventricularly."	( Spinal GABA receptors mediate brain delta opioid analgesia in Swiss Webster mice. Fujimoto, JM; Rady, JJ, 1995)	0.29
" Pretreatment also shifted to the right the dose-response function for DALA intra-accumbens."	( Mesoaccumbens dopamine-opiate interactions in the control over behaviour by a conditioned reinforcer. Everitt, BJ; Phillips, GD; Robbins, TW, 1994)	0.29
" In contrast, caudal ventral pallidal DPDPE microinjections showed a dose-response effect with reward increases of 19, 22 and 31% (-0."	( Comparison of delta opiate receptor agonist induced reward and motor effects between the ventral pallidum and dorsal striatum. Johnson, PI; Stellar, JR, 1994)	0.29
" Second, intrathecal administration of 2-hydroxysaclofen, a GABAB antagonist (which inhibited antinociception induced by a GABAB agonist, baclofen, given IT), produced a shift of the dose-response curve for ICV DPDPE to the right."	( [D-Pen2-D-Pen5]enkephalin, a delta opioid agonist, given intracerebroventricularly in the mouse produces antinociception through medication of spinal GABA receptors. Fujimoto, JM; Holmes, BB, 1994)	0.29
" This EEG activation was greatly attenuated at DPDPE doses greater than 154 nmol/h, resulting in a U-shaped dose-response curve."	( Effects of the delta-opioid agonist, [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]-enkephalin, on fetal lamb EEG. Cheng, PY; Soong, Y; Szeto, HH; Wu, DL, 1994)	0.29
" Naloxone shifted to the right the dose-response curves for each opioid peptide significantly enhancing the ED50 values."	( Modulation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory transmission in rat duodenum: role of opiates and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Adamo, EB; Di Giovanni, G; Marini, R; Mulè, F; Postorino, A; Serio, R, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response curves were generated for both delta 9-THC (i."	( Interactions between delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and kappa opioids in mice. Martin, BR; Smith, PB; Welch, SP, 1994)	0.29
"03 microgram of DAMGO resulting in a steeper dose-response relationship."	( Evidence for delta opioid receptor subtypes in rat spinal cord: studies with intrathecal naltriben, cyclic[D-Pen2, D-Pen5] enkephalin and [D-Ala2, Glu4]deltorphin. Hammond, DL; Stewart, PE, 1993)	0.29
" This close temporal and dose-response relationship strongly suggests that delta-opioid receptor-mediated increases in intracellular [Ca2+] results from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, in undifferentiated NG108-15 cells."	( delta-Opioids stimulate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation, and so mobilize Ca2+ from intracellular stores, in undifferentiated NG108-15 cells. Lambert, DG; Smart, D, 1996)	0.29
" However, [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), a delta 1-opioid receptor agonist, and [D-Ala2,Cys4]deltorphin, a delta 2-opioid receptor agonist, at doses which exhibit no intrinsic effects (10(-8) and 10(-7) M), shifted the dose-response curve for mu-opioid receptor-evoked adenosine release to the left in a dose-dependent manner."	( Synergy between mu/delta-opioid receptors mediates adenosine release from spinal cord synaptosomes. Cahill, CM; Sawynok, J; White, TD, 1996)	0.29
" Buprenorphine, when injected systemically, revealed a potent analgesic effect by tailflick assay, with a biphasic dose-response curve, which was reversed by naloxone."	( Pharmacological characterization of buprenorphine, a mixed agonist-antagonist with kappa 3 analgesia. Peter, Y; Pick, CG; Schreiber, S; Weizman, R, 1997)	0.3
" Pairing Delt II (5 microg) with low (100-200 mg/kg) 2DG doses significantly enhanced intake, producing a leftward (3-fold) shift in 2DG's hyperphagic dose-response curve."	( Delta and kappa opioid receptor subtypes and ingestion: antagonist and glucoprivic effects. Bodnar, RJ; Ruegg, H; Yu, WZ, 1997)	0.3
" Naloxone (1 microM) or norbinaltorphimine (10 nM) shifted the dose-response curve of (-)-U50,488H to the right by 100-fold."	( Activation of the cloned human kappa opioid receptor by agonists enhances [35S]GTPgammaS binding to membranes: determination of potencies and efficacies of ligands. Chen, C; Li, JG; Liu-Chen, LY; Luo, LY; Zhu, J, 1997)	0.3
" Administration of morphine, DPDPE, or U50,488H three times daily for 3 days according to an escalating dosing schedule resulted in analgesic tolerance as indicated by an increase in analgesic ED50 values using the tail-flick test in mice."	( The competitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor antagonist LY293558 attenuates and reverses analgesic tolerance to morphine but not to delta or kappa opioids. Inturrisi, CE; Kao, B; Kest, B; McLemore, G, 1997)	0.3
" Similarly, the progressive and complete loss of analgesia in CD-1 mice seen with repeated dosing of the delta ligand [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin is not observed in 129/SvEv mice."	( Lack of morphine and enkephalin tolerance in 129/SvEv mice: evidence for a NMDA receptor defect. Jain, S; Kolesnikov, Y; Pasternak, GW; Wilson, R, 1998)	0.3
" After NMDA treatment, the DPDPE dose-response curve shifted to the right (EC50 value increased approximately 7-fold, from 6 to 40 nM), and the maximal response induced by DPDPE was reduced by approximately 60%."	( N-Methyl-D-aspartate attenuates opioid receptor-mediated G protein activation and this process involves protein kinase C. Fan, GH; Jing, Q; Lou, LG; Ma, L; Pei, G; Wu, YL; Zhang, Z; Zhao, J, 1998)	0.3
" Whereas the dose-response curves to Ins(1,4,5)P3 formation and cyclic AMP inhibition remained largely unaffected by C-terminal truncation, there were large differences in the pEC/IC50 values, with cyclic AMP inhibition being the more potent, perhaps indicating G(i alpha) coupling to adenylyl cyclase and G(i beta/gamma) coupling to PLC."	( Effects of C-terminal truncation of the recombinant delta-opioid receptor on phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase coupling. Devi, LA; Hirst, RA; Lambert, DG; Smart, D, 1998)	0.3
" A subsequent dose-response experiment examined the impact of P-gp on DPDPE antinociception."	( Altered disposition and antinociception of [D-penicillamine(2,5)] enkephalin in mdr1a-gene-deficient mice. Chen, C; Pollack, GM, 1998)	0.3
" Morphine analgesia was inhibited by dynorphin as shown by a rightward shift of the morphine dose-response curve."	( Antianalgesic action of dynorphin A mediated by spinal cholecystokinin. Fujimoto, JM; Holmes, BB; Rady, JJ, 1999)	0.3
" The dose-response curves for C-fibre evoked response and post-discharge of the neurones were not different in rats aged P14 and P21."	( Electrophysiological studies on the postnatal development of the spinal antinociceptive effects of the delta opioid receptor agonist DPDPE in the rat. Dickenson, AH; Rahman, W, 1999)	0.3
" with a placebo or 15 mg naltrexone pellet for 8 days, the pellets removed and 24 hr later opioid receptor density (mu, delta) and receptor mRNA level (mu) determined in whole brain; or morphine dose-response studies conducted."	( Opioid receptor upregulation in mu-opioid receptor deficient CXBK and outbred Swiss Webster mice. Carroll, J; Chen, B; Duttaroy, A; Sehba, F; Shah, S; Shen, J; Yoburn, BC, 1999)	0.3
" Diazoxide (2 microg/mouse) shifted morphine's dose-response curve 47-fold, while levcromakalim (0."	( ATP-gated K(+) channel openers enhance opioid antinociception: indirect evidence for the release of endogenous opioid peptides. Lohmann, AB; Welch, SP, 1999)	0.3
" Both shifted the dose-response curve of morphine to the right and these actions were eliminated by intrathecal PGD(2."	( Antianalgesic action of nociceptin originating in the brain is mediated by spinal prostaglandin E(2) in mice. Campbell, WB; Fujimoto, JM; Rady, JJ, 2001)	0.31
" The Ca(2+) response occurred in all-or-none fashion and the half-maximal dosage of U50488H (812."	( Cyclic AMP regulates the calcium transients released from IP(3)-sensitive stores by activation of rat kappa-opioid receptors expressed in CHO cells. Allen, CN; Grandy, DK; Ikeda, M; Nelson, CS; Shinagawa, H; Shinoe, T; Sugiyama, T; Yoshioka, T, 2001)	0.31
" NTB (30 nM) shifted the dose-response curve of DAMGO to the right and attenuated the maximal effect."	( Pharmacological effects of naltriben as a ligand for opioid mu and kappa receptors in rat cerebral cortex. Cho, KP; Kim, KW; Shin, BS; Son, Y, 2001)	0.31
" Furthermore, LY294002 at 33 nmol significantly shifted the dose-response curves for DAMGO-, DPDPE- and [D-Ala(2)]deltorphin II-induced antinociception to the right."	( Implications of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in the mu- and delta-opioid receptor-mediated supraspinal antinociception in the mouse. Narita, M; Nemoto, M; Ohnishi, O; Suzuki, T; Yajima, Y, 2002)	0.31
" A separate group of animals was used to investigate the dose-response effect on this motor dysfunction."	( Mu and delta, but not kappa, opioid agonists induce spastic paraparesis after a short period of spinal cord ischaemia in rats. Davison, KJ; Fuchigami, T; Kakinohana, M; Marsala, M; Nakamura, S; Sugahara, K, 2006)	0.33
" None of the drugs affected the residual volume, micturition threshold pressure or bladder contraction pressure at any dosage examined."	( Effects of opioid subtypes on detrusor overactivity in rats with cerebral infarction. Ishiura, Y; Komatsu, K; Nagasaka, Y; Nakamura, Y; Namiki, M; Yokoyama, O, 2007)	0.34
" However, following priming (15 min) with bradykinin or arachidonic acid, DPDPE produced a significant reduction in allodynia that was antagonist reversible, peripherally restricted, and exhibited a typical dose-response relationship."	( Peripheral delta opioid receptors require priming for functional competence in vivo. Berg, KA; Clarke, WP; Hargreaves, KM; Patwardhan, AM; Rowan, MP; Ruparel, NB, 2009)	0.35
" For constipation, M6G, fentanyl and buprenorphine were full agonists, oxycodone was a partial agonist, morphine produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve, whereas DPDPE and U69,593 were inactive."	( In vivo profiling of seven common opioids for antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression: no two opioids have the same profile. Kuo, A; Meutermans, W; Smith, MT; Wyse, BD, 2015)	0.42
"First, a dose-response curve for analgesic efficacy was generated for each opioid agonist."	( Evaluation of the effects of specific opioid receptor agonists in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. Aceves, M; Hook, MA; Mathai, BB, 2016)	0.43

Role	Description
delta-opioid receptor agonist	null
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
heterodetic cyclic peptide	A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Cytosol aminopeptidase	Sus scrofa (pig)	Ki	0.0017	0.0002	0.0022	0.0046	AID1630712
Delta-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0023	0.0000	0.6068	9.2330	AID1689584
Mu-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.3053	0.0000	0.3845	8.6000	AID1798045
Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0016	0.0001	0.8133	10.0000	AID1630481
Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	10.0000	0.0000	0.4197	10.0000	AID307013
Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0011	0.0002	0.7521	8.0140	AID1336342; AID1425957; AID1630496
Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0759	0.0000	0.5978	9.9300	AID1355419; AID1434274; AID1581725; AID1630478; AID1630712; AID1798045; AID1820170; AID307014
Kappa-type opioid receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Ki	0.3053	0.0000	0.2018	6.4240	AID1798045
Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	10.0000	0.0000	0.3624	10.0000	AID307015
Cannabinoid receptor 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Ki	0.0017	0.0006	0.7246	7.2000	AID1630712
Mu-type opioid receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Ki	0.0017	0.0000	0.2786	9.0000	AID1630712
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0005	0.0005	0.0053	0.0217	AID1798046
Delta-type opioid receptor	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0100	0.0011	0.4014	4.8000	AID1629760
Delta-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.1847	0.0005	0.3649	6.9000	AID1456297; AID1689595
Mu-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.0005	0.0002	1.2965	10.0000	AID1798026; AID1798042; AID1798046
Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0104	0.0000	0.4332	8.3000	AID1237282; AID1262271; AID1275490; AID1279233; AID1303080; AID1812978; AID1820696; AID1888743; AID307018
Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0005	0.0004	0.5147	1.9800	AID1798026; AID1798042; AID1798046
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
gastric acid secretion	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cholecystokinin signaling pathway	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
pH reduction	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
digestive tract development	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
gland development	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanol	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neurogenesis	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Wnt protein secretion	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transport	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to morphine	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular response to stress	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of NMDA receptor activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathway	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
immune response	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behavior	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
eating behavior	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transport	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to growth factor stimulus	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to toxic substance	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
immune response	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting opioid receptor signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to insulin	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine secretion	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
maternal behavior	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
eating behavior	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estrogen	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
estrous cycle	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of saliva secretion	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaine	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of temperature stimulus	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to virus	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose stimulus	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to acrylamide	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of eating behavior	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
conditioned place preference	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cholecystokinin receptor activity	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrin receptor activity	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone binding	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor binding	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase regulator activity	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit binding	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
beta-endorphin receptor activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
morphine receptor activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein beta-subunit binding	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide binding	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor serine/threonine kinase binding	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled enkephalin receptor activity	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide binding	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor serine/threonine kinase binding	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dynorphin receptor activity	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide binding	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminus	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
spine apparatus	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicle	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmic reticulum	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
T-tubule	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminus	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1303080	Agonist activity at human DOR expressed in CHO cell membranes after 60 mins by [35S]GTP-gamma-S binding assay	2016	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-14, Volume: 7, Issue:4	Discovery of Potent and Selective Agonists of δ Opioid Receptor by Revisiting the "Message-Address" Concept.
AID1629760	Agonist activity at mouse delta opioid receptor-1 expressed in CHO cell membranes assessed as [35S]GTPgammaS binding incubated for 60 mins by scintillation spectroscopic analysis	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 59, Issue:18	Mitragynine/Corynantheidine Pseudoindoxyls As Opioid Analgesics with Mu Agonism and Delta Antagonism, Which Do Not Recruit β-Arrestin-2.
AID1427697	Displacement of [3H]lleDelt2 from delta opioid receptor in Wistar rat brain membranes after 45 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-13, Volume: 8, Issue:4	Opioid Receptor Activity and Analgesic Potency of DPDPE Peptide Analogues Containing a Xylene Bridge.
AID1689599	Agonist activity at human kappa opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells incubated for 1 hr by [35S]GTPgammaS binding based liquid scintillation counting method relative to control	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189	Discovery of 3-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide as novel potent analgesic.
AID1630497	Agonist activity at human DOR expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation by EIA method relative to control	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-13, Volume: 59, Issue:19	Versatile Picklocks To Access All Opioid Receptors: Tuning the Selectivity and Functional Profile of the Cyclotetrapeptide c[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-Trp] (CJ-15,208).
AID1456297	Agonist activity at rat delta opioid receptor expressed in rat C6 cell membranes assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding incubated for 1 hr by liquid scintillation counting method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8	Modulation of opioid receptor affinity and efficacy via N-substitution of 9β-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan: Synthesis and computer simulation study.
AID1812974	Agonist activity at MOR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293-A cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation preincubated for 30 mins in presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine followed by forskolin and compound addition by competiti	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-23, Volume: 64, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional and Orally Active Cyclic Peptide Agonists of Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptors that Produce Potent, Long-Lasting, and Peripherally Restricted Antinociception with Diminished Side Effects.
AID1427703	Analgesic activity in CD-1 mouse model of formalin-induced pain assessed as increase in latency to respond with hind paw lick or biting at 150 nmol/mouse, sc administered 15 mins prior to formalin injection measured up to 40 mins post dose	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-13, Volume: 8, Issue:4	Opioid Receptor Activity and Analgesic Potency of DPDPE Peptide Analogues Containing a Xylene Bridge.
AID1812978	Agonist activity at DOR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293-A cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation preincubated for 30 mins in presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine followed by forskolin and compound addition by competiti	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-23, Volume: 64, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional and Orally Active Cyclic Peptide Agonists of Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptors that Produce Potent, Long-Lasting, and Peripherally Restricted Antinociception with Diminished Side Effects.
AID1820166	Displacement of [3H]-PrRP-20 from human PrRP receptor expressed in CHO cells by TopCount scintillation counting method	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-10, Volume: 64, Issue:11	Identification of an
AID1629787	Antinociceptive activity in CD-1 mouse assessed as increase in reaction time at 10 ug, icv administered on day 6 after DOR1-exon3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide injection on day 1, 3 and 5 by radiant heat tail flick assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 59, Issue:18	Mitragynine/Corynantheidine Pseudoindoxyls As Opioid Analgesics with Mu Agonism and Delta Antagonism, Which Do Not Recruit β-Arrestin-2.
AID1427702	Antinociceptive activity in CD-1 mouse model of thermal-induced nociception assessed as increase in latency to tail withdrawal at 23 nmol/mouse, icv measured 45 mins post dose by tail flick test	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-13, Volume: 8, Issue:4	Opioid Receptor Activity and Analgesic Potency of DPDPE Peptide Analogues Containing a Xylene Bridge.
AID1425957	Agonist activity at human DOR expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced adenylyl cyclase-mediated cAMP accumulation after 30 mins by HTRF assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126	Discovery, structure-activity relationship studies, and anti-nociceptive effects of N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isoquinolinylmethyl)benzamides as novel opioid receptor agonists.
AID1581726	Displacement of [3H]U69,593 from human recombinant kappa opioid receptor expressed in rat RBL cell membranes incubated for 60 mins	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-09, Volume: 63, Issue:1	Investigation of the Adrenergic and Opioid Binding Affinities, Metabolic Stability, Plasma Protein Binding Properties, and Functional Effects of Selected Indole-Based Kratom Alkaloids.
AID1812976	Agonist activity at KOR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293-A cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation preincubated for 30 mins in presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine followed by forskolin and compound addition by competiti	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-23, Volume: 64, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional and Orally Active Cyclic Peptide Agonists of Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptors that Produce Potent, Long-Lasting, and Peripherally Restricted Antinociception with Diminished Side Effects.
AID1820167	Displacement of [125I]-Kp-10 from human Kiss1 receptor by TopCount scintillation counting method	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-10, Volume: 64, Issue:11	Identification of an
AID1275485	Agonist activity at human recombinant KOR expressed in CHO cells assessed as calcium mobilization up to 1 uM by Fluo-4 AM based fluorescence analysis	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis of mixed MOR/KOR efficacy cyclic opioid peptide analogs with antinociceptive activity after systemic administration.
AID1262271	Agonist activity at human delta opioid receptor over-expressed in CHO cell membrane after 1 hr by [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23	A selective delta opioid receptor antagonist based on a stilbene core.
AID1275487	Agonist activity at human recombinant MOR expressed in CHO cells assessed as calcium mobilization up to 1 uM by Fluo-4 AM based fluorescence analysis	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis of mixed MOR/KOR efficacy cyclic opioid peptide analogs with antinociceptive activity after systemic administration.
AID1689596	Agonist activity at human kappa opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells incubated for 1 hr by [35S]GTPgammaS binding based liquid scintillation counting method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189	Discovery of 3-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide as novel potent analgesic.
AID1630478	Displacement of [3H]diprenorphine from human DOR expressed in HEK293 cell membranes incubated for 90 mins by liquid scintillation counting	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-13, Volume: 59, Issue:19	Versatile Picklocks To Access All Opioid Receptors: Tuning the Selectivity and Functional Profile of the Cyclotetrapeptide c[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-Trp] (CJ-15,208).
AID1237282	Inverse agonist activity at human DOR expressed in CHO cell membranes by [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 25, Issue:15	Naltrindole derivatives with fluorinated ethyl substituents on the 17-nitrogen as δ opioid receptor inverse agonists.
AID1820171	Displacement of [3H]-Diprenorphine from human KOP receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by scintillation counting method	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-10, Volume: 64, Issue:11	Identification of an
AID1279237	Agonist activity at human recombinant KOR expressed in CHO cells at 1 uM by calcium mobilization assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 24, Issue:7	Synthesis, biological evaluation and structural analysis of novel peripherally active morphiceptin analogs.
AID307014	Displacement of [3H]diprenorphine from human cloned delta opioid receptor	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9	Further studies of tyrosine surrogates in opioid receptor peptide ligands.
AID1888743	Agonist activity at human delta opioid receptor expressed in CHO cell membranes assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding incubated for 2 hrs by scintillation counting method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 53	Morphinan derivatives with an oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane structure as dual agonists toward δ and κ opioid receptors.
AID1427701	Antinociceptive activity in CD-1 mouse model of thermal-induced nociception assessed as increase in latency to respond with hind paw lick or jumping at 23 nmol/mouse, icv measured 45 mins post dose by hot plate test	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-13, Volume: 8, Issue:4	Opioid Receptor Activity and Analgesic Potency of DPDPE Peptide Analogues Containing a Xylene Bridge.
AID1820696	Agonist activity at human delta opioid receptor expressed in HEK293 assessed as increase in calcium mobilization incubated for 60 mins by FLIPR assay
AID1630718	Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]DPDPE from human DOR expressed in CHO cells to Ki for displacement of [3H]DAMGO from MOR in HEK293 cells	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21	An LP1 analogue, selective MOR agonist with a peculiar pharmacological profile, used to scrutiny the ligand binding domain.
AID1299238	Agonist activity at DOR in CD1 mouse vas deferens assessed as inhibition of EFS-induced contractions incubated for 60 mins	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12	Evaluation of N-substituent structural variations in opioid receptor profile of LP1.
AID1689595	Agonist activity at rat delta opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells incubated for 1 hr by [35S]GTPgammaS binding based liquid scintillation counting method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189	Discovery of 3-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide as novel potent analgesic.
AID1427698	Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from mu opioid receptor in Wistar rat brain membranes after 45 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-13, Volume: 8, Issue:4	Opioid Receptor Activity and Analgesic Potency of DPDPE Peptide Analogues Containing a Xylene Bridge.
AID1630710	Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from MOR in HEK293 cells	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21	An LP1 analogue, selective MOR agonist with a peculiar pharmacological profile, used to scrutiny the ligand binding domain.
AID1630496	Agonist activity at human DOR expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation by EIA method	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-13, Volume: 59, Issue:19	Versatile Picklocks To Access All Opioid Receptors: Tuning the Selectivity and Functional Profile of the Cyclotetrapeptide c[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-Trp] (CJ-15,208).
AID1689594	Agonist activity at rat mu opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells incubated for 1 hr by [35S]GTPgammaS binding based liquid scintillation counting method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189	Discovery of 3-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide as novel potent analgesic.
AID1812979	Agonist activity at DOR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293-A cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation preincubated for 30 mins in presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine followed by forskolin and compound addition by competiti	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-23, Volume: 64, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional and Orally Active Cyclic Peptide Agonists of Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptors that Produce Potent, Long-Lasting, and Peripherally Restricted Antinociception with Diminished Side Effects.
AID1285645	Displacement of [3H]DADLE from human recombinant delta-type 2 opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 24, Issue:8	Design, physico-chemical properties and biological evaluation of some new N-[(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-{2-[2-(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols as anticonvulsant agents.
AID1275490	Agonist activity at human recombinant DOR expressed in CHO cells assessed as calcium mobilization by Fluo-4 AM based fluorescence analysis	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109	Synthesis of mixed MOR/KOR efficacy cyclic opioid peptide analogs with antinociceptive activity after systemic administration.
AID1820169	Displacement of [3H]-Diprenorphine from human MOP receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by scintillation counting method	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-10, Volume: 64, Issue:11	Identification of an
AID1630482	Agonist activity at human MOR expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation by EIA method relative to control	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-13, Volume: 59, Issue:19	Versatile Picklocks To Access All Opioid Receptors: Tuning the Selectivity and Functional Profile of the Cyclotetrapeptide c[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-Trp] (CJ-15,208).
AID1812977	Agonist activity at KOR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293-A cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation by measuring maximal efficacy preincubated for 30 mins in presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine followed by forskolin and	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-23, Volume: 64, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional and Orally Active Cyclic Peptide Agonists of Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptors that Produce Potent, Long-Lasting, and Peripherally Restricted Antinociception with Diminished Side Effects.
AID307013	Displacement of [3H]diprenorphine from human cloned mu opioid receptor	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9	Further studies of tyrosine surrogates in opioid receptor peptide ligands.
AID1812975	Agonist activity at MOR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293-A cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation by measuring maximal efficacy preincubated for 30 mins in presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine followed by forskolin and	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-23, Volume: 64, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional and Orally Active Cyclic Peptide Agonists of Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptors that Produce Potent, Long-Lasting, and Peripherally Restricted Antinociception with Diminished Side Effects.
AID1630711	Displacement of [3H]U69593 from rat KOR expressed in CHO cells	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21	An LP1 analogue, selective MOR agonist with a peculiar pharmacological profile, used to scrutiny the ligand binding domain.
AID307017	Agonist activity at human cloned mu opioid receptor assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9	Further studies of tyrosine surrogates in opioid receptor peptide ligands.
AID1630481	Agonist activity at human MOR expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation by EIA method	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-13, Volume: 59, Issue:19	Versatile Picklocks To Access All Opioid Receptors: Tuning the Selectivity and Functional Profile of the Cyclotetrapeptide c[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-Trp] (CJ-15,208).
AID1820172	Displacement of [3H]nociceptin from human recombinant NOP receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by scintillation counting analysis	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-10, Volume: 64, Issue:11	Identification of an
AID1427699	Selectivity index, ratio of Ki for mu opioid receptor in Wistar rat brain membranes to Ki for delta opioid receptor in Wistar rat brain membranes	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-13, Volume: 8, Issue:4	Opioid Receptor Activity and Analgesic Potency of DPDPE Peptide Analogues Containing a Xylene Bridge.
AID307015	Displacement of [3H]diprenorphine from human cloned kappa opioid receptor	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9	Further studies of tyrosine surrogates in opioid receptor peptide ligands.
AID1279235	Agonist activity at human recombinant MOR expressed in CHO cells at 1 uM by calcium mobilization assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 24, Issue:7	Synthesis, biological evaluation and structural analysis of novel peripherally active morphiceptin analogs.
AID1336342	Displacement of [3H]DADLE from human recombinant delta opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells measured after 120 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 25, Issue:2	Structure-anticonvulsant activity studies in the group of (E)-N-cinnamoyl aminoalkanols derivatives monosubstituted in phenyl ring with 4-Cl, 4-CH
AID1689584	Displacement of [3H]-DPDPE from rat delta opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells incubated for 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189	Discovery of 3-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide as novel potent analgesic.
AID1434274	Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from human DOR expressed in CHO cells	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 27, Issue:3	Benzylideneoxymorphone: A new lead for development of bifunctional mu/delta opioid receptor ligands.
AID307018	Agonist activity at human cloned delta opioid receptor assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTP-gamma-S binding	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9	Further studies of tyrosine surrogates in opioid receptor peptide ligands.
AID1581725	Displacement of [3H]DADLE from human recombinant delta opioid receptor expressed in rat Chem-1 (RBL) cell membranes incubated for 60 mins	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-09, Volume: 63, Issue:1	Investigation of the Adrenergic and Opioid Binding Affinities, Metabolic Stability, Plasma Protein Binding Properties, and Functional Effects of Selected Indole-Based Kratom Alkaloids.
AID1237283	Inverse agonist activity at human DOR expressed in CHO cell membranes by [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay relative to control	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 25, Issue:15	Naltrindole derivatives with fluorinated ethyl substituents on the 17-nitrogen as δ opioid receptor inverse agonists.
AID1456284	Agonist activity at rat delta opioid receptor expressed in rat C6 cell membranes assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding incubated for 1 hr by liquid scintillation counting method relative to DPDPE	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8	Modulation of opioid receptor affinity and efficacy via N-substitution of 9β-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan: Synthesis and computer simulation study.
AID1689597	Agonist activity at rat mu opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells incubated for 1 hr by [35S]GTPgammaS binding based liquid scintillation counting method relative to control	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189	Discovery of 3-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide as novel potent analgesic.
AID1581727	Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from human recombinant mu opioid receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes incubated for 60 mins	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-09, Volume: 63, Issue:1	Investigation of the Adrenergic and Opioid Binding Affinities, Metabolic Stability, Plasma Protein Binding Properties, and Functional Effects of Selected Indole-Based Kratom Alkaloids.
AID1630712	Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from human DOR expressed in CHO cells	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21	An LP1 analogue, selective MOR agonist with a peculiar pharmacological profile, used to scrutiny the ligand binding domain.
AID1820170	Displacement of [3H]-Diprenorphine from human DOP receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by scintillation counting method	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-10, Volume: 64, Issue:11	Identification of an
AID1355419	Displacement of [3H]diprenorphine from human delta opioid receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes after 2 hrs by liquid scintillation spectrometry	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-12, Volume: 61, Issue:13	Constraining Endomorphin-1 by β,α-Hybrid Dipeptide/Heterocycle Scaffolds: Identification of a Novel κ-Opioid Receptor Selective Partial Agonist.
AID1820168	Displacement of [125I]-43RFa from human QRFP receptor expressed in CHO cells by TopCount scintillation counting method	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-10, Volume: 64, Issue:11	Identification of an
AID1630716	Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]U69593 from rat KOR expressed in CHO cells to Ki for displacement of [3H]DAMGO from MOR in HEK293 cells	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21	An LP1 analogue, selective MOR agonist with a peculiar pharmacological profile, used to scrutiny the ligand binding domain.
AID1689598	Agonist activity at rat delta opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells incubated for 1 hr by [35S]GTPgammaS binding based liquid scintillation counting method relative to control	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189	Discovery of 3-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylpiperidine-1-carboxamide as novel potent analgesic.
AID1279233	Agonist activity at human recombinant DOR expressed in CHO cells by calcium mobilization assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 24, Issue:7	Synthesis, biological evaluation and structural analysis of novel peripherally active morphiceptin analogs.
AID1346373	Mouse delta receptor (Opioid receptors)	1994	Molecular pharmacology, Feb, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors.
AID1346361	Human delta receptor (Opioid receptors)	1998	NIDA research monograph, Mar, Volume: 178	Standard binding and functional assays related to medications development division testing for potential cocaine and opiate narcotic treatment medications.
AID1346361	Human delta receptor (Opioid receptors)	1983	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Oct, Volume: 80, Issue:19	Bis-penicillamine enkephalins possess highly improved specificity toward delta opioid receptors.
AID1798046	Radioligand Labeled Binding Assay and [35S]GTP-gamma-S Binding Assay from Article 10.1021/jm050921q: \\Structure-activity relationships of bifunctional peptides based on overlapping pharmacophores at opioid and cholecystokinin receptors.\\	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 49, Issue:10	Structure-activity relationships of bifunctional peptides based on overlapping pharmacophores at opioid and cholecystokinin receptors.
AID1798045	Radioligand Labeled Binding Assay from Article 10.1021/jm061048b: \\Synthesis of Stable and Potent delta/mu Opioid Peptides: Analogues of H-Tyr-c[d-Cys-Gly-Phe-d-Cys]-OH by Ring-Closing Metathesis.\\	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13	Synthesis of stable and potent delta/mu opioid peptides: analogues of H-Tyr-c[D-Cys-Gly-Phe-D-Cys]-OH by ring-closing metathesis.
AID1798042	Radioligand Labeled Binding Assay and [35S]GTP-gamma-S Binding Assay from Article 10.1021/jm061465o: \\Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.\\	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22	Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
AID1798026	Radioligand Labeled Binding Assay and [35S]GTP-gamma-S Binding Assay from Article 10.1021/jm070332f: \\A Structure-Activity Relationship Study and Combinatorial Synthetic Approach of C-Terminal Modified Bifunctional Peptides That Are delta/mu Opioid Recept	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-13, Volume: 51, Issue:5	A structure-activity relationship study and combinatorial synthetic approach of C-terminal modified bifunctional peptides that are delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	156 (12.30)	18.7374
1990's	742 (58.52)	18.2507
2000's	285 (22.48)	29.6817
2010's	76 (5.99)	24.3611
2020's	9 (0.71)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	5 (0.38%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	1,309 (99.62%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	4.07	15	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.48	2	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	2	1	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	1.97	1	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.08	1	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
choline [no description available]	1.97	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.9	4	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2	1	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	2.03	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	1.98	1	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.91	4	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.98	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.98	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.49	8	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.69	3	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
histamine [no description available]	2	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	1.99	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.4	2	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	1.98	1	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.4	2	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	3.14	5	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.42	2	N-acyl-hexosamine
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	1.99	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.99	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	1.99	1	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.9	4	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	4.36	6	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	1.99	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.38	2
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.54	2	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	1.97	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	2.54	2	benzenes; organic amino compound
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	2.89	4	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.54	2	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.54	2	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.67	3	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	phenols
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.03	1	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2	1	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	2.41	2	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	1.98	1	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-chloromelatonin [no description available]	2.02	1	acetamides
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	1.98	1	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	1.99	1
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	1.99	1
theophylline [no description available]	2.67	3	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2	1	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	1.99	1
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.54	2	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
baclofen [no description available]	3.37	7	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.68	3	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.02	1	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.1	1
caffeine [no description available]	1.98	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.08	5	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.15	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
celecoxib [no description available]	2.1	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.76	3	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	3.09	5	clonidine; imidazoline
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors	4.76	31
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	1.99	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2	1	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	1.98	1	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.4	2	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.54	2	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.4	2	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2	1	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.15	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	2.02	1
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.39	2	N-acyl-amino acid
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.48	2
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	4.83	33	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2	1	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.91	4	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gr 89696 GR 89696: a potent & selective kappa opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (E)-2-butenedioate(1:1); RN for parent cpd not available 11/92; GR 103545 is the (R)-isomer	2.73	3	acetamides
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	2.38	2	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	2	1	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.71	3	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.53	8	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.39	2	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	1.98	1	quaternary ammonium salt
ici 118551 [no description available]	2.13	1	indanes
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.77	3	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.9	4	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	tetrahydropyridine
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.23	6	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.39	2	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.73	3	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	1.98	1	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2.41	2
enkephalin, leucine [no description available]	2.39	2	peptide
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.72	3	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.	2.4	2	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.03	1	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	1.99	1	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	2.44	2	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.13	1	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	1.98	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.01	1	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.03	1	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.39	2	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.9	4	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.03	1	purine nucleoside
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.38	2	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.24	6	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	1.98	1	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.36	7	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	3.09	5	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	1.97	1	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.03	1	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.98	1	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	1.97	1	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.73	3	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.37	7	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.05	1	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	3	4	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	3.08	5	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.92	4	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	2.54	2	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.54	2	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol [no description available]	2.54	2	benzazepine; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
rolipram [no description available]	1.98	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
4-carboxyphenylglycine 4-carboxyphenylglycine: RN given for (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/93; glutamate receptor antagonist	2	1	alpha-amino acid
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	morpholines
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.38	2	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.05	1	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.15	1	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.91	4	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.69	3	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2	1	diarylmethane
trimebutine Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.	1.97	1	trihydroxybenzoic acid
urethane [no description available]	2.39	2	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	2.25	1	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.4	2	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
corticosterone [no description available]	2.9	4	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.68	3	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
thymidine [no description available]	2.38	2	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	1.99	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.38	2	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.38	7	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.42	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.72	3	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	1.98	1	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	1.98	1	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.93	4	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	3.41	7	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.13	1	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2	1	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2	1	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	1.97	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.69	3	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.67	3	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.68	3	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.9	4	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.39	2	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.07	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	1.98	1	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.69	10	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	1.97	1	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	1.98	1	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	1.97	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.9	4	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.4	2	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.39	2	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	1.98	1	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
veratridine [no description available]	2.13	1	steroid	sodium channel modulator
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	1.98	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.41	2	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	3.24	6	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.99	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.11	1	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.75	3	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	3.23	6	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.45	2	xanthene
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	1.99	1	alkylamine
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.01	1	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.09	5	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	3.11	5	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.4	2	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
methyl anthranilate methyl anthranilate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of anthranilic acid.	1.98	1	benzoate ester	flavouring agent; metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	3.41	7	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	4.18	5	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2	1	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.71	3	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	1.99	1	indazole
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.42	2	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.05	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.13	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	1.97	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	2.38	2	ergoline alkaloid
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	1.99	1	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.05	1	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ketobemidone ketobemidone: structure	1.99	1	piperidines
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	3.37	7	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.39	2	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	1.97	1
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.38	2	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
maleimide [no description available]	2.15	1	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	1.99	1	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	2	1	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.44	2	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
etonitazene etonitazene: was heading 1979-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1979-90); ETONITAZIN was see ETONITAZENE 1979-94; use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search ETONITAZENE 1979-94; narcotic analgesic similar to morphine in action; used mainly to study narcotic habituation, tolerance, and withdrawal in laboratory animals	1.99	1
phenazocine Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)	2.89	4
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.7	10	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.24	6	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.15	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	1.99	1	thioxanthenes
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.91	4	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	3.76	11
st 91 ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	substituted aniline
levomethadone levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.	1.99	1	6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.24	6	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
hepes [no description available]	2.4	2	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.13	1	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	1.98	1	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	1.99	1	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.01	1	epoxide
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	1.98	1	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.38	2
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.01	1	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	4.24	18
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	1.97	1	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.6	9	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2	1	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.41	2	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.3	19	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.39	2	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	1.98	1	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2.88	3	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	3.69	10	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
butaclamol (+)-butaclamol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14-octahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline substituted at position 3 by both hydroxy and tert-butyl groups.	2.13	1	organic heteropentacyclic compound
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.39	2	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	1.97	1	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.39	2	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.68	10	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	5.48	65
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.39	2	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	5.74	33	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	3.86	12	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2	1	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	3.07	5	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.05	1	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.43	2	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
spiradoline spiradoline: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.25	6
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.69	3
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2	1	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
enadoline enadoline: kappa-opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; PD 129290 (CAM 570; CI 977) is the S,S(-)-enantiomer; PD 129289 (CAM 569) is the corresponding R,R(+)-enantiomer	3.09	5
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	3.5	8	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
f 7302 F 7302: structure given in first source	2.69	3	piperidines
2-amino-3-phenylbutanoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.68	3
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2	1
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.54	2	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
lithium bromide lithium bromide: denatures ribonuclease A; also sedative. lithium bromide : A lithium salt in which the counterion is bromide. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt.	1.97	1	bromide salt; lithium salt
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	2	1	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
fentanyl isothiocyanate fentanyl isothiocyanate: specific reagent for irreversible inactivation of delta opiate receptors in rat brain membranes; structure given in first source	1.97	1	piperidines
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.39	2	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	1.99	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.54	2	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2.39	2	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid: used as a substitute for amino acids in synthetic peptides	1.98	1
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;	3.93	13
lanthionine lanthionine: a thioether analogue of cystine; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; structure; a component of lantibiotics (BACTERIOCINS). lanthionine : An alanine derivative in which two alanine residues are linked on their beta-carbons by a thioether linkage.	2.01	1	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	bacterial metabolite
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.42	2	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	1.99	1
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.92	4	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
sr141716 [no description available]	2.07	1	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.05	1	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	1.98	1
cp-55,940 [no description available]	2.54	2
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.03	1
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2	1	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	1.99	1	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	1.98	1
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	7.05	104	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	1.98	1	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine [no description available]	5.47	65
bremazocine bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.42	22
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.39	2	N-acyl-amino acid
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	2.01	1
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)- enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes	5.28	53	oligopeptide
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	benzodiazepine
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	2.49	2
ml 9 [no description available]	2.03	1
dynorphin (1-8) dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin	1.96	1
senktide [no description available]	1.97	1
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.69	3
n-n-propyl-n-phenylethyl-4(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	1.97	1
quadazocine quadazocine: RN given refers to (2 alpha,6 alpha,11S*)-(+-)-isomer	2.9	4
tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide: found in rat brain	2.38	2
tifluadom tifluadom: acts on opiate receptors; structure given in first source	1.97	1	benzodiazepine
morphiceptin, n-me-phe(3)- morphiceptin, N-Me-Phe(3)-: RN given refers to D-prolinamide, all L-isomer	4.92	37
bw 373u86 BW 373U86: a nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonist	3.4	7	diarylmethane
morphiceptin morphiceptin: synthetic tetrapeptide with morphinelike activities, highly specific for morphine receptors, but not for enkephalin receptors; is the amide of a fragment of the milk protein beta casein; deproceptin is the D-Pro(4)-isomer; see also related heptapeptide beta-casomorphin; RN given refers to parent cpd(L-Tyr-L-Pro-L-Phe-L-Pro)-isomer	3.37	7	oligopeptide
arg-3-hyp-7-phe-bradykinin NPC 567: bradykinin receptor antagonist. NPC-567 : A ten-membered oligopeptide comprising D-arginyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, (4R)-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl, glycyl, L-phenylalanyl, L-seryl, D-phenylalanyl, L-phenylalanyl and L-arginine residues joined in sequence.	2.54	2	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor antagonist
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.71	3
pd 117302 PD 117302: RSD-921 is the ((+)-trans)-isomer	2.38	2
2-(n,n-dimethylamino)-6,7-dihydroxytetralin [no description available]	1.97	1
1-n-me-tyr(1)-7-n-me-arg-8-n-et-leunh2-dynorphin (1-8) [no description available]	2.67	3
tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide: dermorphin analog	3.11	5
n,n-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine: component of Ketogin; RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym spasmolytic A29 refers to HCl; structure given in first source	1.99	1
lofentanil lofentanil: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. lofentanyl : The carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.	1.98	1	methyl ester; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.54	2	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine 1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine: structure given in first source. 1-[1-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl]piperidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and benzothiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A potent dopamine re-uptake inhibitor with a behavioral profile different from that of phencyclidine (PCP) and similar to that of cocaine.	2.54	2	1-benzothiophenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
met-enkephalinamide [no description available]	2.41	2
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-phe(7)- [no description available]	2.41	2	organic molecular entity
deltorphin ii, ala(2)- deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors	6.68	86
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain	2.39	2
enkephalin, met(2)-pronh2(5)- [no description available]	2	1
glycylglutamine glycylglutamine: inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.99	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite; protective agent
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide 4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	4.54	24	diarylmethane
mr 2034 MR 2034: UM 1071 is active stereoisomer; 28 salts & isomers in Chemline; MR 2034 active isomer; MR 2035 less active isomer	1.97	1
kelatorphan kelatorphan: inhibitor of enkephalin metabolism; structure given in first source	1.98	1
zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function	1.99	1
2',6'-dimethyltyrosine 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine: structure given in first source	1.98	1
4-methoxymethylfentanyl 4-methoxymethylfentanyl: structure given in first source	1.98	1
desacetylnantradol desacetylnantradol: active metabolite of nantradol; use STEREOISOMERS if levo cpd is discussed	2	1
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyl-tyrosyltryptophyl-lysyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyl-tyrosyltryptophyl-lysyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin analog with antagonist activity at mu opioid receptors in vitro; RN given refers to (D-Phe-L-Cys-L-Tyr-D-Trp-L-Lys-L-Thr-D-Val)	1.97	1
dermorphin, arg(2)- dermorphin, Arg(2)-: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.98	1
methotrexate [no description available]	2.13	1	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.01	1	aromatic ether
ly 293558 tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist	1.99	1
3-methylfentanyl isothiocyanate 3-methylfentanyl isothiocyanate: opiate receptor acylating reagent	2	1
salvinorin a salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum	2.04	1	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound	metabolite; oneirogen
tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-sarcosine tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-sarcosine: has opioid activity; dermorphin analog	2.39	2
tyrosyl-seryl(o-tert-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine tyrosyl-seryl(O-tert-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine: has good selectivity & high affinity for delta opioid receptors	2.89	4
tyrosyl-seryl(o-t-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine(o-t-butyl) tyrosyl-seryl(O-t-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine(O-t-butyl): RN given refers to L-Thr-L-Tyr-D-Ser-Gly-L-Phe-L-Leu cpd; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/90	2	1
o-demethyltramadol O-demethyltramadol: one of the major metabolites of tramadol; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent compound	2.21	1
ly 274614 LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer	2.68	3
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist	2.04	1
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.69	3	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ethylketocyclazocine Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.	4.42	22
enkephalin-leu, des-tyr(1)- enkephalin-Leu, des-Tyr(1)-: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.97	1
enkephalin, pen(2,5)-4-chloro-phe(4)- enkephalin, Pen(2,5)-4-chloro-Phe(4)-: delta opioid receptor	2.68	3
norketobemidone norketobemidone: structure	1.99	1
16-methylcyprenorphine 16-methylcyprenorphine: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,16S)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.97	1
neurokinin a (4-10), nle(10)- [no description available]	2.15	1
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)- substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist	2.54	2
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.04	1	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.91	4	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.37	7
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.42	2	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
lu 135252 [no description available]	2.05	1
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	1.99	1	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
dizocilpine [no description available]	2.54	2	secondary amino compound; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
u 54494a U 54494A: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate) 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure.	2.15	1
deltorphin ii, ile(5,6)- deltorphin II, Ile(5,6)-: a highly selective delta agonist	2	1
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	benzodioxoles
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.42	2	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.24	6
ibogaine Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.	2.68	3
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	1.99	1
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.06	1
bradykinin [no description available]	3.1	5	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.08	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.09	5	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	1.98	1	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.68	3	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	2.91	4	benzazocine
picrotoxinin [no description available]	2.54	2	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	GABA antagonist; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.05	1	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
enkephalin, methionine [no description available]	2.41	2	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist
metazocine metazocine: more than 13 isomers available; structure given in first source	1.97	1	benzazocine
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	4.67	28	morphinane alkaloid
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.03	1	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.39	2	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.95	4	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	3.86	12	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.69	3	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.54	2	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.44	2	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	1.98	1	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.94	1	actinomycin	mutagen
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	10.96	907	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.06	1	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.69	3	isomethyleugenol
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	3.27	6	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
tyrosyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarbonyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine tyrosyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarbonyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine: a delta opioid antagonist	3.51	8
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.7	3
bemesetron [no description available]	2.54	2
triethylammonium cation triethylammonium ion : An organoammonium cation having three ethyl substituents on the nitrogen atom.	2	1	ammonium ion derivative
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	4	14	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	2.43	2	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	1.99	1	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
hirsutine, (16e,20beta)-isomer [no description available]	2.25	1	alkaloid	metabolite
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.72	3	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide 4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.	2.54	2	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.37	2	alkali metal atom
mitragynine [no description available]	2.58	2	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
mr 2266 MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist	3.07	5
ici 154129 ICI 154129: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.66	3
deltorphin deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2	4.66	28	peptide
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	2	1	primary aliphatic amine
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	7.81	269	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.11	1	benzazepine
lysine clonixinate lysine clonixinate: a non-morphinic analgesic. clonixin lysine salt : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining clonixin with one molar equivalent of L-lysine. Used for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2	1	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
h-tyrosyl-cyclo(cysteinyl-phenylalanyl-penicillaminyl)-oh H-tyrosyl-cyclo(cysteinyl-phenylalanyl-penicillaminyl)-OH: a cyclic delta receptor selective tetrapeptide; RN given is for D-penicillamine	2.91	4
noribogaine noribogaine: structure given in first source. noribogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the primary (and long-lived) metabolite of ibogaine, the psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the African rainforest shrub Tabernanthe iboga.	2.39	2	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	kappa-opioid receptor agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dynorphin (1-11) [no description available]	1.99	1
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	1.98	1	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2	1
rs 102221 [no description available]	2.54	2	aromatic ketone
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	3.24	6	quinoxaline derivative
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.38	2	quinoxaline derivative
2-phenylmelatonin [no description available]	2.02	1	phenylindole
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	1.99	1
jhw 015 [no description available]	2.48	2	indolecarboxamide
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.1	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.02	1	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.41	7	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	1.99	1	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	3.23	6	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.07	1	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.07	1	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.05	1	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
codeine [no description available]	2.68	3	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	1.98	1	morphinane alkaloid
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	1.98	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.98	1
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	1.99	1	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	2.39	2	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	6.58	197	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	2.44	2	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	2.91	4	morphinane alkaloid
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	6.93	280	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
7-benzylidenenaltrexone 7-benzylidenenaltrexone: structure given in first source; a highly selective delta1-opioid receptor antagonist	4.6	26	phenanthrenes
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.9	36	morphinane alkaloid
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	3.1	5	oligopeptide
endomorphin 2 endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain	3.28	6
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	2.01	1	peptide
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.76	3	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	1.98	1	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.1	1	piperazines
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.02	1	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.4	2	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	4.08	15	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	1.98	1	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	2.41	2	morphinane alkaloid
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	1.97	1	morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.	2.89	4	morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	7.54	205	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	3.09	5	morphinane alkaloid
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	1.98	1	morphinane alkaloid
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.4	2	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
methylnaltrexone methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer	2.9	4	phenanthrenes
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	1.99	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.9	4	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- [no description available]	4.45	20	peptide
6-o-monoacetylmorphine 6-O-monoacetylmorphine: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	1.99	1	morphinane alkaloid
normorphine normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer	3.07	5	morphinane alkaloid
metkephamid metkephamid: systemically active analog of methionine enkephalin; RN refers to parent cpd (L-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-L-Phe)-(L-Met)-isomer	1.98	1
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	5.78	34	isoquinolines
binaltorphimine binaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	2.15	1	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
morphine-3-glucuronide morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	1.99	1	morphinane alkaloid
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	3.68	10	oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	10.21	595
n-methylnaloxone N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone	2.72	3
chlornaltrexamine chlornaltrexamine: RN given refers to (5alpha,6beta)-isomer	2.89	4
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-cys(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Cys(6)-: affinity label for delta-opiate receptors	3.48	8
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer	2.39	2
naltrindole benzofuran naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source	4.3	19	morphinane alkaloid
biphalin biphalin: enkephalin dimer; two fragments of Ala(2)-enkephalin are connected by a diamine bridge to form above cpd; structure given in first source	3.53	8
n-methyllevallorphan N-methyllevallorphan: RN given refers to iodide	1.97	1
tyrosyl alanyl-glycyl-phenylalaninamide tyrosyl alanyl-glycyl-phenylalaninamide: tetrapeptide opiate	2.03	1
14-thioglycolamido-7,8-dihydromorphinone [no description available]	1.98	1
oxymorphindole oxymorphindole: no other info avail 9/91	2.68	3
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	5.85	94	isoquinolines
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	2.04	1	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.02	1	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cyprodime cyprodime: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1
mastoparan [no description available]	1.98	1	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
naloxone benzoylhydrazone naloxone benzoylhydrazone: structure given in first source	3.24	6
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	2.73	3	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.6	9	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
fk 409 FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus	1.99	1
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	3.49	8	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.01	1
7-benzylidenenaltrexone [no description available]	2.39	2
n-butanoyl-5-methoxytryptamine N-butanoyl-5-methoxytryptamine: mimics melatonin's antigonadal activity and inhibits 2-iodomelatonin binding	2.02	1
clocinnamox clocinnamox: structure given in first source; an opioid mu receptor agonist	1.99	1
sb 222200 [no description available]	2.54	2	quinolines
lactacystin [no description available]	2.06	1	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	4.72	30	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	2.89	4	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	2	1	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	1.99	1	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	5.98	108
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	2.02	1
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	2.05	1	diarylmethane
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	1.99	1	ammonium ion derivative
naloxonazine naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	4.12	16
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	3.87	12	oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source	2.54	2
o-demethyltramadol [no description available]	2.58	2	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide [no description available]	2.72	2
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.31	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
6'-guanidinonaltrindole 6'-guanidinonaltrindole: a tissue-selective analgesic; structure in first source	2.44	2
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.03	1	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	1.97	1
adrenorphin adrenorphin: opioid octapeptide from human & bovine adrenal medulla & human phaeochromocytoma tumor; H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Arg-Val-NH2	1.97	1
deltorphin i, ala(2)- deltorphin I, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors	4.3	19	peptide
dynorphin (1-17) [no description available]	1.99	1
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.25	1
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.4	2
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.4	2
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.02	1	nystatins
9-(benzoyloxy)-2-(3-furanyl)dodecahydro-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-2h-naphtho(2,1-c)pyran-7-carboxylic acid methyl ester 9-(benzoyloxy)-2-(3-furanyl)dodecahydro-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-2H-naphtho(2,1-c)pyran-7-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure in first source	2.04	1
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.38	2	benzoxazole
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	1.98	1
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	2.02	1
deltorphin ii, ala(2)- [no description available]	2.39	2
mitragynine, (3beta,16e,20beta)-isomer [no description available]	2.25	1
calcitonin [no description available]	2.4	2
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	1.98	1
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.92	4
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	5.46	64
somatostatin [no description available]	2.54	2	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone
cgp 23996 CGP 23996: nonreducible analog of somatostatin; used to test binding sites for somatostatin	1.96	1
nociceptin [no description available]	4.31	19	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
dynorphin (2-17) dynorphin (2-17): does not have opioid binding potential	2	1
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	5.5	66
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.39	2
iberiotoxin [no description available]	1.99	1
oligonucleotides [no description available]	1.99	1
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- [no description available]	2.77	3	polypeptide	dermatologic drug
beta-endorphin (1-27) [no description available]	2.67	3
bombesin [no description available]	2.15	1
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.76	3
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.42	2	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.24	6	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.41	2
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.4	2
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	3.25	6
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	4.23	18
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.75	3	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
kisspeptin-10 protein, human [no description available]	2.31	1
ly2456302 Aticaprant: a kappa opioid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.25	1
ici 174865 ICI 174865: delta opioid receptor antagonist	2.71	3
glycolipids [no description available]	2.02	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.28	6
7-hydroxymitragynine 7-hydroxymitragynine: an orally active opioid analgesic from the Thai medicinal herb Mitragyna speciosa; structure in first source	2.58	2	alkaloid
mitragynine pseudoindoxyl mitragynine pseudoindoxyl: derived from Thai medicinal plant MITRAGYNA speciosa; opioid agonist	2.13	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.01	1
7-spiroindanyloxymorphone 7-spiroindanyloxymorphone: a delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 38 [no description available]	2.15	1
cj 15,208 [no description available]	2.13	1
pf-04455242 2-methyl-N-((2'-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine: has antidepressant activity; structure in first source	2.25	1
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.09	5
RF9 [no description available]	2.31	1	dipeptide	kisspeptin receptor agonist; neuropeptide FF receptor agonist; neuropeptide FF receptor antagonist
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.89	4
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	1.99	1
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	2	1
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	1.99	1
charybdotoxin [no description available]	1.99	1
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2	1	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
4-(((r)-1-(benzo(b)thiophene-3-carbonyl)-2-methyl-azetidine-2-carbonyl)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-amino)-butyric acid 4-(((R)-1-(benzo(b)thiophene-3-carbonyl)-2-methyl-azetidine-2-carbonyl)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-amino)-butyric acid: structure in first source	2.31	1
tan 67 TAN 67: a non-peptidic selective delta-opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	4.08	15
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	1.99	1
deltakephalin deltakephalin: synthetic, potent specific agonist for opiate delta receptors	3.68	10
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.	3.38	7
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.02	1
naltrindole 5'-isothiocyanate naltrindole 5'-isothiocyanate: delta-opioid receptor antagonist & affinity label; structure given in first source	3.37	7
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.93	4	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.24	6	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.01	1	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.59	9	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2.02	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	5.32	54	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.54	2	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	3.59	9	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
noc 18 NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source	2.05	1
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2.4	2	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
gtp gamma-4-azidoanilide [no description available]	2.39	2
pd 135158 PD 135158: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2
probestin probestin: inhibitor of aminopeptidase M; from Streptomyces azureus MH663-2F6; structure given in first source	2	1
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.98	1
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	1.98	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	5.2	49
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	3.23	6
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	3.1	5
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	3.1	5
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	3.23	6
Ache [description not available]	6.55	75
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	6.55	75
Aura [description not available]	2.42	2
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.42	2
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	2.13	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.47	22
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.24	6
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	3.24	6
Allodynia [description not available]	4.28	18
Nerve Pain [description not available]	3.31	6
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	3.31	6
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	3.5	8
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.31	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	3.5	8
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.94	4
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.86	12
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.43	2
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	2.77	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.43	2
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	2.77	3
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.96	13
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.93	4
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	2.21	1
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.42	2
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.49	2
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.49	2
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.42	2
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.1	1
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.1	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.94	4
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	2.41	2
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.11	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	2.41	2
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	2.42	2
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.11	1
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.43	2
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.41	2
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.1	1
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.11	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.11	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.11	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.11	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.11	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.11	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.11	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.47	2
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	2.11	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.11	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.11	1
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2.44	2
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.46	2
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.73	3
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.73	3
Recrudescence [description not available]	2.05	1
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	2.05	1
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.7	3
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.7	3
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.05	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.52	8
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.93	4
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.93	4
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.98	4
Itching [description not available]	2.69	3
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.69	3
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	2.06	1
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	2.06	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.44	2
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.07	1
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.07	1
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.07	1
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.07	1
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.07	1
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.08	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.08	1
Arrhythmia [description not available]	3.25	6
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	3.26	6
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	3.25	6
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	3.26	6
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.41	2
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.41	2
Granulomas [description not available]	2.01	1
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.01	1
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	2.01	1
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.01	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	4.73	30
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	4.73	30
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	5.56	70
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.42	2
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	2.01	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.42	2
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	2.42	2
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.01	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.01	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	3.09	5
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	3.09	5
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.01	1
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.01	1
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.02	1
Anasarca [description not available]	2.02	1
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.41	2
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.02	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.7	10
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.02	1
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.02	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	3.69	10
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.42	2
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic [description not available]	2.03	1
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.03	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.03	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.03	1
Diathesis [description not available]	2.03	1
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.03	1
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.03	1
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.03	1
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.03	1
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.03	1
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.03	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.04	1
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.04	1
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	1.98	1
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	1.98	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	1.98	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	1.98	1
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	1.98	1
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	1.98	1
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	1.98	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.4	2
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.4	2
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.89	4
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	1.98	1
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	1.98	1
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	1.98	1
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	1.98	1
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.4	2
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.4	2
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.68	3
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.68	3
Hansen Disease [description not available]	1.98	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	1.98	1
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	1.98	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	1.98	1
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.67	3
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	2.4	2
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.4	2
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.4	2
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	2.4	2
Bleeding [description not available]	2.38	2
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	1.98	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.38	2
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.67	3
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.67	3
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	1.99	1
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	1.99	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	1.99	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	1.99	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	1.99	1
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	1.99	1
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	1.99	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	1.99	1
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	1.99	1
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	2.4	2
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	2.4	2
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	1.99	1
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.99	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	1.99	1
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	1.99	1
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	1.99	1
Causalgia Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1
Causalgia A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)	1.99	1
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.4	2
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.4	2
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2	1
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2	1
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	2	1
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	2	1
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2	1
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	2	1
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	2	1
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.01	1
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	2.01	1
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.01	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.01	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	1.98	1
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.38	2
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	1.98	1
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.38	2
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	1.97	1
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	1.97	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	1.97	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.97	1

enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-

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