Page last updated: 2024-12-11

tyrosyl alanyl-glycyl-phenylalaninamide

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Description

tyrosyl alanyl-glycyl-phenylalaninamide: tetrapeptide opiate [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5490373
CHEMBL ID235743
SCHEMBL ID11248841
MeSH IDM0113179

Synonyms (13)

Synonym
tyrosyl alanyl-glycyl-phenylalaninamide
tagpa
l-phenylalaninamide, l-tyrosyl-d-alanylglycyl-
tetrapeptamide
tyr-ala-gly-phe-nh2
bdbm21123
ydagf-nh2
(2s)-2-{2-[(2r)-2-[(2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido]propanamido]acetamido}-3-phenylpropanamide
enkephalin amide
CHEMBL235743
66649-46-5
SCHEMBL11248841
DTXSID70216818
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (6)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Delta-type opioid receptorMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.12000.00010.729810.0000AID302677
Mu-type opioid receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00590.00010.887410.0000AID1831029; AID302672; AID489385; AID554165
Mu-type opioid receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.05230.00000.38458.6000AID1798042; AID1831030; AID302672; AID489385; AID554165
Delta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.74190.00020.75218.0140AID1831031; AID302671; AID489384; AID554164
Delta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.25050.00000.59789.9300AID1798042; AID1831032; AID302671; AID489384; AID554164
Kappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.22390.00001.201110.0000AID1831033
Mu-type opioid receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)IC50 (µMol)0.04700.04700.04700.0470AID302678
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Mu-type opioid receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.01170.00000.06470.9320AID302674; AID554168
Delta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.19030.00000.43328.3000AID302673; AID554166
Mu-type opioid receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)EC50 (µMol)0.01170.00000.04930.9320AID554168
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (42)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
immune responseDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein-containing complex assemblyDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activityDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylationDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane potentialDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transportDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to growth factor stimulusDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to toxic substanceDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathwayDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
immune responseKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perceptionKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of painKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting opioid receptor signaling pathwayKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to insulinKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine secretionKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretionKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathwayKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maternal behaviorKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
estrous cycleKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of saliva secretionKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of temperature stimulusKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose stimulusKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascadeKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to acrylamideKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of eating behaviorKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
conditioned place preferenceKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathwayKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (6)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activityDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor serine/threonine kinase bindingDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled enkephalin receptor activityDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide bindingDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activityKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor serine/threonine kinase bindingKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dynorphin receptor activityKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide bindingKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (18)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
spine apparatusDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicleDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionDelta-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmic reticulumKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
T-tubuleKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionKappa-type opioid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (47)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID302678Agonist activity at guinea pig mu-opioid receptor by GPI assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22
Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
AID302674Agonist activity at rat mu-opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells after 90 mins by [35S]GTP-gamma-S assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22
Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
AID302673Agonist activity at human delta-opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells after 90 mins by [35S]GTP-gamma-S assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22
Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
AID1456637Half life in Kunming mouse plasma at 500 uM by RP-HPLC method
AID554165Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from rat mu opioid receptor expressed in mouse HN9.10 cells2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity.
AID1562937Agonist activity at MOR in Wistar rat brain membranes after 60 mins by [35S]-GTPgammaS binding assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID489384Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from human delta opioid receptor expressed in mouse HN9.10 cells2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14
Design and synthesis of trivalent ligands targeting opioid, cholecystokinin, and melanocortin receptors for the treatment of pain.
AID302676Agonist activity at rat mu-opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells by [35S]GTP-gamma-S assay relative to control2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22
Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
AID1831031Displacement of [3H]-DPDPE from human delta opioid receptor expressed in mouse HN9.10 cells by radioligand binding assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-01, Volume: 51C-terminal modified Enkephalin-like tetrapeptides with enhanced affinities at the kappa opioid receptor and monoamine transporters.
AID302671Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from human delta-opioid receptor transfected in HN9.10 cells after 3 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22
Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
AID1456634Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from mu-opioid receptor in Wistar rat brain membrane after 1 hr by microbeta scintillation counting method
AID1562912Agonist activity at MOR/CB1R/CB2R receptor in Wistar rat brain membranes after 60 mins by [35S]-GTPgammaS binding assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID1831030Displacement of [3H]-DAMGO from rat mu opioid receptor expressed in mouse HN9.10 cells assessed as inhibition constant by radioligand binding assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-01, Volume: 51C-terminal modified Enkephalin-like tetrapeptides with enhanced affinities at the kappa opioid receptor and monoamine transporters.
AID1831029Displacement of [3H]-DAMGO from rat mu opioid receptor expressed in mouse HN9.10 cells by radioligand binding assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-01, Volume: 51C-terminal modified Enkephalin-like tetrapeptides with enhanced affinities at the kappa opioid receptor and monoamine transporters.
AID1562910Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]HS-665 from KOR in guinea pig brain membranes to Ki for displacement of [3H]DAMGO from MOR in Wistar rat brain membranes2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID1456642Antinociceptive activity in mouse model of thermal-induced nociception assessed as increase in latency to tail withdrawal at 5 mg/kg, sc measured up to 50 mins by tail flick test
AID1562931Agonist activity at MOR/CB1R/CB2R receptor in Wistar rat brain membranes at 10 uM after 60 mins by [35S]-GTPgammaS binding assay relative to control2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID1831033Displacement of [3H]U69,593 from human kappa opioid receptor expressed in mouse HN9.10 cells by radioligand binding assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-01, Volume: 51C-terminal modified Enkephalin-like tetrapeptides with enhanced affinities at the kappa opioid receptor and monoamine transporters.
AID1562925Effect on nociception of the contralateral paw in rat model of sodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis assessed as paw withdrawal threshold in early phase at 7 ug administered as intrathecal injection measured up to 45 mins by Von Frey test (Rvb = 44 +/2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID1562939Agonist activity at MOR in Wistar rat brain membranes after 60 mins by [35S]-GTPgammaS binding assay relative to control2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID1831032Displacement of [3H]-DPDPE from human delta opioid receptor expressed in mouse HN9.10 cells assessed as inhibition constant by radioligand binding assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-01, Volume: 51C-terminal modified Enkephalin-like tetrapeptides with enhanced affinities at the kappa opioid receptor and monoamine transporters.
AID489382Agonist activity at delta opioid receptor in mouse vas deferens assessed as inhibition of electrically-stimulated muscle contraction2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14
Design and synthesis of trivalent ligands targeting opioid, cholecystokinin, and melanocortin receptors for the treatment of pain.
AID1562911Displacement of [3H]WIN-55,212-2 from CB1R/CB2R in Wistar rat brain membranes after 60 mins by liquid scintillation analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID554164Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from human delta opioid receptor expressed in mouse HN9.10 cells2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity.
AID302672Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from rat mu-opioid receptor transfected in HN9.10 cells after 3 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22
Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
AID554170Agonist activity at delta opioid receptor in mouse vas deferens assessed as inhibition of electrically-stimulated muscle contraction2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity.
AID1562907Displacement of [3H]Ile5,6-deltorphin-2 from DOR in Wistar rat brain membranes after 60 mins by liquid scintillation analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID554167Agonist activity at human delta opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding relative to control2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity.
AID1562903Displacement of [3H]JWH-018 from CB1R/CB2R in Wistar rat brain membranes after 60 mins by liquid scintillation analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID302675Agonist activity at human delta-opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells by [35S]GTP-gamma-S assay relative to control2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22
Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
AID1562926Effect on nociception of the contralateral paw in rat model of sodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis assessed as paw withdrawal threshold in late phase at 7 ug administered as intrathecal injection measured after 60 to 90 mins by Von Frey test (Rvb = 2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID1456633Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]DPDPE from delta-opioid receptor in Wistar rat membrane to Ki for displacement of [3H]DAMGO from mu-opioid receptor in Wistar rat brain membrane
AID489392Agonist activity at mu opioid receptor in guinea pig ileum assessed as inhibition of electrically-stimulated muscle contraction2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14
Design and synthesis of trivalent ligands targeting opioid, cholecystokinin, and melanocortin receptors for the treatment of pain.
AID554166Agonist activity at human delta opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity.
AID489385Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from rat mu opioid receptor expressed in mouse HN9.10 cells2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14
Design and synthesis of trivalent ligands targeting opioid, cholecystokinin, and melanocortin receptors for the treatment of pain.
AID1562908Displacement of [3H]HS-665 from KOR in guinea pig brain membranes after 60 mins by liquid scintillation analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID554168Agonist activity at rat mu opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity.
AID554171Agonist activity at mu opioid receptor in guinea pig ileum assessed as inhibition of electrically-stimulated muscle contraction2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity.
AID1562906Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from MOR in Wistar rat brain membranes after 60 mins by liquid scintillation analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID1456636Half life in Kunming mouse brain homogenate at 500 uM by RP-HPLC method
AID554169Agonist activity at rat mu opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding relative to control2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Development of potent μ and δ opioid agonists with high lipophilicity.
AID1562909Selectivity ratio, ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]Ile5,6-deltorphin-2 from DOR in Wistar rat brain membranes to Ki for displacement of [3H]DAMGO from MOR in Wistar rat brain membranes2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID1456635Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from delta-opioid receptor in Wistar rat brain membrane after 3 hrs by microbeta scintillation counting method
AID1562928Antiallodynic activity in sodium iodoacetate-induced rat model of osteoarthritis assessed as increase in maximum effect in early phase at 7 ug administered as intrathecal injection measured up to 45 mins by Von Frey test2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Preparation of bivalent agonists for targeting the mu opioid and cannabinoid receptors.
AID302677Agonist activity at mouse delta-opioid receptor by MVD assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22
Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
AID1456638Antinociceptive activity in mouse model of thermal-induced nociception assessed as increase in latency to tail withdrawal at 10 nmol/kg, icv measured up to 50 mins by tail flick test
AID1798042Radioligand Labeled Binding Assay and [35S]GTP-gamma-S Binding Assay from Article 10.1021/jm061465o: \\Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.\\2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 50, Issue:22
Development of novel enkephalin analogues that have enhanced opioid activities at both mu and delta opioid receptors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (17)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199010 (58.82)18.7374
1990's1 (5.88)18.2507
2000's1 (5.88)29.6817
2010's4 (23.53)24.3611
2020's1 (5.88)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 11.59

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index11.59 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.09 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.68 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (11.59)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (4.76%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other20 (95.24%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]