octoclothepine profile

octoclothepine: major tranquilizer with action similar to those of the phenothiazines; used in schizophrenic & manic psychoses; minor decriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOTHIEPINS (77-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	1238
CHEMBL ID	64249
CHEBI ID	135459
SCHEMBL ID	678917
MeSH ID	M0263341

Synonym
chembl64249 ,
octoclothepin,(-)
bdbm22872
1-(3-chloro-5,6-dihydrobenzo[b][1]benzothiepin-5-yl)-4-methyl-piperazine;maleate
1-{6-chloro-2-thiatricyclo[9.4.0.0^{3,8}]pentadeca-1(15),3(8),4,6,11,13-hexaen-9-yl}-4-methylpiperazine
clorotepine (+)
clorotepine(-)
clothepin
octoclothepin,(+)
1-(8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yl)-4-methylpiperazine
octoclothepin
octoclothepine
PDSP2_001530
LOPAC0_000885
piperazine, 1-(8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenzo(b,f)thiepin-10-yl)-4-methyl-
clotepin
clorotepine
clorotepinum [inn-latin]
clorotepina [inn-spanish]
clorotepine [inn]
1-(8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenzo(b,f)thiepin-10-yl)-4-methylpiperazine
PDSP1_001546
NCGC00162287-01
octoclothepin maleate
CHEBI:135459
1-(3-chloro-5,6-dihydrobenzo[b][1]benzothiepin-5-yl)-4-methyl-piperazine
NCGC00015759-03
L000790
AKOS005065436
1-(3-chloro-5,6-dihydrobenzo[b][1]benzothiepin-5-yl)-4-methylpiperazine
13448-22-1
unii-e65w20mu7a
clorotepina
e65w20mu7a ,
clorotepinum
CCG-204967
NCGC00015759-02
(+/-)-octoclothepin
clorotepine [who-dd]
SCHEMBL678917
DTXSID7048451
XRYLGRGAWQSVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Q5135148
FT-0746338
clotepin; clothepin; octoclothepin; octoclothepinev
BRD-A19053834-050-06-1
SDCCGSBI-0050860.P002
NCGC00015759-07
stearylthioglycolate

Class	Description
dibenzothiepine
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
ATAD5 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0810	0.0041	10.8903	31.5287	AID493107
USP1 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	63.0957	0.0316	37.5844	354.8130	AID504865
GLS protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	0.3548	7.9355	39.8107	AID624146
arylsulfatase A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.4921	1.0691	13.9551	37.9330	AID720538
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	37.6858	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	91.9997	0.0126	2.4518	25.0177	AID485313
D(1A) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.8104	0.0224	5.9449	22.3872	AID488981; AID488982; AID488983
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	26.8545	0.1346	10.3950	30.1313	AID1347049
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.6684	0.3548	28.0659	89.1251	AID504847
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.1254	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID488953
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	26.1216	0.0066	9.8094	18.4927	AID1347050
ras-related protein Rab-9A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	63.0957	0.0002	2.6215	31.4954	AID485297
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	21.7783	0.0037	8.6189	23.2809	AID2660; AID2667; AID2668
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	42.2841	0.0316	22.3146	100.0000	AID588579
D(1A) dopamine receptor	Sus scrofa (pig)	Potency	26.1216	0.0037	8.1081	23.2809	AID2667
Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.0119	12.2221	68.7989	AID588378
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0007	0.0000	0.6518	10.0000	AID517792
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)	Ki	0.0007	0.0000	0.5072	3.7020	AID517788
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	Mesocricetus auratus (golden hamster)	Ki	0.0006	0.0000	2.0167	9.6000	AID517789
D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0028	0.0003	0.5026	7.7625	AID218770; AID61018
D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0023	0.0001	0.6100	10.0000	AID61517; AID61675
D(3) dopamine receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0030	0.0003	0.3907	5.4000	AID218770
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0008	0.0000	0.5751	10.0000	AID517790
D(1B) dopamine receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0030	0.0003	0.3563	5.4000	AID218770
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0006	0.0001	0.9549	10.0000	AID517791
D(4) dopamine receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0030	0.0003	0.3871	5.4000	AID218770
Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0002	0.0000	0.5110	10.0000	AID517793
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0500	0.0002	0.5229	10.0000	AID238747
D(2) dopamine receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0028	0.0001	0.5494	8.4000	AID218770; AID61386
D(2) dopamine receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0005	0.0000	0.4375	10.0000	AID63809; AID65563
Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	10.0000	0.0006	0.4787	10.0000	AID1798265
Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	73.8000	0.0700	0.1940	0.3180	AID1525558
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasis	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transport	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalization	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor internalization	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron-neuron synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axonogenesis	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse assembly	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smell	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
long-term memory	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
grooming behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adult walking behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
associative learning	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
visual learning	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to light stimulus	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substance	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron ion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inactivity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
Wnt signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
striatum development	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
orbitofrontal cortex development	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis development	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migration	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
peristalsis	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
auditory behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesis	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to histamine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of urine volume	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of renal sodium excretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic process	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
drinking behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transport	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to morphine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
pigmentation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of innate immune response	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
acid secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanol	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to axon injury	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
branching morphogenesis of a nerve	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse structural plasticity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibition	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular response to hypoxia	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regression	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron migration	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstriction	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
behavioral fear response	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
feeding behavior	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
cGMP-mediated signaling	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of nervous system process	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of appetite	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
memory	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
visual learning	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular permeability	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstriction	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic plasticity	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamine	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex cell migration	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of TOR signaling	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalization	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translation	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic process	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assembly	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assembly	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transport	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
biological_process	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of MAPK cascade	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion import across plasma membrane	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transport	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
stabilization of membrane potential	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transmembrane transport	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activity	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor binding	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA binding	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activity	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium channel activity	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion leak channel activity	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
outward rectifier potassium channel activity	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
Golgi membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
acrosomal vesicle	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sperm flagellum	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminus	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ciliary membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
non-motile cilium	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapse	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor complex	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
cytoplasm	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
plasma membrane	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
caveola	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
nuclear membrane	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
plasma membrane	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granule	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complex	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granule	Ataxin-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Histamine H4 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (83)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID218770	Ability to displace [3H]haloperidol from rat striatal membranes, in order to measure its intrinsic affinity for the dopamine (DA) receptor	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 26, Issue:7	Neuroleptic activity and dopamine-uptake inhibition in 1-piperazino-3-phenylindans.
AID225276	Dose to antagonise, when given subcutaneously to 6-OH-DA-lesioned rats, using pergolide antagonism test.(in vivo)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID61517	Half-maximal inhibition of [3H]-SCH- 23390 binding to Dopamine receptor D1 in rat striatal homogenate	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID61386	Ability to inhibit binding of [3H]-SPI to dopamine receptor D2 in rat striatal membranes	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID517790	Displacement of [3H]prozosin from rat cloned alpha1d receptor	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-14, Volume: 53, Issue:19	Exploring the neuroleptic substituent in octoclothepin: potential ligands for positron emission tomography with subnanomolar affinity for α(1)-adrenoceptors.
AID1628456	Inhibition of CRT K76T mutant in chloroquine/artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum ARS233 assessed as reversal of chloroquine resistance by measuring reduction in chloroquine IC50 at 500 nM relative to chloroquine alone	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID176353	Ability to induce catalepsy in rats perorally, an effect normally related to clinical extrapyramidal side effects	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 26, Issue:7	Neuroleptic activity and dopamine-uptake inhibition in 1-piperazino-3-phenylindans.
AID1628485	Inhibition of CRT CVIET haplotype mutant in Plasmodium falciparum K1 isolate MRA-159 infected in erythrocytes assessed as reversal of chloroquine resistance by measuring reduction in chloroquine IC50 by Hoechst 33342 staining based flow cytometry	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID517791	Displacement of [3H]prozosin from human cloned 5HT2C receptor expressed in CHO cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-14, Volume: 53, Issue:19	Exploring the neuroleptic substituent in octoclothepin: potential ligands for positron emission tomography with subnanomolar affinity for α(1)-adrenoceptors.
AID517788	Displacement of [3H]prozosin from bovine cloned Alpha-1A receptor expressed in BHK cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-14, Volume: 53, Issue:19	Exploring the neuroleptic substituent in octoclothepin: potential ligands for positron emission tomography with subnanomolar affinity for α(1)-adrenoceptors.
AID1628469	Resistance index, ratio of chloroquine IC50 for intermediate chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum 7G8 isolate MRA-154 CRT SVMNT haplotype mutant to chloroquine IC50 for chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 isolate MRA-102 at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1628453	Inhibition of CRT SVMNT haplotype mutant in intermediate chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum 7G8 isolate MRA-154 t assessed as reversal of chloroquine resistance by measuring reduction in chloroquine IC50 at 500 nM relative to chloroquine alone	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID65563	Half-maximal inhibition of [3H]spiperone binding to Dopamine receptor D2 in rat striatal homogenate	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID1628482	Aqueous kinetic solubility of compound in pH 7.4 solution incubated for 24 hrs	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID458777	Activity at HCMV US28 receptor assessed as receptor-mediated inositol phosphate response	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 18, Issue:2	Identification of novel allosteric nonpeptidergic inhibitors of the human cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28.
AID61675	Half-maximal inhibition of [3H]-SCH- 23390 binding to Dopamine receptor D1 in rat striatal homogenate	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID225278	Dose to antagonise, when given subcutaneously to rats (in vivo) using flexor reflex St 587 antagonism test.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID1628464	Intrinsic antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 isolate MRA-156 harboring CRT K76T mutant assessed as reduction in parasite viability at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1628455	Inhibition of CRT K76T mutant in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 isolate MRA-156 assessed as reversal of chloroquine resistance by measuring reduction in chloroquine IC50 at 500 nM relative to chloroquine alone	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID179956	Inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in rat brain synaptosomes	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 31, Issue:2	Conformational analysis and structural comparisons of (1R,3S)-(+)- and (1S,3R)-(-)-tefludazine, (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-octoclothepin, and (+)-dexclamol in relation to dopamine receptor antagonism and amine-uptake inhibition.
AID229417	Selectivity ratio (D3/D1)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID229416	Selectivity ratio (D1/D2)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID5560	Half-maximal inhibition of [3H]ketanserin binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor in rat cerebral cortex homogenate	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID179754	In vitro inhibition of the accumulation of [3H]5-HT into rat brain synaptosomes	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID1628452	Potentiation of chloroquine-induced antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum HB3 isolate MRA-155 assessed as reduction in chloroquine IC50 at 500 nM relative to chloroquine alone	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1628461	Intrinsic antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum HB3 isolate MRA-155 assessed as reduction in parasite viability at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID114482	Compound (administered intraperitoneally) was assessed for neuroleptic activity to antagonize methyl phenidate induced stereotypes in mice	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 26, Issue:7	Neuroleptic activity and dopamine-uptake inhibition in 1-piperazino-3-phenylindans.
AID517792	Displacement of [3H]prozosin from human cloned dopamine D2 receptor expressed in CHO cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-14, Volume: 53, Issue:19	Exploring the neuroleptic substituent in octoclothepin: potential ligands for positron emission tomography with subnanomolar affinity for α(1)-adrenoceptors.
AID458776	Displacement of [125I]CCL5 from HCMV US28 receptor	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 18, Issue:2	Identification of novel allosteric nonpeptidergic inhibitors of the human cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28.
AID5058	Ability to inhibit binding of [3H]KET to 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor in rat cortex	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID1628463	Intrinsic antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 isolate MRA-159 harboring CRT CVIET haplotype mutant assessed as reduction in parasite viability at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID63809	Half-maximal inhibition of [3H]spiperone binding to Dopamine receptor D2 in rat striatal homogenate	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID225277	Dose to antagonise, when given subcutaneously to rats (in vivo) using catalepsy test, maximum effect 1-6h.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID179954	Inhibition of [3H]-dopamine uptake in rat brain synaptosomes	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 31, Issue:2	Conformational analysis and structural comparisons of (1R,3S)-(+)- and (1S,3R)-(-)-tefludazine, (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-octoclothepin, and (+)-dexclamol in relation to dopamine receptor antagonism and amine-uptake inhibition.
AID1628454	Inhibition of CRT CVIET haplotype mutant in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 isolate MRA-159 assessed as reversal of chloroquine resistance by measuring reduction in chloroquine IC50 at 500 nM relative to chloroquine alone	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID229410	Selectivity ratio (5-HT2A/D2 )	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID1628457	Inhibition of CRT K76T mutant in chloroquine/artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum ARS272 assessed as reversal of chloroquine resistance by measuring reduction in chloroquine IC50 at 500 nM relative to chloroquine alone	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID176350	Tested orally in rats for antagonism of stereotypies induced by amphetamine	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 26, Issue:7	Neuroleptic activity and dopamine-uptake inhibition in 1-piperazino-3-phenylindans.
AID517793	Displacement of [3H]prozosin from human cloned histamine H1 receptor expressed in CHO cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-14, Volume: 53, Issue:19	Exploring the neuroleptic substituent in octoclothepin: potential ligands for positron emission tomography with subnanomolar affinity for α(1)-adrenoceptors.
AID1628466	Intrinsic antimalarial activity against chloroquine/artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum ARS272 harboring CRT K76T mutant assessed as reduction in parasite viability at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID61018	Ability to inhibit binding of [3H]-SCH- 23390 to Dopamine receptor D1 in rat striatal membranes	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID517789	Displacement of [3H]prozosin from hamster cloned alpha-1b receptor	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-14, Volume: 53, Issue:19	Exploring the neuroleptic substituent in octoclothepin: potential ligands for positron emission tomography with subnanomolar affinity for α(1)-adrenoceptors.
AID65767	Half-maximal inhibition of [3H]7-OH-DPAT binding to Dopamine receptor D3 in rat tissue homogenate	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID179756	In vitro inhibition of the accumulation of [3H]-NE into rat brain synaptosomes	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID5326	Half-maximal inhibition of [3H]- Ketanserin binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor in rat cerebral cortex homogenate	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID1628484	Permeability of compound incubated for 16 hrs at pH 7.4 by PAMPA	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID225280	Dose to antagonise, when given subcutaneously to rats (in vivo) using quipazine antagonism test.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID225279	Dose to antagonise, when given subcutaneously to rats (in vivo) using inhibition of locomotor motility test	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID36594	Ability to inhibit binding of [3H]PRAZ to alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat brain	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID1628470	Resistance index, ratio of chloroquine IC50 for chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 isolate MRA-159 CRT CVIET haplotype mutant to chloroquine IC50 for chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 isolate MRA-102 at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1628483	Permeability of compound incubated for 6 hrs at pH 7.4 by PAMPA	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1525558	Inhibition of human TASK3 expressed in HEK293 cells by Ti+ flux assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-27, Volume: 62, Issue:22	TASK Channels Pharmacology: New Challenges in Drug Design.
AID65619	Half-maximal inhibition of [3H]-7-OH-DPAT binding to Dopamine receptor D3 in rat tissue homogenate	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pyrrolo[1,3]benzothiazepine-based atypical antipsychotic agents. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling, and biological studies.
AID1628459	Inhibition of CRT K76T mutant in chloroquine/artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum NHP4773 assessed as reversal of chloroquine resistance by measuring reduction in chloroquine IC50 at 500 nM relative to chloroquine alone	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID179755	In vitro inhibition of the accumulation of [3H]DA into rat brain synaptosomes	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID1628462	Intrinsic antimalarial activity against intermediate chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum 7G8 isolate MRA-154 harboring CRT SVMNT haplotype mutant assessed as reduction in parasite viability at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1628449	Inhibition of CRT CVIET haplotype mutant in Plasmodium falciparum K1 isolate MRA-159 infected in erythrocytes assessed as chloroquine-coumarin probe accumulation at 10 uM after 10 hrs by Hoechst 33342 staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 35.57 +/- 3.84%)	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1628468	Intrinsic antimalarial activity against chloroquine/artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum NHP4773 harboring CRT K76T mutant assessed as reduction in parasite viability at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1628458	Inhibition of CRT K76T mutant in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum NHP4559 assessed as reversal of chloroquine resistance by measuring reduction in chloroquine IC50 at 500 nM relative to chloroquine alone	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1628467	Intrinsic antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum NHP4559 harboring CRT K76T mutant assessed as reduction in parasite viability at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1628460	Intrinsic antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 isolate MRA-102 assessed as reduction in parasite viability at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID223292	Dose to antagonise, when given subcutaneously to mice (in vivo) using methyl phenidate antagonism test	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID238747	Binding affinity for human 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 receptor	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6	Medicinal chemistry driven approaches toward novel and selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor ligands.
AID1628451	Potentiation of chloroquine-induced antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 isolate MRA-102 assessed as reduction in chloroquine IC50 at 500 nM relative to chloroquine alone	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID225275	Dose to antagonise, when given subcutaneously to 6-OH-DA-lesioned rats, using SK & F 38393 antagonism test.(in vivo)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Octoclothepin enantiomers. A reinvestigation of their biochemical and pharmacological activity in relation to a new receptor-interaction model for dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists.
AID1628465	Intrinsic antimalarial activity against chloroquine/artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum ARS233 harboring CRT K76T mutant assessed as reduction in parasite viability at 500 nM	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 119	Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID588378	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID504836	Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation	2002	The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16	Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID588349	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1508628	Confirmatory qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347049	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1508629	Cell Viability qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1508627	Counterscreen qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: GLuc-NoTag assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347050	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347045	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1798265	H4R Radioligand Binding Assay from Article 10.1124/jpet.105.087965: \\Evaluation of histamine H1-, H2-, and H3-receptor ligands at the human histamine H4 receptor: identification of 4-methylhistamine as the first potent and selective H4 receptor agonist.\\	2005	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Sep, Volume: 314, Issue:3	Evaluation of histamine H1-, H2-, and H3-receptor ligands at the human histamine H4 receptor: identification of 4-methylhistamine as the first potent and selective H4 receptor agonist.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	15 (42.86)	18.7374
1990's	2 (5.71)	18.2507
2000's	5 (14.29)	29.6817
2010's	10 (28.57)	24.3611
2020's	3 (8.57)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2 (5.71%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (2.86%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	32 (91.43%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
histamine [no description available]	2.02	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
n-methylhistamine [no description available]	2.02	1	aralkylamine
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	2.02	1	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.02	1	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	3.31	1	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.02	1	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.66	3	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.02	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
clobenpropit clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.	2.02	1	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester; organochlorine compound	H3-receptor antagonist; H4-receptor agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.97	1	clonidine; imidazoline
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.13	1	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	2.02	1	imidothiocarbamic ester
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	3.31	1	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
ebastine [no description available]	2.02	1	organic molecular entity
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	3.31	1	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.02	1	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.02	1	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.31	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.01	1	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	3.31	1	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	2.02	1	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	3.31	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imetit imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.02	1	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester	H3-receptor agonist; H4-receptor agonist
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	3.31	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	3.31	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.13	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	3.58	2	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2.72	3	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	3.31	1	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	2.43	2	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	1.96	1	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	1.96	1	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.31	1	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	1.95	1	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	2.05	1	aromatic amine
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.02	1	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	3.31	1	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.31	1	quaternary ammonium ion
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	1.95	1	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	1.95	1	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
clothiapine clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine	2.05	1	dibenzothiazepine
azatadine azatadine: indulian (UD 21;71k) is dimaleate; do not confuse with AZACITIDINE. azatadine : A benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine having a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group at the 11-position.	2.02	1	benzocycloheptapyridine; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	3.31	1	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.02	1	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
butaclamol [no description available]	1.97	1	amino alcohol; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
4-methylhistamine 4-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.	2.02	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	histamine agonist; metabolite
etidocaine Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.	3.31	1	amino acid amide	local anaesthetic
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine 4-(4'-chlorophenyl)-4-piperidinol: structure given in first source; N-dealkylated model of haloperidol	2.13	1	piperidines
impromidine Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.	2.02	1
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.02	1	thiazoles
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	2.05	1	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
mibefradil dihydrochloride [no description available]	3.31	1
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	3.31	1	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
fenpipramide fenpipramide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1
mizolastine [no description available]	2.02	1	benzimidazoles
tefludazine tefludazine: RN given refers to (trans-(+-)-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/88	2.39	2
mifentidine [no description available]	2.02	1
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	aminoalkylpyridine; primary amine	histamine agonist; metabolite
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole: receptor H1 agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	1,3-thiazoles
2-methylhistamine 2-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 2 position on the ring.	2.02	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	histamine agonist; metabolite
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	3.31	1	corticosteroid hormone
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide 3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide: a dopamine receptor imaging agent; RN refers to (S)-isomer; RN & structure given in first source	2.05	1
amthamine amthamine: histamine H2 receptor agonist; structure & RN given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	thiazoles
l 703606 L 703606: structure given in first source	2.13	1
iodoproxyfan iodoproxyfan: structure given in first source	2.02	1
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.15	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
docloxythepin docloxythepin: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.36	2
alpha-methylhistamine (R)-alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position (the R-enantiomer).	2.02	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	H3-receptor agonist
aminopotentidine aminopotentidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the oxalate. aminopotentidine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-cyano-3-{3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}guanidine.	2.02	1	aromatic ether; benzamides; guanidines; nitrile; piperidines; substituted aniline	H2-receptor antagonist
imidazolyl-4-propylamine imidazolyl-4-propylamine: structure given in first source	2.02	1
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	3.31	1	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
dibenzheptropine dibenzheptropine: minor descriptor (65-85); on-line & Index Medicus search TROPANES (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. deptropine : An azabicycloalkane that is the 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-yl ether of tropine.	2.05	1	organic tricyclic compound
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.31	1	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.15	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
(2'-(benzyloxycarbonylaminomethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamide) [no description available]	3.31	1	biphenyls
terbinafine [no description available]	3.31	1	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2.02	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
burimamide Burimamide: An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.	2.02	1	imidazoles
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	2.05	1	salicylamides
quinine [no description available]	3.31	1	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
triptorelin iodophenpropit: structure given in first source	2.02	1	organoiodine compound
4-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine 4-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine: structure in first source	2.02	1	piperidines
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	2.02	1	primary aliphatic amine
jnj 7777120 1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.02	1
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.15	1	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	1.96	1	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	3.31	1	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ro 63-0563 4-amino-N-(2,6 bis-methylamino-pyridin-4-yl)-benzene sulfonamide: structure in first source	2.02	1
ro 4-6790 Ro 4-6790: structure in first source	2.02	1	benzenes; sulfonamide
sb 271046 SB 271046: 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.02	1
famotidine [no description available]	2.02	1	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
am-356 methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer	3.31	1	fatty amide
proxyfan [no description available]	2.02	1	benzyl ether
gw2974 GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2	3.31	1	pyridopyrimidine
(2S)-1-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-propanamine [no description available]	2.02	1	aralkylamine
2-ethyl-5-methoxy-n,n-dimethyltryptamine 2-ethyl-5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: a 5-HT(6) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.02	1
ms-245 N,N-dimethyl-2-(1-(benzenesulfonyl)-5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethylamine: a 5-HT(6) receptor ligand; structure in first source	2.02	1
impentamine impentamine: structure in first source	2.02	1
ave 0118 [no description available]	3.31	1
a 1899 A 1899: a TASK-1 potassium channel blocker; structure in first source	3.31	1
vuf 2274 5-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-2,2-diphenylpentanenitrile: an inverse agonist of human cytomegalovirus; structure in first source	2.05	1
4-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)pyridine [no description available]	2.02	1	pyridines
e-6801 [no description available]	2.02	1
histaprodifen [no description available]	2.02	1
methimepip methimepip: histamine H3 agonist	2.02	1
octoclothepine maleate [no description available]	3.31	1
octoclothepine, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.91	4
4-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)butanamine 4-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)butanamine: agonist of both H3 and H4 histamine receptors; structure in first source	2.02	1
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.12	5	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.42	2	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.13	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.21	1	0
Itching [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.21	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.21	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.15	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	3.34	1	1
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	4.03	3	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	1.95	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	3.76	2	1

octoclothepine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (49)

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (30)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (139)

Molecular Functions (23)

Ceullar Components (35)

Bioassays (83)

Research

Studies (35)

Study Types

octoclothepine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (49)

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (30)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (139)

Molecular Functions (23)

Ceullar Components (35)

Bioassays (83)

Research

Studies (35)

Study Types

Related Drugs (110)

Related Conditions (18)