t-2 toxin profile

T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	102515111
MeSH ID	M0020991
PubMed CID	529495
CHEMBL ID	1703795
SCHEMBL ID	158370
MeSH ID	M0020991
PubMed CID	5284461
CHEMBL ID	152423
CHEBI ID	9381
SCHEMBL ID	7536392
MeSH ID	M0020991

Synonym
insariotoxin
t-2 toxin
3'-hydroxy t-2
smr001566822
mycotoxin t2
t 2 toxin
toxin t 2
mls002703014 ,
8-(3-methylbutyryloxy)diacetoxyscirpenol
fusariotoxin t 2
FT-0630470
bdbm93500
cid_529495
SCHEMBL158370
CHEMBL1703795
fusariotoxin t2
neosolaniol 8-(3-methylbutanoate)
8-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-diacetoxy-scirpenol
BCP24080
t 2 toxin;t2 toxin;insariotoxin;fusariotoxin t-2;mycotoxin t-2
DTXSID20860264
4,15-bis(acetyloxy)-3-hydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-yl 3-methylbutanoate
t-2 toxin, from fusarium sp., powder, >=98% (hplc)
ZBA ,
mycotoxin t-2
4-beta,15-diacetoxy-8-alpha-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-3-alpha-hydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene
isaritoxin
einecs 244-297-7
toxin t2
trichothec-9-ene-3-alpha,4-beta,8-alpha,15-tetrol, 12,13-epoxy-, 4,15-diacetate 8-isovalerate
3alpha-hydroxy-4beta-15-diacetoxy-8alpha-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-12,13-epoxy-delta9-tricothecene
12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-3alpha,4beta,8alpha,15-tetrol, 4,15-diacetate 8-isovalerate
hsdb 3544
3-hydroxy-4,15-diacetoxy-8-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-12,13-epoxy-delta(sup 9)-trichothecene
8alpha-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-4beta,15-diacetoxyscirp-9-en-3alpha-ol
(3alpha,4beta,8alpha)-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-3,4,8,15-tetrol 4,15-diacetate 8-(3-methylbutyrate)
12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-3-alpha,4-beta,8-alpha,15-tetrol 4,15-diacetate 8-isovalerate
8-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-diacetoxyscirpenol
4,15-diacetoxy-8-(3-methylbutyryloxy)scirp-9-en-3-ol
4,15-diacetoxy-8-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-12,13-epoxy-delta-9-trichothecen-3-ol
fusariotoxine t2
t(sub 2)-trichothecene
trichothec-9-ene-3alpha,4beta,8alpha,15-tetrol, 12,13-epoxy-, 4,15-diacetate 8-isovalerate
trichothec-9-ene-3,4,8,15-tetrol, 12,13-epoxy-, 4,15-diacetate 8-(3-methylbutanoate), (3alpha,4beta,8alpha)-
t2-trichothecene
ccris 3456
12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-3,4,8,15-tetrol 4,15-diacetate 8-(3-methylbutanoate)
12,13-trichothecene
3-hydroxy-4,15-diacetoxy-8-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-12,13-epoxy-delta-9-trichothecene
t2 toxin
CHEMBL152423
t 2 mycotoxin
t-2 lienomycin
i3fl5nm3mo ,
unii-i3fl5nm3mo
SCHEMBL7536392
4.beta.,15-diacetoxy-8.alpha.-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-3.alpha.-ol
t-2 toxin [hsdb]
t-2 toxin [mi]
t2-trichothecene [iarc]
fusariotoxin t-2
CHEBI:9381
(3alpha,4beta,8alpha)-12,13-epoxy-4,15-diacetate 8-(3-methylbutanoate)trichothec-9-ene-3,4,8,15-tetrol
4beta,15-diacetoxy-3alpha-hydroxy-8alpha-(3-methylbutyryloxy)-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene
4beta,15-bis(acetyloxy)-3alpha-hydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8alpha-yl 3-methylbutanoate
DTXSID6021298
t-2 toxin, >=98.0% (tlc)
t-2 toxin, reference material
fusariotoxin t 2; insariotoxin; t-2 mycotoxin
(2alpha,3alpha,4beta,8alpha)-4,15-bis(acetyloxy)-3-hydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-yl 3-methylbutanoate
Q63392226
t-2 toxin 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
BT162749
butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, (3.alpha.,4.beta.,8.alpha.,12.alpha.)-4,15-bis(acetyloxy)-12,13-epoxy-3-hydroxytrichothec-9-en-8-yl ester

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic and common trichothecene mycotoxins. It can cause various cardiovascular diseases.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These findings indicate that HSCAS can diminish many of the adverse effects of dietary AF in the chicken, but it has no effect on T-2 toxicity."	( Efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin. Corrier, DE; Harvey, RB; Huff, WE; Kubena, LF; Phillips, TD; Rottinghaus, GE, 1990)	0.28
" Of the eight toxins, 4,15-DAS was the most toxic in the three assays, 3-MAS was the least toxic in brine shrimp and dermal assays, and 3,4-DAS was the least toxic in the chick assay."	( Comparative toxicity of scirpentriol and its acetylated derivatives. Hamilton, PB; Richardson, KE, 1990)	0.28
" biologic toxin, whose very toxic nature precludes its use as the immunogen."	( Monoclonal anti-idiotype induces protection against the cytotoxicity of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2. Chanh, TC; Hewetson, JF; Rappocciolo, G, 1990)	0.28
" Experiments were performed in rats to examine the effect on anguidine lethality of treatment with several agents that alter gut function or toxic effects of other chemicals in the gut."	( Reduction of anguidine toxicity in rats by atropine and methylatropine. Conner, BH; Conner, MW; Malarkey, DE; Newberne, PM; Rogers, AE, 1989)	0.28
"T-2 toxin has been found previously to be markedly more toxic upon intracerebral than upon systemic administration."	( Comparison of the toxicity of two trichothecenes applied topically to brain and liver of rats. Bergmann, F; Yagen, B; Yarom, R, 1989)	0.28
" Implants of the last compound were the least toxic in the present series of trichothecenes; its LD50 value was nearly ten times higher than that of T-2 toxin."	( Cerebral toxicity of the trichothecene toxin T-2, of the products of its hydrolysis and of some related toxins. Bergmann, F; Soffer, D; Yagen, B, 1988)	0.27
" These findings suggest that the action site(s) of steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is involved in the development of the toxic actions of T-2 toxin, and the implications of the results with bioamines and opioids are also discussed."	( Effects of drugs and metabolic inhibitors on the acute toxicity of T-2 toxin in mice. Ryu, JC; Shiraki, N; Ueno, Y, 1987)	0.27
"Moderate clinical, biochemical and hematologic signs of intoxication were observed in mice after single administration of HT-2 toxin (deacetylated derivative of T-2 toxin) in LD50 of 12."	( [The enzymes of the metabolism of exogenous compounds in the comparative assessment of the toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins]. Kranauskas, AE; Kravchenko, LV; Levitskaia, AB, 1986)	0.27
" The LCt50 was 5749 mg min m-3 and the subcutaneous LD50 1-2 mg kg-1."	( Acute toxicity of T2 mycotoxin to the guinea-pig by inhalation and subcutaneous routes. Edginton, JA; Marrs, TC; Price, PN; Upshall, DG, 1986)	0.27
"The subacute toxic effects of dietary T-2 toxin were compared in young male Wistar rats, young male Swiss mice and juvenile Swiss mice."	( Comparative toxicity of dietary T-2 toxin in rats and mice. Hayes, MA; Schiefer, HB, 1982)	0.26
" These results indicated that young mice were susceptible to both the irritant and the hematopoietic-suppressive toxic effects of dietary T-2 toxin."	( Subacute toxicity of dietary T-2 toxin in mice: morphological and hematological effects. Bellamy, JE; Hayes, MA; Schiefer, HB, 1980)	0.26
"The subacute toxic effects of dietary T-2 toxin (20 ppm) incorporated in semipurified diets of 8%, 12% or 16% protein, were examined in young Swiss mice after one, two, three and four weeks."	( Subacute toxicity of Dietary T-2 toxin in mice: influence of protein nutrition. Hayes, MA; Schiefer, HB, 1980)	0.26
" This leukopenic change of animals is reported as a characteristic feature in the best known human disorder: Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (ATA)."	( In vitro toxicity of trichothecenes on rat haematopoietic progenitors. Parent-Massin, D; Thouvenot, D, )	0.13
" At the same toxin concentrations used in the BrdU bioassay, only T-2 and HT-2 were toxic enough to obtain IC50 values using the MTT bioassay."	( Cytotoxicity of four trichothecenes evaluated by three colorimetric bioassays. Lindberg, JE; Lundh, T; Pettersson, H; Widestrand, J, 1999)	0.3
"1% concentrate of food indoles (indole-3-carbinole and ascorbigen) for 3 weeks increased activity of phases I and II xenobiotic metabolism enzymes in the liver and intestinal mucosa and weakened the toxic effects of trichothecene T-2 mycotoxin."	( Effect of nutritional indoles on activity of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes and T-2 toxicity in rats. Avren'eva, LI; Guseva, GV; Kravchenko, LV; Posdnyakov, AL; Tutel'yan, VA, 2001)	0.31
"T-2 toxin, one of the major toxic trichothecene mycotoxines, has been shown to cause effects such as inhibition of protein synthesis and impairement of mitochondrial function."	( Preventive effect of selenium on T-2 toxin membrane toxicity. Balali, M; Keshavarz, SA; Memarbashi, A, 2001)	0.31
" Birds fed both toxins showed toxic additive effects, and no protection of any adsorbent was observed."	( Evaluation of two mycotoxin binders to reduce toxicity of broiler diets containing ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin contaminated grain. Avila, E; García, AR; Petrone, VM; Rosiles, R, )	0.13
" The results of this study demonstrate that these two toxins interacted to produce alterations in the toxic responses generally classifiable as additive; however, a synergistic interaction was noted in the case of BEAS-2B."	( Comparative acute and combinative toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin in animals and immortalized human cell lines. Billam, M; Kendall, RJ; McKean, C; Tang, L; Tang, M; Theodorakis, CW; Wang, JS, )	0.13
" This study indicates that enniatins, fungal metabolites that are commonly found in grain in Northern Europe, may have an underestimated toxic potential."	( Cytotoxicity of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2 and B3 from Fusarium avenaceum. Eriksen, GS; Ivanova, L; Skjerve, E; Uhlig, S, 2006)	0.33
" It is considered to be a major causative agent in fatal alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) in humans."	( Cytotoxicity and related effects of T-2 toxin on cultured Vero cells. Abid-Essefi, S; Bacha, H; Bouaziz, C; Bouslimi, A; El Golli, E, 2006)	0.33
"T-2 toxin is the most toxic type A trichothecene mycotoxin."	( T-2 toxin: incidence and toxicity in poultry. Garaj-Vrhovac, V; Simpraga, B; Sokolović, M, 2008)	0.35
" Several acute and chronic toxic effects were observed in humans after consumption of contaminated food."	( Metabolism and cytotoxic effects of T-2 toxin and its metabolites on human cells in primary culture. Gekle, M; Humpf, HU; Königs, M; Mulac, D; Schwerdt, G, 2009)	0.35
" In conclusion, these findings indicated that T-2 toxin presented toxic effects on reproductive system of adult male mice."	( Toxic effects of T-2 toxin on reproductive system in male mice. Feng, SY; Jing, AH; Kong, XF; Li, YX; Liang, AM; Ma, KW; Qiao, XL; Yang, JY; Zhang, YF, 2010)	0.36
" Once the potential interaction has been detected, a quantitative assessment is necessary to ensure and characterize these interactions, that is, each mycotoxin contributes to the toxic effect in accord with its own potency."	( Cytotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mammalian kidney cells. Font, G; Juan-García, A; Macáková, P; Ruiz, MJ, 2011)	0.37
"66 mg/kg) did not cause any significant adverse effect, and no feed refusal was observed."	( Effect of chronic T-2 toxin exposure in rabbit bucks, determination of the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). Balogh, K; Bloch-Bodnár, Z; Cseh, S; Kovács, M; Mándoki, M; Matics, Z; Mézes, M; Rajli, V; Rusvai, M; Tornyos, G, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, the intestinal toxicity of enniatin B1 (ENN) alone and mixed with the most toxic trichothecene T-2 toxin (T2) was characterized by using two biological models from pig, the most sensitive species: the intestinal cell line IPEC1 (in vitro exposure) and jejunal explants (ex vivo exposure)."	( The emerging mycotoxin, enniatin B1, down-modulates the gastrointestinal toxicity of T-2 toxin in vitro on intestinal epithelial cells and ex vivo on intestinal explants. Alassane-Kpembi, I; Borin, C; Kolf-Clauw, M; Lucioli, J; Lyazhri, F; Oswald, IP; Rubira-Gerez, J; Sassahara, M, 2013)	0.39
"Trichothecenes, a major class of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys species, are toxic to both plants and mammals."	( Cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. Abbas, HK; Shier, WT; Yoshizawa, T, 2013)	0.39
" Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the toxin at 4-6 hours post fertilization (hpf) stage of development, and were observed for different developmental toxic effects at 24, 48, 72, and 144 hpf."	( T-2 toxin induces developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. Huang, L; Peng, S; Wang, Y; Yuan, G; Yuan, X; Zhang, T; Zhao, J, 2014)	0.4
" Our work provided a comprehensive insight into T-2 toxicity and revealed the great potential of metabonomics in assessing the impact of a toxic compound."	( The toxicity of acute exposure to T-2 toxin evaluated by the metabonomics technique. He, Q; Tang, H; Wan, Q; Wang, Y; Wu, G, 2015)	0.42
"T-2 toxin is one of the type A trichothecene mycotoxins that is considered to be the most toxic of the trichothecenes."	( Toxic effects of HT-2 toxin on mouse oocytes and its possible mechanisms. Duan, X; Han, J; Sun, SC; Zhang, Y; Zhu, CC, 2016)	0.43
"T-2 toxin is a highly toxic mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium species, mainly, Fusarium sporotrichoides, and has been reported to have toxic effects on reproductive system of adult male animals."	( T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity and damage on TM3 Leydig cells. Matias, FB; Wu, J; Yi, JE; Yuan, Z, )	0.13
"To explore the toxic mechanism of T-2 toxin on Leydig cells of mice, we would investigate the toxicity and oxidative stress induced by T-2 toxin in the cells."	( Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by T-2 toxin in cultured mouse Leydig cells. Li, YK; Yang, JY; Zhang, YF; Zhou, W, 2017)	0.46
" However, the application of DL-Selenomethionine into T-2/HT-2 treated hepatocytes effectively alleviated the adverse effects of T-2/HT-2, as demonstrated by increased cell viability, decreased LDH leakage, declined intracellular ROS and MDA levels, increased expression of oxidative stress-related genes, as well as accordingly enhanced activities of GSH, GSH-PX, SOD and CAT as compared to the control groups (P < 0."	( The protective effects of DL-Selenomethionine against T-2/HT-2 toxins-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in broiler hepatocytes. Deng, Z; Guo, S; Hu, Y; Li, Y; Liu, T; Liu, W; Tan, L; Tu, D; Wang, A; Wang, N; Yang, L; Zhan, Y, 2019)	0.51
"T-2 toxin is a secondary metabolite produced by the Fusarium genus and is highly toxic to both farmed animals and humans."	( Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor regulates chicken cytochrome P450 1A5 transcription: A novel insight into T-2 toxin-induced gene expression and cytotoxicity in LMH cells. Deng, Y; Jiang, J; Liu, Q; Wen, J; Zhang, T; Zhu, J, 2019)	0.51
" T-2 toxin is one of the most common and toxic trichothecene mycotoxins."	( T-2 toxin neurotoxicity: role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Dai, C; Hoyer, D; Shen, J; Sun, F; Tang, S; Velkov, T; Xiao, X; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin and is highly toxic to aquatic animals, but little is known on its toxic effect in crustaceans."	( T-2 toxin in the diet suppresses growth and induces immunotoxicity in juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Bu, X; Chen, L; Lin, Z; Qi, C; Qin, JG; Wang, C; Wang, X; Xiao, S, 2020)	0.56
"T-2 toxin, an inevitable environmental pollutant, is the most toxic type A trichothecene mycotoxin."	( Review of the Reproductive Toxicity of T-2 Toxin. Cui, Y; Huang, W; Li, Y; Liu, M; Liu, P; Song, M; Xiao, B; Yang, X, 2020)	0.56
"T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic trichothecenes and harmful to human health and animal husbandry."	( T-2 toxin cytotoxicity mediated by directly perturbing mitochondria in human gastric epithelium GES-1 cells. Chen, XP; Fan, XX; Liu, CL; Ma, YC; Su, N, 2020)	0.56
"T-2 toxin, one of the most toxic mycotoxins, is commonly presented along with its metabolites, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol (NEO), T-2 triol, and T-2 tetraol in foodstuff and feed."	( Individual and combined cytotoxic effects of T-2 toxin and its four metabolites on porcine Leydig cells. Guo, W; Ling, A; Sun, L; Sun, S; Yang, J; Zhao, Z, 2020)	0.56
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to low concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and patulin (PAT) in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) exerts toxic effects through mechanisms related to oxidative stress, and how cells deal with such exposure."	( Does low concentration mycotoxin exposure induce toxicity in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress? Diana, MN; Juan-García, A; Pigni, MC; Ruiz, MJ; Taroncher, M, 2020)	0.56
"T-2 toxin is the most toxic trichothecene mycotoxin, and it exerts potent toxic effects, including immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity."	( An update on T-2 toxin and its modified forms: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism, and human exposure assessment. Chrienova, Z; Kuca, K; Liu, A; Musilek, K; Nepovimova, E; Oleksak, P; Qin, Z; Wang, X; Wu, Q; Wu, W; You, L; Zhao, Y, 2020)	0.56
" The elimination effect of MG-81 isolate on mycotoxin damage in dried fish was evaluated by the toxin concentration at different time and its toxic effect on mice."	( [Toxic effects of AFB_1/T-2 toxin and intervention effects of Meyerozyma guilliermondii in dried Lutjanus erythopterus on mice]. Huang, W; Sun, L; Tao, S; Wang, Y; Ye, L; Zhang, W, 2020)	0.56
" Since liver and kidneys were possible toxic targets of both T-2 toxin and ACR, this study assessed whether combined exposure could increase hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity using both cell cultures and animal models."	( The combination of T-2 toxin and acrylamide synergistically induces hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity via the activation of oxidative stress and the mitochondrial pathway. Fan, L; Hou, L; Hu, H; Liu, S; Yin, S; Zhao, C, 2021)	0.62
" The objective of the present study was to investigate the toxic effects of T-2 toxin and the reversal effect of BA on porcine kidney (PK-15) cells."	( Betulinic acid attenuates T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity in porcine kidney cells by blocking oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Li, R; Li, X; Liu, S; Liu, X; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, L; Zhu, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The aim of the current study was to use porcine Leydig cells as a model to explore the toxic effects and underlying mechanisms of ZEN, DON and T-2."	( Comparative Cytotoxic Effects and Possible Mechanisms of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and T-2 Toxin Exposure to Porcine Leydig Cells In Vitro. Dai, J; Sun, L; Xu, J; Yang, J; Zhang, D, 2022)	0.72
"T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic and common trichothecene mycotoxins, and can cause various cardiovascular diseases."	( T-2 toxin and its cardiotoxicity: New insights on the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Dai, C; Das Gupta, S; Jiang, H; Shen, J; Velkov, T; Wang, Z, 2022)	0.72
"The T-2 toxin is a highly toxic trichothecene mycotoxin that would cause serious toxicity in humans and animals."	( NRF2/PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Guo, J; He, J; Jin, H; Liu, Q; Pang, Y; Peng, H; Su, X; Zhang, L; Zhao, J, 2022)	0.72
" The toxic effects of T-2 on poultry include cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, metabolism modulation, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, skeletal toxicity, nephrotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, etc."	( Toxicity and detoxification of T-2 toxin in poultry. Ding, Q; Han, L; Huang, JC; Li, C; Li, SJ; Wu, F; Xue, B; Yang, C; Zhang, G, 2022)	0.72
" As the most toxic trichothecenes, T-2 toxin causes severe damage to multiple organs, especially to liver."	( T-2 toxin metabolism and its hepatotoxicity: New insights on the molecular mechanism and detoxification. Chen, F; Chen, Y; Huang, T; Jiang, Y; Liu, Y; Song, W; Wang, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, C, 2023)	0.91
" To explore the toxic effects and mechanisms of these changes in mycotoxins, this paper summarizes the changes in DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, RNA and histone modification induced by several common mycotoxins (zearalenone, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, etc."	( Role of epigenetics in mycotoxin toxicity: A review. Cai, J; Chen, J; He, Z; Li, L; Long, M; Shi, Y; Sun, H; Yuan, B, 2023)	0.91
" T-2 toxin is known to be highly toxic to the cardiovascular system, but the precise mechanisms that lead to T-2 toxin-induced cardiotoxicity are not yet fully understood."	( T-2 toxin induces cardiotoxicity by activating ferroptosis and inhibiting heme oxygenase-1. Guo, J; He, J; Jin, H; Peng, S; Wang, C; Xiao, H; Xie, J; Zhang, L, 2023)	0.91
"Trichothecene mycotoxins, toxic natural products of fungi from the family Hypocreaceae, are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis."	( 3D QSAR study of the toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins. Lin, A; Rodarte, CB; Steinmetz, WE, 2009)	0.35

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic application of this GLC method is illustrated by simultaneous monitoring of T-2 and HT-2 toxins levels in plasma. A new routine assay for T- 2 tetraol was developed and a pharmacokinetics study was carried out on this final hydrolytic metabolite.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" A new routine assay for T-2 tetraol was developed and a pharmacokinetic study was carried out on this final hydrolytic metabolite of T-2 toxin."	( Pharmacokinetics of T-2 tetraol, a urinary metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin, in dog. Bialer, M; Sintov, A; Yagen, B, 1987)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic application of this GLC method is illustrated by simultaneous monitoring of T-2 and HT-2 toxins levels in plasma obtained after intravenous administration of T-2 toxin to a dog."	( Gas chromatographic assay with pharmacokinetic applications for monitoring T-2 and HT-2 toxins in plasma. Bialer, M; Sintov, A; Yagen, B, 1985)	0.27
" A flow-limited physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for lifetime exposure assessment in chickens."	( Assessing Global Human Exposure to T-2 Toxin via Poultry Meat Consumption Using a Lifetime Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Cheng, YH; Fang, B; Li, M; Lin, Z; Sun, Y; Zeng, D; Zeng, Z, 2019)	0.51

Compound-Compound Interactions

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of A-trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxins combined with insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the release of steroid hormone progesterone (P4) by porcine ovarian granulosa cells.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The purpose of this study was to observe early lesions of rat epiphyseal plates and metaphysis caused by T-2 toxin and T-2 toxin combined with a low nutrition diet to determine possible pathogenic factors of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD)."	( Study on the effect of T-2 toxin combined with low nutrition diet on rat epiphyseal plate growth and development. Kang, PD; Li, XB; Pei, FX; Shen, B; Yang, J; Yao, YF; Zhou, ZK, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this study was to examine the effect of A-trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxins combined with insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the release of steroid hormone progesterone (P4) by porcine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs)."	( T-2 toxin and its metabolite HT-2 toxin combined with insulin-like growth factor-I modify progesterone secretion by porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Bulla, J; Kadasi, A; Kolesarova, A; Maruniakova, N; Sirotkin, AV, 2014)	0.4
"Assessment of A-trichothecene mycotoxins (T-2 and HT-2 toxins) effect combined with growth factor IGF-I, and the metabolic hormones leptin and ghrelin on progesterone secretion by rabbit ovarian fragments was studied."	( Assessment of T-2 toxin effect and its metabolite HT-2 toxin combined with insulin-like growth factor I, leptin and ghrelin on progesterone secretion by rabbit ovarian fragments. Bulla, J; Ferreira, AM; Kadasi, A; Kolesarova, A; Leśniak, A; Maruniakova, N; Sirotkin, AV, 2015)	0.42

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Upon further investigation, it was observed that T-2 increased the absorption rate of endotoxin: as the peak height of serum endotoxin increased, the time-to-peak decreased, and the area under the curve was unchanged in animals treated simultaneously with T-2 and endotoxin."	( Increased endotoxin sensitivity following T-2 toxin treatment is associated with increased absorption of endotoxin. Frayssinet, C; Lafarge-Frayssinet, C; Luster, MI; Taylor, MJ, 1991)	0.28
" Following oral administration, the absolute bioavailability of verrucarol was 44 +/- 33%, and its terminal half-life was similar to that obtained after iv administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of the trichothecene mycotoxin verrucarol in dogs. Barel, S; Bialer, M; Yagen, B, 1990)	0.28
" administration corresponds to the absorption rate constant of the toxin due to the flip-flop phenomenon."	( Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, in dogs. Bialer, M; Sintov, A; Yagen, B, 1988)	0.27
" It is the aim of the present study to determine whether mycotoxin-contaminated diets can alter the oral bioavailability of the antibiotics doxycycline and paromomycin in pigs, and whether a mycotoxin adsorbing agent included into diets interacts with those antibiotics."	( Influence of mycotoxins and a mycotoxin adsorbing agent on the oral bioavailability of commonly used antibiotics in pigs. Audenaert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M; Eeckhout, M; Goossens, J; Haesaert, G; Haesebrouck, F; Osselaere, A; Pasmans, F; Vandenbroucke, V; Verbrugghe, E, 2012)	0.38
" Little information is available on the absolute oral bioavailability and the toxicokinetic parameters of deoxynivalenol, T-2 and zearalenone in broilers."	( Toxicokinetic study and absolute oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in broiler chickens. Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; Devreese, M; Goossens, J; Osselaere, A; Vandenbroucke, V, 2013)	0.39
" T-2 toxin had a low absolute oral bioavailability (17."	( Toxicokinetics of T-2 toxin and its major metabolites in broiler chickens after intravenous and oral administration. Fang, BH; Liu, YJ; Shi, SN; Sun, YX; Xu, LX; Yao, X; Zhang, GJ, 2015)	0.42
" In vitro digestion models turn useful for evaluating mycotoxins bioaccessibility during the intestinal transit and can be intended as a valuable tool for the assessment of mycotoxin bioavailability in food."	( Assessment of toxic potential of mycotoxin contaminated bread during in vitro human digestion on human B lymphoid cell line. Angelis, ED; Garbetta, A; Minervini, F; Monaci, L; Visconti, A, 2015)	0.42
"Due to the lack of information on bioavailability and toxicity of modified mycotoxins, current risk assessment on these modified forms assumes an identical toxicity of the modified form to their respective unmodified counterparts."	( T-2 Toxin-3α-glucoside in Broiler Chickens: Toxicokinetics, Absolute Oral Bioavailability, and in Vivo Hydrolysis. Broekaert, N; Croubels, S; De Boevre, M; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M, 2017)	0.46

Dosage Studied

T-2 produces inhibition of active sodium transport in a dose-response correlation. At higher dosage of T-2 toxin (4 ng/ml for 6 days) the cultured epithelium became necrotic.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Plant estrogens and F-2 toxin were applicated at three and estradiol-benzoate at two dosage levels."	( Combined action of plant estrogens, F-2 toxin and natural estrogens. Kallela, K, 1978)	0.26
" In single dosed birds, the maximum radioactivity in eggs occurred at 24 hr after dosing; the yolk and white contained ."	( Transmission of radioactivity into eggs from laying hens (Gallus domesticus) administered tritium labeled T-2 toxin. Behrens, JC; Chi, MS; Mirocha, CJ; Robison, TS; Shimoda, W, 1978)	0.26
" When given 24 h before 1 or 2 LD50 of T-2 toxin (5 or 10 mg/kg), the antibodies decreased the mortality from 67% to 37%, or from 100% to 83% respectively with an optimal antibody dosage of 100 mg/kg."	( [Paradoxic effect of anti-T-2 toxin antibodies in the curative treatment of acute poisoning in mice]. Condemine, F; Falconnet, JB; Vidal, DR, 1990)	0.28
" In mice pre-transplanted with EL-4 cells, T-2-mAb increased the mean survival time (MST) with a direct dosage dependence."	( Antitumor activity of T-2 toxin-conjugated monoclonal antibody to murine thymoma. Chiba, J; Kawamura, O; Murakami, H; Ohi, K; Ohtani, K; Otokawa, M; Shibuya, O; Ueno, Y, 1990)	0.28
" These results are attributed to the lesser degree of circulatory impairment in the low T-2 toxin dosage group, which allows a higher amount of T-2 toxin to interact with the cells."	( Cytophotometric assessment of granulosa cell protein and nucleic acid levels during the estrous cycle in rats treated with T-2 toxin. Anthony, A; Ballough, GP; Miller-Patrick, K; Wickersham, EW, 1988)	0.27
" T-2 toxin produces inhibition of active sodium transport in a dose-response correlation."	( The effect of T-2 toxin on active sodium transport across frog skin in the presence of ADH and amphotericin B. Angiolillo, D; Barbarossa, L; Bottalico, A; Gallucci, E; Micelli, S, 1989)	0.28
" Association of tetraol with CHO was of low specificity, but the specific fraction did correlate with the dose-response curve for protein synthesis inhibition."	( Differential association of T-2 and T-2 tetraol with mammalian cells. Leatherman, DL; Middlebrook, JL, 1989)	0.28
" The immunotoxic effect of T-2 toxin on cell-mediated resistance to listeriosis was dosage dependent and attributed to toxin induced lymphoid depletion and the failure of surviving lymphocytes and mononuclear cells to clear the host of infection."	( Immunotoxic effects of T-2 mycotoxin on cell-mediated resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Corrier, DE; Ziprin, RL, 1987)	0.27
" Mice were given T-2 toxin intragastrically either at the rate of 2 mg of toxin/kg of body weight daily for 5 days or a single dosage of 4 mg of toxin/kg and were inoculated SC with tumor cells 1 or 2 days after administration of toxin."	( Effects of T-2 mycotoxin on tumor susceptibility in mice. Corrier, DE; Norman, JO, 1988)	0.27
" These results indicate the variable effects a cytotoxic agent can have on lymphoid cells and that dosage is an important parameter for these effects."	( Suppressive and enhancing effect of T-2 toxin on murine lymphocyte activation and interleukin 2 production. Corrier, DE; DeLoach, JR; Holt, PS, 1988)	0.27
" There was an extensive metabolic degradation of T-2 toxin, the metabolite pattern being similar for the two dosage levels."	( Metabolism of T-2 toxin in vascularly autoperfused jejunal loops of rats. Amselgruber, W; Conrady-Lorck, S; Feng, XC; Fichtl, B; Forth, W; Gareis, M, 1988)	0.27
" There are definite dose-effect relationships within a certain range of dosage of T-2 toxin in experiments with both human peripheral blood lymphocytes and V79 cells."	( Induction of chromosome aberrations by fusarium T-2 toxin in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes and Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Gao, Y; Hsia, CC; Tzian, BL; Wu, JL, 1986)	0.27
"0 mg/kg dosage of T-2 toxin on cell-mediated resistance was studied in mice inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes."	( Modulation of cell-mediated resistance to listeriosis in mice given T-2 toxin. Corrier, DE; Mollenhauer, HH; Ziprin, RL, 1987)	0.27
" Lymph nodes were more severely affected in the decedents among the animals dosed with T2 by the subcutaneous route."	( Acute toxicity of T2 mycotoxin to the guinea-pig by inhalation and subcutaneous routes. Edginton, JA; Marrs, TC; Price, PN; Upshall, DG, 1986)	0.27
" The epidermal surfaces were dosed with [3H]T-2 dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)."	( Evaluation of monkey skin as a model for in vitro percutaneous penetration and metabolism of [3H]T-2 toxin in human skin. Hoerr, FJ; Joyave, J; Kemppainen, BW; Pace, JG; Riley, RT, 1986)	0.27
" Rats were then orally dosed with [3H] T-2 toxin and urine and feces were collected for 21 hours after which all animals were killed and tissues excised."	( Effect of diet on T-2 toxicosis. Carson, MS; Smith, TK, 1984)	0.27
" The propionic-acid dosage sufficient for the inhibition of the inoculated fungi was lower than that recommended in the literature for large-scale treatment of corn."	( [Propionic acid preservation of corn following inoculation with molds and yeasts]. Müller, HM; Thaler, M, 1981)	0.26
"5 or 20% alfalfa for 2 weeks and then dosed orally with [3H]T-2 toxin."	( Effect of feeding alfalfa and refined plant fibers on the toxicity and metabolism of T-2 toxin in rats. Carson, MS; Smith, TK, 1983)	0.27
" To simulate the conditions which occur when agricultural workers are exposed to corn dust contaminated with T-2 toxin, the epidermal surface of each skin preparation was dosed with [3H]T-2 toxin adsorbed onto corn dust."	( Penetration of [3H]T-2 toxin through excised human and guinea-pig skin during exposure to [3H]T-2 toxin adsorbed to corn dust. Kemppainen, BW; Pace, JG; Riley, RT, 1984)	0.27
"5 or 10% bentonite for 2 wk and then dosed with [3H] T-2 toxin."	( Role of bentonite in prevention of T-2 toxicosis in rats. Carson, MS; Smith, TK, 1983)	0.27
" At higher dosage of T-2 toxin (4 ng/ml for 6 days) the cultured epithelium became necrotic."	( Proliferative and cytotoxic effects of Fusarium T2 toxin on cultured human fetal esophagus. Harris, CC; Hsia, CC; Tzian, BL, 1983)	0.27
" Thymic atrophy on the 2nd day following cessation of dosing was profound, and was characterized by significant decreases in the total number of cells within all phenotypes defined by CD4 and CD8 cell-surface antigen expression."	( Hematopoietic alterations after exposure to T-2 mycotoxin. Blaylock, BL; Holladay, SD; Smith, BJ, 1994)	0.29
" In general, overall similarities in the relative sensitivity of lymphoblastogenesis were obtained when the human dose-response curves were compared to the rodent response curves."	( Comparative effects of immunotoxic chemicals on in vitro proliferative responses of human and rodent lymphocytes. Lang, DS; Luster, MI; Meier, KL, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response curves for these two effects were nearly identical."	( Effect of emetine on T-2 toxin-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in mammalian cells. Leatherman, DL; Middlebrook, JL, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response studies showed a 44% reduction in ear swelling with 30 ng of T-2 toxin as compared with a similar reduction with 300 ng of dexamethasone."	( Topical application of T-2 toxin inhibits the contact hypersensitivity response in BALB/c mice. Blaylock, BL; Comment, CE; Kouchi, Y; Luster, MI; Pollock, PL, 1993)	0.29
" Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of PI-stained thymocytes from animals dosed with T-2 toxin revealed the formation of apoptotic cells."	( T-2 toxin induces thymic apoptosis in vivo in mice. Islam, Z; Nagase, M; Sakato, N; Yamauchi, K; Yoshizawa, T, 1998)	0.3
" The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) reduced the TSP protection against HD regardless of the order of application on rabbit skin prior to dosing of HD."	( Efficacy of the topical skin protectant in advanced development. Hayes, TL; Liu, DK; Snider, TH; Wannemacher, RW, 1999)	0.3
" In Experiment 1, adult quail were orally dosed with T-2 toxin to determine the lethal dose that resulted in 50% mortality of the affected population (LD50), and that dose was determined to be 14."	( Determination of the acute 50% lethal dose T-2 toxin in adult bobwhite quail: additional studies on the effect of T-2 mycotoxin on blood chemistry and the morphology of internal organs. Grizzle, JM; Houston, AE; Kersten, DB; McCracken, MD; Saxton, AM, )	0.13
" The impact of T2 on the dose-response to IGF-I (0, 3, 10 and 30 ng/mL) was also evaluated; T2 blunted the stimulatory effect of 3-30 ng/mL of IGF-I on steroid production and cell proliferation."	( Effects of a trichothecene, T-2 toxin, on proliferation and steroid production by porcine granulosa cells. Caloni, F; Cremonesi, F; Ranzenigo, G; Spicer, LJ, 2009)	0.35
" Furthermore, the decrease was due to the increase in the dosage of T-2 toxin."	( Effects of T-2 toxin on testosterone biosynthesis in mouse Leydig cells. Gong, Q; Jing, A; Ma, K; Qin, C; Yang, J; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" GT1-7 cells were treated with low doses of T-2 toxin in dose-response assays, with and without kisspeptins, and the levels of GnRH were quantified in each treatment."	( Effects of low dose T-2 toxin on secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the immortalized hypothalamic GT1-7 cell line. Hua, C; Liu, Y; Peng, S; Wang, Y; Wu, R; Zhang, L; Zhao, J, 2015)	0.42
" Mycotoxins were dosed at varying concentrations to 11."	( The lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus removes and transforms Fusarium trichothecene mycotoxins during fermentation of brewer's wort. Gibson, B; Han, L; Jestoi, M; Laitila, A; Nathanail, AV; Ollilainen, V; Peltonen, K, 2016)	0.43
"The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the mycotoxin T-2 toxin in feed on muscle performance in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, evaluate indexes of physiological variables that indicate T-2 toxin contamination in the shrimp using the grey relational method, and determine the dose-response relationships between T-2 toxin and the indexes."	( Selection and Evaluation of Indexes Commonly Used to Determine Contamination with T-2 Toxin in Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei by the Grey Relational Method. Bi, S; Dai, Z; Gooneratne, R; Liu, Y; Lu, P; Sun, L; Wang, Y; Xu, D; Ye, R, 2017)	0.46
" A dose-response effect of the T-2 toxin was also observed."	( Single and Combined Effects of Short-Term Selenium Deficiency and T-2 Toxin-Induced Kidney Pathological Injury Through the MMPs/TIMPs System. Chilufya, MM; Deng, H; Guo, Z; Han, J; Lin, X; Liu, H; Liu, J; Qiao, L; Xiang, R; Xiao, X; Zhao, Y, 2023)	0.91
" MMDA supplementation significantly reduced the deposition of AFB1, T2-toxin and their metabolites in liver and kidneys at the maximum tolerated dosage (2 and 3 g/kg) indicating specific binding to AFB1 and T2-toxin in the digestive tract as compared to the corresponding diets without MMDA."	( Effects of supplemented multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent in laying hens fed aflatoxin B1 and T2-toxin contaminated feeds. Asrani, RK; Farkaš, H; Jakovčević, Z; Kumar, R; Raj, J; Vasiljević, M, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
mycotoxin	Poisonous substance produced by fungi.
cardiotoxic agent	A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the heart and cardiomyocytes.
neurotoxin	A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
environmental contaminant	Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
apoptosis inducer	Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
DNA synthesis inhibitor	Any substance that inhibits the synthesis of DNA.
fungal metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
trichothecene	Any one of a large family of chemically related mycotoxins with a structure based on a sesquiterpene skeleton. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are a 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxy or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain.
acetate ester	Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
organic heterotetracyclic compound
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
T-2 toxin biosynthesis	5	13
superpathway of trichothecene biosynthesis	23	41

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
ClpP	Bacillus subtilis	Potency	31.6228	1.9953	22.6730	39.8107	AID651965
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0231	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978; AID686979
Smad3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0065	0.0052	7.8098	29.0929	AID720534; AID720536; AID720537
67.9K protein	Vaccinia virus	Potency	3.4412	0.0001	8.4406	100.0000	AID720579; AID720580
IDH1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.2593	0.0052	10.8652	35.4813	AID686970
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	100.0000	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID540317
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0206	0.0041	9.9848	25.9290	AID504444
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.4917	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624296; AID624297
Vpr	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	Potency	5.6234	1.5849	19.6264	63.0957	AID651644
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.2202	1.9953	25.5327	50.1187	AID624287
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.7783	1.7783	16.2081	35.4813	AID652104
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
caspase recruitment domain family, member 15	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	49.7910	0.6215	4.0504	6.6330	AID651553
receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	49.7910	0.6215	4.0504	6.6330	AID651553
Beta lactamase (plasmid)	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	IC50 (µMol)	49.7910	0.7091	5.0549	7.7510	AID651552
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasis	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucagon stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA processing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA splicing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcription	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane organization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase activator activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
pre-mRNA intronic binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activity	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
perichromatin fibrils	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speck	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
interchromatin granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID399153	Toxicity in Triticum aestivum assessed as inhibition of coleoptiles growth at 0.01 mM
AID1090743	Phytotoxicity against Arabidopsis thaliana Col-4 leaves assessed as induction of leaf death after 7 weeks post compound application by detached leaf assay	2007	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Structure-activity relationships of trichothecene toxins in an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf assay.
AID399150	Dermal toxicity in rabbit skin
AID382881	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells by MTT assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Structure and conformational dynamics of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID399152	Toxicity in Triticum aestivum assessed as inhibition of coleoptiles growth at 0.1 mM
AID399149	Acute toxicity in orally dosed day-old chicks
AID467617	Cytotoxicity against yeast cells assessed as logarithm of ratio of toxicity of test compound to Tetraol	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	3D QSAR study of the toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID399274	Toxicity in mouse assessed as 50% inhibition of protein synthesis
AID399275	Skin toxicity in mouse
AID382882	Toxicity in ip dosed mouse	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Structure and conformational dynamics of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID338743	Cytotoxicity against syrian golden hamster BHK21 cells after 24 hrs
AID99523	Cytotoxicity, assayed on L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	Structure-activity studies of trichothecenes: cytotoxicity of analogues and reaction products derived from T-2 toxin and neosolaniol.
AID382883	Toxicity in mouse CD4+ T cells assessed as induction of IL5 at 1.0 ng/ml	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Structure and conformational dynamics of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID399273	Toxicity in mouse
AID467615	Cytotoxicity against yeast cells relative to Tetraol	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	3D QSAR study of the toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID382884	Toxicity in ip dosed mouse relative to roridin A	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Structure and conformational dynamics of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AID399151	Toxicity in Triticum aestivum assessed as inhibition of coleoptiles growth at 1 mM
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	413 (32.60)	18.7374
1990's	164 (12.94)	18.2507
2000's	153 (12.08)	29.6817
2010's	353 (27.86)	24.3611
2020's	184 (14.52)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	13 (0.97%)	5.53%
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	50 (3.72%)	6.00%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1 (0.07%)	4.05%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	1,281 (95.24%)	84.16%
Other	6 (100.00%)	84.16%
Other	7 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
adenine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	1.96	1	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
carnitine [no description available]	7.44	2	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.13	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	1.97	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.38	2	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.47	8	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	6.97	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	1.97	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydroquinone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	3.79	3	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.91	4	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	7.45	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.11	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	1.97	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	1.98	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.05	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.4	2	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.41	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	7.6	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	1.96	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	1.97	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	1.96	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.38	2	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	2	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
caffeine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.67	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.21	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.67	3	0
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	1.97	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	1.96	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydroxyurea [no description available]	6.95	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.05	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
3-phenyllactic acid 3-phenyllactic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-phenyllactic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.25	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2	1	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	1.97	1	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	4.63	8	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	7.37	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	1.96	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	6.97	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.37	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.96	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
corticosterone [no description available]	2.38	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.66	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
thymidine [no description available]	3.35	7	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.08	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.08	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	6.95	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	1.96	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	1.97	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.41	2	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	1.97	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.66	3	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.41	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.05	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	8.47	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	1.95	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	1.97	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	8.58	9	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.25	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.44	2	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
mannitol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.88	4	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	3.31	5	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	1.97	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.93	4	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.37	2	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	1.96	1	0
acrylamide [no description available]	7.63	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	1.95	1	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.6	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	1.98	1	0	xanthene
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.67	3	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	1.96	1	0	phosphonic ester
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.15	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.17	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
2-methylbutanoic acid 2-methylbutanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2-methylbutyric acid : A methylbutyric acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a 2-methyl substituent. Produced from amino acid leucine during nutrient starvation in bacteria.	1.97	1	0	methylbutyric acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.01	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.1	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.39	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.97	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
thiazoles [no description available]	3.07	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	1.97	1	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
paraoxon [no description available]	2.37	2	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	9.56	200	0
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.92	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.67	3	0	butenolide
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.6	1	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.21	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	5.54	15	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	6.97	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	7.8	3	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.38	2	0
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.96	13	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	1.99	1	0
selenomethionine [no description available]	3.57	6	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	1.97	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.02	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
l 451167 L 451167: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
ochratoxin b ochratoxin B: structure given in first source. ochratoxin B : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid. Ochratoxin B differs from the more naturally abundant ochratoxin A in the absence of the dihydroisocoumarin chlorine atom. It has cytotoxic effects on kidney and liver cells in vitro but only minor effects in vivo, due to its rapid metabolism and excretion. It inhibits cell proliferation of human liver HepG2 cells at doses as low as 1 mug/ ml but lacks the genotoxic activity of ochratoxin A, even at higher concentrations.	7.25	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
ochratoxin c ochratoxin C: converted into ochratoxin A in vivo; RN given refers to (R)-isomer. ochratoxin C : A phenylalanine derivative that is the ethyl ester of ochratoxin A.	7.25	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; isochromanes; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
n-nitrodiethylamine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	3.14	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	1.96	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.73	8	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	7.6	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	1.97	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
sodium chromate(vi) sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	carcinogenic agent; diagnostic agent; oxidising agent; poison
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	1.98	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
ammonium bromide ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2.6	1	0	ammonium salt; bromide salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ancymidol ancymidol : A tertiary alcohol that is methanol in which the hydrogens attached to the carbon are replaced by cyclopropyl, p-methoxyphenyl and pyrimidin-5-yl groups. By inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis, ancymidol reduces plant growth, resulting in reduced internode elongation and thus more compact plants. It is used in the commercial production of a wide variety of container-grown bedding and foliage plants, including chrysanthemums, Easter lilies and poinsettias.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol	cellulose synthesis inhibitor; gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor; plant growth retardant
mmda MMDA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.99	1	1
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	1.97	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
stilbene oxide stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	6.99	1	0	epoxide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.91	4	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.11	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	1.97	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
bikaverin bikaverin : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 10H-benzo[b]xanthene-7,10,12-trione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 11, methoxy groups at positions 3 and 8 and a methyl group at position 1.	2.04	1	0
substance p [no description available]	2.87	3	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	1.97	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	2	1	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	11.58	172	2	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
moniliformin moniliformin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with plant product, moniliformin	3.41	7	0
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.48	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.6	1	0
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	1.96	1	0
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	1.97	1	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	1.97	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.05	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	5.32	52	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	4.21	15	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.89	4	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	3.53	6	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.	2.41	1	0	methylguanine	mutagen
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
taleranol taleranol: a metabolite of ZEARALENONE which is a non-steroidal estrogenic lactone used as an anabolic compound in animal feed; a stereoisomer of ZERANOL (alpha-zearalanol)	2.03	1	0	macrolide
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.06	1	0	1,2,3-triazole
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	7.06	1	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	1.97	1	0
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	7.06	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.04	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.36	2	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
fenpropimorph [no description available]	7.06	1	0	alkylbenzene
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	1.96	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
acetyldeoxynivalenol [no description available]	2.93	4	0	trichothecene
t-2 tetraol T-2 tetraol: RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta,8alpha)-isomer	4.13	16	0
verrucarol [no description available]	2.67	3	0
beauvericin beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.	8.77	10	0
fusarochromanone fusarochromanone: from Fusarium sp.; consists of an amino acid bearing chromone	6.97	1	0	1-benzopyran
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	2.37	2	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.69	3	0
trichodiene trichodiene: precursor of trichothecin; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer; structure	2.4	2	0	sesquiterpene
deepoxy-deoxynivalenol deepoxy-deoxynivalenol: metabolite of deoxynivalenol	7.5	2	0
n-(4-(4-maleimidophenyl)butyryl)phosphatidylethanolamine N-(4-(4-maleimidophenyl)butyryl)phosphatidylethanolamine: sulfhydryl-reactive	1.97	1	0
5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid 5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid: hydrolysate of ochratoxin A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0
2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: serves as a protective agent against acetaldehyde toxicity by generating free SH groups; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure; RN for compound without isomeric designation not available 12/90	1.97	1	0
enniatin b enniatins: cyclohexadepsipeptides containing valine, isoleucine & valeric acid from Fusarian; form complexes with cations & cellular membranes; there are at least three different enniatins H, B & C; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PEPTIDES, CYCLIC (76-86); see also record for enniatin D, E, F. enniatin B : An enniatin obtained from formal cyclocondensation of three N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl]-N-methyl-L-valine units.	8.78	10	0	enniatin	antimicrobial agent
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	7.48	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.41	2	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.37	2	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	7.71	27	2	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
sorafenib [no description available]	2.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.25	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.88	4	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
Harringtonine harringtonin: alkaloid C from Caphalotaxus fortunei	2	1	0	alkaloid
wortmannin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	1.97	1	0
nsc 141537 diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure	6.68	72	0	trichothecene
secalonic acid secalonic acid: consists of 4 acids (A,C,D,E) differing only in their stereochemistry; RN given is for parent cpd; structure	6.98	1	0
15-acetoxyscirpen-3,4-diol 15-acetoxyscirpen-3,4-diol: hydrolysis product of anguidine	2.9	4	0	trichothecene
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	1.97	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.25	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.44	1	1	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.01	1	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	1.96	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	2.01	1	0
puromycin [no description available]	2.36	2	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	1.97	1	0
nivalenol nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer	7.37	45	0	trichothecene
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	1.97	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	8.2	45	2	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
ergosterol [no description available]	2	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.37	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.38	2	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	1.97	1	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.13	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
lycopene [no description available]	7	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
decitabine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	1.96	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	1.97	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	1.96	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.13	1	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	2.17	1	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1	0	isomethyleugenol
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	1.99	1	0	stilbene
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	6.96	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	1.96	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.31	1	0	benzamides
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	1.97	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	11.01	385	1
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.13	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
penicillic acid Penicillic Acid: A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS. It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.	7.36	2	0
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	1.97	1	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	1.98	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.13	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	6.96	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.31	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
aflatoxin b aflatoxin B2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. aflatoxin B2 : An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.1	1	0	aflatoxin
aflatoxin g2 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	coumarins
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	6.3	27	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
fumonisin b2 fumonisin B2: produced by Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting ability. fumonisin B2 : A fumonisin that is (2S,3S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,14,15-triol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 have each been esterified by condensation with the 1-carboxy group of 3-carboxyglutaric acid (giving a 3-carboxyglutarate ester group with R configuration in each case).	7.47	2	0	diester; diol; fumonisin; primary amino compound	Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
stattic [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	3.58	8	0	macrolide
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	1.97	1	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	1.96	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
1-anthranoylnitrile [no description available]	2.44	2	0
ascorbigen ascorbigen: a depot form of ascorbic acid. ascorbigen : An indolyl carbohydrate that consists of (3aS,6S,6aR)-3,3a,6-trihydroxy-3-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2-one in which position 3 is substituted by an indol-3-ylmethyl group. Formed from indole-3-carbinol and ascorbic acid in brassica vegetables.	2	1	0	indolyl carbohydrate	metabolite
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.02	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	8.01	4	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	1.97	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.74	3	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.1	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.15	1	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
quercetin [no description available]	7.59	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.37	2	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	2.89	4	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.65	3	0
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.41	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.37	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	6.97	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	10.81	109	2	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	8.7	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	7.4	2	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	1.97	1	0	stilbenoid
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.88	4	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
amsonic acid amsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	1.97	1	0	hydrochloride
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	1.97	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.61	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	1.96	1	0
alpha-neoendorphin alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family	1.96	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	1.98	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.07	1	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.97	1	0	alkali metal atom
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	1.98	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	2.97	4	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	7.41	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.89	4	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.31	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
zearalenol zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R,7S,11E))-isomer	8.58	8	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	1.97	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
muconomycin a verrucarin A : A trichothecene antibiotic which incorporates a triester macrocyclic structure and an exocyclic methylene epoxide group.	3.68	10	0	epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; macrotriolide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; trichothecene
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	7.07	38	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.74	3	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.07	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
7-aminoactinomycin d 7-aminoactinomycin D: staining reagent used in flow cytometry	2	1	0
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	3.15	5	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
flurogestone acetate Flurogestone Acetate: A synthetic fluorinated steroid that is used as a progestational hormone.	2	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	1.97	1	0	benzoxazole
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.97	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.37	2	0
roridin a roridin A: see also records for roridin D, E & J	3.36	7	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	1.97	1	0
neosolaniol neosolaniol: RN given refers to (3 alpha,4 beta,8 alpha)-isomer	4.18	16	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2.6	1	0
isotrichodermin isotrichodermin: involved in the biosynthesis of Fusarium culmorum; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha)-isomer	2.04	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
scirpentriol scirpentriol: T-2 toxin metabolite in Curtobacterium; structure given in first source	5.34	18	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.01	4	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.57	2	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	1.96	1	0
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	2.6	1	0	tannin
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) [no description available]	2.57	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.9	3	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.38	2	0	glycoside
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	1.97	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.4	2	0
chitosan [no description available]	7.17	1	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	6.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	1.97	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	1.95	1	0
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	1.96	1	0
mannans [no description available]	9.34	4	1
glycolipids [no description available]	2.25	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	7.06	1	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	1.97	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.17	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.25	6	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tenuazonic acid Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.	2.31	1	0
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	3.48	8	0
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	3.51	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2	1	0
satratoxin h satratoxin H: toxic metabolite of Stachybotrys atra; see also record for satratoxin G; structure	8.47	2	0	trichothecene
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2.38	2	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	7.66	2	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.11	1	0
deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside: a major conjugate of deoxynivalenol in beer and some brewing intermediates	2.88	3	0	trichothecene
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.07	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.05	1	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.84	3	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	1.97	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.04	1	0
trichodermin Trichodermin: Antifungal metabolite from several fungi, mainly Trichoderma viride; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes; proposed as antifungal and antineoplastic; used as tool in cellular biochemistry.. trichodermin : A tetracyclic spiroepoxide which acts as an antifungal and protein synthesis inhibitor.	2.65	3	0
ht-2 toxin HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.	10.58	194	1
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	1.98	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.84	3	0
sparsomycin Sparsomycin: An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems.	1.96	1	0
fusarenon-x fusarenon-X: mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium nivale; belongs to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; structure	3.95	13	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	1.96	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	4.18	3	1
guanine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.24	6	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.05	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.53	2	0
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.73	3	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
trichodiene trichodiene: precursor of trichothecin; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer; structure	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpene
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	2.44	2	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
muconomycin a verrucarin A : A trichothecene antibiotic which incorporates a triester macrocyclic structure and an exocyclic methylene epoxide group.	2.45	2	0	epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; macrotriolide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; trichothecene
HT-2 toxin [no description available]	2.93	4	0	acetate ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; trichothecene	apoptosis inducer; fungal metabolite
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	2.73	3	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
verrucarin j [no description available]	2.05	1	0	trichothecene
toxin nt-2 toxin NT-2: from Fusarium sporotrichioides	1.97	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.09	12	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.09	12	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	3.47	5	0
Kashin-Beck Disease Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with OSTEOSCLEROSIS, cone-shaped METAPHYSIS, and shortening of the DIAPHYSIS. It is endemic in parts of Siberia and northern China. Mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology.	5.95	35	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	7.73	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	6.48	26	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	7.41	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	4.48	23	0
Emesis [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	2.93	4	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	9.1	4	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	4.1	4	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.88	3	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	3.68	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	8.68	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.11	3	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	3.11	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	4.66	28	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.41	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	4.05	5	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	4.18	3	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	4.18	3	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.6	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	4.59	8	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	2.42	2	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.87	4	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	11.3	20	2
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.73	3	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.69	3	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	7.75	22	2
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	2.66	2	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.25	1	0
Fungus Poisoning [description not available]	4.08	15	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	3.62	3	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.31	1	0
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.	2.17	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.17	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.17	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	7.24	54	2
Anasarca [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.69	3	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	4.23	17	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.08	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.41	2	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	8.85	34	3
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.48	2	0
Co-infection [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.42	2	0
Fowl Paralysis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	3.43	1	1
Equine Diseases [description not available]	4.59	4	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	2.05	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.4	2	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	3.25	6	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	2.08	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	2.08	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	4.88	8	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.07	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.23	6	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.9	4	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.41	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	7.07	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.07	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.67	3	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	2.07	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.4	2	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.02	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	4.85	8	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2.93	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	4.85	8	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	3.3	2	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	8.08	5	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Bronchiolitis, Viral An acute inflammatory disease of the lower RESPIRATORY TRACT, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE 3; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.	2.03	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2.67	3	0
Sick Building Syndrome A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Neoplasms, Skull [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.66	3	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	1.96	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	2.36	2	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.75	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.8	4	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.75	2	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	1.96	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	4.48	9	0
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Ergot Poisoning [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.67	3	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	1.96	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	8.46	8	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	3.46	8	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	8.35	7	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	3.58	3	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.36	2	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.96	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.36	2	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.47	8	0
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	1.96	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.66	3	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.87	4	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.96	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	3.57	9	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	1.96	1	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	1.96	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	1.95	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.66	3	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.37	2	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.37	2	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	1.96	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	1.98	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	1.98	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	1.99	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	1.99	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	1.99	1	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	1.99	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.38	2	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.38	2	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	1.99	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.91	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.91	1	0
Hypotrichosis Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.41	2	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	2.41	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.88	4	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	1.95	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	1.95	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	1.95	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.28	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	2.36	2	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	1.95	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	1.95	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	1.97	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.38	2	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.38	2	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	7.38	2	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	1.97	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	1.97	1	0
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	1.97	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	1.97	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.97	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	1.97	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	1.97	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	3.22	6	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	1.97	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	7.66	3	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	1.97	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	1.97	1	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	1.97	1	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	1.97	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	1.97	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	1.97	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.97	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.37	2	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	1.96	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	1.96	1	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	1.96	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.1	1	0

t-2 toxin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (74)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (7)

Drug Classes (3)

Pathways (2)

Protein Targets (14)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (23)

Molecular Functions (12)

Ceullar Components (10)

Bioassays (30)

Research

Studies (1,267)

Study Types

t-2 toxin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (74)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (7)

Drug Classes (3)

Pathways (2)

Protein Targets (14)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (23)

Molecular Functions (12)

Ceullar Components (10)

Bioassays (30)

Research

Studies (1,267)

Study Types

Related Drugs (353)

Related Conditions (260)