atrazine profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	2256
CHEMBL ID	15063
CHEBI ID	15930
SCHEMBL ID	36936
SCHEMBL ID	21045984
MeSH ID	M0001925

Synonym
BIDD:ER0403
2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-sym-triazine
BRD-K45535217-001-02-2
fenamine
2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine
6-chloro-n-ethyl-n'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine
2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine
6-chloro-n-ethyl-n'-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
CHEBI:15930 ,
2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine
6-chloro-n-ethyl-n'-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
DIVK1C_006518
KBIO1_001462
aatrex nine-o
fermco atrazine
akticon
crisazine
1-chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine
zeapos
2-chloro-4-(2-propylamino)-6-ethylamino-s-triazine
primitol a
griffex
atrataf
atred
aatrex 80w
oleogesaprim 200
zeapho
crisatrina
vectal sc
maizina
shell atrazine herbicide
aatrex 4l
gesaprim 500
2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)triazine
atrex
1-chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-s-triazine
radizine
SPECTRUM_001821
fogard
1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro-n-ethyl-n'-(1-methylethyl)-
OPREA1_839865
BSPBIO_002341
2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-6-ethylamino -1,3,5-triazine
NCGC00090784-01
smr000255992
MLS000389718
zeopos
aneldazin
gesaprin
hsdb 413
caswell no. 063
2-aethylamino-4-chlor-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazin [german]
farmco atrazine
azoprim
ccris 1025
herbatoxol
atrazine [ansi:bsi:iso]
crisamina
einecs 217-617-8
hungazin (van)
2-aethylamino-4-isopropylamino-6-chlor-1,3,5-triazin [german]
aatram 20g
laddock
ceasin 50
6-chloro-n2-ethyl-n4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
brn 0612020
ai3-28244
nsc 163046
epa pesticide chemical code 080803
1912-24-9
atrazine ,
C06551
actinite pk
gesoprim
s-triazine, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-
atranex
argezin
2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine
radizin
primatol
atrazin
atazinax
triazine a 1294
atratol a
chromozin
atratol
cekuzina-t
radazin
vectal
aatram
pitezin
6-chloro-n-ethyl-n'-(1-methylethyl)-1,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
nsc-163046
fenamin
candex
aktinit pk
aktikon pk
2-ethylamino-4-isopropylamino-6-chloro-s-triazine
aktinit a
g 30027
atrasine
strazine
oleogesaprim
inakor
hungazin
hungazin pk
zeazine
1,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro-n-ethyl-n'-(1-methylethyl)-
primaze
2-aethylamino-4-chlor-6-isopropylamino-1,5-triazin
2-chloro-4-(2-propylamino)-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine
fenatrol
nsc163046
geigy 30,027
primatol a
wln: t6n cn enj bmy1&1 dm2 fg
s-triazine, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-
aktikon
1-chloro-3-(ethylamino)-5-(isopropylamino)-2,6-triazine
cyazin
a 361
weedex a
gesaprim
1-chloro-3-(ethylamino)-5-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine
wonuk
aatrex
zeazin
2-chloro-4-ethylamineisopropylamine-s-triazine
gesaprim 50
2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-1,5-triazine
atrazine, analytical standard
NCGC00090784-03
NCGC00090784-02
NCGC00090784-04
KBIO2_004891
KBIO3_001841
KBIO2_007459
KBIO2_002323
KBIOGR_001061
KBIOSS_002326
SPECPLUS_000422
SPECTRUM3_000821
SPECTRUM4_000661
SPBIO_001760
SPECTRUM2_001880
SPECTRUM330029
SPECTRUM5_001954
NCGC00090784-06
NCGC00090784-05
gesamprim
MLS001055469
2-chloro-4-ethyl-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine
AC-12056
DB07392
CHEMBL15063
FT-0662335
6-chloro-4-n-ethyl-2-n-propan-2-yl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
AKOS001023901
NCGC00090784-08
NCGC00090784-07
NCGC00090784-09
NCGC00090784-10
STL115099
HMS2541C15
2-aethylamino-4-isopropylamino-6-chlor-1,3,5-triazin
1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro-n-ethyl-n'-(1-methylethyl)- (9ci)
BMSE000835
2-aethylamino-4-chlor-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazin
1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro-n2-ethyl-n4-(1-methylethyl)-
dtxcid90112
tox21_301021
cas-1912-24-9
NCGC00259535-01
dtxsid9020112 ,
tox21_201986
NCGC00254923-01
6-chloro-n4-ethyl-n2-propan-2-yl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
A813475
6-chloranyl-n4-ethyl-n2-propan-2-yl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
ec 217-617-8
qja9m5h4im ,
unii-qja9m5h4im
CCG-39357
6-chloro-n4-ethyl-n2-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
AG-668/02857017
n-[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-n-isopropylamine
102029-43-6
FT-0602866
AM84660
atrazine [mi]
2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine
6-chloro-n(sup 2)-ethyl-n(sup 4)-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
atrazine [iarc]
atrazine [iso]
atrazine [hsdb]
g-30027
S5171
SCHEMBL36936
atraflow plus
6-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-2-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine
attrex
azinotox 500
aatrex 4lc
atrazine 4l
1-chloro-3-(ethylamino)-5-(isopropylamino)-2,4,6-triazine
radazin t
atrazine 80w
primoleo
griffex 4l
atraflow
farmozine
mebazine
zeaphos
HMS3604N05
mfcd00041810
6-chloro-n2-ethyl-n4-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
azoprim 50
atranex 80wp
6-chloro-4-n-ethyl-2-n-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diimine
atrazine, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
atrazine, pestanal(r), analytical standard
F21351
atrazine 100 microg/ml in toluene
atrazine 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
atrazine 10 microg/ml in cyclohexane
atrazine 10 microg/ml in acetonitrile
J-012357
6-chloro-2-n-ethyl-4-n-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
HY-N7091
Q408652
AS-13785
BCP12774
atrazine 1000 microg/ml in acetone
SCHEMBL21045984
CS-0077590
6-chloro-n~2~-ethyl-n~4~-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
atrazine (unlabeled)
atrazine 2000 microg/ml in dichloromethane
atrazine 200 microg/ml in methanol
atrazine 1000 ug/ml in acetone
6-chloro-n2-ethyl-n4-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
EN300-4252673
chromozin, oleogesaprim, aktikon, gesaprim
34b - wfd b
Z56756996
nu-trazine
6-chloro-n-ethyl-n'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4
zealin l
atrazine (iarc)
aatrex herbicide
atrazine (ansi:bsi:iso)
gesaprim l
isopropylamino-s-triazine
2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Atrazine (ATZ) is an agricultural pesticide for controlling field weeds. "	( Minimized Atrazine Risks to Crop Security and Its Residue in the Environment by a Rice Methyltransferase as a Regulation Factor. Chen, M; Liu, J; Ma, LY; Yang, H; Zhang, AP; Zhang, N, 2022)	2.57
"Atrazine (ATZ) is a widely used herbicide worldwide and is a long-suspected endocrine-disrupting chemical. "	( Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis reveals new biomarkers and mechanistic insights on atrazine exposures in MCF‑7 cells. Gou, CL; Guo, XX; He, XR; Lu, YS; Qian, YZ; Qiu, J; Wang, XL; Wen, X; Xu, YY; Yang, SL; Yu, J, 2022)	2.38
"Atrazine is a herbicide widely used in the control of weeds in crops such as corn, sugar cane, and sorghum. "	( Differential Effects of Atrazine on Chlorophyceae Species and Association with Morphology, Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll Content, and Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity. Castro, MS; Guimarães, PS; Lombardi, AT; Machado, BR; Martins, CMG; Silva, JC; Zanette, J, 2022)	2.47
"Atrazine (ATR) is a herbicide globally used to eliminate undesired weeds. "	( Association Mechanism and Conformational Changes in Trypsin on Its Interaction with Atrazine: A Multi- Spectroscopic and Biochemical Study with Computational Approach. Khan, AA; Khayyat, AIA; Rehman, MU; Wani, TA; Zargar, S, 2022)	2.39
"Atrazine (ATZ) is a widely used herbicide; however, it has deleterious effects. "	( Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular investigation of atrazine toxic effect on some organs of adult male albino rats with a screening of Acacia nilotica as a protective trial. AbuBaker, HO; Ahmed, IM; Ahmed, YH; Ahmed, ZSO; El-Sayed, HGM; Hasan, RS; Tahon, MA, 2022)	2.4
"Atrazine is a herbicide of triazine class commonly used to inhibit the growth of broad leaf and grassy weeds."	( Modulation of atrazine-induced chromosomal aberrations and cyclin-dependent kinases by aqueous extract of Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon leaves in Allium cepa. Arora, S; Attri, S; Bhatia, A; Kaur, H; Kaur, P; Mohana, P; Quadar, J; Rashid, F; Singh, B; Singh, D; Vig, AP; Walia, H, 2022)	1.8
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide with biologically toxic effects that can lead to neurotoxicity. "	( Atrazine-induced oxidative damage via modulating xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors and cytochrome P450 systems in cerebrum and antagonism of lycopene. Cui, JG; Dai, XY; Guo, JY; Li, JL; Lin, J; Zhu, SY, 2022)	3.61
"Atrazine (ATR) is an extensively used herbicide that is often found in drinking water and waterways. "	( Mitigating effect of L-carnitine against atrazine-induced hepatotoxicity: histopathological and biochemical analyses in albino rats. Rashad, WA; Refaay, NE; Saadawy, SF, 2023)	2.62
"Atrazine (AT) is a triazine herbicide widely used to control weeds in several crops. "	( Ultimate fate and possible ecological risks associated with atrazine and its principal metabolites (DIA and DEA) in soil and water environment. Beniwal, RK; Bhatti, P; Duhan, A; Kumawat, P; Pal, A; Yadav, DB, 2022)	2.41
"Atrazine is an herbicide used worldwide, and it is considered a severe environmental contaminant. "	( Atrazine adsorption and desorption on functionalized montmorillonite: aluminum-pillared and lithium saturated. Abate, G; Azevedo, AC; Batista, LFA; Melo, VF; Salata, R, 2022)	3.61
"Atrazine (ATZ) is a herbicide that is frequently present in surface waters and may result in damage to the health of various organisms, including humans. "	( Ecogenotoxicity of environmentally relevant atrazine concentrations: A threat to aquatic bioindicators. Campos, JMS; Charlie-Silva, I; Hoyos, DCM; Lacerda, SMDSN; Oliveira, LA; Ribeiro, YM; Souza, TDS; Souza, VV; Xavier, RMP, 2023)	2.61
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widely applied herbicide which was named an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). "	( Atrazine induces phagocytotic dysfunction of microglia depends on nucleocytoplasmic translocation of acetylated HMGB1. Cai, Q; Huang, M; Li, G; Shi, G; Wang, K; Zhang, C, 2023)	3.8
"Atrazine (ATR) is a commercially available herbicide that is used worldwide. "	( Lycopene ameliorates atrazine-induced spatial learning and memory impairments by inhibiting ferroptosis in the hippocampus of mice. Guo, JY; Jiang, JZ; Li, JL; Lin, J; Liu, L; Zhu, SY, 2023)	2.67
"Atrazine acts as an endocrine disruptor at supra-environmental levels."	( Impact of Chronic Multi-Generational Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Atrazine Concentration on Testicular Development and Function in Mice. Finger, BJ; Green, MP; Houston, BJ; Hutt, KJ; Kolaitis, ND; Merriner, DJ; Nguyen, J; Nguyen, N; O'Bryan, MK; Stringer, JM; Tarulli, GA; Zerafa, N, 2023)	1.86
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widely applied herbicide in Asia and South America with slow natural degradation and documented deleterious effects on human and animal health, including hippocampal toxicity. "	( Molecular mechanisms of atrazine toxicity on H19-7 hippocampal neurons revealed by integrated miRNA and mRNA "omics". Bi, H; Li, J, 2023)	2.66
"Atrazine is a biotoxic long-residing herbicide whose toxic effects on soil microorganisms have attracted widespread attention. "	( Impact of atrazine on soil microbial properties: A meta-analysis. Cao, B; Hou, A; Hu, Y; Jiang, Z; Qin, B; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2023)	2.76
"Atrazine is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely used worldwide to control grassy and broadleaf weeds. "	( Atrazine and its degradation products in drinking water source and supply: Risk assessment for environmental and human health in Campinas, Brazil. De Caroli Vizioli, B; Ferreira de Medeiros, J; Montagner, CC; Silva da Silva, G, 2023)	3.8
"Atrazine is a toxic endocrine disruptor. "	( Treatment of atrazine-containing wastewater by algae-bacteria consortia: Signal transmission and metabolic mechanism. Chen, T; Gong, Y; Jiang, J; Kong, Q; Liu, M; Sun, J; Wang, H; Wu, W; Xu, F; Zhang, H; Zhang, S; Zhao, Z, 2023)	2.72
"Atrazine (ATZ) is an herbicide commonly used on crops in the Midwestern US and other select global regions. "	( Adverse developmental impacts in progeny of zebrafish exposed to the agricultural herbicide atrazine during embryogenesis. Ahkin Chin Tai, JK; Akoro, IN; Aryal, UK; Freeman, JL; Horzmann, KA; Jenkins, TL; Stradtman, S, 2023)	2.57
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used agricultural herbicide, and its accumulation in soil and water can cause various environmental health problems. "	( MicroRNA-217-5p triggers dopaminergic neuronal degeneration via autophagy activation under Atrazine exposure. Chen, X; Du, Z; He, J; Jiang, Y; Li, B; Li, Y; Liu, W; Miao, D; Wang, T; Yang, R, 2024)	3.11
"Atrazine is an herbicide which is widely applied in sugarcane and corn crops. "	( Modified Alves Baptista, AT; Bergamasco, R; Bezerra, CO; Cusioli, LF; Nishi, L; Quesada, HB; Vieira, MF, 2021)	2.06
"Atrazine is an herbicide that is applied in corn around the world and in sugarcane in Brazil. "	( Atrazine movement in corn cultivated soil using HYDRUS-2D: A comparison between real and simulated data. Alves de Oliveira, L; Grecco, KL; Jarbas Honorio de, M; Tornisielo, VL; Woodbury, BL, 2019)	3.4
"Atrazine is a synthetic herbicide applied to control broadleaf weeds in different crops. "	( Responses of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings to atrazine stress. Azizullah, A; Bibi, S; Daud, MK; Khan, S; Taimur, N, 2019)	2.17
"Atrazine is an s-triazine-based herbicide that is used in many countries around the world in many millions of tons per year. "	( The evolving story of AtzT, a periplasmic binding protein. Dennis, ML; Esquirol, L; Nebl, T; Newman, J; Peat, TS; Scott, C, 2019)	1.96
"Atrazine is a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used to control weeds in many crops. "	( An overview of the potential impacts of atrazine in aquatic environments: Perspectives for tailored solutions based on nanotechnology. de Albuquerque, FP; de Oliveira, JL; Fraceto, LF; Moschini-Carlos, V, 2020)	2.27
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide with documented dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotoxicity that can lead to a Parkinson's disease (PD)-like motor syndrome. "	( Soybean isoflavones prevent atrazine-induced neurodegenerative damage by inducing autophagy. Li, B; Li, P; Li, X; Wu, Y; Yao, L, 2020)	2.29
"Atrazine (ATZ) is a commonly used herbicide in the U.S."	( Profiling epigenetic changes in human cell line induced by atrazine exposure. Bryan, CJ; Freeman, JL; Lin, L; Sánchez, OF; Xie, J; Yuan, C, 2020)	1.52
"Atrazine is a kind of triazine herbicide that is widely used for weed control due to its good weeding effect and low price. "	( A Review on Recent Treatment Technology for Herbicide Atrazine in Contaminated Environment. He, H; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Tu, Z; Xiao, H; You, S, 2019)	2.21
"Atrazine is a widely used pesticide, but the role of the microbiome metabolism of this xenobiotic and the impact on host responses is unclear."	( Changes in Microbiome Confer Multigenerational Host Resistance after Sub-toxic Pesticide Exposure. Alkhalifa, S; Berdy, BM; Brucker, RM; Jovanovic, N; Minbiole, KPC; Velasquez, O; Wang, GH, 2020)	1.28
"Atrazine is a frequently detected groundwater contaminant. "	( Compound-specific chlorine isotope fractionation in biodegradation of atrazine. Dybala-Defratyka, A; Elsner, M; Grzybkowska, A; Heckel, B; Hunkeler, D; Lihl, C; Ponsin, V; Torrentó, C, 2020)	2.23
"Atrazine is a triazine herbicide that is widely used to control broadleaf weeds. "	( Impact of Atrazine Exposure on the Microbial Community Structure in a Brazilian Tropical Latosol Soil. Aparecida Silva Moretto, J; Chagas Campanharo, S; Fernandes, AFT; Guedes Stehling, E; Jay Sadowsky, M; Miguel Altarugio, L; Staley, C; Wang, P, 2020)	2.4
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide in the United States; however, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued warnings about atrazine because of its reported potential harmful effects on animals and humans. "	( Mesoporous Pd@Pt nanoparticle-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of atrazine. Du, D; Kwon, EY; Lin, Y; Ruan, X; Van Wie, BJ; Wang, L, 2020)	2.23
"Atrazine is an herbicide and a pollutant of great environmental concern that is naturally biodegraded by microbial communities. "	( Genome-scale reconstruction of Paenarthrobacter aurescens TC1 metabolic model towards the study of atrazine bioremediation. Aly, R; Eizenberg, H; Freilich, S; Gat, D; Kashi, Y; Lahav, T; Ofaim, S; Porob, S; Ronen, Z; Zarecki, R, 2020)	2.22
"Atrazine is an herbicide commonly used in several countries. "	( Water contamination with atrazine: is nitric oxide able to improve Pistia stratiotes phytoremediation capacity? Alves da Silva, A; Alves, RDFB; Costa, AC; Farnese, FS; Loram-Lourenço, L; Mendonça, MAC; Menezes-Silva, PE; Silva, FG; Silva, MCAP; Silva, MLF; Sousa, LF; Vieira, LAJ, 2021)	2.37
"Atrazine is a widely-used pesticide with a relatively long half-life in the environment. "	( Ultratrace analysis of atrazine in soil using Ice Concentration Linked with Extractive Stirrer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Logue, BA; Skaggs, CS, 2021)	2.37
"Atrazine is a common agricultural herbicide previously shown to promote epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease to subsequent generations. "	( Epigenome-wide association study for atrazine induced transgenerational DNA methylation and histone retention sperm epigenetic biomarkers for disease. Beck, D; Ben Maamar, M; McBirney, M; Nilsson, EE; Skinner, MK; Thorson, JLM, 2020)	2.27
"Atrazine (ATZ) is an extensively used herbicide and ubiquitous environmental contaminant. "	( Carryover effect of atrazine and its metabolite-from treated bovine spermatozoa to the embryo's transcriptome†. Kalo, D; Komsky-Elbaz, A; Roth, Z, 2021)	2.39
"Atrazine (ATR) is a herbicide used widely worldwide. "	( Prolonged exposure to the herbicide atrazine suppresses immune cell functions by inducing spleen cell apoptosis in rats. Ge, J; Huang, D; Li, J; Liu, J; Liu, W; Wang, M; Wang, T; Zhang, S; Zhao, L, 2021)	2.34
"Atrazine is a toxic herbicide whose alarming rate of contamination in the drinking water and wastewater poses a severe threat to the environment and human health. "	( Adsorptive removal of noxious atrazine using graphene oxide nanosheets: Insights to process optimization, equilibrium, kinetics, and density functional theory calculations. Arul, H; Balasubramani, K; Banat, F; Bharath, G; Ganesh, RS; Murthy, AP; Muthusaravanan, S; Rambabu, K; Sathishkumar, VE; Sivarajasekar, N; Suresh, R, 2021)	2.35
"Atrazine is a triazine herbicide used predominantly on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane in the US. "	( Assessment of risks to listed species from the use of atrazine in the USA: a perspective. Armbrust, KL; Brain, RA; Chen, W; Galic, N; Ghebremichael, L; Giddings, JM; Hanson, ML; Maul, J; Smith, PN; Solomon, KR; Van Der Kraak, G, 2021)	2.31
"Atrazine (ATZ) is an herbicide most commonly used in China and other regions of the world. "	( Derivation of predicted no-effect concentration and ecological risk for atrazine better based on reproductive fitness. Li, L; Liu, Z; Wu, J; Yan, Z; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, L; Zheng, X; Zhu, Y, 2017)	2.13
"Atrazine is an extensively used herbicide, and has become a common environmental contaminant. "	( Exposure to atrazine alters behaviour and disrupts the dopaminergic system in Drosophila melanogaster. Barros, DM; da Rosa, CE; de Aguiar, LM; de Quadros Oliveira, N; Escarrone, AL; Figueira, FH; Primel, EG, 2017)	2.28
"Atrazine is an herbicide with several known toxicologically relevant effects, including interactions with other chemicals. "	( RNA sequencing indicates that atrazine induces multiple detoxification genes in Daphnia magna and this is a potential source of its mixture interactions with other chemicals. Baldwin, WS; Noorai, RE; Saski, CA; Schmidt, AM; Sengupta, N, 2017)	2.19
"Atrazine (ATR) is a broad-spectrum herbicide in wide use around the world. "	( Isoflavones Induce BEX2-Dependent Autophagy to Prevent ATR-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells. Li, BX; Li, P; Ma, K; Wu, HY; Wu, YP, 2017)	1.9
"Atrazine (AZ) is an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical which can affect the development of amphibians. "	( Identification of circular RNAs and their alterations involved in developing male Xenopus laevis chronically exposed to atrazine. Bo, C; Guo, Q; Hu, C; Jia, Q; Li, L; Li, X; Ng, JC; Peng, C; Qu, B; Sai, L; Shao, H; Zhang, Y, 2018)	2.13
"Atrazine is a commonly used herbicide that has previously been implicated as an endocrine-disrupting compound. "	( Atrazine affects craniofacial chondrogenesis and axial skeleton mineralization in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Kramer, AG; Lassiter, CS; Walker, BS, 2018)	3.37
"Atrazine (ATR) is a triazine herbicide banned in the European Union. "	( Biochemical and histological effects of sub-chronic exposure to atrazine in crayfish Cherax destructor. Kouba, A; Stara, A; Velisek, J, 2018)	2.16
"Atrazine is a herbicide that is banned in Europe but remains widely used on different types of crops in several countries in the American continent. "	( Atrazine promotes immunomodulation by melanomacrophage centre alterations in spleen and vascular disorders in gills from Oreochromis niloticus. Castro, WV; Costa, PM; Nascimento, SB; Oliveira, SE; Ribeiro, RIMA; Santos, HB; Thomé, RG, 2018)	3.37
"Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used pre-emergence and early postemergence herbicide. "	( Characterization of Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by the Herbicide Atrazine in the Female Rat. Breckenridge, CB; Foradori, CD; Handa, RJ; Healy, JE; Hinds, LR; Jones, MA; Kemppainen, RJ; Lacagnina, AF; Quihuis, AM; Read, CC; White, BD; Yi, KD; Zimmerman, AD, 2018)	2.14
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide that has been implicated as a neurotoxicant. "	( Developmental Exposure to Atrazine Impairs Spatial Memory and Downregulates the Hippocampal D1 Dopamine Receptor and cAMP-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Rats. Bi, H; Li, B; Li, J; Li, X; Ma, K, 2018)	2.22
"Atrazine (ATR) is a most used herbicide which is believed as a pivotal determinant of environmental nephrosis, but potential mechanism is still largely unclear. "	( Atrazine induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in quail (Coturnix C. coturnix) kidney via modulating Nrf2 signaling pathway. Dou, DC; Ge, J; Li, JL; Li, XN; Qin, L; Zhang, C, 2018)	3.37
"Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used artificial synthetic herbicide world-wide, which has been implicated as a potential threat to human health. "	( The MEK/ERK/CREB signaling pathway is involved in atrazine induced hippocampal neurotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Bi, H; Li, B; Li, J; Li, X, 2019)	2.21
"Atrazine (ATZ) is a widely used herbicide that has the potential to contaminate the environment and cause deleterious effects on non-target organisms. "	( Can atrazine loaded nanocapsules reduce the toxic effects of this herbicide on the fish Prochilodus lineatus? A multibiomarker approach. Andrade, LL; Bueno Dos Reis Martinez, C; do Espirito Santo Pereira, A; Fernandes Fraceto, L, 2019)	2.51
"Atrazine is a common agricultural pesticide which has been reported to occur widely in surface drinking water, making it an environmental pollutant of concern. "	( Development of a quantum dot molecularly imprinted polymer sensor for fluorescence detection of atrazine. Forbes, PBC; Nsibande, SA, 2019)	2.17
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide known to negatively alter endocrine systems and perturb metabolism. "	( Acute in vitro exposure to environmentally relevant atrazine levels perturbs bovine preimplantation embryo metabolism and cell number. Finger, BJ; Green, MP; Harvey, AJ; Henderson, AJ; Scott, AW, 2019)	2.21
"Atrazine is a widely used pesticide which acts as an endocrine disruptor in various organisms. "	( Effects of atrazine on life parameters, oxidative stress, and ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathway in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Han, J; Lee, JS; Park, HG; Park, JC; Yoon, DS, 2019)	2.35
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used chlorotriazine herbicide, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and a potential developmental toxicant. "	( Estimation of placental and lactational transfer and tissue distribution of atrazine and its main metabolites in rodent dams, fetuses, and neonates with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Filipov, NM; Fisher, JW; Lin, Z; Ross, MK; Wang, R, 2013)	2.06
"Atrazine is a persistent organic pollutant in the environment which affects not only terrestrial and aquatic biota but also human health. "	( Biodegradation of atrazine by Rhodococcus sp. BCH2 to N-isopropylammelide with subsequent assessment of toxicity of biodegraded metabolites. Jadhav, JP; Kolekar, PD; Phugare, SS, 2014)	2.18
"Atrazine is a commonly applied herbicide that mimics estrogen in vertebrates."	( Endocrine disruption of sexual selection by an estrogenic herbicide in the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor). Matlock, M; McCallum, JL; McCallum, ML; Safi, B; Sanson, W; Treas, J, 2013)	1.11
"Atrazine is a long-lasting herbicide that has been shown to affect hormone levels in amphibians. "	( Synthesis of C-13-labeled atrazine. Chen, S; Gao, B; Jiang, Z; Lin, D; Mei, X; Ning, J; She, D; Zhao, J, 2013)	2.13
"Atrazine is a selective herbicide used in agricultural fields to control the emergence of broadleaf and grassy weeds. "	( Atrazine biodegradation efficiency, metabolite detection, and trzD gene expression by enrichment bacterial cultures from agricultural soil. Kumar, A; Satheeja Santhi, V; Solomon, RD, 2013)	3.28
"Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used agricultural herbicide that has been the subject of epidemiologic studies assessing its relation to reproductive health problems. "	( Atrazine and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. DeSesso, JM; Goodman, M; Mandel, JS; Scialli, AR, 2014)	3.29
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide. "	( Hydrolysis reaction mechanism in atrazine metabolism and prediction of its metabolites' toxicities. Hu, J; Li, J; Ling, M; Xu, W; Yao, J, 2014)	2.13
"Atrazine (ATZ) is an herbicide widely used in agriculture that is frequently detected in surface water, affecting non-target species."	( Subchronic atrazine exposure changes defensive behaviour profile and disrupts brain acetylcholinesterase activity of zebrafish. Assmann, KL; Batista, CB; Beltrame, GM; Bertoncello, KT; Blaser, RE; Calegari, D; Conterato, GM; Francescon, F; Magro, JD; Piato, AL; Rambo, CL; Roman Júnior, WA; Rosemberg, DB; Schmidel, AJ; Werlang, CC; Zanatta, L, )	1.24
"Atrazine is an effective broadleaf herbicide and the second most heavily used herbicide in the United States. "	( Atrazine reduces reproduction in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Papoulias, DM; Richter, CA; Talykina, MG; Tillitt, DE; Whyte, JJ, 2014)	3.29
"Atrazine is a member of the triazine herbicide family intensively used to control weeds for crop production. "	( Chemical modification and degradation of atrazine in Medicago sativa through multiple pathways. Lu, YC; Yang, H; Zhang, JJ, 2014)	2.11
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide with great environmental concern due to its high potential to contaminate soil and waters. "	( Isolation and characterization of atrazine mineralizing Bacillus subtilis strain HB-6. Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xie, H; Zhu, L, 2014)	2.12
"Atrazine is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and is classified as an estrogen disrupting compound because it elevates estrogen levels via induction of the enzyme aromatase."	( In vitro exposure to the herbicide atrazine inhibits T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production and significantly increases the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Browning, DL; Emmons, TR; Kreitinger, JM; Shepherd, DM; Thueson, LE; Wetzel, SA, 2015)	1.42
"Atrazine is a commonly utilized herbicide to control broadleaf weeds in the agricultural setting. "	( Effects of atrazine exposure on male reproductive performance in Drosophila melanogaster. Fiumera, AC; Jocque, H; Sirot, LK; Vogel, A, 2015)	2.25
"Atrazine (ATZ) is a well known herbicide that is frequently detected in ground and surface water at significant levels. "	( Atrazine induces apoptosis of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells via the regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3-dependent pathway. Abarikwu, SO; Farombi, EO, 2015)	3.3
"Atrazine is an herbicide applied to agricultural crops and is indicated to be an endocrine disruptor. "	( Developmental origins of neurotransmitter and transcriptome alterations in adult female zebrafish exposed to atrazine during embryogenesis. Cannon, JR; Freeman, JL; Sepúlveda, MS; Weber, GJ; Wirbisky, SE; Xiao, C, 2015)	2.07
"Atrazine (ATZ) is a commonly used herbicide that has recently come under scrutiny due to potential environmental toxicity and contamination. "	( Effects of atrazine on photosynthesis and defense response and the underlying mechanisms in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Bai, X; Fu, Z; Qian, H; Song, H; Su, Y; Sun, C; Xie, J; Zhu, Q, 2015)	2.25
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide, although it is potentially ecotoxic. "	( Inflammatory reaction regulated by microglia plays a role in atrazine-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra. Li, B; Ma, K; Zhang, B, 2015)	2.1
"Atrazine (ATR) is a broad-spectrum triazine herbicide that disrupts steroidogenesis resulting in reproductive and developmental toxicity at high doses. "	( Atrazine-Mediated Disruption of Steroidogenesis in BLTK1 Murine Leydig Cells. Karmaus, AL; Zacharewski, TR, 2015)	3.3
"Atrazine (ATR) is a pesticide widely used for controlling weeds for crop production. "	( Genome-wide identification of DNA methylation provides insights into the association of gene expression in rice exposed to pesticide atrazine. Feng, SJ; Lu, YC; Luo, F; Yang, H; Zhang, JJ; Zhang, S, 2016)	2.08
"Atrazine is an endocrine disruptor in the xenoestrogen class that is used worldwide in agricultural practices."	( Effects of the exposure to atrazine on bone development of Podocnemis expansa (Testudines, Podocnemididae). Mendonça, Jdos S; Santos, AL; Tornisielo, VL; Valdes, SA; Vieira, LG; Vilca, FZ, 2016)	1.45
"Atrazine is a herbicide used throughout the Midwestern US that is reported to frequently contaminate potable water supplies above the maximum contaminant level of 3 parts per billion."	( Embryonic atrazine exposure alters zebrafish and human miRNAs associated with angiogenesis, cancer, and neurodevelopment. Freeman, JL; Schlotman, KE; Sepúlveda, MS; Weber, GJ; Wirbisky, SE, 2016)	1.56
"Atrazine is an herbicide widely used in crops and has drawn attention due to potential pollution present in soil, sediment, water, and food. "	( Evaluation of atrazine degradation applied to different energy systems. Araújo, AF; Freschi, GP; Moreira, AJ; Pinheiro, BS, 2016)	2.24
"Atrazine is an herbicide used to control broadleaf grasses and a suspected endocrine disrupting chemical. "	( Atrazine alters expression of reproductive and stress genes in the developing hypothalamus of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. Rhen, T; Russart, KL, 2016)	3.32
"Atrazine (ATR) is an endocrine disruptor that affects steroidogenic process, resulting in disruption of reproductive function of the male and female gonads. "	( Atrazine activates multiple signaling pathways enhancing the rapid hCG-induced androgenesis in rat Leydig cells. Andric, N; Fa, S; Hrubik, J; Kaisarevic, S; Pogrmic-Majkic, K; Samardzija, D, 2016)	3.32
"Atrazine is an herbicide frequently detected in watercourses that can affect the phytoplankton community, thus impacting the whole food chain. "	( Sensitivity of Scenedesmus obliquus and Microcystis aeruginosa to atrazine: effects of acclimation and mixed cultures, and their removal ability. Chalifour, A; Juneau, P; LeBlanc, A; Sleno, L, 2016)	2.11
"Atrazine (ATR) is an herbicide broadly used in the world to control weeds in corn and sorghum fields, and it is potentially toxic for the dopaminergic system. "	( Behavioral effects and neuroanatomical targets of acute atrazine exposure in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Giordano, M; Hernandez-Plata, I; Mendoza-Trejo, MS; Rodriguez, VM, 2017)	2.14
"Atrazine is well known to be a biologically hazardous substance with toxic effects, but atrazine-induced neurotoxicity remains unclear. "	( Performance of a novel atrazine-induced cerebellar toxicity in quail (Coturnix C. coturnix): Activating PXR/CAR pathway responses and disrupting cytochrome P450 homeostasis. Du, ZH; Li, JL; Li, XN; Lin, J; Qin, L; Xia, J, 2017)	2.21
"Atrazine is an agricultural herbicide used throughout the Midwestern United States that frequently contaminates potable water supplies resulting in human exposure. "	( Atrazine exposure elicits copy number alterations in the zebrafish genome. Freeman, JL; Wirbisky, SE, 2017)	3.34
"Atrazine is a widely-used herbicide that can impact non-target organisms in the environment but can be biologically degraded by several types of microorganisms. "	( Seasonal detection of atrazine and atzA in man-made waterways receiving agricultural runoff in a subtropical, semi-arid environment (Hidalgo County, Texas, USA). Cortez, I; Lowe, KL; Persans, MW; Vitek, CJ, 2017)	2.21
"Atrazine is an herbicide widely used in crops and has drawn attention due to potential pollution present in soil, sediment, water, and food. "	( Evaluation of atrazine degradation applied to different energy systems. Araújo, AF; Freschi, GPG; Moreira, AJ; Pinheiro, BS, 2017)	2.26
"Atrazine is a toxic triazine herbicide within the most frequently used."	( Detection of pesticide residues using an immunodevice based on negative dielectrophoresis. Kunikata, R; Marco, MP; Matsue, T; Ramón-Azcón, J; Sanchez, FJ; Shiku, H; Yasukawa, T, 2009)	1.07
"Atrazine is a triazine herbicide which contains two secondary aliphatic amine groups. "	( A fast screening method for the presence of atrazine and other triazines in water using flow injection with chemiluminescent detection. Beale, DJ; Porter, NA; Roddick, FA, 2009)	2.06
"Atrazine is a herbicide of the chloro-s-triazine family. "	( Effects of atrazine and fenoxaprop-ethyl on capacitation and the acrosomal reaction in boar sperm. Betancourt, M; Fierro, R; Gómez-Arroyo, S; González-Márquez, H; Jiménez, I; Maravilla-Galván, R, )	1.96
"Atrazine is an herbicide considered as a potent endocrine disruptor, causing adverse effects on both gender of mammalian and non-mammalian species. "	( Changes in testicular morphology and steroidogenesis in adult rats exposed to Atrazine. Bandeira, SM; Mahecha, GA; Oliveira, AG; Oliveira, CA; Victor-Costa, AB, 2010)	2.03
"Atrazine is a commonly used herbicide for maize production in Chile, but it has recently been shown to be ineffective in soils that receive applications of cow slurries generated from the dairy industry. "	( Effect of cow slurry amendment on atrazine dissipation and bacterial community structure in an agricultural Andisol. Briceño, G; Demanet, R; Durán, N; Jorquera, MA; Mora, ML; Palma, G, 2010)	2.08
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide that has been reported to induce the activity of certain detoxification enzymes and to affect insecticide toxicity in organisms experiencing simultaneous exposure to both atrazine and insecticides. "	( Proteomic analysis of atrazine exposure in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Cerny, RL; Elthon, TE; Siegfried, BD; Thornton, BJ, 2010)	2.12
"Atrazine (ATR) is a chlorotriazine herbicide that is widely used and relatively persistent in the environment. "	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for atrazine and its main metabolites in the adult male C57BL/6 mouse. Filipov, NM; Fisher, JW; Lin, Z; Ross, MK, 2011)	2.07
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide in agriculture. "	( The capacity of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) to degrade atrazine in a phytoremediation setting. Coats, JR; Murphy, IJ, 2011)	2.06
"Atrazine is an herbicide of the s-triazine family that is used primarily as a nitrogen source by degrading microorganisms. "	( Atrazine biodegradation in the lab and in the field: enzymatic activities and gene regulation. García-González, V; Govantes, F; Porrúa, O; Santero, E, 2009)	3.24
"Atrazine (ATR) is a widespread agrochemical contaminant frequently detected in water systems and kolaviron (KV) is a seed-derived biflavonoid which is reported to modulate the effects of many mutagens and carcinogens. "	( Biflavanone-kolaviron protects human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells against atrazine induced toxic insult. Abarikwu, SO; Farombi, EO; Pant, AB, 2011)	2.04
"Atrazine is a selective triazine herbicide used to control broadleaf and grassy weeds mainly in corn, sorghum, sugarcane, pineapple, and other crops, and in conifer reforestation planting fields. "	( In vivo genotoxicity evaluation of atrazine and atrazine-based herbicide on fish Carassius auratus using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. Cavas, T, 2011)	2.09
"Atrazine is a persistent organic pollutant and it has been widely used in agriculture and forestry in the world for more than fifty years. "	( Adsorption and removal at low atrazine concentration in an MBR pilot plant. Buttiglieri, G; Malpei, F; Migliorisi, L, 2011)	2.1
"Atrazine (ATR) is an herbicide that exerts negative reproductive effects. "	( The effects of prenatal exposure to atrazine on pubertal and postnatal reproductive indices in the female rat. Best, DS; Cooper, RL; Davis, LK; Fraites, MJ; Goldman, JM; Murr, AS; Narotsky, MG; Stoker, TE; Zorrilla, LM, 2011)	2.09
"Atrazine is a triazine herbicide used widely in the United States. "	( Atrazine and cancer incidence among pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study (1994-2007). Alavanja, MC; Andreotti, G; Barone-Adesi, F; Blair, A; Coble, JB; Freeman, LE; Hines, CJ; Hoppin, JA; Koutros, S; Lubin, JH; Rusiecki, JA; Sandler, DP; Sloan, J; Zahm, SH, 2011)	3.25
"Atrazine (ATZ) is a selective triazine herbicide used primarily for preemergent weed control in corn, sorghum, and sugar cane production. "	( Investigating the impact of chronic atrazine exposure on sexual development in zebrafish. Corvi, MM; Feist, SW; Hosmer, AJ; Kent, ML; La Du, JK; Peterson, TS; Stanley, KA; Tanguay, RL; Volz, DC, 2012)	2.1
"Atrazine appears to be a good candidate for a category of herbicides with a probable absence of cancer risk."	( Atrazine and cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Adami, HO; Berry, SC; Boffetta, P; Mandel, JS, 2013)	2.55
"Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used pre-emergence/early postemergence herbicide. "	( Atrazine inhibits pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release without altering GnRH messenger RNA or protein levels in the female rat. Breckenridge, CB; Foradori, CD; Handa, RJ; Hinds, LR; Zimmerman, AD; Zuloaga, KL, 2013)	3.28
"Atrazine (ATZ) is a widely used herbicide and is considered an endocrine disruptor of different organisms. "	( Oral exposure to atrazine modulates hormone synthesis and the transcription of steroidogenic genes in male peripubertal mice. Fu, Z; Jin, Y; Wang, L, 2013)	2.17
"Atrazine is a common agricultural herbicide that is readily transported into estuaries through surface water runoff. "	( Estuarine phytoplankton group-specific responses to sublethal concentrations of the agricultural herbicide, atrazine. Lumsden, SE; Ornólfsdóttir, EB; Pinckney, JL, 2002)	1.97
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide, and its persistence in soil and water causes environmental concerns. "	( Influence of lead on atrazine uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings from nutrient solution. Su, YH; Zhu, YG, 2005)	2.09
"Atrazine is a herbicide used extensively worldwide. "	( Atrazine in municipal drinking water and risk of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and small-for-gestational-age status. Chevrier, C; Cordier, S; Coutté, MB; Durand, G; Villanueva, CM, 2005)	3.21
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide in the US found at levels ranging from <10 ng/L to 62.5 microg/L in estuaries throughout the southeast. "	( Atrazine effects on meiobenthic assemblages of a modular estuarine mesocosm. Bejarano, AC; Chandler, GT; DeLorenzo, ME; Pennington, PL, 2005)	3.21
"Atrazine is a herbicide used most frequently in North America, but it usually is encountered in mixtures of agrochemicals. "	( Growth inhibition as indicator of stress because of atrazine following multiple toxicant exposure of the freshwater macrophyte, Juncus effusus L. Lytle, JS; Lytle, TF, 2005)	2.02
"Atrazine is a selective triazine herbicide that has been the subject of an international revision program for human and ecological health risks because of its persistence in the environment."	( Quercetin reduces chromosome aberrations induced by atrazine in the Allium cepa test. Bolle, P; Carratù, MR; Evandri, MG; Mastrangelo, S; Tomassetti, M, 2006)	1.31
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide applied to corn, sugar and other crops as a broad leaf weed inhibitor. "	( Immunomodulatory effects of maternal atrazine exposure on male Balb/c mice. Barnett, JB; Brundage, KM; Rowe, AM; Schafer, R, 2006)	2.05
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide that was considered to be an endocrine disrupter capable of interfering with the synthesis and action of natural hormones. "	( Cytotoxic effects and apoptosis induction of atrazine in a grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) cell line. Chen, XY; Liu, XM; Shao, JZ; Xiang, LX, 2006)	2.04
"Atrazine is a herbicide widely used on agricultural commodities. "	( Determination of atrazine and its metabolites in mouse urine and plasma by LC-MS analysis. Filipov, NM; Ross, MK, 2006)	2.12
"Atrazine is a contaminant of interest because the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has found short-term atrazine exposure above the drinking water maximum contaminant level (MCL) to potentially cause heart, lung, and kidney congestion, low blood pressure, muscle spasms, weight loss, and damage to the adrenal glands."	( 2004 National Atrazine Occurrence Monitoring Program using the Abraxis ELISA method. Adams, C; Blute, N; Graziano, N; Jiang, H; McGuire, MJ; Roberson, A, 2006)	1.42
"Atrazine is an herbicide which has shown potential antimalarial effects both in vitro and in vivo in rats. "	( Identification of a metabolite of atrazine, N-ethyl-6-methoxy-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, upon incubation with rat liver microsomes. Bigelow, JC; Li, A; May, MP, 2006)	2.06
"Atrazine is a potent endocrine disruptor that both chemically castrates and feminizes male amphibians. "	( Characterization of atrazine-induced gonadal malformations in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) and comparisons with effects of an androgen antagonist (cyproterone acetate) and exogenous estrogen (17beta-estradiol): Support for the demasculinization/f Collins, A; Hayes, TB; Johnston, G; Kpodzo, D; Liu, R; Mendoza, M; Noriega, N; Stuart, AA; Vonk, A, 2006)	2.1
"Atrazine is a common agricultural herbicide with endocrine disruptor activity. "	( European Union bans atrazine, while the United States negotiates continued use. Colangelo, A; Sass, JB, )	1.9
"Atrazine is a potent endocrine disruptor that increases aromatase expression in some human cancer cell lines. "	( Atrazine-induced aromatase expression is SF-1 dependent: implications for endocrine disruption in wildlife and reproductive cancers in humans. Fan, W; Gondo, S; Hayes, TB; Komatsu, T; Morinaga, H; Morohashi, K; Nawata, H; Nomura, M; Okabe, T; Takayanagi, R; Yanase, T, 2007)	3.23
"Atrazine (ATR) is a pesticide used widely throughout North America. "	( Atrazine-induced changes in aromatase activity in estrogen sensitive target tissues. Anger, DA; Crankshaw, DJ; Foster, WG; Holloway, AC; Wu, M, 2008)	3.23
"Atrazine is a well-known contaminant of surface waters and has been implicated in point-source pollution at agrochemical dealerships in the Midwest. "	( Fate of atrazine in a grassed phytoremediation system. Belden, JB; Coats, JR; Henderson, KL, 2007)	2.22
"Atrazine is an herbicide used worldwide to control grasses and weeds. "	( Gestational exposure to atrazine: effects on the postnatal development of male offspring. Chen, H; Folmer, J; Liu, J; Papadopoulos, V; Rosenberg, BG; Zirkin, BR, )	1.88
"Atrazine is a widely used triazine herbicide. "	( Atrazine binds to F1F0-ATP synthase and inhibits mitochondrial function in sperm. Handa, H; Hase, Y; Kabe, Y; Kataoka, K; Natori, M; Nishi, T; Ozawa, N; Tatsuno, M; Watanabe, H; Yamaguchi, Y, 2008)	3.23
"Atrazine is an extensively used triazine herbicide in agricultural and residential areas and has been routinely detected in many surface and ground waters. "	( Gene expression profiling reveals decreased expression of two hemoglobin genes associated with increased consumption of oxygen in Chironomus tentans exposed to atrazine: a possible mechanism for adapting to oxygen deficiency. Anderson, TD; Begum, K; Jin-Clark, Y; Starkey, SR; Zhu, KY, 2008)	1.99
"Atrazine is a common herbicidal contaminant of groundwater in agricultural areas in the USA."	( Developmental immunotoxicity of atrazine in rodents. Barnett, JB; Brundage, KM; Rowe, AM, 2008)	1.35
"Atrazine is an extensively used herbicide in the USA. "	( In vitro percutaneous absorption and metabolism in man of 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine (atrazine). Ademola, JI; Maibach, HI; Sedik, LE; Wester, RC, 1993)	1.94
"Atrazine (ATR) is an herbicide that has been shown to have adverse reproductive effects including alterations in levels of pituitary hormones such as prolactin (prl) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in female LE rats when administered at doses of 200 mg/kg/day for 1 and 3 days. "	( Effect of atrazine on implantation and early pregnancy in 4 strains of rats. Cooper, RL; Cummings, AM; Rhodes, BE, 2000)	2.15
"Atrazine appears to be a more potent damaging agent than caffeine at similar levels of exposure; however, the levels of caffeine one is exposed to during everyday life appears to be more damaging on the endpoints analyzed in this study than the levels of atrazine found contaminating water supplies."	( Comparing the clastogenic potential of atrazine with caffeine using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Bouma, J; Northcott, CA; Rayburn, AL, 2001)	1.3
"Atrazine is a widely used herbicide, and it is one of the most common xenobiotics present in Danube water."	( Investigation of atrazine metabolism in river sediment by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Takáts, Z; Vargha, M; Vékey, K, 2001)	1.37

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Atrazine has a detrimental effect on soybean growth in corn-soybean rotation systems. "	( Biochar alleviated the toxicity of atrazine to soybeans, as revealed by soil microbial community and the assembly process. Cheng, J; Franks, AE; Fu, X; He, Y; Huang, X; Lin, J; Shi, J; Xu, J; Yang, X; Yuan, M; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.44
"Atrazine has a significant influence on the biotransformation enzyme and oxidative defense enzymes of early life stages of common carp. "	( The effects of atrazine exposure on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Blahova, J; Chromcova, L; Plhalova, L; Praskova, E; Prokes, M; Skoric, M; Stepanova, S; Svobodova, Z; Zelníckova, L; Zivna, D, 2013)	2.19
"Atrazine exposure has a dose-dependent adverse effect on the testicular and epididymal sperm numbers, motility, viability, morphology, and daily sperm production."	( Changes in sperm characteristics and induction of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis of experimental rats by a herbicide, atrazine. Abarikwu, SO; Adesiyan, AC; Farombi, EO; Oyeloja, TO; Oyeyemi, MO, 2010)	1.29
"Atrazine has a detrimental effect on soybean growth in corn-soybean rotation systems. "	( Biochar alleviated the toxicity of atrazine to soybeans, as revealed by soil microbial community and the assembly process. Cheng, J; Franks, AE; Fu, X; He, Y; Huang, X; Lin, J; Shi, J; Xu, J; Yang, X; Yuan, M; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.44
"Atrazine has become one of the most popular applied triazine herbicides in the world due to its high herbicidal efficiency and low price. "	( Toxicological effects, environmental behaviors and remediation technologies of herbicide atrazine in soil and sediment: A comprehensive review. Chang, J; Chen, L; Fang, W; Liang, J; Ma, W; Wang, Q; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhang, P, 2022)	2.39
"Atrazine has been widely used in the world and caused environmental pollution, especially soil pollution. "	( Toxicity comparison of atrazine on Eisenia fetida in artificial soil and three natural soils. Allen, SC; Du, Z; Hou, K; Li, B; Li, X; Wang, J; Wu, R; Yang, Y; Zhu, L, 2023)	2.66
"Atrazine (ATZ) has caused serious environmental pollution, but the biodegradation of ATZ is relatively slow and inefficient. "	( Responses of straw foam-based aerobic granular sludge to atrazine: Insights from metagenomics and microbial community variations. Jin, Y; Liu, D; Su, H; Wang, S; Wu, Z; Xiao, G; Xiong, W, 2023)	2.6
"Atrazine has been widely used as an herbicide, and its harm has attracted more and more attention. "	( Adsorption kinetics and mechanism of atrazine on iron-modified algal residue biochar in the presence of soil. Dai, Z; Gao, Z; Li, Y; Wang, R, 2023)	2.63
"Atrazine has long been regularly detected in several environmental compartments, and its widespread use has resulted in ubiquitous and unpreventable contamination."	( Atrazine and its degradation products in drinking water source and supply: Risk assessment for environmental and human health in Campinas, Brazil. De Caroli Vizioli, B; Ferreira de Medeiros, J; Montagner, CC; Silva da Silva, G, 2023)	3.07
"Atrazine has been used on Chinese farmlands for a long time and over a wide range. "	( Effects of the long-term application of atrazine on soil enzyme activity and bacterial community structure in farmlands in China. Fan, X; He, W; Liu, Y; Song, F; Zhang, T, 2020)	2.27
"Atrazine has been demonstrated with a variety of endocrine disrupting activities and reproductive toxicities."	( Prenatal exposure to atrazine induces cryptorchidism and hypospadias in F1 male mouse offspring. Chen, D; Lawless, J; Sinn, A; Tan, H; Wang, S; Wu, G; Zheng, Z, 2021)	1.66
"Atrazine has been widely studied, extensive environmental monitoring and toxicity data sets are available, and the spatial and temporal uses on major crops are well characterized."	( Assessment of risks to listed species from the use of atrazine in the USA: a perspective. Armbrust, KL; Brain, RA; Chen, W; Galic, N; Ghebremichael, L; Giddings, JM; Hanson, ML; Maul, J; Smith, PN; Solomon, KR; Van Der Kraak, G, 2021)	1.59
"Atrazine has no access to heme edge due to the electric charges of the delocalized s-triazine ring."	( Lignin peroxidase ligand access channel dysfunction in the presence of atrazine. Ecker, J; Fülöp, L, 2018)	1.44
"Atrazine has a significant influence on the biotransformation enzyme and oxidative defense enzymes of early life stages of common carp. "	( The effects of atrazine exposure on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Blahova, J; Chromcova, L; Plhalova, L; Praskova, E; Prokes, M; Skoric, M; Stepanova, S; Svobodova, Z; Zelníckova, L; Zivna, D, 2013)	2.19
"Atrazine has been shown to cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity."	( The long-term effects of the herbicide atrazine on the dopaminergic system following exposure during pubertal development. Li, B; Li, Y; Sun, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, J; Yu, J, 2014)	1.39
"Atrazine (AT) has been detected in surface water and groundwater in many countries and regions around the world. "	( [Spatial distribution and risk assessment of atrazine in Taizi River basin, China]. Wang, ZQ; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YZ; Zheng, L; Zhu, LS, 2014)	2.1
"Atrazine has been shown to affect freshwater snails from the subcellular to community level. "	( The effects of the herbicide atrazine on freshwater snails. Belden, JB; Bolek, MG; Gustafson, KD, 2015)	2.15
"Atrazine has been implicated in reproductive dysfunction of exposed organisms, and previous studies documented decreased egg production in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) during 30-d to 38-d exposures to 0.5 µg/L, 5 µg/L, and 50 µg/L atrazine. "	( Evaluation of potential mechanisms of atrazine-induced reproductive impairment in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Papoulias, DM; Richter, CA; Tillitt, DE; Whyte, JJ, 2016)	2.15
"Atrazine has been used worldwide for over 50 years as a chemical herbicide. "	( Isolation and characterization of atrazine-degrading strain Shewanella sp. YJY4 from cornfield soil. Gao, JG; Li, HT; Liang, D; Liu, RM; Ye, JY; Zhang, JB, 2016)	2.16
"Atrazine (ATZ) has been a key herbicide for annual weed control in corn, with both a soil and post-emergence vegetation application period. "	( Enhanced atrazine degradation is widespread across the United States. Bernards, ML; Bradley, K; Clay, SA; Curran, WS; Currie, R; Davis, V; Dotray, P; Grichar, WJ; Klein, R; Knezevic, S; Kruz, LJ; Martin, J; Miller, DK; Mueller, TC; Owen, MD; Parker, ET; Prostko, EP; Scott, R; Sprague, C; Steckel, L; Stephenson, DO, 2017)	2.31
"Atrazine has been shown to suppress luteinizing hormone (LH) release and can lead to a prolongation of the estrous cycle in the rat."	( Atrazine inhibits pulsatile luteinizing hormone release without altering pituitary sensitivity to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonist in female Wistar rats. Clay, CM; Foradori, CD; Handa, RJ; Hanneman, WH; Hinds, LR; Legare, ME, 2009)	2.52
"Atrazine exposure has a dose-dependent adverse effect on the testicular and epididymal sperm numbers, motility, viability, morphology, and daily sperm production."	( Changes in sperm characteristics and induction of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis of experimental rats by a herbicide, atrazine. Abarikwu, SO; Adesiyan, AC; Farombi, EO; Oyeloja, TO; Oyeyemi, MO, 2010)	1.29
"Atrazine (ATR) has recently been shown to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rodents. "	( Characterization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to atrazine and metabolites in the female rat. Buckalew, A; Cooper, RL; Fraites, MJ; Jayaraman, S; Laws, SC; Mills, L, 2009)	2.03
"Atrazine has been applied to maize and alfalfa grown in the area for weed control for 15 years."	( Impact of long-term wastewater irrigation on sorption and transport of atrazine in Mexican agricultural soils. Duwig, C; Etchevers, J; Hidalgo, C; Müller, K; Prado, B; Siebe, C, 2012)	1.33
"Atrazine has little effect on tyrosine environment of catalase."	( [Influence of atrazine on the tyrosine environment of catalase]. Chen, X; Liu, H; Liu, W; Yang, W, 2002)	1.4
"Atrazine has been an environmental contaminant for more than two decades. "	( In vivo genotoxicity of atrazine to anuran larvae. Freeman, JL; Rayburn, AL, 2004)	2.07
"Atrazine has low toxicity (LC50 > 10 mg l(-1)) while molinate has moderate toxicity (1 mg l(-1) < LC50 < 10 mg l(-1)) to C."	( The toxicity and bioavailability of atrazine and molinate to Chironomus tepperi larvae in laboratory and river water in the presence and absence of sediment. Lim, RP; Phyu, YL; Warne, MS, 2005)	1.32
"Atrazine, which has been used worldwide as a pesticide, is now known to exert endocrine disrupting (antiandrogenic) effects in mammals. "	( Influence of atrazine administration and reduction of calorie intake on prostate carcinogenesis in probasin/SV40 T antigen transgenic rats. Asamoto, M; Kandori, H; Mingxi, T; Murasaki, T; Ogawa, K; Shirai, T; Suzuki, S, 2005)	2.14
"Atrazine has in the past been used for both agricultural and non-agricultural applications, but it is difficult to distinguish the contamination originating from these two sources."	( Discriminating between point and non-point sources of atrazine contamination of a sandy aquifer. Bogaert, P; Leterme, B; Rounsevell, MD; Vanclooster, M, 2006)	1.3
"Atrazine has been shown previously to potentiate chlorpyrifos toxicity in selected invertebrates. "	( Impact of atrazine on chlorpyrifos toxicity in four aquatic vertebrates. Lydy, MJ; Maul, JD; Wacksman, MN, 2006)	2.18
"Atrazine has only been subjected to a limited amount of testing but the results indicate that plant metabolic activation is required in vitro, and that activation to a mutagenic metabolite also occurs in mammals independent from liver enzymes."	( A review of the coordinated research effort on the comparison of test systems for the detection of mutagenic effects, sponsored by the E.E.C. Adler, ID, 1980)	0.98
"Atrazine has been subjected to a broad range of genetic tests with predominantly negative results."	( An assessment of the genetic toxicity of atrazine: relevance to human health and environmental effects. Brusick, DJ, 1994)	1.28

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Atrazine was able to inhibit complex I-III activity by 30% and DACT induced a tendency to decrease by 17% in the striatum."	( Mitochondrial dysfunction due to in vitro exposure to atrazine and its metabolite in striatum. Bustamante, J; Czerniczyniec, A; Karadayian, AG; Lores-Arnaiz, S; Paez, B, 2023)	1.88
"Atrazine caused an increase in soluble sugars at all tested doses and decrease in soluble proteins at the highest tested dose."	( Responses of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings to atrazine stress. Azizullah, A; Bibi, S; Daud, MK; Khan, S; Taimur, N, 2019)	1.45
"Atrazine can cause immunotoxicity mainly through cellular and humoral immunity pathways."	( Toxic effects of atrazine on immune function in BALB/c mice. Chang, J; Jia, X; Liang, C; Liu, Z; Mao, W; Song, Y; Wang, W; Yang, H; Yong, L, 2021)	1.68
"Atrazine could inhibit the propagation of ammonium oxidation bacteria and nitrite oxidation bacteria, decreasing the ammonium removal rate and the accumulation of nitrite."	( Fast atrazine degradation by the mixed cultures enriched from activated sludge and analysis of their microbial community succession. Chen, L; Chen, X; Liu, X; Ni, S; Qiu, J; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Zhang, X; Zhou, Q, 2017)	1.69
"Atrazine did not suppress the AFC response or decrease NKC function after 28 days in males or females."	( Lack of immunotoxic effects of repeated exposure to atrazine associated with the adaptation of adrenal gland activation. Breckenridge, CB; Coder, PS; Foradori, CD; Handa, RJ; Kimber, I; Peachee, VL; Pruett, SB; Zimmerman, AD, 2017)	1.43
"Atrazine caused an increase in oxidative damage, reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant capacity and decreased thiol-containing molecules."	( Embryo-larval exposure to atrazine reduces viability and alters oxidative stress parameters in Drosophila melanogaster. Aguiar, LM; Figueira, FH; Rosa, CE, 2017)	1.48
"Atrazine did not transactivate the endogenous ERalpha in different cancer cell contexts or chimeric proteins encoding the ERalpha and ERbeta hormone-binding domain in gene reporter assays. "	( G-protein-coupled receptor 30 and estrogen receptor-alpha are involved in the proliferative effects induced by atrazine in ovarian cancer cells. Abonante, S; Albanito, L; Cappello, AR; Chimento, A; Dolce, V; Lappano, R; Madeo, A; Maggiolini, M; Pezzi, V; Prossnitz, ER, 2008)	2
"Atrazine may directly activate new CL by stimulating steroidogenic factor expressions."	( Differential stimulation pathways of progesterone secretion from newly formed corpora lutea in rats treated with ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, sulpiride, or atrazine. Inoue, K; Nishikawa, A; Sakamoto, Y; Takahashi, M; Taketa, Y; Taya, K; Watanabe, G; Yamate, J; Yoshida, M, 2011)	1.29
"Atrazine was found to inhibit Φ'(M), Ψ(0), P(M) and non-photochemical quenching for all species indicating an effect on electron transport, primary production and photoregulation processes."	( Response to variable light intensity in photoacclimated algae and cyanobacteria exposed to atrazine. Deblois, CP; Dufresne, K; Juneau, P, 2013)	1.33
"Atrazine did not cause overt toxicity in sexually immature female quail (no effects on change in body weight, feed intake, mortality or on circulating concentrations of the stress hormone, corticosterone)."	( Lack of effects of atrazine on estrogen-responsive organs and circulating hormone concentrations in sexually immature female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Anderson, LL; Carsia, RV; Cutler, SA; Proudman, JA; Scanes, CG; Wilhelms, KW, 2006)	1.38
"Atrazine is chosen because it is widely used, is transported in runoff relatively easily, is widely observed in surface waters, and has relatively little loss in the stream network."	( Effect of scale on the behavior of atrazine in surface waters. Capel, PD; Larson, SJ, 2001)	1.31

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Atrazine pretreated did not alter the expression of the rate limiting steroidogenic StAR protein or angiotensin II receptor 1."	( The Herbicide Atrazine Potentiates Angiotensin II-Induced Aldosterone Synthesis and Release From Adrenal Cells. Foradori, CD; Jones, MA; Kemppainen, RJ; Mackay, L; Read, CC; Schwartz, D; Zimmerman, AD, 2021)	1.7
"Atrazine treatment resulted in abnormal spindle morphology but did not affect actin distribution."	( Toxic effects of atrazine on porcine oocytes and possible mechanisms of action. Jin, YX; Kim, NH; Liang, S; Yuan, B; Zhang, JB; Zhang, MJ, 2017)	1.52
"Atrazine treatment did not affect protozoan densities, but, through an effect on competition, resulted in significantly greater densities of En."	( Agrochemicals indirectly increase survival of E. coli O157:H7 and indicator bacteria by reducing ecosystem services. Harwood, VJ; Rohr, JR; Senkbeil, JK; Staley, ZR, )	0.85
"Atrazine treatment at a low concentration of 0.1 µM resulted in significant differences in craniofacial cartilage elements, while concentrations ≥1 µM led to decreased survival and increased heart rates."	( Atrazine affects craniofacial chondrogenesis and axial skeleton mineralization in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Kramer, AG; Lassiter, CS; Walker, BS, 2018)	2.64
"Atrazine treatments for 6 h resulted in differential expression of 4 phosphoproteins and 8 total-proteins as compared to the control cells (>1.5-fold, p<0.05)."	( Atrazine affects phosphoprotein and protein expression in MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells. Huang, P; Song, Q; Yang, J, 2014)	2.57
"Atrazine treatment increased H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) and the formation of γH2AX foci in the nuclei of MCF-10A cells."	( Atrazine Triggers DNA Damage Response and Induces DNA Double-Strand Breaks in MCF-10A Cells. Huang, P; Ning, J; Song, Q; Wang, M; Yang, J, 2015)	2.58
"Atrazine-treated crayfish spent less time in the food arm, at the odor source, and were less successful at finding the food odor source than control crayfish for all times tested."	( Acute Atrazine Exposure has Lasting Effects on Chemosensory Responses to Food Odors in Crayfish (Orconectes virilis). Abraham, NK; Belanger, RM; Kana, MA; May, LA; Mooney, LN; Nguyen, HM; Peters, TJ, 2016)	1.64
"Atrazine treatment significantly decreased total lipid, cholesterol, and phospholipid content of erythrocyte membranes."	( Atrazine-induced alterations in rat erythrocyte membranes: ameliorating effect of vitamin E. Kiran, R; Sandhir, R; Singh, M, )	2.3
"Atrazine treatment also increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, while reducing gene expressions and enzymatic activities related to two major H2O2-detoxification pathways."	( Differential patterns of reactive oxygen species and antioxidative mechanisms during atrazine injury and sucrose-induced tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets. Bogard, M; Couée, I; Gouesbet, G; Ramel, F; Sulmon, C, 2009)	1.3
"Atrazine treatments slightly decreased survival in virus-exposed treatments, yet slightly increased survival in the virus-free treatments."	( Combined effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on susceptibility of the tiger salamander to Ambystoma tigrinum virus. Kerby, JL; Storfer, A, 2009)	1.4
"When atrazine treatment was increased to 16 days, GSH levels remained unchanged, but lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased in both the testes and epididymides."	( Changes in sperm characteristics and induction of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis of experimental rats by a herbicide, atrazine. Abarikwu, SO; Adesiyan, AC; Farombi, EO; Oyeloja, TO; Oyeyemi, MO, 2010)	1.02
"Atrazine should be treated for regulatory and public health purposes as an agent unlikely to pose a cancer risk to humans."	( Atrazine and cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Adami, HO; Berry, SC; Boffetta, P; Mandel, JS, 2013)	2.55
"Atrazine treatment efficiency at the outlet of the constructed wetland during a 7-d period ranged from 18-24% in 1998 (experiments 1-3) and 16-17% in 1999 (experiments 4 and 5)."	( Treatment of atrazine in nursery irrigation runoff by a constructed wetland. Bottomley, PJ; Jenkins, JJ; Moore, JA; Runes, HB; Wilson, BD, 2003)	1.41
"Atrazine treatment tended to increase proportion of estrogen receptor alpha-positive tumors and stimulated cell proliferation in the DMBA-Tumor(+) group, but with no clear effects on serum hormone levels."	( Possible enhancing effects of atrazine on growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced mammary tumors in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Hirose, M; Imai, T; Matsui, T; Mitsumori, K; Onodera, H; Takizawa, T; Ueda, M, 2005)	1.34
"atrazine-treated group was significantly decreased, and there was a tendency to decrease in the ratios in the dorsal lobe of the atrazine-treated groups."	( Influence of atrazine administration and reduction of calorie intake on prostate carcinogenesis in probasin/SV40 T antigen transgenic rats. Asamoto, M; Kandori, H; Mingxi, T; Murasaki, T; Ogawa, K; Shirai, T; Suzuki, S, 2005)	1.42
"Atrazine treatments did not affect hatchability of embryos or 96-h posthatch mortality of larvae of Rana pipiens, Rana sylvatica, or Bufo americanus."	( Effects of atrazine on embryos, larvae, and adults of anuran amphibians. Allran, JW; Karasov, WH, 2001)	1.42
"Treatment with atrazine at 0.05-0.8 mg L(-1) for 6 d reduced elongation of shoot and root."	( Accumulation and toxicological response of atrazine in rice crops. Lu, YC; Tan, LR; Yang, H; Zhang, JJ, 2014)	1
"Treatment with atrazine for four weeks during sexual maturation inhibited growth but did not affect any other parameter assessed (feed intake, liver, ovary, or oviduct weights or the circulating concentrations of LH and estradiol)."	( Effects of atrazine on sexual maturation in female Japanese quail induced by photostimulation or exogenous gonadotropin. Anderson, LL; Cutler, SA; Proudman, JA; Scanes, CG; Wilhelms, KW, 2006)	1.06

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Alachlor was least toxic of the three pesticides tested."	( Toxicity assessment of atrazine, alachlor, and carbofuran and their respective environmental metabolites using Microtox. Kross, BC; Raue, LE; Vergara, A, 1992)	0.59
" There may also be an impact at greater distances from treated plots, especially in the case of compounds that are slow to degrade such as MITC (methyl isothiocyanate), the active toxic moiety generated in soil from metham sodium."	( Possible side effects of airborne pesticides on fungi and vascular plants in The Netherlands. Canters, KJ; de Jong, FM; van der Voet, E, 1995)	0.29
"Little is known about the toxic activity of the atrazine (a herbicide, commonly used in agricultural production) on the thyroid gland."	( Histological studies of atrazine toxicity on the thyroid gland in rats. Berezin, VA; Gerbilsky, LV; Gorelaya, MV; Kornilovskaya, IN; Usenko, VS, 1996)	0.86
" No acute toxic effects (48 h) were observed up to 4 g/L TFA."	( Uptake, toxicity, and effects on detoxication enzymes of atrazine and trifluoroacetate in embryos of zebrafish. Frank, H; Giese, M; Pflugmacher, S; Steinberg, C; Wiegand, C, 2000)	0.55
" The capacity of the tests to identify concentrations that are chronically toxic in the field was addressed by comparing the effects threshold concentrations determined in the laboratory tests with those determined for similar and/or related species and end points in stream and pond mesocosm studies."	( Development of methods for evaluating toxicity to freshwater ecosystems. Crossland, NO; Girling, AE; Janssen, CR; Jüttner, I; Lay, JP; Maund, SJ; Mitchell, GC; Neumeier, B; Pascoe, D; Peither, A; Persoone, G; Schäfer, H; Stephenson, RR; Taylor, EJ; Wenzel, A, 2000)	0.31
"1 mM, cadmium chloride 10(-5) M and atrazine 10(-4) M, which were weakly toxic after 2 h, became highly toxic after 48 h of contact."	( Evaluation of the toxicity of chemical compounds using digestive acini of the bivalve mollusc Pecten maximus L. maintained alive in vitro. Le Pennec, G; Le Pennec, M, 2001)	0.59
"Phytoplankton are potentially more at risk to the adverse effects of herbicides than many other organisms in estuarine ecosystems."	( Toxicity of atrazine to the estuarine phytoplankter Pavlova sp. (Prymnesiophyceae): increased sensitivity after long-term, low-level population exposure. Pennington, PL; Scott, GI, 2001)	0.69
" Dose-response curves were developed for dilution series using fixed ratios between concentrations in toxic units of the compounds."	( Joint action of chemicals in algal toxicity tests: influence of response level and dose-response regression model. Chen, D; Christensen, ER; Kusk, KO; Nyholm, N, 2001)	0.31
" While multiple exposure is widely acknowledged, arguments are raised that adverse combined effects might not be evoked by mixtures of substances with dissimilar modes of action and being present at only low concentrations."	( Mixture toxicity of priority pollutants at no observed effect concentrations (NOECs). Altenburger, R; Consolaro, F; Gramatica, P; Scholze, M; Walter, H, 2002)	0.31
" Whereas atrazine and cyanuric acid showed no significant toxic effect on the cells, phenol reduces growth and activates or induces typical membrane-adaptive responses known for the genus Pseudomonas."	( Simultaneous degradation of atrazine and phenol by Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP: effects of toxicity and adaptation. Heipieper, HJ; Kivisaar, M; Monson, L; Neumann, G; Schauer, F; Teras, R, 2004)	1.03
" In summary, the 50% dichlorvos containing insecide formulation (Unifosz 50 EC) and the 50% atrazine containing herbicide formulation (Hungazin PK 50 WP) were toxic to the developing chicken embryos at the highest concentration in our study."	( Toxicity of a dichlorvos containing insecticide formulation and an atrazine containing herbicide formulation in chicken embryos after individual administration. Budai, P; Fejes, S; Juhász, E; Keseru, M; Pongrácz, A; Szabó, R, 2004)	0.78
" These data suggest that the consequences of brief ATR exposure during a critical period of fetal MG development (GD 17-19), are both delayed MG development of the offspring and inadequate nutritional support of F2 offspring, resulting in adverse effects on pup weight gain."	( Adverse effects of prenatal exposure to atrazine during a critical period of mammary gland growth. Enoch, RR; Fenton, SE; Rayner, JL, 2005)	0.6
" Poplar cuttings could take up, hydrolyze, and dealkylate atrazine to less toxic metabolites."	( Phytoremediation of atrazine by poplar trees: toxicity, uptake, and transformation. Chang, SW; Je, CH; Lee, SJ, 2005)	0.9
" Safe concentrations for the aqueous experiments were estimated by applying an uncertainty factor of 10 to the calculated MATC values."	( Toxicity of atrazine to the juvenile hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Chung, KW; Lawton, JC; Pennington, PL; Scott, GI, 2006)	0.71
" All of these effects of ATR were observed at levels that were not toxic to the tissue, as LDH release into the medium (lactate dehydrogenase, an index of non-specific cytotoxicity) was not affected by ATR."	( Dopaminergic toxicity of the herbicide atrazine in rat striatal slices. Carr, RL; Filipov, NM; Sistrunk, SC; Stewart, MA, 2007)	0.61
" In addition, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and biotransformation were investigated to evaluate the toxic mode of action of chlorpyrifos in the presence of atrazine."	( Examining the joint toxicity of chlorpyrifos and atrazine in the aquatic species: Lepomis macrochirus, Pimephales promelas and Chironomus tentans. Lydy, MJ; Schuler, LJ; Tyler Mehler, W, 2008)	0.8
" Some pesticide formulations, however, are more toxic than their active ingredient (technical-grade pesticide) alone because of the presence of surfactants, adjuvants, or other ingredients in the formulation."	( Acute and chronic toxicity of pesticide formulations (atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and permethrin) to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea. Barnhart, MC; Bringolf, RB; Cope, WG; Lazaro, PR; Mosher, S; Shea, D, 2007)	0.59
" The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 attempts to ensure that public water systems (PWSs) supply safe water to its consumers."	( Economics of place-based monitoring under the safe drinking water act, part III: performance evaluation of place-based monitoring strategies. Brands, E; Rajagopal, R, 2008)	0.35
" The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 attempts to ensure that public water systems (PWSs) supply safe water to its consumers."	( Economics of place-based monitoring under the safe drinking water act, part II: design and development of place-based monitoring strategies. Brands, E; Rajagopal, R, 2008)	0.35
" The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 attempts to ensure that public water systems (PWSs) supply safe water to its consumers."	( Economics of place-based monitoring under the safe drinking water act, part I: spatial and temporal patterns of contaminants, and design of screening strategies. Brands, E; Rajagopal, R, 2008)	0.35
" In conclusion, multiwavelength-excitation PAM fluorometry has considerable potentials in multispecies and multiparameter assessment of toxic effects on community level in terms of (1) a combined and rapid evaluation of structural and functional parameters in parallel, (2) screening of trends over time, (3) observing effects in replication and (4) being non-destructive."	( Community-level microalgal toxicity assessment by multiwavelength-excitation PAM fluorometry. Altenburger, R; Schmitt-Jansen, M, 2008)	0.35
" Four common environmental contaminants (atrazine, methyl parathion, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and phenanthrene) were used as model compounds, representing different physico-chemical properties and toxic modes of action."	( Toxicity and bioaccumulation of xenobiotic organic compounds in the presence of aqueous suspensions of aggregates of nano-C(60). Baun, A; Hartmann, NB; Koch, CB; Rasmussen, RF; Sørensen, SN, 2008)	0.61
"There is a substantial literature reporting that the developing immune system is more sensitive to toxic insult and that the measurable phenotype resulting from prenatal/neonatal exposure often differs from that seen in adult exposure models (reviewed in Holladay and Steven, and Smialowicz et al."	( Developmental immunotoxicity of atrazine in rodents. Barnett, JB; Brundage, KM; Rowe, AM, 2008)	0.63
" The influence of toxic chemicals was tested with cadmium as a heavy metal and with atrazine, diuron, DNOC and paraquat as herbicides."	( Synchronous-scan fluorescence of algal cells for toxicity assessment of heavy metals and herbicides. Durrieu, C; Nguyen-Ngoc, H; Tran-Minh, C, 2009)	0.58
" According to the categories established in the EU legislation, atrazine can be considered non-harmful for the species tested, while the insecticides can be considered very toxic for the crustaceans."	( Acute toxicity of atrazine, endosulfan sulphate and chlorpyrifos to Vibrio fischeri, Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna, relative to their concentrations in surface waters from the Alentejo region of Portugal. Barbosa, IR; Fernandes, RM; Palma, P; Palma, VL; Soares, AM, 2008)	0.92
" However, direct adverse effects of pesticides on embryos and free-living stages of trematodes have not been thoroughly explored, despite the potential for these effects to reduce amphibian trematode infections."	( Lack of pesticide toxicity to Echinostoma trivolvis eggs and miracidia. Raffel, TR; Rohr, JR; Sheingold, JL, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse effects on PE were observed on days 2 and 5 after application."	( Phytotoxicity of atrazine, isoproturon, and diuron to submersed macrophytes in outdoor mesocosms. Hollender, J; Knauer, K; Knauert, S; Singer, H, 2010)	0.7
" However, the toxic effects of common chemical stressors such as herbicides in the presence of elevated nutrients are not well understood for most aquatic flora, particularly vascular species."	( Effects of nutrient pre-exposure on atrazine toxicity to Vallisneria americana Michx. (wild celery). Boustany, RG; Dantin, DD; Jordan, SJ; Lewis, MA; Michot, TC; Moss, RF, 2010)	0.64
" Our data suggest that selenium effectively attenuated the toxic effects of atrazine-induced liver changes but not in the reproductive organs and sperms of rats."	( Selenium provides protection to the liver but not the reproductive organs in an atrazine-model of experimental toxicity. Abarikwu, SO; Adesiyan, AC; Farombi, EO; Oyejola, TO; Oyeyemi, MO, 2011)	0.83
"Many varieties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) show resistance to herbicides; while this ability was frequently attributed to alterations in the target sites of the herbicide's action of the plant or to an efficient oxidative metabolism, little attention has been paid to glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), which are a family of detoxifying enzymes involved in the inactivation of many toxic compounds."	( Glutathione S-transferases of italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum): activity toward some chemicals, safener modulation and persistence of atrazine and fluorodifen in the shoots. Del Buono, D; Ioli, G, 2011)	0.57
" Although the toxic properties of atrazine are well known, the data on the genotoxic effects of atrazine on aquatic organisms are rather scarce."	( In vivo genotoxicity evaluation of atrazine and atrazine-based herbicide on fish Carassius auratus using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. Cavas, T, 2011)	0.93
" Genotoxicity tests showed that formulations of nanocapsules containing the herbicides were less toxic than the free herbicides."	( Poly(ε-caprolactone)nanocapsules as carrier systems for herbicides: physico-chemical characterization and genotoxicity evaluation. de Lima, R; dos Santos, NZ; Fraceto, LF; Grillo, R; Maruyama, CR; Rosa, AH, 2012)	0.38
"The degradation of atrazine in aqueous solution by UV or UV/H2O2 processes, and the toxic effects of the degradation products were explored."	( Photochemical degradation of atrazine in UV and UV/H2O2 process: pathways and toxic effects of products. Choi, HJ; Kim, D; Lee, TJ, 2013)	1.01
" Benthic diatoms may be a valuable indicator of the toxic impacts of herbicides in aquatic systems."	( Determining the relative sensitivity of benthic diatoms to atrazine using rapid toxicity testing: a novel method. Kefford, BJ; Mitrovic, SM; Wood, RJ, 2014)	0.65
"This study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of Atrazine (ATZ) on the reproductive system of male rats."	( Toxic effects of atrazine on reproductive system of male rats. Chen, JY; Hu, JX; Jia, ZC; Song, Y; Zhang, LS, 2014)	0.99
" The toxic effects of ATZ to rats were assessed through histopathologcal observation, spermatozoa quality evaluation, testicular marker enzyme indicators, antioxidant capacity and reproductive hormone levels."	( Toxic effects of atrazine on reproductive system of male rats. Chen, JY; Hu, JX; Jia, ZC; Song, Y; Zhang, LS, 2014)	0.74
"Significant adverse effects on reproductive system were observed in rats exposed to ATZ at different dosages compared with 0 mg/kg group, including an irregular and disordered arrangement of the seminiferous epithelium in 154 mg/kg group; a decreased spermatozoa number and an increased spermatozoa abnormality rate in 77 and 154 mg/kg groups; decreased levels of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) with the increasing of ATZ concentration; a decreased level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in a dose-dependent manner, and a decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) level and an increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in 154 mg/kg group; and decreased serum levels of testosterone (T) and inhibin-B (INH-B) and an increased serum level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in 77 and 154 mg/kg groups, and an increased serum level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in 154 mg/kg group."	( Toxic effects of atrazine on reproductive system of male rats. Chen, JY; Hu, JX; Jia, ZC; Song, Y; Zhang, LS, 2014)	0.74
"Dietary administration of ATR did not affect rat reproduction up to a parentally toxic dose of 38."	( Multigeneration reproduction and male developmental toxicity studies on atrazine in rats. Breckenridge, CB; DeSesso, JM; Scialli, AR; White, TE, 2014)	0.63
"Atrazin is currently the most widely used herbicide in agriculture with lots of adverse effects on human health."	( Modulatory effects of curcumin on redox status, mitochondrial function, and caspace-3 expression during atrazin-induced toxicity. Abo El-Noor, MM; Keshk, WA; Shareef, MM; Soliman, NA; Wahdan, AA, 2014)	0.4
" ATZ has been associated with adverse effects on the immune system; however, the mechanism of its immunotoxicity has not been completely elucidated."	( Effects of atrazine on the proliferation and cytotoxicity of murine lymphocytes with the use of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based flow cytometric approaches. Chen, J; Huo, J; Jia, Z; Li, Y; Song, Y; Zhang, L, 2015)	0.81
" Risk assessments based on individual components tend to underestimate the effects associated with toxic action of mixtures."	( Joint toxicity of chlorpyrifos, atrazine, and cadmium at lethal concentrations to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Cai, L; Chen, C; Kong, X; Qian, Y; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, G, 2015)	0.7
" The results of this study demonstrate that both arsenic and atrazine are potentially teratogenic and genotoxic, and can cause oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos, and these effects are potentiated by toxic interactions between the two contaminants."	( Teratogenicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) co-exposed to arsenic and atrazine. Adeyemi, JA; Barbosa, F; da Cunha Martins-Junior, A, )	0.58
" Our results indicate that ATR and CPF are highly toxic to common carp, and hypoactivity in common carp by acute and subchronic toxicity of ATR and CPF may provide a useful tool for assessing the toxicity of triazine herbicide and organophosphorous pesticides to aquatic organisms."	( Acute and subchronic toxic effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Immunotoxicity assessments. Liu, T; Wang, X; Xing, H; Xu, S; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.69
" In the past, much of the studies have focused on the toxic effect of contaminants on larvae (tadpoles), juvenile and adult frogs."	( Atrazine and malathion shorten the maturation process of Xenopus laevis oocytes and have an adverse effect on early embryo development. Chen, A; Hetrick, L; Ji, Q; Jing, G; Jocoy, D; Lee, J; Lin, YH; Liu, J; Tsai, LJ, 2016)	1.88
" Cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP450s) is responsible for the biotransformation of toxic substances."	( Lycopene protects against atrazine-induced hepatotoxicity through modifications of cytochrome P450 enzyme system in microsomes. Du, ZH; Guo, JA; Han, ZX; Li, JL; Lin, J; Xia, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, SY, 2016)	0.73
"In the present study, we evaluated the individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides (chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid) on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida."	( Individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. An, X; Cai, L; Chen, L; Jiang, J; Shen, W; Wang, Q; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.91
" Due to the biological accumulation, atrazine elicits widespread toxic effects on different organisms."	( A novel mechanism underlies atrazine toxicity in quails (Coturnix Coturnix coturnix): triggering ionic disorder via disruption of ATPases. Du, ZH; Li, HX; Li, JL; Lin, J; Qin, L; Xia, J, 2016)	1
"Atrazine is well known to be a biologically hazardous substance with toxic effects, but atrazine-induced neurotoxicity remains unclear."	( Performance of a novel atrazine-induced cerebellar toxicity in quail (Coturnix C. coturnix): Activating PXR/CAR pathway responses and disrupting cytochrome P450 homeostasis. Du, ZH; Li, JL; Li, XN; Lin, J; Qin, L; Xia, J, 2017)	2.21
" Both loaded and unloaded NC_PCL were the most toxic formulations to developmental rate, significantly reducing worms length, even at low concentrations."	( Safety assessment of nanopesticides using the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Ávila, DS; Campos, EV; Fraceto, LF; Jacques, MT; Oliveira, JL, 2017)	0.46
" The purpose of this study is to study potential biomarkers used for monitoring the toxic effects after chronic exposure to ATR by studying urine metabolites."	( Potential biomarkers for monitoring the toxicity of long-term exposure to atrazine in rat by metabonomic analysis. Geng, TQ; Li, LX; Zhang, CH; Zhang, XF; Zhang, Y; Zheng, J, 2018)	0.71
"Because atrazine is a widely used herbicide, its adverse effects on the reproductive system have been extensively researched."	( Toxic effects of atrazine on porcine oocytes and possible mechanisms of action. Jin, YX; Kim, NH; Liang, S; Yuan, B; Zhang, JB; Zhang, MJ, 2017)	1.23
" The US EPA's Terrestrial Investigation Model (TIM) uses a method to estimate avian dermal LD50 values (and ultimately dermal exposure) that frequently results in unusually high dermal exposure and low dermal LD50 estimates."	( Derivation of avian dermal LD50 values for dermal exposure models using in vitro percutaneous absorption of [ Blackstock, C; Brain, RA; Maul, JD, 2018)	0.48
" Interestingly, co-administration with low dose QT or different doses of LC succeeded to counteract the negative toxic effects of ATZ on serum oxidative stress indicators, serum testosterone levels, testicular IgA level and improved testicular CYP17A1 mRNA expression."	( Dose- dependent ameliorative effects of quercetin and l-Carnitine against atrazine- induced reproductive toxicity in adult male Albino rats. Abdel Aziz, RL; Abdel-Wahab, A; Abo El-Ela, FI; El-Nahass, ES; Hassan, NEY; Ibrahim, MA; Khalil, AAY, 2018)	0.71
" It is evident that any experimental assessment of pesticide toxic effects should take into account a combination of several oxidative stress and antioxidant defence biomarkers in various tissues and cell compartments."	( Oxidative stress in triazine pesticide toxicity: a review of the main biomarker findings. Pizent, A; Semren, TŽ; Žunec, S, 2018)	0.48
" Taking together, MES in its pure form seems to be a safe alternative to ATZ regarding the capacity to damage (at cellular and DNA levels) non-target plants (Monocots); however, MES in combination with ATZ appeared to act as a co-mutagen at low concentrations."	( Mesotrione herbicide does not cause genotoxicity, but modulates the genotoxic effects of Atrazine when assessed in mixture using a plant test system (Allium cepa). Cestari, MM; Felisbino, K; Leme, DM; Piancini, LDS; Santos-Filho, R, 2018)	0.7
"The toxic effects of different atrazine concentrations on tadpoles and adult male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) were assessed in a controlled laboratory environment following 90 days' exposure."	( Cardiotoxicity in African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) sub-chronically exposed to environmentally relevant atrazine concentrations: Implications for species survival. Asouzu Johnson, J; Chimuka, L; Ihunwo, A; Mbajiorgu, EF, 2019)	1.01
" The results showed delayed toxic effects of auxin simulators, especially 2,4-D in the Lemna test."	( The impact of humic acid on toxicity of individual herbicides and their mixtures to aquatic macrophytes. Ivančev Tumbas, I; Lazić, S; Mihajlović, V; Molnar Jazić, J; Šunjka, D; Teodorović, I; Tomić, T; Tubić, A, 2019)	0.51
" Recently, transcriptome analysis has become a major method to study the toxic mechanism of pollutants in environmental toxicology."	( Identification of signal pathways for immunotoxicity in the spleen of common carp exposed to chlorpyrifos. Chen, J; Li, S; Liu, F; Peng, M; Teng, X; Wang, Z; Xing, H, 2019)	0.51
"Triazine herbicide atrazine is considered to be moderately toxic to various aquatic animals."	( Embryotoxicity of atrazine and its degradation products to early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Blahova, J; Cocilovo, C; Faggio, C; Plhalova, L; Svobodova, Z, 2020)	1.22
" In conclusion, the findings of our study provide a new idea for the involvement of mechanisms of detoxification in liver and inquisition of gut microbiota plays crucial role in regulation of physiological activities through liver-gut axis to mitigate toxic effects in animals."	( The hepatotoxicity of altrazine exposure in mice involves the intestinal microbiota. Ahmed, BZ; Bai, Y; Chen, H; Han, Q; Hussain, R; Li, Y; Liao, J; Liu, B; Mehmood, K; Qiao, N; Tang, Z; Wang, S; Zeng, Q; Zhang, H, 2021)	0.62
"The present study aimed to explain the mechanisms involved in cell-mediated immunotoxicity of atrazine (ATR) in rabbits and to evaluate the ameliorative role of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) against such toxic effects."	( Atrazine-induced cell-mediated immunotoxicity in rabbits and the ameliorating role of glycyrrhizic acid. Galal, MK; Hussien, AM; Ibrahim, MA; Morgan, AM, 2021)	2.28
"This study was aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of different concentrations (23, 90, 360 mg/kg BW) of atrazine (ATZ) on immune function in BALB/c mice."	( Toxic effects of atrazine on immune function in BALB/c mice. Chang, J; Jia, X; Liang, C; Liu, Z; Mao, W; Song, Y; Wang, W; Yang, H; Yong, L, 2021)	1.17
"In this work, Caenorhabditis elegans was employed as an in vivo model to determine the toxic effects of atrazine at different concentrations."	( The use of different sublethal endpoints to monitor atrazine toxicity in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Bu, Y; Li, W; Liu, R; Song, N; Wan, X; Wang, Y; Xu, J; Yu, Y; Zhang, A; Zhou, R, 2021)	1.09
" Our results demonstrated that atrazine inhibited the proliferation of hESC and NSC, and showed different toxic sensitivity on these two kinds of cells."	( Evaluation of atrazine neurodevelopment toxicity in vitro-application of hESC-based neural differentiation model. Ding, X; Hu, W; Ma, X; Shan, W; Wen, Y; Xia, Y; Yan, W, 2021)	1.27
" This work points toward the derivation of biotic strategies to improve host resilience to environmental chemical exposures, and illustrates the power of integrative omics to identify pathways responsible for adverse health outcomes."	( An integrated host-microbiome response to atrazine exposure mediates toxicity in Drosophila. Booth, BW; Brown, JB; Celniker, SE; Fisher, WW; Hammonds, AS; Kirwan, JA; Langley, SA; Mao, JH; Morris, SNS; Park, S; Snijders, AM; Viant, MR; Wan, KH; Weber, RJM; Weiszmann, R; Yu, C, 2021)	0.89
" The first group received distilled water as control, while the second group received ATZ at 200 mg/kg body weight/ day via stomach gavage for 30 successive days of the experiment; the oral LD50 for ATZ is 3090 mg/kg."	( Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, And Molecular Alterations In Brain Tissue And Submandibular Salivary Gland Of Atrazine-Induced Toxicity In Male Rats. AbuBakr, HO; Ahmad, IM; Ahmed, YH; Ahmed, ZSO, 2022)	0.93
"In view of the recurrent applications of pesticides in agricultural producing countries, the increased presence of these substances in the environment raise a demand for the evaluation of adverse effects on non-target organisms."	( Reproductive toxicity by exposure to low concentrations of pesticides in Caenorhabditis elegans. Clavijo, A; Kronberg, MF; Manetti, M; Moya, A; Munarriz, E; Pagano, E; Tejedor, D, 2022)	0.72
" The current study aimed to investigate the potential toxic effect of ATZ as a neuroendocrine disruptor on the cerebellum and thyroid gland and on the liver as a detoxifying organ."	( Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular investigation of atrazine toxic effect on some organs of adult male albino rats with a screening of Acacia nilotica as a protective trial. AbuBaker, HO; Ahmed, IM; Ahmed, YH; Ahmed, ZSO; El-Sayed, HGM; Hasan, RS; Tahon, MA, 2022)	0.95
" This study aimed to elucidate the toxic impact of ATR on the liver and possible ameliorative effects of L-carnitine (LC)."	( Mitigating effect of L-carnitine against atrazine-induced hepatotoxicity: histopathological and biochemical analyses in albino rats. Rashad, WA; Refaay, NE; Saadawy, SF, 2023)	1.18
" Atrazine and alachlor were observed to not be acutely toxic to bees at doses up to 10 and 4 μg per bee, respectively."	( Acute toxicity of atrazine, alachlor, and chlorpyrifos mixtures to honey bees. Anderson, TD; Fellows, CJ; Swale, DR, 2022)	1.97
" Chronological and geographic data on the publication of articles, characterization of nATZ (type of nanocarrier, size, polydispersity index, zeta potential), experimental design (test species, exposure time, measurements, methodology, tested concentrations), and toxic effects are summarized and discussed."	( A systematic review of the toxic effects of a nanopesticide on non-target organisms: Estimation of protective concentrations using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach - The case of atrazine. Bandeira, FO; Fraceto, LF; Hennig, TB; Matias, WG; Puerari, RC, 2023)	1.1
"With the discharge of nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment, NPs can interact with coexisting organic pollutants, resulting in combined toxic effects."	( Combined toxic effects of TiO Li, Q; Wang, J; Xie, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2023)	0.91
" The toxic effects of pulse exposure were largely reversible by day 14."	( Haematological and biochemical toxicity in freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus following pulse exposure to atrazine, mancozeb, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, and their combination. Kanu, KC; Okoboshi, AC; Otitoloju, AA, 2023)	1.11
" However, before their widespread application it is essential to evaluate their safe application and no environmental impacts."	( Ecotoxicity studies of two atrazine nanoformulations: From the evaluation of stability in media to the effects on aquatic organisms. Castanha, RF; Castro, VLSS; Fraceto, LF; Jonsson, CM; Pereira, ADES; Pertrini, FS; Vallim, JH; Villarreal, GPU, 2023)	1.21
" Nevertheless, the reproductive effects caused by different exposure concentrations and the severity of toxic damage are poorly understood."	( Effect of atrazine on testicular toxicity involves accommodative disorder of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes system and testosterone synthesis in European quail (Coturnix coturnix). Jian, PA; Li, JL; Li, XN; Lu, WH; Ma, XY; Qin, L; Yi, BJ, 2023)	1.31

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The 14C plasma time-course exhibited a mono-exponential decrease with an absorption and elimination half-life of approximately 3 h and 11 h, respectively for both treatment groups."	( Determination of the effect of tridiphane on the pharmacokinetics of [14C]-atrazine following oral administration to male Fischer 344 rats. Dryzga, MD; Kastl, PE; Langvardt, PW; Osborne, DW; Timchalk, C, 1990)	0.51
"A physiological pharmacokinetic (PPK) model, with blood, body, and brain compartments, was developed to estimate total plasma chlorotriazine (CI-TRI) time courses (i."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of disposition and time-course studies with [14C]atrazine. Andersen, ME; Brzezicki, JM; Cranmer, BK; McMullin, TS; Tessari, JD, 2003)	0.55
" To better understand the toxicokinetics of ATR and to fill the need for a mouse model, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for ATR and its main chlorotriazine metabolites (Cl-TRIs) desethyl atrazine (DE), desisopropyl atrazine (DIP), and didealkyl atrazine (DACT) was developed for the adult male C57BL/6 mouse."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for atrazine and its main metabolites in the adult male C57BL/6 mouse. Filipov, NM; Fisher, JW; Lin, Z; Ross, MK, 2011)	0.81
" To quantitatively evaluate placental/lactational transfer and fetal/neonatal tissue dosimetry of ATR and its major metabolites, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were developed for rat dams, fetuses and neonates."	( Estimation of placental and lactational transfer and tissue distribution of atrazine and its main metabolites in rodent dams, fetuses, and neonates with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Filipov, NM; Fisher, JW; Lin, Z; Ross, MK; Wang, R, 2013)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In this study we have developed a novel extraction method that utilizes ethanol-modified subcritical water in combination with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the removal of atrazine from beef kidney."	( Ethanol-modified subcritical water extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction for determining atrazine in beef kidney. Curren, MS; King, JW, 2001)	0.72
"1, 1, and 10 microg L(-1) atrazine, combined with changes in nutrient concentration, and the photosynthetic activity, biomass, and community structure were noted during the experiment."	( Response of phytoplankton community to low-dose atrazine exposure combined with phosphorus fluctuations. Binet, F; Le Rouzic, B; Pannard, A, 2009)	0.91
" Compared to atrazine alone, we detected higher glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities (oxidative stress biomarkers) when atrazine was combined with either endosulfan or indoxacarb."	( Effects of endosulfan, thiamethoxam, and indoxacarb in combination with atrazine on multi-biomarkers in Gammarus kischineffensis. Asma, D; Demirci, Ö; Güven, K; Öğüt, S; Uğurlu, P, 2018)	1.08
"To develop a method for detecting 11 organophosphate pesticides and atrazine in water samples by dispersive liquidliquid microextraction combined with gas chromatographymass spectrometry (DLLMEGC/MS) ."	( [Detection of 11 Organophosphate Pesticides and Atrazine in Water by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry]. Li, MX; Long, PP; Wang, CY; Wang, Q; Yuan, Y; Zou, XL, 2017)	0.95
"To explore the response of atrazine (AT) degradation rate, soil organic matter (SOM) distribution and the relationship between them to straw mulching and nitrogen application, field experiments were conducted to study the distribution of SOM content and AT degradation rate under different straw returning modes combined with nitrogen fertilization in 2 years in Hetao Irrigation District."	( Effects of straw mulching combined with nitrogen application on soil organic matter content and atrazine digestion. Chang, A; E, JF; Jia, LG; Yang, SQ; Zhang, WF, 2022)	1.24

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Bioavailability of bound atrazine from the shoots of canola in both varieties was very low."	( Bioavailability in rats of bound pesticide residues from tolerant or susceptible varieties of soybean and canola treated with metribuzin or atrazine. Kacew, S; Khan, SU; Mathew, R, 1998)	0.8
" Bioavailability of residues to sensitive plant species was also determined."	( Degradation of atrazine, metolachlor, and pendimethalin in pesticide-contaminated soils: effects of aged residues on soil respiration and plant survival. Anderson, TA; Anhalt, JC; Arthur, EL; Coats, JR, 2000)	0.66
" The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioavailability of atrazine, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was evaluated."	( Bioavailability of atrazine, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in European river waters. Akkanen, J; Haitzer, M; Kukkonen, JV; Penttinen, S, 2001)	0.87
"The effect of ageing on the bioavailability and sorption of the herbicides atrazine and mecoprop was studied in soil and aquifer chalk sampled at an agricultural field near Aalborg, Denmark."	( Mineralization of aged atrazine and mecoprop in soil and aquifer chalk. Aamand, J; Johannesen, H; Kristensen, GB, 2001)	0.85
"The effect of aging of the herbicides atrazine, terbuthylazine, 2,4-D, and mecoprop on their bioavailability to degrading microorganisms was studied in soil and aquifer sediment."	( Mineralization of aged atrazine, terbuthylazine, 2,4-D, and mecoprop in soil and aquifer sediment. Aamand, J; Johannesen, H, 2003)	0.9
" This indicates that aging significantly decreased the bioavailability of atrazine."	( Influence of microbial inoculation (Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP), the enzyme atrazine chlorohydrolase, and vegetation on the degradation of atrazine and metolachlor in soil. Arthur, EL; Coats, JR; Zhao, S, 2003)	0.78
"Biomass and catabolic capacity maintenance, through cost-effective biosupplementation/biostimulation, should promote atrazine bioavailability and so ensure successful amelioration."	( Atrazine catabolism by a combined bacterial association (KRA30) under carbon- and nitrogen-limitations in a retentostat. Braster, M; Costa, C; Ralebitso-Senior, TK; Röling, WF; Senior, E; van Verseveld, HW, 2003)	1.97
" Mineralization of sorbed atrazine was studied in soil and clay slurries, and a desorption-biodegradation-mineralization (DBM) model was developed to quantitatively evaluate the bioavailability of sorbed atrazine."	( Assessment of bioavailability of soil-sorbed atrazine. Boyd, SA; Feng, Y; Ji, P; Park, JH; Voice, TC, 2003)	0.88
" Particulate matter and sediment can alter the bioavailability of contaminants to organisms and therefore influence their toxicity and availability for microbial degradation."	( Effect of sediment on the fate of metolachlor and atrazine in surface water. Anderson, TA; Coats, JR; Rice, PJ, 2004)	0.58
" Although there have been some studies on the toxicity of herbicides to aquatic organisms using laboratory or natural water, information on the effect of sediments, suspended particulates, and dissolved organic matter on their bioavailability is quite limited."	( Toxicity of atrazine and molinate to the cladoceran Daphnia carinata and the effect of river water and bottom sediment on their bioavailability. Lim, RP; Phyu, YL; Warne, MS, 2004)	0.7
" The objective of this study was to correlate atrazine residue bioavailability in aged soils, as determined by solvent extraction methods, to atrazine mineralization by an atrazine-degrading bacterium."	( Solvent extraction characterization of bioavailability of atrazine residues in soils. Barriuso, E; Koskinen, WC; Sadowsky, MJ, 2004)	0.83
"Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were treated in aquatic mesocosms with a single pulse of the herbicides atrazine or alachlor to study the bioavailability and biological activity of these herbicides using molecular indicators: Liver vitellogenin gene expression in male fish for estrogenic activity, liver cytochrome P4501A1 gene expression, and DNA damage in blood cells using the single-cell gel electrophoresis method."	( Responses of molecular indicators of exposure in mesocosms: common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to the herbicides alachlor and atrazine. Campbell, S; Chang, LW; deNoyelles, FJ; Gordon, DA; Graham, DW; Knapp, CW; Lattier, DL; Meier, JR; Toth, GP, 2005)	0.75
" Our results indicate that the dissipation of atrazine by J14a is affected by the presence of indigenous atrazine-mineralizing microorganisms and probably by the bioavailability of atrazine in the soil."	( Evaluation of microbial inoculation and vegetation to enhance the dissipation of atrazine and metolachlor in soil. Arthur, EL; Coats, JR; Moorman, TB; Zhao, S, 2005)	0.81
" Earthworm 8-day bioaccumulation assays and root growth assays have shown the value of assessing the bioavailability of the residues."	( Phytoremediation of pesticide wastes in soil. Belden, JB; Coats, JR; Henderson, KL; Zhao, S, )	0.13
" An adequate description of the uptake and bioavailability of absorbed ATRA also required inclusion of additional oxidative metabolic clearance of ATRA to the mono-dealkylated metabolites occurring in GI a tract compartment."	( Oral absorption and oxidative metabolism of atrazine in rats evaluated by physiological modeling approaches. Andersen, ME; Cranmer, BK; Hanneman, WH; McMullin, TS; Tessari, JD, 2007)	0.6
"05) reduced the bioavailability of the herbicides atrazine and molinate to five Australian freshwater organisms."	( Assessing the biological relevance of exposing freshwater organisms to atrazine and molinate in environmentally realistic exposure test systems. Lim, RP; Phyu, YL; St J Warne, M, 2008)	0.83
" While bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) dropped with increasing organic content of the sediments, the high level and considerable range of the obtained BSAFs indicate other sediment qualities, such as the age and characteristics of the organic material, having a strong effect on the bioavailability of these compounds."	( Bioaccumulation of atrazine and chlorpyrifos to Lumbriculus variegatus from lake sediments. Akkanen, J; Jantunen, AP; Kukkonen, JV; Tuikka, A, 2008)	0.67
" To show the importance of physicochemical properties, the classic QSAR and CoMFA of neonicotinoids and prediction of bioavailability of pesticides in terms of membrane permeability in comparison with drugs are described."	( Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides. Akamatsu, M, 2011)	0.37
" To determine the bioavailability of 14C-atrazine, the soil was inoculated with Pseudomonas sp."	( Bioavailability of organoclay formulations of atrazine in soil. Celis, R; Cornejo, J; Hermosín, MC; Koskinen, WC; Sadowsky, MJ; Trigo, C, 2010)	0.88
" These results indicate that the microbial activity was not a limiting factor but the mineralization of atrazine was essentially controlled by the bioavailability of the parent compound and the degradation product deisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine."	( Effect of fluctuating soil humidity on in situ bioavailability and degradation of atrazine. Boga, H; Dörfler, U; Getenga, Z; Ngigi, A; Scherb, H; Schroll, R, 2011)	0.81
"With the widespread application of fullerenes, it is critical to assess their environmental behaviors and their impacts on the transport and bioavailability of organic contaminants."	( Effect of dispersion on adsorption of atrazine by aqueous suspensions of fullerenes. Gai, K; Shi, B; Wang, D; Yan, X, 2011)	0.64
"We evaluated wheat straw biochar produced at 450°C for its ability to influence bioavailability and persistence of two commonly used herbicides (atrazine and trifluralin) with different modes of action (photosynthesis versus root tip mitosis inhibitors) in two contrasting soils."	( Poor efficacy of herbicides in biochar-amended soils as affected by their chemistry and mode of action. Gill, G; Kookana, R; Krull, E; Macdonald, LM; Nag, SK; Smith, L, 2011)	0.57
" However, after 45 d the denitrification rate, MPN and gene copy numbers for sulfamethazine and enrofloxacin were similar to that of the no-chemical control, indicating that acclimation of the denitrifier population to the antibiotic or reduced bioavailability over time allowed recovery of the denitrifier population."	( Dissipation of atrazine, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethazine in wood chip bioreactors and impact on denitrification. Ilhan, ZE; Moorman, TB; Ong, SK, )	0.48
"An extensive four-year research program has been carried out to explore and acquire knowledge about the fundamental agricultural practices and processes affecting the mobility and bioavailability of pesticides in soils under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions."	( Leaching of Br-, metolachlor, alachlor, atrazine, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in clayey vadoze zone: a field scale experiment in north-east Greece. Papadakis, EN; Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, E; Vryzas, Z, 2012)	0.65
" The enhanced mineralization of atrazine as well the phytostabilization effect of the tree biomass will reduce the bioavailability of these residues and consequently decrease the hazardous effects on the environment."	( Distribution of the herbicide atrazine in a microcosm with riparian forest plants. Bicalho, ST; Langenbach, T, 2012)	0.95
" Ageing was assessed as the bioavailability of atrazine to the atrazine mineralizing bacteria Pseudomonas sp."	( Ageing of atrazine in manure amended soils assessed by bioavailability to Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP. Bælum, J; Glæsner, N; Jacobsen, CS; Strobel, BW, 2014)	1.06
" However, addition of surfactant to the mineral salt media reduced the rate and extent of atrazine degradation by decreasing the bioavailability of herbicide."	( Influence of microbial and synthetic surfactant on the biodegradation of atrazine. Cameotra, SS; Singh, AK, 2014)	0.86
" More detailed investigations into the bioavailability and durability of nanopesticides are necessary and will require the development of novel methods suitable to address both the "nano" and "organic" characteristics of polymer-based nanopesticides."	( Analysing the fate of nanopesticides in soil and the applicability of regulatory protocols using a polymer-based nanoformulation of atrazine. Fraceto, LF; Grillo, R; Hofmann, T; Kah, M; Koerner, P; Machinski, P; Tiede, K, 2014)	0.61
" The current study may be useful to predict the bioavailability of atrazine in different soil size fractions."	( Impact of soil primary size fractions on sorption and desorption of atrazine on organo-mineral fractions. He, Y; Huang, Y; Li, Y; Liu, Z, 2015)	0.89
" Our results indicate that CNTs can enhance or inhibit biodegradation through a balance of two effects: the toxic effects on microbial activity and the effects of the changing bioavailability that result from adsorption and desorption."	( Effects of carbon nanotubes on atrazine biodegradation by Arthrobacter sp. Li, M; Liu, N; Xu, X; Zhang, C, 2015)	0.7
"Adsorption and desorption are important processes that affect atrazine transport, transformation, and bioavailability in soils."	( Adsorption-desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China. Deng, H; Feng, D; Fu, B; Ge, C; Yu, H; Yue, L, 2017)	0.97
" While mass transfer does not limit atrazine degradation by the Gram-positive Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 at high concentrations (>1 mg/L), evidence of bioavailability limitations is emerging at trace concentrations (<0."	( Isotope Fractionation Pinpoints Membrane Permeability as a Barrier to Atrazine Biodegradation in Gram-negative Polaromonas sp. Nea-C. Ehrl, BN; Elsner, M; Gharasoo, M, 2018)	0.99
"In the biological mass transfer of organic contaminants like atrazine, the cellular membrane limits bioavailability of pesticides."	( Isotope fractionation in atrazine degradation reveals rate-limiting, energy-dependent transport across the cell membrane of gram-negative rhizobium sp. CX-Z. Chen, C; Chen, S; Jha, RK; Liu, Y; Ma, L; Yu, H; Zhang, K, 2019)	1.06
"Traditional extraction methods (soil solution and solvent extraction) are simple to use and conventionally employed to assess pesticide chemical form and bioavailability in soils."	( Bioavailability and metabolism in a soil-crop system compared using DGT and conventional extraction techniques. Cheng, H; Jones, KC; Li, Y; Rothwell, S; Zhang, H, 2019)	0.51
" isotopic composition) derived from batch experiments shown divergence from the linear relation towards the end of degradation, confirming bioavailability of atrazine changed along with the decay of substrate concentration, consequently, influenced the isotope fractionation and lowered the observed enrichment factor."	( Impact of atrazine concentration on bioavailability and apparent isotope fractionation in Gram-negative Rhizobium sp. CX-Z. Chen, S; Jha, RK; Ma, L; Zhang, K, 2020)	1.16
" The leaching assay with profiles of the soils showed strong migration, suggesting it had a high bioavailability to weeds and potential for underground water contamination."	( Physiochemical assessment of environmental behaviors of herbicide atrazine in soils associated with its degradation and bioavailability to weeds. Guo, QN; Liu, J; Ma, LY; Yang, H; Zhou, JH, 2021)	0.86
" The addition of biochar could reduce the bioavailability and mobility of atrazine in soil through adsorption-desorption processes."	( Effects of tall fescue biochar on the adsorption and desorption of atrazine in different types of soil. Fan, Y; Li, W; Shan, R; Sun, X, 2021)	1.09
" However, it is not clear that some components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil affect the bioavailability of pollutants."	( Mechanism for various phytotoxicity of atrazine in soils to soybean: Insights from soil sorption abilities and dissolved organic matter properties. Cao, B; Jiang, Z; Liu, Y; Yang, C; You, F; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2021)	0.89
"The concentration of atrazine in in situ pore water could be reliable to evaluate its bioavailability and herbicidal activity to barnyard grass."	( Herbicidal activity of atrazine to barnyard grass depends upon soil characteristics. Fang, H; He, S; Lang, H; Shen, J; Yu, Y; Zhang, L, 2022)	1.35
" Monensin inhibited the degradation of atrazine, changed the metabolite patterns in soil, and increased the bioavailability of atrazine in earthworms."	( Co-exposure of Monensin Increased the Risks of Atrazine to Earthworms. Jiang, W; Liu, D; Liu, X; Wang, F; Wang, P; Yu, X; Zhai, W, 2022)	1.25
"Microplastics (MPs) may significantly affect the bioavailability of coexisting pollutants in soil by adsorption-desorption behavior."	( Polyethylene mulch film-derived microplastics enhance the bioaccumulation of atrazine in two earthworm species (Eisenia fetida and Metaphire guillelmi) via carrier effects. Du, Y; Huang, X; Li, B; Li, D; Song, W; Wang, J; Wei, J; Xiao, Z; Zheng, C; Zhu, L, 2023)	1.14

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" However, parallel studies including the dosage of the active hormones (T3, T4) are necessary in order to appreciate the value of Tgl determination as an indicator of hormogenesis in this type of experiments."	( The radioimmunological measurement of thyroglobulin secretion in vitro under the influence of some herbicides. Dimitriu, V; Ghinea, E; Ghinea, L; Oprescu, M; Săhleanu, V; Simionescu, L, )	0.13
" Based on dosage mortality curves obtained with increasing amounts of atrazine, mortalities of 50 percent of the insect populations would have been achieved with 23, 40, 6, and 10 micrograms of atrazine added to the abovementioned dosages of carbofuran, DDT, parathion, and diazinon, respectively."	( Synergism of insecticides by herbicides. Anderegg, BN; Liang, TT; Lichtenstein, EP, 1973)	0.49
" Among tests for estrogenic action, oral dosing of ATR up to 300 mg/kg did not stimulate uterine weight of ovariectomized rats."	( Factors affecting mammary tumor incidence in chlorotriazine-treated female rats: hormonal properties, dosage, and animal strain. Breckenridge, CB; Eldridge, JC; Stevens, JT; Tennant, MK; Wetzel, LT, 1994)	0.29
" At termination of dosing the anesthetized animals were killed and blood was drawn for the determination of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4)."	( Histological studies of atrazine toxicity on the thyroid gland in rats. Berezin, VA; Gerbilsky, LV; Gorelaya, MV; Kornilovskaya, IN; Usenko, VS, 1996)	0.6
" Animals that were dosed with 50, 150, or 300 mg/kg of atrazine or simazine alone for 3 consecutive days did not exhibit any significant increases in uterine wet weight while decreases in cytosolic progesterone receptor (PR) binding levels and uterine peroxidase activity were observed."	( Failure of chloro-S-triazine-derived compounds to induce estrogen receptor-mediated responses in vivo and in vitro. Berhane, K; Chen, I; Connor, K; Howell, J; Liu, H; Safe, S; Sciarretta, C; Zacharewski, T, 1996)	0.54
" Dosing was through voluntary consumption of drinking water."	( Endocrine, immune, and behavioral effects of aldicarb (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at groundwater concentrations. Carlson, IH; Jaeger, JW; Porter, WP, )	0.37
" Because atrazine has no intrinsic estrogenic activity, it is more likely that high-level dosing to a susceptible animal model alters control of ovulation and normal cycling."	( Estrous cycle patterns of Sprague-Dawley rats during acute and chronic atrazine administration. Eldridge, JC; Tyrey, L; Wetzel, LT, )	0.78
" We dosed intact male Wistar rats from postnatal day (PND) 23 to 53 and examined several reproductive endpoints."	( The effect of atrazine on puberty in male wistar rats: an evaluation in the protocol for the assessment of pubertal development and thyroid function. Cooper, RL; Guidici, DL; Laws, SC; Stoker, TE, 2000)	0.67
" Rats were divided into two groups representing periods of dosing with ATR prior to the diurnal or nocturnal surges of prl."	( Effect of atrazine on implantation and early pregnancy in 4 strains of rats. Cooper, RL; Cummings, AM; Rhodes, BE, 2000)	0.71
" Female rats were dosed by oral gavage from postnatal day(s) (PND) 22 through PND 41 with 0, 12."	( The effects of atrazine on female wistar rats: an evaluation of the protocol for assessing pubertal development and thyroid function. Cooper, RL; Ferrell, JM; Laws, SC; Schmid, J; Stoker, TE, 2000)	0.66
" Intracellular NE was significantly reduced at these same concentrations of deethylchlorotriazine at 24 h while the concentration of NE in PC12 cells exposed to deisopropylchlorotriazine was not altered at any dosage or time point measured."	( Alteration of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells in vitro by the metabolites of chlorotriazine herbicide. Cooper, RL; Das, PC; McElroy, WK, 2001)	0.31
" Herein we report a dose-response study of the effects of atrazine ingestion on reproductive function in male Sprague-Dawley rats during a critical developmental period, the peripubertal period."	( Atrazine effects on testosterone levels and androgen-dependent reproductive organs in peripubertal male rats. Breckenridge, CB; Friedmann, AS; Trentacoste, SV; Youker, RT; Zirkin, BR, )	1.82
" Dose-response experiments revealed that the (S)-enantiomers of the compounds preferentially inhibited photosystem II electron transport (PET) and algae growth with efficacies similar to that of the herbicide atrazine."	( Triaziflam and Diaminotriazine derivatives affect enantioselectively multiple herbicide target sites. Grossmann, K; Plath, P; Tresch, S, )	0.32
" Dose-response curves were developed for dilution series using fixed ratios between concentrations in toxic units of the compounds."	( Joint action of chemicals in algal toxicity tests: influence of response level and dose-response regression model. Chen, D; Christensen, ER; Kusk, KO; Nyholm, N, 2001)	0.31
" azteca compared with the OPs dosed individually."	( Increased toxicity to invertebrates associated with a mixture of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides. Anderson, TD; Lydy, MJ, 2002)	0.55
" Short-term tests (1 h) were used, in which increasing concentrations of the herbicide were applied to phytoplankton samples taken every two days from the mesocosms, and used to plot dose-response curves."	( A risk assessment of pollution: induction of atrazine tolerance in phytoplankton communities in freshwater outdoor mesocosms, using chlorophyll fluorescence as an endpoint. Bérard, A; Le Bihan, F; Leboulanger, C; Seguin, F, 2002)	0.57
" Dosing rates and timing were designed to duplicate those common in the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA."	( Aqueous-phase disappearance of atrazine, metolachlor, and chlorpyrifos in laboratory aquaria and outdoor macrocosms. Bialek, K; Johnson, WE; Kangas, P; Mazanti, L; Rheinstein, J; Rice, C; Sparling, D; Stevenson, C, 2003)	0.6
", atrazine [ATRA] and its three chlorinated metabolites) after oral dosing with ATRA."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of disposition and time-course studies with [14C]atrazine. Andersen, ME; Brzezicki, JM; Cranmer, BK; McMullin, TS; Tessari, JD, 2003)	1.27
" Model simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of influent water composition, membrane cleaning water quality, PAC pore size distribution, and system operation conditions such as hydraulic retention time, membrane cleaning interval, and PAC dosing method on treatment efficiency."	( Three-component competitive adsorption model for flow-through PAC systems. 2. Model application to a PAC/membrane system. Campos, C; Li, Q; Mariñas, BJ; Snoeyink, VL, 2003)	0.32
" While no significant delays in pubertal development were observed in two separate dose-response studies with doses ranging up to 183 mg/kg (OH-ATR), a minor but statistically significant delay in the onset of puberty in a pilot study using OH-ATR raises the possibility that an effect might occur following exposure to higher doses."	( Pubertal development in female Wistar rats following exposure to propazine and atrazine biotransformation by-products, diamino-S-chlorotriazine and hydroxyatrazine. Cooper, RL; Ferrell, JM; Laws, SC; Stoker, TE, 2003)	0.55
" Whole-plant herbicide dose-response experiments revealed that, relative to the UniS population, atrazine resistances in the UniR and SegR populations were > 770-fold and 16-fold, respectively."	( Triazine resistance in Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) Sauer that is not site-of-action mediated. Dixon, BS; Patzoldt, WL; Tranel, PJ, 2003)	0.54
" In contrast, ATRA, administered to female rats under dosing conditions which suppressed the LH surge, neither changed the levels of unoccupied ER nor altered the estrogen induced up-regulation of progesterone receptor mRNA."	( Evidence that atrazine and diaminochlorotriazine inhibit the estrogen/progesterone induced surge of luteinizing hormone in female Sprague-Dawley rats without changing estrogen receptor action. Andersen, ME; Handa, RJ; Hanneman, WH; Lund, TD; McMullin, TS; Nagahara, A; Pak, T, 2004)	0.68
" They also received the experimental diet containing 5, 50 or 500 ppm atrazine for 50 weeks, starting one week after the dosing of DMBA."	( Lack of modifying effects of an estrogenic compound atrazine on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced ovarian carcinogenesis in rats. Kohno, H; Sugie, S; Suzuki, R; Tanaka, T, 2004)	0.81
" Effect of pH value, Ni/Fe proportion and dosage of metal powder were discussed as well."	( [Reductive dechlorination of atrazine by Ni/Fe bimetallic particles]. Li, KB; Liu, WP; Tong, SP; Wei, H, 2004)	0.61
" The efficiency of MIEX for NOM and mineral anions removal was furthermore evaluated using bench-scale dose-response experiments on raw, clarified and post-ozonated waters."	( Performance of selected anion exchange resins for the treatment of a high DOC content surface water. Croué, JP; Gallard, H; Humbert, H; Suty, H, 2005)	0.33
" To determine if the fetal MG was sensitive to ATR effects during specific periods of development, timed-pregnant dams (n = 8/group/block) were dosed for 3- or 7-gestation day (GD) intervals (GD 13-15, 15-17, 17-19, or 13-19) with 100 mg ATR/kg/day or vehicle (C), and their offspring were evaluated for changes."	( Adverse effects of prenatal exposure to atrazine during a critical period of mammary gland growth. Enoch, RR; Fenton, SE; Rayner, JL, 2005)	0.6
"Water dosed with 50 mg/L of 2,4-D and atrazine was treated to remove the herbicides which both are reported to have endocrine disrupting potential."	( Probiotic removal of herbicides with endocrine disrupting potential from aqueous matrices. De Boever, P; Lardenoit, R; Verstraete, W; Wouters, R, 2001)	0.58
" There was no evidence of a dose-response relationship between triazines and ovarian cancer (P=0."	( Triazine herbicides and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in central California. Cress, RD; Mills, PK; Riordan, DG; Young, HA, 2005)	0.33
" The models for predicting stepwise-FP with respect to different dosing times and/or asymmetrical doses were developed, and were found to be very useful for evaluating the system performance and/or for process design."	( Degradation of atrazine by modified stepwise-Fenton's processes. Chan, KH; Choi, KY; Chu, W; Kwan, CY, 2007)	0.69
" Timed-pregnant Long-Evans (LE) rats were dosed by gavage on gestational days (GD) 15-19 with 100 mg ATR/kg body weight (BW) or 1% methylcellulose (controls, C)."	( Atrazine-induced reproductive tract alterations after transplacental and/or lactational exposure in male Long-Evans rats. Enoch, RR; Fenton, SE; Rayner, JL; Wolf, DC, 2007)	1.78
" Our results, from a dose-response study, indicate that atrazine acts as an immune disruptor at the same effective doses that it disrupts the endocrine system."	( Atrazine is an immune disruptor in adult northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Brodkin, MA; Madhoun, H; Rameswaran, M; Vatnick, I, 2007)	2.03
" For EE2 a dose-response relationship was established with EC50 = 60."	( Testing estrogenicity of known and novel (xeno-)estrogens in the MolDarT using developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Eggen, RI; Junghans, M; Muncke, J, 2007)	0.34
"We observed no significant effect of acute AMM exposure on body weight gain in dams during the dosing period, weight loss in pups on postnatal day (PND)4, or pubertal timing, as is seen with ATR alone."	( Mammary gland development as a sensitive end point after acute prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolite mixture in female Long-Evans rats. Enoch, RR; Fenton, SE; Greiner, SN; Rayner, JL; Stanko, JP; Youngblood, GL, 2007)	0.56
" Here, we develop a set of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that describe the influence of oral absorption and oxidative metabolism on the blood time course curves of individual chlorotriazines (Cl-TRIs) in rat after oral dosing of ATRA."	( Oral absorption and oxidative metabolism of atrazine in rats evaluated by physiological modeling approaches. Andersen, ME; Cranmer, BK; Hanneman, WH; McMullin, TS; Tessari, JD, 2007)	0.6
" Here we developed and applied a new protocol allowing dose-response assessment of four samples within 2 h (8 dilutions in duplicate)."	( Rapid exposure assessment of PSII herbicides in surface water using a novel chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging assay. Bengtson Nash, SM; Escher, BI; Mueller, JF; Muller, R; Quayle, P; Schreiber, U, 2008)	0.35
" In laboratory studies, dose-response studies, and population-level assays revealed no effect of atrazine on male production or population growth rate of multiple clones differing in reproductive strategy and exposure history."	( Atrazine and increased male production by Daphnia: the importance of combining field and laboratory approaches. González, MJ; Kovach, MJ; Mace, KM; Oris, JT; Stoeckel, JA, 2008)	2.01
" The microarray was used to identify adult- and juvenile-specific transcript profiles in untreated animals and to determine dose-response transcription profiles following exposure to three xenobiotics from different chemical classes: inorganic (the metal cadmium), organic (the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene), and agrochemical (the herbicide atrazine)."	( Transcriptome profiling of developmental and xenobiotic responses in a keystone soil animal, the oligochaete annelid Lumbricus rubellus. Blaxter, ML; Hankard, PK; Hedley, BA; Jonker, MJ; Kille, P; Lister, LJ; Morgan, AJ; Owen, J; Spurgeon, DJ; Stürzenbaum, SR; Svendsen, C; Wren, J, 2008)	0.52
" Indeed, a significant decrease in the time needed for 50% of the larvae to reach the metamorphic climax (stage 42) was observed within this range of atrazine concentrations, the response presenting a U-shaped non-monotonic dose-response curve."	( Comparative susceptibility to atrazine of three developmental stages of Rhinella arenarum and influence on metamorphosis: non-monotonous acceleration of the time to climax and delayed tail resorption. Brodeur, JC; Herkovits, J; Marino, DJ; Perez-Coll, CS; Svartz, G, 2009)	0.84
" In the current study, we asked the following questions: (1) Will juvenile American toads (Bufo americanus) avoid soils contaminated with ATZ? (2) Can they absorb ATZ across the pelvic patch? (3) If so, how is it distributed among the organs and eventually eliminated? We conducted a behavioral choice test between control soil and soil dosed with ecologically relevant concentrations of ATZ."	( Behavioral response and kinetics of terrestrial atrazine exposure in American toads (Bufo americanus). Rittenhouse, TA; Semlitsch, RD; Storrs Méndez, SI; Tillitt, DE, 2009)	0.61
" The artificial runoff contained sediment and was dosed with chlorpyrifos and atrazine."	( Chlorpyrifos and atrazine removal from runoff by vegetated filter strips: experiments and predictive modeling. Coody, PN; Dolder, SC; Fox, GA; Poletika, NN; Sabbagh, GJ; White, J, )	0.7
" Mice were dosed daily for 28 days with atrazine, ethanol, propanil, or subjected to restraint, which are known to induce neuroendocrine stress responses and thereby to alter several immunological parameters."	( Patterns of immunotoxicity associated with chronic as compared with acute exposure to chemical or physical stressors and their relevance with regard to the role of stress and with regard to immunotoxicity testing. Fan, R; Pruett, SB; Schwab, C; Zheng, Q, 2009)	0.62
"In the present study, we investigated the effects of oral dosing of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) to peripubertal male rats (50 and 200 mg/kg body weight daily from postnatal days 23-50) on ex vivo Leydig cell steroidogenesis."	( Atrazine oral exposure of peripubertal male rats downregulates steroidogenesis gene expression in Leydig cells. Dakic, V; Fa, S; Kaisarevic, S; Kovacevic, R; Pogrmic, K, 2009)	2.03
" The decrease in Chl-a content was positively correlated to the dosage of the herbicides in most treatment groups."	( Phytotoxicity of four herbicides on Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii. Gao, S; Li, X; Pan, H; Xu, X, 2009)	0.35
" Overall, circulating metabolite concentrations following equimolar dosing were much higher than those observed after ATR administration."	( Characterization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to atrazine and metabolites in the female rat. Buckalew, A; Cooper, RL; Fraites, MJ; Jayaraman, S; Laws, SC; Mills, L, 2009)	0.59
" Additionally, transcript levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically both MMP9TH and MMP18, increased in atrazine-exposed tadpoles in a dose-response test, and MMP18 increased as early as 6 h after exposure began."	( Acute atrazine exposure disrupts matrix metalloproteinases and retinoid signaling during organ morphogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Lenkowski, JR; McLaughlin, KA, 2010)	1.05
" Single-species tests are useful because they are inexpensive, can demonstrate clear dose-response patterns uncomplicated by other factors influencing growth, and are able to provide a measure of the sensitivity of a given species to glyphosate and atrazine."	( Comparison of the effects of glyphosate and atrazine herbicides on nontarget plants grown singly and in microcosms. Boutin, C; Dalton, RL, 2010)	0.8
" Dose-response experiments indicated that the level of resistance to the HPPD inhibitor mesotrione is at least tenfold relative to sensitive biotypes."	( Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States. Hager, AG; Hausman, NE; Kaundun, SS; Polge, ND; Riechers, DE; Singh, S; Thomas, DA; Tranel, PJ, 2011)	0.37
" There were no differences between dosing regimens."	( The effects of prenatal exposure to atrazine on pubertal and postnatal reproductive indices in the female rat. Best, DS; Cooper, RL; Davis, LK; Fraites, MJ; Goldman, JM; Murr, AS; Narotsky, MG; Stoker, TE; Zorrilla, LM, 2011)	0.64
" Cyanobacterial strains showed gradual inhibition in growth with increasing dosage of herbicides."	( Response of multiple herbicide resistant strain of diazotrophic cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis, exposed to atrazine and DCMU. Datta, P; Singh, S; Tirkey, A, 2011)	0.58
"0% (w/w) and the herbicides were applied to those soil-biochar mixes at nil, half, full, two times, and four times, the recommended dosage (H(4))."	( Poor efficacy of herbicides in biochar-amended soils as affected by their chemistry and mode of action. Gill, G; Kookana, R; Krull, E; Macdonald, LM; Nag, SK; Smith, L, 2011)	0.37
" The herbicides atrazine, diuron, and isoproturon were dosed in the ratio of their relative potencies as HC30 for the single substance treatments and as 1/3 HC30 for the mixture treatment to obtain comparable effect concentrations."	( Sensitivity, variability, and recovery of functional and structural endpoints of an aquatic community exposed to herbicides. Hommen, U; Knauer, K, 2012)	0.72
" Batch experiments demonstrated that 15 g L(-1) adsorbent dosage removed 90-99% of atrazine from 1-150 ppm aqueous solutions."	( Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics of atrazine removal using a banana peel based sorbent. Chaparadza, A; Hossenlopp, JM, 2012)	0.85
" Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined."	( Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Colborn, T; Hayes, TB; Heindel, JJ; Jacobs, DR; Lee, DH; Myers, JP; Shioda, T; Soto, AM; Vandenberg, LN; vom Saal, FS; Welshons, WV; Zoeller, RT, 2012)	0.38
" Animals dosed with DACT developed avoidance responses comparable to the highest dose of ATR."	( Atrazine does not induce pica behavior at doses that increase hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and cause conditioned taste avoidance. Best, DS; Cooper, RL; Hotchkiss, MG; Laws, SC, )	1.57
" The increase in surface density and volume density of capillaries found at lower dosage of atrazine was significant in comparison with the control."	( Atrazine-induced changes in the myocardial structure of peripubertal rats. Koledin, I; Kovac, R; Matavulj, M; Rajkovic, V, 2014)	2.07
" Microcosms dosed with a high concentration (10 μg/L) of the insecticide terbufos, alone and as a mixture with the herbicide atrazine (25 μg/L), exhibited community level effects attributed to the elimination and decline of invertebrate populations, and also indirect effects."	( The ecological effects of a herbicide-insecticide mixture on an experimental freshwater ecosystem. Choung, CB; Hose, GC; Hyne, RV; Stevens, MM, 2013)	0.6
" sipedon were fed fish dosed with one of the four levels of atrazine (0, 2, 20, or 200 ppb) twice weekly for the entirety of their gestation period."	( Assessing multiple endpoints of atrazine ingestion on gravid Northern Watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) and their offspring. Baumgartner, KA; Gaines, KF; Mullin, SJ; Neuman-Lee, LA; Novak, JM; Voorhees, JR, 2014)	0.93
" The experimental paradigm included open field, pole and grip tests (day 4), novel object recognition (NOR) and forced swim test (FST; day 9), followed by tissue collection 4h post dosing on day 10."	( Short-term atrazine exposure causes behavioral deficits and disrupts monoaminergic systems in male C57BL/6 mice. Dodd, CA; Filipov, NM; Lin, Z, )	0.52
" azteca aqueous survival decreased within the first 48 h of dosing at 10- and 20-m distances during PO and nutrients + pesticides treatments in association with permethrin concentrations."	( Responses of phytoplankton and Hyalella azteca to agrichemical mixtures in a constructed wetland mesocosm. Lizotte, RE; Locke, MA; Steinriede, RW; Testa, S, 2013)	0.39
"Adult male rats were orally dosed with ATR (200 mg/kg/day) or methylcellulose (1%, vehicle control) for 5 days."	( Measurement of steroids in rats after exposure to an endocrine disruptor: mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay demonstrate similar results. Henderson, WM; Laws, SC; Riffle, BW, )	0.13
" Adaptation of the biomass towards the dosed OMPs was not observed for a 6 month period, implying that new developed RBF sites might not be able to biodegrade compounds such as atrazine and sulfamethoxazole in the first few months of operation."	( Sorption and biodegradation of organic micropollutants during river bank filtration: a laboratory column study. Bertelkamp, C; Cabo, AJ; Cornelissen, ER; Reungoat, J; Reynisson, J; Singhal, N; van der Hoek, JP; Verliefde, AR, 2014)	0.6
" Based on a previous study in our laboratory, males were dosed with 11."	( Evaluation of hydroxyatrazine in the endocrine disruptor screening and testing program's male and female pubertal protocols. Hallinger, DR; Seely, JC; Stoker, TE; Zorrilla, LM, 2013)	0.71
" To overcome these biases, we developed the PROgressive SAmple Dosage (PROSAD) platform and tested it."	( PROSAD: a powerful platform for instrument calibration and quantification. Cristoni, S; Floridia, M, 2014)	0.4
" Increasing carbon dosage and contact time enhanced the removal of micropollutants."	( Adsorption characteristics of selected hydrophilic and hydrophobic micropollutants in water using activated carbon. Choi, DJ; Her, N; Kim, SK; Nam, SW; Zoh, KD, 2014)	0.4
" Different dose-response curves for steroids and proteins in the adrenal and testis reveal novel adverse outcome pathways in intact and castrated male rats."	( Novel molecular events associated with altered steroidogenesis induced by exposure to atrazine in the intact and castrate male rat. Best, D; Cooper, RL; Jayaraman, S; Klinefelter, GR; Laws, SC; Riffle, BW; Suarez, J; Swank, A; Winnik, WM, 2014)	0.63
" The adsorption study was set up using multiple glass vessels with different polymer dosing levels followed by ultrafiltration with a 1 kDa membrane."	( Polyelectrolytes ability in reducing atrazine concentration in water: surface effects. Heijman, SG; Lopes, SI; Mohd Amin, MF; Rietveld, LC, 2014)	0.68
" Four hours after the last dosing on day 10, plasma was collected and analyzed with high-performance, dual chromatography-Fourier-transform mass spectrometry that was followed by biostatistical and bioinformatic analyses."	( Short-term oral atrazine exposure alters the plasma metabolome of male C57BL/6 mice and disrupts α-linolenate, tryptophan, tyrosine and other major metabolic pathways. Filipov, NM; He, C; Jones, DP; Lin, Z; Roede, JR, 2014)	0.75
" The results showed that the mortality of the toads in the treatment group increased dramatically in a U-shaped dose-response relationship."	( Assessing atrazine-induced toxicities in Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor. Bo, C; Guo, Q; Jia, Q; Li, Y; Ng, JC; Peng, C; Qu, B; Sai, L; Wu, Q; Xie, L; Yu, G, 2015)	0.82
" The authors dosed triplicate streams with pulses of 0 μg/L, 50 μg/L, 100 μg/L, and 150 μg/L atrazine for 4 d, followed by 7 d without dosing."	( Effects of pulsed atrazine exposures on autotrophic community structure, biomass, and production in field-based stream mesocosms. Back, JA; Becker, C; Brain, RA; Brooks, BW; Chambliss, CK; Djomte, VT; Hosmer, AJ; King, RS; Scott, WC; Virgil, SR; Wright, MV, 2016)	0.99
" Female quails were dosed by oral gavage from sexual immaturity to maturity with 0, 50, 250 and 500 mg ATR/kg/d for 45 days."	( Atrazine triggers developmental abnormality of ovary and oviduct in quails (Coturnix Coturnix coturnix) via disruption of hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis. Du, ZH; Guo, JA; Li, JL; Li, N; Li, XN; Qin, L; Zhang, Y; Zhu, SY, 2015)	1.86
" After dosed for 24 h and 72 h, the NO release of low dose groups were higher than those of the controls, while the NO release of high dose groups showed a downward trend when compared with the control's."	( [Effects of atrazine on function of murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro]. Chen, J; Ma, S; Zhang, L, 2015)	0.8
"1 and 100 μg/L which exhibited U-shaped dose-response trend."	( Gene expression profiles in testis of developing male Xenopus laevis damaged by chronic exposure of atrazine. Bo, C; Dong, Z; Guo, Q; Jia, Q; Li, L; Li, X; Liu, Y; Ng, JC; Peng, C; Qu, B; Sai, L; Shao, H; Xie, L, 2016)	0.65
" Temperature increase did not change SMOC toxicity but modify the shape and steepness of the dose-response curve."	( Individual and joint toxicity of the herbicide S-metolachlor and a metabolite, deethylatrazine on aquatic crustaceans: Difference between ecological groups. Baran, N; Coureau, C; Maazouzi, C; Marmonier, P; Piscart, C; Saplairoles, M, 2016)	0.66
" For this purpose, male quails were dosed by oral gavage from sexual immaturity to maturity with 0, 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day ATR for 45 days."	( Activating nuclear xenobiotic receptors and triggering ER stress and hepatic cytochromes P450 systems in quails (Coturnix C. coturnix) during atrazine exposure. Du, ZH; Li, JL; Li, XN; Lin, J; Qin, L; Sun, YC; Xia, J; Zhang, C, 2017)	0.66
" Although a dose-response effect was not observed for the prometamorphic stage, a statistically significant difference was found between the treatment of 18 mg/L and the negative control."	( Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of Atrazine Atanor 50 SC on Dendropsophus minutus Peters, 1872 (Anura: Hylidae) developmental larval stages. Bastos, RP; Batista, VG; da Cruz, AD; de Marco Junior, P; de Melo E Silva, D; Gonçalves, MW; Marins de Campos, CB, 2017)	0.73
" Food intake and body weights were significantly reduced in the highest dosed males, and transiently affected in females."	( Lack of immunotoxic effects of repeated exposure to atrazine associated with the adaptation of adrenal gland activation. Breckenridge, CB; Coder, PS; Foradori, CD; Handa, RJ; Kimber, I; Peachee, VL; Pruett, SB; Zimmerman, AD, 2017)	0.71
" We combine conservative exposure scenarios with dose-response relationships for growth and survival of standard test species and apply those in the species-specific model."	( Assessing and mitigating simulated population-level effects of 3 herbicides to a threatened plant: Application of a species-specific population model of Boltonia decurrens. Brain, R; Forbes, V; Perkins, D; Schmolke, A; Thorbek, P, 2018)	0.48
" Herbicide dose-response studies confirmed that the population with the Ser264-Gly mutation exhibited high-level resistance to atrazine, but super-sensitivity to bromoxynil."	( A novel psbA mutation (Phe274-Val) confers resistance to PSII herbicides in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Han, H; Lu, H; Owen, MJ; Powles, SB; Yu, Q, 2019)	0.72
" Intracerebroventricular infusion of ATR, DEA, and DIA but not DACT at concentrations equivalent to peak plasma concentrations after gavage dosing resulted in an elevation of plasma corticosterone concentrations."	( Characterization of Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by the Herbicide Atrazine in the Female Rat. Breckenridge, CB; Foradori, CD; Handa, RJ; Healy, JE; Hinds, LR; Jones, MA; Kemppainen, RJ; Lacagnina, AF; Quihuis, AM; Read, CC; White, BD; Yi, KD; Zimmerman, AD, 2018)	0.7
" We did not find any evidence for info-disruption based on male courtship rate and mating success, but with increasing dosage of atrazine came shortened bouts of courtship leading to copulation."	( Atrazine exposure shifts activity but has minimal effects on courtship in an agrobiont spider. Godfrey, JA; Rypstra, AL, 2019)	2.16
" After adding biochar with optimal dosage (0."	( A bio-functions integration microcosm: Self-immobilized biochar-pellets combined with two strains of bacteria to remove atrazine in water and mechanisms. Bai, S; Ma, F; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Yu, T, 2020)	0.77
" A PBTK-TD for mixtures was used to predict dose-response relationships for comparison with available adult fish data."	( Modeling acetylcholine esterase inhibition resulting from exposure to a mixture of atrazine and chlorpyrifos using a physiologically-based kinetic model in fish. Bado-Nilles, A; Beaudouin, R; Gueganno, T; Mit, C; Tebby, C, 2021)	0.85
" The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) employing Box Behnken design (BBD) was successfully developed to predict the optimal conditions for maximal atrazine removal as adsorbent dosage 121."	( Adsorptive removal of noxious atrazine using graphene oxide nanosheets: Insights to process optimization, equilibrium, kinetics, and density functional theory calculations. Arul, H; Balasubramani, K; Banat, F; Bharath, G; Ganesh, RS; Murthy, AP; Muthusaravanan, S; Rambabu, K; Sathishkumar, VE; Sivarajasekar, N; Suresh, R, 2021)	1.11
"Cu-Zn-Fe Layered double hydroxides (LDH) and LDH dispersed on bamboo biochar (LDHBC) was used to study the adsorption of Atrazine by characterizing the adsorption kinetics, isotherms and response surface methodology (RSM) to reveal interactive effects of pH, adsorbent dosage and adsorbate initial concentration towards LDH optimum performance."	( Optimization, equilibrium, adsorption behaviour of Cu/Zn/Fe LDH and LDHBC composites towards atrazine reclamation in an aqueous environment. Lartey-Young, G; Ma, L, 2022)	1.15
" Response surfaces showed that ATZ degradation was enhanced with an increased dosage of PDS (regression slope of 24."	( Responses of soil fertility and microbiomes of atrazine contaminated soil to remediation by hydrochar and persulfate. Chen, H; Fan, X; Guo, S; Jian, Q; Li, X; Luo, K; Xue, G; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.98
" In chronic toxicity study, after atrazine exposure, the content of reactive oxygen species in Eisenia fetida significantly increased and showed a dose-response relationship."	( Toxicity comparison of atrazine on Eisenia fetida in artificial soil and three natural soils. Allen, SC; Du, Z; Hou, K; Li, B; Li, X; Wang, J; Wu, R; Yang, Y; Zhu, L, 2023)	1.5
"5, and 2%) increased atrazine adsorption, but the effect varied with dosage and type of amendment."	( Effect of soil amendments on the sorption behavior of atrazine in sandy loam soil. Khan, SU; Kumar, A; Mehta, BK; Prasad, M; Shashikumara, P; Tamboli, P; Upadhyay, D, 2023)	1.48

Role	Description
herbicide	A substance used to destroy plant pests.
environmental contaminant	Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
xenobiotic	A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
chloro-1,3,5-triazine	A member of the class of 1,3,5-triazines that is 1,3,5-triazine substituted by at least one chloro group at unspecified position.
diamino-1,3,5-triazine	Any member of the class of 1,3,5-triazines that consists of a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton substituted by two amino groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
atrazine degradation III	1	9
atrazine degradation I (aerobic)	4	13
atrazine degradation II	0	7
deethylsimazine degradation	1	9
melamine degradation	2	9
superpathway of atrazine degradation	7	18

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
glp-1 receptor, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.2202	0.0184	6.8060	14.1254	AID624417
pregnane X receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	89.1251	0.0251	27.9203	501.1870	AID651751
GLS protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	4.4668	0.3548	7.9355	39.8107	AID624170
GLI family zinc finger 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.8867	0.0007	14.5928	83.7951	AID1259369; AID1259392
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.3061	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID1259243
pregnane X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	63.2308	0.0054	28.0263	1,258.9301	AID1346982; AID720659
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1778	0.0010	24.5048	61.6448	AID588535
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	68.5199	0.0007	23.0674	1,258.9301	AID743085; AID743122
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	89.1251	0.0501	27.0736	89.1251	AID588590
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	15.8489	0.0079	8.2332	1,122.0200	AID2551
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.6603	0.0266	22.4482	66.8242	AID651802
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	22.3872	1.7783	16.2081	35.4813	AID652104
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glucose metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of steroid metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathway	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to sterol	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of circadian rhythm	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiation	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
adipose tissue development	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 cell differentiation	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA processing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA splicing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcription	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane organization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
oxysterol binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-activated transcription factor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
pre-mRNA intronic binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activity	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleus	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear body	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
perichromatin fibrils	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speck	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
interchromatin granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID288184	Permeability coefficient through artificial membrane in presence of unstirred water layer by PAMPA	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11	QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID1082638	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as glutathione reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 1.1 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082666	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as dark respiration rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = -1.07 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082595	Drug level in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 96 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082554	Herbicidal activity against Stellaria media assessed as growth inhibition at 1 kg/ha postemergence treatment by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082654	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as ascorbate peroxidase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 11.6 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082652	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as catalase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.12 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082565	Insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) assessed as mortality at 1000 ppm by artificial diet assay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID288185	Permeability coefficient through artificial membrane in presence of stirred water layer	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11	QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID1082660	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as dark respiration rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = -1.32 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082606	Reduction in glutathione S-transferase activity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082618	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082604	Increase in glutathione S-transferase activity in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082608	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as increase in glutathione reductase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082643	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as dehydroascorbate reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 3.6 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082548	Fungicidal activity against Pythium dissimile assessed as inhibition of mycelia growth at 2 ppm	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082631	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as glutathione S-transferase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.35 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1104926	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype MCR 16 assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 21 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID266771	Permeability in human skin	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 49, Issue:13	Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay: a new membrane for the fast prediction of passive human skin permeability.
AID1082561	Herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) at 1.5 kg/ha preemergence treatment measured after 10 days by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082641	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as glutathione reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 1.1 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1091956	Apparent hydrophobicity, log D of the compound in Octanol-buffer	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID266763	Membrane retention in 70% silicon-30% IPM membrane	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 49, Issue:13	Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay: a new membrane for the fast prediction of passive human skin permeability.
AID19262	Aqueous solubility	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-05, Volume: 10, Issue:11	Prediction of drug solubility from Monte Carlo simulations.
AID1082635	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as glutathione S-transferase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 2.7 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082668	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as dark respiration rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = -1.35 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082646	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as dehydroascorbate reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 4.6 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082658	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as ascorbate peroxidase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 18.4 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082626	Effect on MDA content in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.68 uM/L)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID266766	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 49, Issue:13	Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay: a new membrane for the fast prediction of passive human skin permeability.
AID1082620	Drug level in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 96 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082545	Fungicidal activity against Botryotinia fuckeliana assessed as inhibition of mycelia growth at 2 ppm	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082613	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as increase in dehydroascorbate reductase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID401438	Reduction in light-induced chlorophyll fluorescence half-life in spinach thylakoids membrane at 0.3 to 1 uM	1998	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 61, Issue:7	A new photosystem II electron transfer inhibitor from Sorghum bicolor.
AID401437	Inhibition of photosystem 2 in spinach thylakoid membranes assessed as oxygen evolution	1998	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 61, Issue:7	A new photosystem II electron transfer inhibitor from Sorghum bicolor.
AID1082637	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as glutathione reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 1.1 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1104937	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype MCR 15 assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 7 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1104929	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype ACR assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 21 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1110720	Pre-emergence herbicidal activity against Digitaria sanguinalis (hairy crabgrass) assessed as reduction of seed germination at 1.50 ppm after 7 to 21 days by pot test	2000	Farmaco (Societa chimica italiana : 1989), May, Volume: 55, Issue:5	Studies on arylfuran derivatives. Part XI. Synthesis, characterisation and biological studies on some Mannich bases carrying 2,4-dichlorophenylfurfural moiety.
AID310932	Permeability across human Skin	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-22, Volume: 50, Issue:4	In silico and in vitro filters for the fast estimation of skin permeation and distribution of new chemical entities.
AID1082632	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as glutathione S-transferase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.34 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082592	Drug level in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082670	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as leaf net photosynthesis rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 1.92 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082549	Herbicidal activity against Digitaria sanguinalis (hairy crabgrass) assessed as growth inhibition at 1 kg/ha preemergence treatment by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082615	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1091958	Hydrophobicity, log P of the compound in octanol-water by shaking-flask method	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID1082562	Herbicidal activity against Brassica napus (oilseed rape) at 1.5 kg/ha preemergence treatment measured after 10 days by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1104939	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype ACR assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 7 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1082650	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as catalase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.13 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082656	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as ascorbate peroxidase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 12.5 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082610	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as increase in dehydroascorbate reductase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082645	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as dehydroascorbate reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 4.7 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082653	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as catalase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.1 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082665	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as leaf net photosynthesis rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 4.55 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082659	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as ascorbate peroxidase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 15.7 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082671	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as leaf net photosynthesis rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 1.35 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID977599	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1082623	Drug level in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082603	Increase in glutathione S-transferase activity in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082597	Drug level in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID401435	Phytotoxicity against lettuce seedlings assessed as inhibition of seed germination at 0.1 mM after 4 days	1998	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 61, Issue:7	A new photosystem II electron transfer inhibitor from Sorghum bicolor.
AID1082657	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as ascorbate peroxidase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 17.2 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082546	Fungicidal activity against Fusarium graminearum assessed as inhibition of mycelia growth at 2 ppm	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID288191	Membrane retention in permeability experiment with artificial membrane	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11	QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID1082624	Effect on MDA content in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.67 uM/L)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082559	Herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) at 1.5 kg/ha postemergence treatment measured after 10 days by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082617	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082649	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as catalase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.10 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID288189	Permeability from basolateral to apical side of the Caco-2 cell membrane	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11	QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID1082566	Insecticidal activity against Lepidoptera Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm) assessed as mortality at 1000 ppm by leaf-disk assay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1101960	Phytotoxicity in Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis (barnyard millet) assessed as inhibition of photosystem II	2002	Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, Sep, Volume: 66, Issue:9	Enantioselective effects of optically active alpha-methylbenzyl-s-triazine on the root growth of rice and Echinochloa plants and their herbicidal activity.
AID1082593	Drug level in Triticum aestivum (wheat) compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082622	Drug level in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082612	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as increase in dehydroascorbate reductase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082560	Herbicidal activity against Brassica napus (oilseed rape) at 1.5 kg/ha postemergence treatment measured after 10 days by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082607	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots shoots assessed as increase in glutathione reductase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082669	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as leaf net photosynthesis rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 1.46 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082647	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as dehydroascorbate reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 4.6 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082552	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus retroflexus assessed as growth inhibition at 1 kg/ha preemergence treatment by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082651	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as catalase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.13 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082644	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as dehydroascorbate reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 3.9 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082558	Herbicidal activity against Arabidopsis thaliana assessed as growth inhibition at 10 ppm by 96-well plate test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082555	Herbicidal activity against Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) assessed as growth inhibition at 1 kg/ha postemergence treatment by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082596	Drug level in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1090878	Inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport rate in Cucumis sativa Straight Eight (cucumber) cotyledons assessed as chlorophyll fluorescence at 10 uM at 22 degC measured at 2 to 24 hr post-drug treatment under constant light by fluorometer analysis	2007	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Dec-26, Volume: 55, Issue:26	Phytotoxic Eremophilanes from Ligularia macrophylla.
AID1082636	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as glutathione reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 1.2 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1104936	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype MCR 16 assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 7 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1091957	Apparent permeability of the compound by PAMPA	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID977602	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1082543	Fungicidal activity against Phytophthora infestans assessed as inhibition of mycelia growth at 200 ppm	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082547	Fungicidal activity against Alternaria solani assessed as inhibition of mycelia growth at 2 ppm	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1104935	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype WCS assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 14 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1082627	Effect on MDA content in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.050 uM/L)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1080769	Inhibition of desalted triosephosphate isomerase in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoot assessed as decrease in transformation of GAP to DHAP applied at concentration of 14.4 mg/flat measured after 48 hr by coupled enzyme assay	2009	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 57, Issue:17	Triosephosphate isomerases in Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ): characterization and susceptibility to herbicides.
AID1082553	Herbicidal activity against Digitaria sanguinalis (hairy crabgrass) assessed as growth inhibition at 1 kg/ha postemergence treatment by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1101961	Herbicidal activity against Echinochloa oryzicola seedlings assessed as appearance of leaf burn symptom after 3 weeks by paddy pot test under green house conditions	2002	Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, Sep, Volume: 66, Issue:9	Enantioselective effects of optically active alpha-methylbenzyl-s-triazine on the root growth of rice and Echinochloa plants and their herbicidal activity.
AID1101964	Phytotoxicity in germinated seedlings of Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis (barnyard millet) assessed as root growth inhibition after 3 to 4 days	2002	Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, Sep, Volume: 66, Issue:9	Enantioselective effects of optically active alpha-methylbenzyl-s-triazine on the root growth of rice and Echinochloa plants and their herbicidal activity.
AID1082634	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as glutathione S-transferase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 2.3 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1104940	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype WCS assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 7 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1082625	Effect on MDA content in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.65 uM/L)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1104931	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype MCR 16 assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 14 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1082661	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as dark respiration rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = -1.68 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1091955	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound at pH 7.3	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID1082628	Effect on MDA content in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.053 uM/L)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1104930	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype WCS assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 21 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1104927	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype MCR 15 assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 21 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1104938	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype MCR 12 assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 7 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID288192	Partition coefficient, log P of the compound	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11	QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID266765	Effective permeability coefficient in 70% silicon-30% IPM membrane	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 49, Issue:13	Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay: a new membrane for the fast prediction of passive human skin permeability.
AID1082633	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as glutathione S-transferase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 2.4 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082662	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as dark respiration rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = -1.51 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082630	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as glutathione S-transferase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.37 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID401436	Phytotoxicity against lettuce seedlings assessed as inhibition of seed germination at >0.3 mM after 4 days	1998	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 61, Issue:7	A new photosystem II electron transfer inhibitor from Sorghum bicolor.
AID1082642	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as dehydroascorbate reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 3.7 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082556	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus retroflexus assessed as growth inhibition at 1 kg/ha postemergence treatment by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082550	Herbicidal activity against Stellaria media assessed as growth inhibition at 1 kg/ha preemergence treatment by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID310933	Permeability across PAMPA membrane after 7 hrs	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-22, Volume: 50, Issue:4	In silico and in vitro filters for the fast estimation of skin permeation and distribution of new chemical entities.
AID1082600	Increase in MDA content in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082594	Drug level in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 144 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082599	Increase in MDA content in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082621	Drug level in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082663	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as leaf net photosynthesis rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 4.45 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082616	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082648	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as catalase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.12 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082557	Herbicidal activity against Poa annua assessed as growth inhibition at 32 ppm by 96-well plate test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1104934	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype ACR assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 14 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1101963	Herbicidal activity against Echinochloa oryzicola seedlings measured per 10 acres after 3 weeks by paddy pot test under green house conditions	2002	Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, Sep, Volume: 66, Issue:9	Enantioselective effects of optically active alpha-methylbenzyl-s-triazine on the root growth of rice and Echinochloa plants and their herbicidal activity.
AID1082667	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as dark respiration rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = -1.43 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082605	Reduction in glutathione S-transferase activity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082601	Increase in MDA content in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1104933	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype MCR 12 assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 14 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1082629	Effect on MDA content in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment (Rvb = 0.054 uM/L)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID310931	Partition coefficient, log P of the compound	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-22, Volume: 50, Issue:4	In silico and in vitro filters for the fast estimation of skin permeation and distribution of new chemical entities.
AID1104928	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype MCR 12 assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 21 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID1082602	Increase in glutathione S-transferase activity in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082619	Drug level in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 144 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082551	Herbicidal activity against Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) assessed as growth inhibition at 1 kg/ha preemergence treatment by glasshouse test	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 59, Issue:21	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds.
AID1082655	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as ascorbate peroxidase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 11.3 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID266764	Membrane permeability, CA(t)/CD(0) in 70% silicon-30% IPM membrane	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 49, Issue:13	Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay: a new membrane for the fast prediction of passive human skin permeability.
AID1082640	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as glutathione reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 1.1 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082611	Increase in antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as increase in dehydroascorbate reductase activity compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1082598	Drug level in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 24 hr post treatment by HPLC	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1104932	Herbicidal activity against Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype MCR 15 assessed as visual injury at 560 g/ha applied as spray after 14 days under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States.
AID288188	Permeability from apical to basolateral side of the Caco-2 cell membrane	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11	QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID1110717	Pre-emergence herbicidal activity against Amaranthus viridis assessed as reduction of seed germination at 1.50 ppm after 7 to 21 days by pot test	2000	Farmaco (Societa chimica italiana : 1989), May, Volume: 55, Issue:5	Studies on arylfuran derivatives. Part XI. Synthesis, characterisation and biological studies on some Mannich bases carrying 2,4-dichlorophenylfurfural moiety.
AID1082639	Effect on antioxidant enzyme system in Triticum aestivum (wheat) shoots assessed as glutathione reductase activity per mg protein compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 72 hr post treatment (Rvb = 1.1 nmol/s per mg protein)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID1080773	Inhibition of desalted triosephosphate isomerase in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoot assessed as transformation of GAP to DHAP applied at concentration of 14.4 mg/flat measured per mg protein after 48 hr by coupled enzyme assay (Rvb = 9.80 +/-0	2009	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 57, Issue:17	Triosephosphate isomerases in Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ): characterization and susceptibility to herbicides.
AID1082664	Effect on photosynthetic activity in Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) shoots assessed as leaf net photosynthesis rate measured by CO2 production compound administered at rate of 14 mf/flat measured 48 hr post treatment (Rvb = 4.89 umol/m2/s)	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Nov-23, Volume: 59, Issue:22	A comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1159550	Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening	2015	Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11	6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	151 (4.86)	18.7374
1990's	251 (8.07)	18.2507
2000's	1018 (32.74)	29.6817
2010's	1203 (38.69)	24.3611
2020's	486 (15.63)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	4 (0.12%)	5.53%
Reviews	61 (1.85%)	6.00%
Case Studies	4 (0.12%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	3,236 (97.91%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.92	4	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2	1	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.	1.98	1	0	trichlorobenzene
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.59	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	8.25	6	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.39	2	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.04	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.96	4	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.74	3	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.42	7	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
carbamates [no description available]	4.33	19	0	amino-acid anion
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	2.69	2	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.98	4	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	4.61	24	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	3.32	6	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.8	11	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.45	2	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.44	2	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.94	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.18	5	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2	1	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
cytosine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine [no description available]	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion	fundamental metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.01	4	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.37	2	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	6.98	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.93	4	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	6.65	63	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.95	4	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	3.13	5	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	7.45	2	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
indole [no description available]	2.42	2	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.06	4	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	7.25	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.57	2	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	9.09	15	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	3.53	8	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	3.44	7	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	11.6	62	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3	4	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.05	1	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.43	2	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.21	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.72	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.13	5	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.55	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	8.85	12	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	3.86	12	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	4.19	16	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.75	10	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.59	2	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.21	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.04	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
putrescine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.42	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.21	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2.06	1	0	selenium oxoacid
spermidine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.06	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.41	2	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	2	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.15	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	8.69	10	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.82	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.05	1	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	3.97	4	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	7.41	61	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	3.09	5	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide 2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.	1.96	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.45	2	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	8.1	5	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	phenols
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3	4	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	3.15	5	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
phenytoin [no description available]	2.96	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.11	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	2.45	2	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	8.24	5	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.44	7	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	4.74	28	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	6.5	58	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.45	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.13	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
theophylline [no description available]	2.93	4	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	3.14	5	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.42	2	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.46	2	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	3.13	5	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	2.21	1	0
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2	1	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bentazone bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.	3.32	6	0	benzothiadiazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.43	2	0	benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	4.94	11	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
caffeine [no description available]	4.23	16	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.89	11	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.94	13	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carmofur [no description available]	2.15	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.04	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	7.17	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	6.91	83	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7.31	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.45	2	0	clonidine; imidazoline
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	2	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	8.62	8	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.72	3	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.02	1	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.7	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	4.7	27	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	3.66	9	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
dichlobanil 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.	2.46	2	0	dichlorobenzene; nitrile	agrochemical; cellulose synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	4.83	9	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	3.09	5	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	5.75	16	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	3.64	9	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	3.76	10	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	7.57	101	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	4.75	29	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.43	7	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.38	2	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fenbufen fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; biphenyls	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	2.45	2	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	3.67	9	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.15	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	3.01	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.42	2	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.45	2	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	7.13	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	6.68	65	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
heptachlor Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.	2.57	2	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	7.38	2	0	barbiturates
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	1.97	1	0	acetamides
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.04	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.45	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	8.79	10	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.71	3	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.94	4	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.71	3	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
indoprofen Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.	2	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
indolepropionic acid indolepropionic acid: structure in third source. 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid : An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; plant metabolite
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.48	2	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	3.13	5	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	2.45	2	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.02	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	2	1	0	benzodiazepine
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	5.45	19	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.6	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.44	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	7.77	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	3.25	6	0	organochlorine insecticide
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	3.63	9	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	3.46	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	7.12	107	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.44	2	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.03	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
nalidixic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.45	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.6	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.42	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.43	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	2.93	4	0	monochlorophenol
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2.42	2	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.11	5	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phorate Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.	1.95	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phosalone phosalone: structure. phosalone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles carrying a [(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the nitrogen atom, an oxo group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide.	2	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; carbamate ester; organochlorine insecticide; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.45	2	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
piperazine [no description available]	7.03	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.45	2	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.02	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.04	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.45	2	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	3.46	2	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
prometone prometone: structure. prometon : A methoxy-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which the one of the hydrogens of each amino group is substituted by an isopropyl group.	2.44	2	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methoxy-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
prometryne Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.	5.66	25	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propanil Propanil: A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.. propanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat.	2.44	2	0	anilide; dichlorobenzene	herbicide
propazine propazine: relatively non-toxic triazine herbicide; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search TRIAZINES (75-82). propazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	4.57	24	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	3.13	5	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
ranitidine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aralkylamine
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.44	2	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
rolipram [no description available]	2.52	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
simazine Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	7.86	137	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.45	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sulfabenzamide sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.52	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	8.21	5	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.17	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	7.06	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
tebuthiuron [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.03	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
triclosan [no description available]	9.73	8	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	4.42	21	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.78	3	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.	1.97	1	0	psoralens	dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent
urethane [no description available]	1.95	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.17	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.43	2	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	9.29	18	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.45	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	2.44	2	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	7.96	4	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	3.28	6	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.03	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
aldosterone [no description available]	7.31	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.39	2	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.67	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	3.57	8	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.73	3	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	3.76	3	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	7.41	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.74	3	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	6.98	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	8.32	6	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	7.43	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	1.98	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.39	2	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.56	23	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.86	11	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.95	4	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.71	3	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.71	3	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.43	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	3.81	11	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
n-nitrosomorpholine N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.	2.06	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.51	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.03	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.11	4	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.48	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid 4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.	2.08	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
aniline [no description available]	3.1	5	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.47	2	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	4.43	21	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	7.39	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	1.97	1	0
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	1.97	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.98	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
hexachloroethane [no description available]	2.02	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethanes	carcinogenic agent; refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.79	3	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	1.99	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	2.42	2	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
4-toluenesulfonamide 4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	sulfonamide
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.93	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	6.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	1.95	1	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.1	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.13	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.02	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	7.03	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
systhane systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.	2.17	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	7.72	3	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.47	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
2-propylamine 2-propylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	alkylamines; primary aliphatic amine
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	3.1	5	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.11	1	0
azobis(isobutyronitrile) azobis(isobutyronitrile): blowing agent for elastomers & plastics; initiator for free radical reactions; structure	2.05	1	0
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.69	3	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	3.28	6	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
chloroacetamide [no description available]	2.72	3	0
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	2	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
nitroethane nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	6.44	30	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.4	2	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.13	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.04	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
diethyl phthalate diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.03	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; phthalate ester	neurotoxin; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2.03	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
fluorene [no description available]	2.42	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
hexamethylbenzene hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2	1	0	methylbenzene
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	2.73	3	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene [no description available]	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes
2-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-nitrophenol nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.	2.9	4	0	2-nitrophenols
dinoseb dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	3.09	5	0	dinitrophenol
2,5-dichloronitrobenzene [no description available]	2.03	1	0
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.44	2	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.02	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
michler's ketone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzophenones
quinoline [no description available]	2.4	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
n,n-diethylaniline N,N-diethylaniline: a reagent and an intermediate in manufacturing of dyes	2.03	1	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	3.12	5	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	2.42	2	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
methyl nicotinate methyl nicotinate: erythema provoked is basis of a methylnicotinate test of anti-inflammatories	2.44	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
mecoprop mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.	3.41	7	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
nicotinic acid benzyl ester nicotinic acid benzyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6344. benzyl nicotinate : A benzyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a rubefacient.	2.44	2	0	benzyl ester	vasodilator agent
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	3.88	12	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-chloroaniline [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.95	4	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
3,4-dimethylphenol 3,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.	2.03	1	0	phenols
3,4-dichloroaniline 3,4-dichloroaniline : A dichloroaniline having the two chloro-substituents at the 3- and 4-positions.	2.68	3	0	dichloroaniline	epitope; xenobiotic
2,4,5-trichlorophenol 2,4,5-trichlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4,5-trichlorophenol : A trichlorophenol carrying chloro groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.	2.45	2	0	trichlorophenol
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol: structure given in first source. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.76	3	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
benzotrifluoride alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: structure in first source. (trifluoromethyl)benzene : A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; fluorohydrocarbon	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	phenols	allergen
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.95	4	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
3-nitroaniline 3-nitroaniline: used as a sole source of nitrogen , carbon and energy	2.03	1	0
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene [no description available]	2.4	2	0
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.1	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine 4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2	1	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
triclocarban triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.	2.1	1	0	dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fenuron fenuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a phenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a herbicide used for the control of weeds in beetroot as well as various vegetable and ornamental crops.	2.06	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; photosystem-II inhibitor; xenobiotic
2,4-dimethylphenol 2,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 4.	2.03	1	0	aromatic fungicide; phenols	disinfectant; volatile oil component
4-bromophenol 4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.	2.44	2	0	bromophenol	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; persistent organic pollutant; rat metabolite
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.42	2	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.25	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
acrolein [no description available]	1.98	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	2	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.51	2	0	alkane
biuret Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.	7.13	1	0	condensed ureas
3-chloroaniline 3-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	7.76	3	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	4.21	16	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
bromobenzene [no description available]	2	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.4	2	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
methyl cellosolve methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.48	2	0	glycol ether	protic solvent; solvent
dimethoxymethane dimethoxymethane : An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.	2	1	0	acetal; diether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.97	4	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.43	2	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2	1	0	cycloalkene
morpholine [no description available]	2	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
diethylene glycol glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.	2.13	1	0	hydroxyether
dicofol Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.55	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; tertiary alcohol
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.96	4	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	7.93	4	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	8.13	5	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.44	2	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	3.13	5	0	dichlorophenol
cyclonite cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.	2.11	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; N-nitro compound	explosive
3-nitrobenzoic acid 3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	2.03	1	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	2.4	2	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.12	5	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
ziram Ziram: An industrial fungicide with low mammalian toxicity, although it does possess an irritant capacity for skin and mucous membranes.. ziram : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the zinc salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is a broad-spectrum fungicide and bird and animal repellent that is also used to accelerate the vulcanisation of rubber.	2.04	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; zinc molecular entity	antifungal agrochemical; apoptosis inducer
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	2.44	2	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
dodecyl sulfate dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE	2.05	1	0	alkyl sulfate
monuron monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.	1.98	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
decylamine decylamine: structure	2	1	0	alkylamine
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	1.99	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.42	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	8.28	6	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
chrysene chrysene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2252. chrysene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.	3.7	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	plant metabolite
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.03	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.31	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.44	7	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.44	7	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	3.69	9	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.71	3	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.38	2	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
paraoxon [no description available]	2.69	3	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
bromacil bromacil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromacil : A racemate consisting of equimolar concentrations of (R)- and (S)-bromacil.. 5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione : A pyrimidone that is pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione substituted by a bromo group at position 5, a butan-2-yl group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 6.	3.42	7	0	organobromine compound; pyrimidone
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	4.19	17	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	3.21	5	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane [no description available]	1.98	1	0
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.99	4	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
4-fluorophenol 4-fluorophenol: structure given in first source. 4-fluorophenol : A fluorophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a fluorine.	2.13	1	0	fluorophenol; monofluorobenzenes
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	7.03	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.41	1	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.99	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	2.95	4	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	8.3	6	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	6.95	1	0
oxanilic acid oxanilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.72	3	0
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	7.9	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tryptophol tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	indolyl alcohol	auxin; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.07	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	2.05	1	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
4-chloroacetanilide 4-chloroacetanilide : Acetamide substituted on nitrogen by a para-chlorophenyl group.	2	1	0	acetamides; monochlorobenzenes
1-chloropropane 1-chloropropane: structure in first source	2	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.3	17	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
sulfanilylurea sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure	2.03	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
3-nitrophenol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	3-nitrophenols
trimesic acid trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.25	1	0	benzoic acids; tricarboxylic acid
2,3-dichlorophenol dichlorophenol : Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.	2	1	0
2-chloroacetanilide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
ethane sulfonate [no description available]	2.72	3	0	alkanesulfonic acid
2,6-dinitrotoluene 2,6-dinitrotoluene: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for nitrogen moieties. 2,6-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.	6.98	1	0	dinitrotoluene	genotoxin
2,4-dibromophenol 2,4-dibromophenol : A bromophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 have been replaced by bromines.	2.08	1	0	brominated flame retardant; bromophenol; dibromobenzene	marine metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.28	6	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
methyl butyrate [no description available]	2	1	0	fatty acid ester
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.1	1	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.08	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dimethyl methylphosphonate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
eptc EPTC: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (72-82)	2.68	3	0	tertiary amine
4-cyanophenol 4-cyanophenol: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	phenols	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
ametryne ametryne: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, TRIAZINE (75-83) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & TRIAZINES (72-74); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. ametryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethylamino and an isopropylamino group at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	4.75	29	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide
terbutryne terbutryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by a tert-butylamino and an ethylamino group at positions 2 and 4 respectively.	9.39	20	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
fonofos Fonofos: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	2.67	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
methidathion methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops	2.74	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
6-deisopropylatrazine deisopropylatrazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	3.7	10	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
simetryn simetryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylthio group at position 6.	3.02	4	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	herbicide
heptachlor epoxide Heptachlor Epoxide: An oxidation product of HEPTACHLOR formed by many plants and animals, including humans, after exposure to HEPTACHLOR. It has been shown to remain in soil treated with HEPTACHLOR for over fifteen years and is toxic to animals and humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)	1.95	1	0	oxanes
methylmercury hydroxide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.21	1	0
cadmium oxide cadmium oxide: causes severe lung damage; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.43	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	7.96	3	0	zinc molecular entity
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.42	2	0
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.66	2	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.32	6	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
3-bromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propanol 3-bromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propanol: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
ioxynil ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.39	2	0	iodophenol; nitrile	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
bromoxynil bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.	2.76	3	0	dibromobenzene; hydroxynitrile; phenols	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
pyrazon pyrazon: structure; do not confuse with phenazone which is a synonym to antipyrine. chloridazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 5, a chloro group at position 4 and a phenyl group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	benzenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; pyridazinone	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
monolinuron monolinuron: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	ureas
4-octylphenol 4-octylphenol: xenoestrogen. 4-octylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by an octyl group.	2.02	1	0	phenols	metabolite; surfactant; xenoestrogen
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	3.67	9	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
phenyltrimethylammonium phenyltrimethylammonium: d9-cpd suppresses methylation artifacts in gas chromatography of serum extracts; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylphenylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N,N-dimethylaniline.	2.11	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	6.2	25	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
picloram Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.	8.07	5	0	aminopyridine; chloropyridine; organochlorine pesticide; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	herbicide; synthetic auxin
butylate butylate: RN in Chemline for carbamothioic-(14)C-labeled cpd: 61772-76-7	2.02	1	0	tertiary amine
2,6-dichlorobenzamide [no description available]	7.98	4	0	benzamides; dichlorobenzene	herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite
4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl carrying chloro groups at positions 4 and 4' respectively.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobiphenyl; monochlorobenzenes
decachlorobiphenyl decachlorobiphenyl: structure. decachlorobiphenyl : A polychlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2	1	0	pentachlorobenzenes; polychlorobiphenyl
bromophos bromophos: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHORUS COMPOOUNDS (72) & INSECTICIDES (72) & INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-83); structure	2.08	1	0	organic thiophosphate
fluometuron fluometuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. fluometuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in cotton.	7.73	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; photosystem-II inhibitor; xenobiotic
molinate molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.	3.4	7	0	azepanes; monothiocarbamic ester	agrochemical; antispermatogenic agent; herbicide
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.15	1	0
5-phenylvaleric acid 5-phenylvaleric acid: from Polygonum salicifolium. 5-phenylpentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid substituted by a phenyl group at the delta-position.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
mirex Mirex: An organochlorine insecticide that is carcinogenic.	2.4	2	0	chlorocarbon; organochlorine insecticide	persistent organic pollutant
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
formothion formothion: was MH 1976-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE 1976-90)	2	1	0	dicarboximide
phenthoate, (+-)-isomer phenthoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. phenthoate : An organic thiophosphate that is ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	2.06	1	0	ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
promecarb promecarb: structure	1.99	1	0	alkylbenzene
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; structure in 1st source	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
asulam asulam: wild oat herbicide used in prairie regions for control of wild oats in cereal grains such as wheat; RN given refers to parent cpd. asulam : A carbamate ester that is methyl carbamate substituted by a (4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl group at the nitrogen atom. A dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, it is used (normally as the corresponding sodium salt, asulam-sodium) as a herbicide, mainly for killing bracken.	2.44	2	0	carbamate ester; primary amino compound; substituted aniline; sulfonamide	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.71	3	0	thujene	plant metabolite
2-chloro-4,6-diamino-s-triazine [no description available]	3.11	5	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine
bpmc BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.45	2	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; insecticide
salithion salithion: causes irreversible ataxia in chicken, mice & sheep; structure in Pesticide Index, 5th ed, p.202	2.45	2	0	organic thiophosphate
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.59	2	0	carbon oxoanion
fuberidazole fuberidazole: fumigant; structure. fuberidazole : A ring assembly consisting of benzimidazole substituted at position 2 by a 2-furyl group. A fungicide used as a seed treatment to control Fusarium spp. in cereals.	2.1	1	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; furans	antifungal agrochemical
sulisobenzone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzophenones
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenate tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; see also record for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol. tetrachlorophenol : A chlorophenol that is phenol in which four of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.. 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5.	2.03	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
trioctylmethylammonium trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.11	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.8	3	0
maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.	7.68	3	0	pyridazinone
terbutylazine terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	5.74	26	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-deethylatrazine desethylatrazine: a chlorotriazine herbicide; structure in first source. deethylatrazine : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a propan-2-yl group.	5.54	65	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	marine xenobiotic metabolite
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.76	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	3.14	5	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	4.73	9	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.79	3	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	8.04	4	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.03	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.1	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.99	4	0	vanadium group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	4.61	24	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.57	24	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	3.17	5	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	7.03	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	4.24	16	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.45	2	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.44	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.46	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
tungstate [no description available]	7.6	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	1.94	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.08	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	2.46	2	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	7.21	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.88	11	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.13	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
desmedipham desmedipham: structure. desmedipham : A carbamate ester that is phenylcarbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.	2	1	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
phenmedipham phenmedipham: minor descriptor (72-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (72-84); Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-84), CARBAMATES (72-75). phenmedipham : A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group.	2.42	2	0	carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	4.5	22	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
1,3-dichloro-1-propene 1,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 1,3-dichloropropene : A chloropropene with two chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively..	2.66	3	0
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.73	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
cobalt sulfate cobalt sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cobalt(2+) sulfate : A compound of cobalt and sulfate in which the ratio of cobalt (+2 oxidation state) to sulfate is 1:1.	2.05	1	0	metal sulfate
cobaltous nitrate cobaltous nitrate: RN given refers to Co(+2) salt. cobalt dinitrate : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is nitrate.	2.05	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic nitrate salt
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	3.88	11	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.07	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
terbufos [no description available]	2.96	4	0	organic thiophosphate; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	4.49	21	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
menthone menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).	2	1	0	menthone
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.11	14	0
fluorodifen fluorodifen: structure	7.95	4	0	aromatic ether
chlortoluron chlorotoluron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.	8.72	10	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.53	2	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2.21	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.03	1	0	tin oxide
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	3.12	4	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
iodine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	5.27	16	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
cyanazine cyanazine: structure. cyanazine : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethyl amino and a (2-cyanopropan-2-yl)amino group at positions 6 and 4 respectively.	5.92	32	0	1,3,5-triazinylamino nitrile; chloro-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
fenamiphos [no description available]	7.41	2	0	organophosphate insecticide; organophosphate nematicide; phosphoramidate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	7.74	3	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	3.14	5	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3	4	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
4-ethylphenol 4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.	2.44	2	0	phenols	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.43	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	7.7	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	3.49	7	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.17	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
triazophos triazophos: structure	2.08	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.99	4	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
o,o-diisopropyl-s-benzylthiophosphate O,O-diisopropyl-S-benzylthiophosphate: structure. iprobenfos : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-benzyl O,O-diisopropyl ester of phosphorothioic acid. Used as a rice fungicide to control leaf and ear blast, stem rot and sheath blight.	2.03	1	0	organic thiophosphate	antifungal agrochemical; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.42	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.41	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
norflurazone norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyridazinone; secondary amino compound	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide
ensulizole ensulizole: sunscreening agent; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	benzimidazoles
benthiocarb Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.	2.74	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; monothiocarbamic ester
dibromothymoquinone Dibromothymoquinone: At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.	2	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cytochrome-b6f complex inhibitor
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	2.42	2	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	3.01	2	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
procymidone procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.	2.71	3	0
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.15	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	6.2	42	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
3,5-dichlorobiphenyl 3,5-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl that is 1,3-dichlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dichlorobiphenyl
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.8	3	0	hexachlorobiphenyl
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	3.41	1	1	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 5 position of each benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	7.99	4	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
pendimethalin pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.	2.91	4	0	C-nitro compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide
metamitron metamitron : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, a methyl group at position 3 and a phenyl group at position 6.	3.28	6	0	1,2,4-triazines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	2.45	2	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.45	2	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
oxyfluorofen oxyfluorofen: structure	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	7.5	2	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
vinclozolin vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.	2.98	4	0	dicarboximide; dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; oxazolidinone
2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin: structure given in first source. 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzodioxine : An organobromine compound that is dibenzodioxine carrying four bromo substituents at positions 2, 3, 7 and 8.	2.1	1	0	dibenzodioxine; organobromine compound
hexazinone hexazinone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.81	11	0	1,3,5-triazines
dichlorfop-methyl dichlorfop-methyl: structure; herbicide for control of wild oat & foxtails in cereal crops. diclofop-methyl : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diclofop-methyl. A proherbicide for diclofop, it is used for the control of wild oats and annual weeds in wheat, barley, rye and broad-leaved crops.. methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid with methanol.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; diether; methyl ester
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	4.18	16	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.25	1	0
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	2.1	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
triclopyr trichlopyr : A monocarboxylic acid that is (pyridin-2-yloxy)acetic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
terbufos sulfone [no description available]	2.75	3	0
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	2.42	2	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
fluridone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenylpyridine	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.17	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
acifluorfen [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; C-nitro compound; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
chlorsulfuron chlorsulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. chlorsulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley and oats.	2.83	3	0	methoxy-1,3,5-triazine; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.17	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fenoxaprop ethyl Puma: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising one species, Puma concolor. It is a large, long-tailed, feline of uniform color. The names puma, cougar, and mountain lion are used interchangeably for this species. There are more than 20 subspecies.	2.95	4	0	aromatic ether
metazachlor metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.53	2	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazoles	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	3.06	4	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
imazaquin imazaquin: RN given refer to parent cpd. imazaquin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazaquin. It is a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds.. 2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group at position 2.	2.74	3	0	imidazolone; monocarboxylic acid; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid
imazethapyr imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr	7.05	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
clomazone clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.	2.08	1	0	isoxazolidinone; monochlorobenzenes	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benfuracarb benfuracarb: a procarbamate insecticide	2.06	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester; ethyl ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.06	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
methyl bensulfuron methyl bensulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpds. bensulfuron-methyl : The methyl ester of bensulfuron. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of both annual and perennial weeds in crops, particularly wheat and rice. It is not licensed for use within the UK.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; pyrimidines	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	1.99	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
chlorimuron ethyl chlorimuron ethyl: structure in first source. chlorimuron-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of chlorimuron with ethanol. A proherbicide for chloimuron, it is used as herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds in peanuts, soya beans, and other crops.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; organochlorine pesticide; pyrimidines; sulfamoylbenzoate	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; proherbicide
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.03	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
coomassie brilliant blue r kenacid blue: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.04	1	0
3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate 3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate: RN & structure given in first source. 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate : A carbamate ester that is carbamic acid in which the nitrogen has been substituted by a butyl group and in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group is replaced by a 1-iodoprop-2-yn-3-yl group. A fungicide, it is used as a preservative and sapstain control chemical in wood products and as a preservative in adhesives, paints, latex paper coating, plastic, water-based inks, metal working fluids, textiles, and numerous consumer products.	2.03	1	0	acetylenic compound; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; organoiodine compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tantalum oxide tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants	2.07	1	0
lactofen lactofen: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
thiolactic acid thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.05	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.69	9	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.16	5	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
diacetylfluorescein [no description available]	2.47	2	0
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.44	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.21	1	0
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.43	2	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclofenac fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	aromatic ether
trenbolone acetate Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.	2.11	1	0	steroid ester
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.46	2	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
leucomalachite green [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.95	1	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	4.36	19	0	1,2,3-triazole
duroquinone tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.03	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites	2.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; steroid sulfate	antineoplastic agent; estrogen
4-benzoylbenzoic acid 4-carboxybenzophenone: a photosensitizer agent	2.49	2	0
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
stearyltrimethylammonium bromide octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ethofenprox ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether	pyrethroid ether insecticide
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	1.99	1	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	3.14	5	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	2.1	1	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tridiphane [no description available]	6.97	1	0	dichlorobenzene
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.8	3	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane: methoxychlor metabolite	2.07	1	0	bisphenol
isoxaflutole isoxaflutole: structure in first source. isoxaflutole : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazole substituted by a 2-(methanesulfonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group and a cyclopropyl group at positions 4 and 5, respectively. It is a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor which is used as a herbicide for weed control in maize and sugarcane.	2.98	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ketone; cyclopropanes; isoxazoles; sulfone	agrochemical; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; proherbicide
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	3.56	8	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
cyproconazole cyproconazole: inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. cyproconazole : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases.. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-2-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 2, a cyclopropyl group at position 3 and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group at position 1.	2.03	1	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine 1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine: structure given in first source	2.45	2	0	bisacylhydrazine insecticide
n-(2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide: FP 846 is purified form of sulfentrazone; protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor. sulfentrazone : A member of the class of triazoles that is 5-oxo-1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 4 by 2,4-dichloro-5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl, methyl, and difluoromethyl groups, respectively. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds in soya and tobacco crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	2.8	3	0	dichlorobenzene; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide; triazoles	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.98	4	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.11	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
goethite [no description available]	7.41	1	0
methylglucoside [no description available]	1.99	1	0
irgarol 1051 irgarol 1051: a booster biocide; structure given in first source. irgarol 1051 : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine carrying a N-tert-butyl, N'-cyclopropyl and a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.	8.29	6	0	aryl sulfide; cyclopropanes; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	antifouling biocide; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
quinclorac quinclorac: an herbicide. quinclorac : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.85	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	agrochemical; herbicide; synthetic auxin
dimethenamid dimethenamid: structure in first source. dimethenamid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dimethenamid. A herbicide, it is applied to the soil for the control of various broad-leaved weeds and grasses. Only the S enantiomer (generally known as dimethenamid-P) is active.. 2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl and a 1-methoxypropan-2-yl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.42	2	0	aromatic amide; ether; organochlorine compound; thiophenes
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
sulcotrione sulcotrione: a bleaching herbicide. sulcotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted by a 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl group at position 2.	7.75	3	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; cyclohexanones; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
ac 263,222 imazapic: imidazolinone herbicide. imazapic : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapic. It is a selective imidazolinone herbicide for pre- and post-emergent control of some annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. It kills plants by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS).. 5-methyl-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is 5-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups, respectively.	2.21	1	0	imidazolines; imidazolone; methylpyridines; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
tebufenozide tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.	2.45	2	0	carbohydrazide	ecdysone agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.	2.06	1	0	hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide; pyrroles	proacaricide; proinsecticide
dpx e9636 DPX E9636: chemical compound used as a pesticide. rimsulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-3-(ethylsulfonyl)pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen atom.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
iodosobenzene iodosobenzene: oxygen donor	2.21	1	0
triflusulfuron-methyl triflusulfuron-methyl: structure in first source. triflusulfuron-methyl : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of triflusulfuron with methanol. A proherbicide for triflusulfuron.	2.02	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; aromatic ether; benzoate ester; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; proherbicide
flazasulfuron flazasulfuron: vineyard herbicide in freshwater algae; structure in first source	3.14	1	0	pyridines; sulfonamide
n-acetyltryptophanamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetamides; L-tryptophan derivative; primary carboxamide; secondary carboxamide
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.11	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.16	5	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
4-n-butylaminobenzoic acid 4-n-butylaminobenzoic acid: degradation product of tetracaine. 4-(butylamino)benzoic acid : 4-Aminobenzoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a butyl group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amino acid
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.31	6	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.11	1	0
hydroxymethyltrioxsalen [no description available]	1.97	1	0
methoxyfenozide methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.	2.45	2	0	carbohydrazide; monomethoxybenzene	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	8.1	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	7.17	1	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.41	1	0	proanthocyanidin
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	1.96	1	0
1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
rh-0345 N-4-chlorobenzoyl-N'-benzoyl-N'-tert-butylhydrazine: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	bisacylhydrazine insecticide; monochlorobenzenes
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	2.13	1	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.21	5	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
zk 112993 ZK 112993: RN refers to (11beta, 17beta)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	3.17	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.46	2	0	fullerene	geroprotector
3-butenyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine 3-butenyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
2-chloro-n-(ethoxymethyl)-n-(2-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide 2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide: structure given in first source	2.58	2	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.17	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
kolaviron kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.	2.47	2	0	4'-methoxyflavanones; biflavonoid; dihydroflavonols; ring assembly; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	8.56	8	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	4.71	27	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	2	1	0	camphor
sodium percarbonate sodium percarbonate: RN given refers to unspecified Na salt	7.41	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.05	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	3.73	9	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	9.34	19	0
propisochlor [no description available]	2.01	1	0
barbatic acid barbatic acid: structure in first source	7.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.42	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	7.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.77	3	0
mesotrione mesotrione: brandname is after the Callistemon (MYRTACEAE) plant it was found in; structure in first source. mesotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.	4.14	14	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; C-nitro compound; sulfone	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.77	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
quizalofop quizalofop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of quizalofop-P of and (S)-quizalofop. Quizalofop is used (commonly as the corresponding ethyl ester, known as quizalofop-ethyl) as a selective post-emergence herbicide against annual and winter-hard grasses. The active isomer is the R enantiomer, which is known as quizalofop-P.. 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para position by a (6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy group.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinoxaline derivative
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	anabasine
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.58	2	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
n-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide: structure in first source. fenhexamid : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2,3-dichlorophenol.	2.08	1	0	anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.72 (methylsterol monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.05	1	0	potassium salt
fusicoccin fusicoccin: phytotoxic glycoside from Fusicoccum amydali; structure	2.04	1	0
permanganate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	manganese oxoacid
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.71	3	0
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
elastin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	1.99	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	7.63	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
dopaquinone [no description available]	2.21	1	0	1,2-benzoquinones; amino acid zwitterion; L-phenylalanine derivative	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tryptophanamide tryptophanamide: used as inhibitor of chymotrypsin; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. L-tryptophanamide : An amino acid amide that is the carboxamide of L-tryptophan.	2.03	1	0	amino acid amide; tryptophan derivative	human metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	2.04	1	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene (4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.	2	1	0	limonene	plant metabolite
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	7.41	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	7.6	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.61	2	0	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.53	2	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.52	2	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.48	2	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.02	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	2.04	1	0
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.4	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
lycopene [no description available]	4.09	12	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
stigmatellin stigmatellin: isolated from myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca; structure in first source. stigmatellin A : A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; chromones; olefinic compound; phenols	bacterial metabolite; quinol oxidation site inhibitor
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.44	2	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.43	2	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.71	3	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.1	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.41	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
17,20,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 17,20,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one: steroid from Micropogonias undulatus during oocyte maturation; RN given for cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0
glycosides [no description available]	2.04	1	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.47	2	0	isomethyleugenol
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.52	2	0	stilbene
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.02	1	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.01	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	2.03	1	0
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.05	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	8.22	6	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	8.08	4	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	7.01	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	2	1	0
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	2.13	1	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.81	3	0	dithiocarbamic acids
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	7.8	3	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	7.41	1	0	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.72	3	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
mesoranil [no description available]	2.46	2	0	1,3,5-triazines
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.05	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.47	2	0
fenchlorazole-ethyl fenchlorazole-ethyl: an herbicide safener	2.46	2	0	dichlorobenzene
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	7.84	3	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
cystine [no description available]	2.25	1	0
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium iii tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium III: RN refers to trichloride	2.05	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.46	2	0
anthraquinone sulfonate anthraquinone sulfonate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified acid locant	2.21	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	8.3	6	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid [no description available]	2.17	1	0
2-amino-4-nitrophenol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	4-nitrophenols
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.06	1	0
2-nitro-4-phenylenediamine 2-nitro-4-phenylenediamine: 2-nitro-1,4-benzenediamine; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine : A primary amino compound that is p-phenylenediamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring is replaced by a nitro group. It is a cosmetic hair dye intermediate that is used in permanent hair colouring products (diluted 1:1 with an oxidising agent prior to application).	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound; primary amino compound
quercetin [no description available]	4.03	13	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.03	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
neurosporene [no description available]	2	1	0	acyclic carotene
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.46	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	2.31	1	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	7.6	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.85	11	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.15	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
11-ketotestosterone 11-ketotestosterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-oxotestosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.	2.44	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	6.96	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
tetrachlorvinphos Tetrachlorvinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.95	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.17	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.4	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.96	3	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	4.01	13	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
triphenyltin triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds	2.01	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	7.41	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	3.19	2	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.25	1	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.9	11	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.96	3	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
dicrotophos dicrotophos: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.08	1	0	dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
monocrotophos Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.73	3	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid amide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
plastoquinone [no description available]	8.09	5	0	plastoquinone
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	1.97	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.05	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
phycocyanobilin phycocyanobilin: tetrapyrrole prosthetic group of phycocyanin protein. phycocyanobilin : A bilin that consists of 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-18-ethyl-3-ethylidene-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydrobilin bearing two oxo substituents at positions 1 and 19.	2.02	1	0
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.99	4	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.02	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	4.35	19	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	8.24	5	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.52	2	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
lhrh, n-et-alanh2(6)- [no description available]	2.05	1	0
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	7.17	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
beidellite beidellite: consists of Al2O3.3SiO2.4H2O; structure	2.03	1	0
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	2.61	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
chlorophyll chlorophyll a': RN refers to (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21alpha)))-isomer	2.51	2	0
sorgoleone sorgoleone: Sorgoleone refers to a group of benzoquinones from Sorghum bicolor having 2-hydroxy and 5-methoxy substitutions and either a 15- or 17-carbon chain with one, two, or three double bonds at position 3; The name sorgoleone was first given to 5-methoxy-3-(8'Z,11'Z)-pentadeca-8'11'14'-trienylbenzene-1,2,4-triol but this is unstable and is easily oxidized to the quinone, sorgoleone-358, which is the major constituent of the root exudate; binds at PLASTOQUINONE site of PSII. sorgoleone : A member of the family of benzoquinones, sorgoleone is 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a (4Z,7Z)-pentadeca-1,4,7-trien-15-yl group.	2.42	2	0	monohydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones
nifuroxime 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source	2	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
cyclo(glycyltryptophyl) cyclo(glycyltryptophyl): structure in first source	2.03	1	0	indoles	metabolite
aldicarb sulfoxide aldicarb sulfoxide: metabolite of aldicarb	2	1	0
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	2.91	4	0
aldicarb sulfone aldicarb sulfone: metabolite of aldicarb	2	1	0	sulfone
phoxim phoxim: structure	2.99	4	0
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	7.03	1	0
desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.17	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.15	1	0	oligopeptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.91	12	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
zeolites [no description available]	3.49	7	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.07	1	0
n,o-dimethacryloylhydroxylamine N,O-dimethacryloylhydroxylamine: was obtained in the form of slabs by bulk radical polymerization	2.03	1	0
chromafenozide chromafenozide: has partial ecdysone agonist activity; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	bisacylhydrazine insecticide
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.12	1	0
cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl) cyclo(L-tyrosyl-L-tyrosyl) : A cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl) in which both stereocentres have L-configuration. Synthesized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.	2.03	1	0	cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl)	metabolite
topramezone topramezone: corn herbicide, an inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase; structure in first source. topramezone : An aromatic ketone that is phenyl 1H-pyrazol-4-yl ketone in which the pyrazolyl group is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively, and in which the phenyl group is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by methyl, 4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl, and methylsulfonyl groups, respectively. A potent inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) that is rapily metabolised by corn to non-active substances, it is used as a herbicide for the treatment of broadleaf weeds.	2.06	1	0
tembotrione tembotrione : An aromatic ketone that is 2-benzoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione in which the phenyl group is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by chlorine, (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl, and methylsulfonyl groups, respectively. It is a post-emergence herbicide used (particularly in conjunction with the herbicide safener cyprosulfamide) for the control of a wide range of broad-leaved and grassy weeds in corn and other crops.	7.83	3	0	aromatic ketone; beta-triketone; cyclic ketone; ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; sulfone	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor; herbicide
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.54	2	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.52	2	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.99	4	0
titanium citrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.13	1	0
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	2.41	1	0	tannin
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.54	2	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.96	4	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	7.83	3	0	glycoside
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.48	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	5.31	51	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
cordierite cordierite: contains magnesium, aluminum oxides, and silicon oxides	2.08	1	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
chitosan [no description available]	3.07	4	0
diaminochlorotriazine diaminochlorotriazine: a metabolite of the herbicide atrazine, it is a good biological marker of atrazine exposure; structure in first source	4.04	13	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.01	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.05	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	1.96	1	0
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	1.96	1	0
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	2.71	3	0	organic anion
glycolipids [no description available]	2.46	2	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.98	3	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.21	1	0
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	2.6	1	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.17	1	0
trifloxystrobin trifloxystrobin : The methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino)[2-({[(E)-{1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino]oxy}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid. A foliar applied fungicide for cereals which is particularly active against Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Oomycetes	2.25	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.18	5	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	1.94	1	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.17	1	0
piroxicam [no description available]	2.95	4	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.42	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
tenuazonic acid Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.	2.03	1	0
tetramic acid tetramic acid : A gamma-lactam that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. Despite its simple structure, it was not synthesised until 1972; earlier attempts were later shown to have resulted only in the formation of the isomer 5-imino-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-ol.	2.03	1	0
nickel nitrilotriacetic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	8	4	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	5.8	27	0
sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride [no description available]	2.02	1	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	8.14	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.6	1	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	3.58	2	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.07	1	0	ketal
pyrethrins [no description available]	4.65	26	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.53	2	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	7	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
imidacloprid (E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.	2.45	2	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.25	6	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.21	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.05	1	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	2.91	4	0
saponite [no description available]	2.03	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.47	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.98	4	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2	1	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine [no description available]	2	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	4.84	30	0
2-hydroxyatrazine 4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-ol : A monohydroxy-1,3,5-triazine that is atrazine in which the chloro group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.54	8	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; monohydroxy-1,3,5-triazine	human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
ammeline ammeline: causes retinal degeneration	2.1	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; monohydroxy-1,3,5-triazine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.04	1	0
cycloxydim cycloxydim : A beta-diketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione which is substituted at position 2 by an N-ethoxybutanimidoyl group and at position 5 by a tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl group. A systemic herbicide effective against grasses, it is used in the cultivation of a variety of crops, including oil seed rape and potatoes.	2.02	1	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.15	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	4.54	22	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	2.58	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	2.52	2	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.11	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2	1	0
vermiculite [no description available]	2.75	3	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	1.98	1	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	2.13	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.19	16	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.84	6	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.84	6	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	6.06	12	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	6.06	12	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.13	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	4.64	10	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	6.2	30	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.31	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	8.15	67	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	3.25	4	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.5	2	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	7.31	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.31	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.31	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	5.36	55	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.78	11	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.61	2	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.6	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	7.41	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	7.79	3	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	3.52	4	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	3.57	7	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.77	10	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.77	10	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	3.33	4	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	4.02	4	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	3.33	4	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	9.02	4	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	7.6	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.91	3	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.6	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.47	8	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	4.47	8	0
Facies The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.6	1	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.6	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	3.76	10	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.6	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.11	3	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	3.11	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.27	11	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	3.04	4	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.52	2	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.25	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.25	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.25	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Diathesis [description not available]	3.46	7	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	7.25	1	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.96	4	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	4.58	9	0
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	2.77	3	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.15	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	7.15	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	3.18	5	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	8.3	6	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.15	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	2.15	1	0
Feminization Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.	4.23	6	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	2.17	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	7.17	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.71	3	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	4.55	5	1
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.17	1	0
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	2.17	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	3.09	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	3.67	3	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.52	2	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.46	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	7	72	1
Preterm Birth [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	3.18	5	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	2.21	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	8.11	5	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.12	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.84	3	0
Anthracosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by accumulation of inhaled CARBON or coal dust. The disease can progress from asymptomatic anthracosis to massive lung fibrosis. This lung lesion usually occurs in coal MINERS, but can be seen in urban dwellers and tobacco smokers.	3.12	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	3.12	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.21	1	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	3.9	12	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	3.9	12	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.11	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	2.97	4	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	2.08	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.08	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.08	1	0
Microphthalmia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.08	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	3.01	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2.49	2	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.11	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	2.11	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.11	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.11	1	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	2.53	2	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	3.13	5	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.13	5	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.13	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.15	1	0
Echinostomiasis Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.	2.44	2	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.05	1	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.05	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.05	1	0
Congenital Fissure of the Abdominal Cavity [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Gastroschisis A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.	8.89	4	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	7.42	2	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2.06	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.73	3	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	4.97	6	0
Fibroadenoma An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.72	3	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.06	1	0
Apraxia, Ideokinetic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.99	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.99	1	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	2.07	1	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Atresia, Choanal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.08	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.08	1	0
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	2.08	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.64	3	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.01	1	0
Gonadal Agenesis The complete failure of gonadal development.	2.01	1	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	2.93	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	4.29	4	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.68	3	0
Cretinism [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	2.01	1	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	2.01	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.4	2	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.91	4	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.03	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Exomphalos [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hernia, Umbilical A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.	2.03	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.04	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	1.96	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.9	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.9	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	1.98	1	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	1.99	1	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	1.95	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.97	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	1.97	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	6.97	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.96	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	1.96	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	1.94	1	0

atrazine

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Research Demand Index: 83.23

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atrazine

Cross-References

Synonyms (255)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (3)

Drug Classes (2)

Pathways (6)

Protein Targets (12)

Potency Measurements

Biological Processes (31)

Molecular Functions (18)

Ceullar Components (10)

Bioassays (163)

Research

Studies (3,109)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 83.23

Study Types

Related Drugs (935)

Related Conditions (230)