carvacrol profile

Carvacrol is a naturally occurring monoterpenoid phenol found in essential oils of various plants, most notably oregano, thyme, and marjoram. It is characterized by its strong, pungent, and slightly medicinal aroma. Carvacrol is typically synthesized through the oxidation of cymene, a hydrocarbon found in various essential oils. It has been extensively studied for its potential biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Carvacrol's antimicrobial activity has been attributed to its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and interfere with enzyme activity. As an antioxidant, it effectively scavenges free radicals, helping to protect cells from oxidative damage. The anti-inflammatory effects of carvacrol are thought to be mediated by its ability to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, studies have suggested that carvacrol may possess anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. The widespread occurrence of carvacrol in plants and its diverse biological activities have made it an attractive target for scientific research. Studies continue to explore its potential therapeutic applications in various fields, including medicine, food preservation, and cosmetics.'

carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1). [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Products

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	10364
CHEMBL ID	281202
CHEBI ID	3440
SCHEMBL ID	24734
MeSH ID	M0198268

Synonym
BIDD:ER0492
4-06-00-03331 (beilstein handbook reference)
9b1j4v995q ,
unii-9b1j4v995q
antioxine
karvakrol
5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol
o-thymol
2-p-cymenol
isopropyl-o-cresol
2-methyl-5-isopropylphenol
1-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-isopropylbenzene
wln: qr b1 ey1&1
isothymol
phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-
5-isopropyl-o-cresol
phenol, 5-isopropyl-2-methyl-
nsc-6188
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)phenol
p-cymene, 2-hydroxy-
nsc6188
2-hydroxy-p-cymene
p-cymen-2-ol
o-cresol, 5-isopropyl-
cymene-2-ol, p-
fema no. 2245
1-methyl-2-hydroxy-4-isopropylbenzene
3-isopropyl-6-methylphenol
nsc 6188
6-methyl-3-isopropylphenol
brn 1860514
einecs 207-889-6
caswell no. 511
ccris 7450
phenol, 3-isopropyl-6-methyl-
epa pesticide chemical code 022104
ai3-03438
hsdb 906
inchi=1/c10h14o/c1-7(2)9-5-4-8(3)10(11)6-9/h4-7,11h,1-3h
benzene,2-hydroxy,4-isopropyl,1-methyl carvacrol
carvacrol
499-75-2
C09840
carvacrol, >=98%, fcc, fg
carvacrol, 98%
gtpl2497
2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylphenol
LMPR0102090017
AC-2688
5-isopropyl-2-methyl-phenol
bdbm50240433
chebi:3440 ,
CHEMBL281202 ,
dentol
AKOS000120828
2-methyl-5-(propan-2-yl)phenol
dtxcid4022074
dtxsid6042074 ,
cas-499-75-2
NCGC00256001-01
tox21_301378
A827907
S3788
FT-0627526
carvacrol [hsdb]
carvacrol [fhfi]
carvacrol [who-dd]
carvacrol [inci]
carvacrol [mi]
carvacrol [fcc]
SCHEMBL24734
MB00118
3-isopropyl-6-methyl phenol
oxycymol
W-105999
mfcd00002236
F8889-1978
STL453136
carvacrol, analytical standard
carvacrol, primary pharmaceutical reference standard
carvacrol, natural, 99%, fg
p-mentha-1,3,5-trien-2-ol
isothymol (=2-isopropyl-4-methyl phenol)
2-hydroxycymene
2-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-1-methylbenzene
3-isopropyl-6-methyl-phenol
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-phenol
benzene,2-hydroxy,4-isopropyl,1-methyl carvacrol
fema 2245
methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)phenol
cymophenol
p-cymene-2-ol
hydroxy-p-cymene
cymenol
F17722
carvacrol,(s)
Q225543
FS-4199
CS-0009729
HY-N0711
CCG-266210
carvacrol cymenol 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol
EN300-21426
S5V ,
2-methyl-5-propan-2-yl-phenol
o-cresol, 5-isopropyl
Z104496566

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenic phenol extracted from traditional Chinese herbs, including oregano and thyme. "	( Carvacrol Suppresses Human Osteosarcoma Cells via the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Chen, L; Chen, X; He, L; Hu, X; Jiao, Q; Jin, S; Li, X; Liang, W; Shang, J; Xu, Y; Zhang, S, 2022)	3.61
"Carvacrol (CVR) is a known generally recognized as safe and has the ability to prolong the preservation of harvested fruits."	( Cell wall modification and lignin biosynthesis involved in disease resistance against Diaporthe citri in harvested pummelo fruit elicited by carvacrol. Cai, N; Chen, C; Chen, J; Huang, Q; Wan, C, 2022)	1.64
"Carvacrol (CRV) is a phenolic monoterpenoid found in essential oils of oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, and other plants."	( Molecular insights on chemopreventive and anticancer potential of carvacrol: Implications from solid carcinomas. Ahmad, A; Ansari, IA; Saeed, M, 2021)	1.58
"Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpenoid, produced by a variety of herbs, the most well-known of which is"	( Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Carvacrol and Magnolol, in Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus. Babes, PA; Calniceanu, H; Ciavoi, G; Cicalău, GIP; Ganea, M; Iova, GM; Popa, A; Scrobotă, I, 2021)	1.6
"Carvacrol is an antioxidant monoterpenic phenol produced from Thymus vulgaris."	( Amelioration of oxidative damage parameters by carvacrol on methanol-induced liver injury in rats. Arslan, A; Coban, TA; Gursul, C; Mendil, AS; Ozcicek, A; Ozcicek, F; Ozkaraca, M; Suleyman, H, 2022)	1.7
"Carvacrol is a terpenoid and several biologic activities was attributed to it."	( Antitrichomonal activity of nanoemulsion of carvacrol on Trichomonas galline: formulation development and in vitro characterization. Tabari, MA; Yazdani, N; Youssefi, MR, 2022)	1.7
"Carvacrol is a naturally occurring phenolic isopropyl monoterpene isolated from oregano, thyme, pepperwort, ajwain, marjoram, and wild bergamot. "	( Carvacrol as a Prospective Regulator of Cancer Targets/Signalling Pathways. Luqman, S; Meena, A; Singh, J, 2023)	3.8
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid from herbal plants with selective biocidal activity on S."	( Carvacrol inhibits Streptococcus pyogenes biofilms by suppressing the expression of genes associated with quorum-sensing and reducing cell surface hydrophobicity. Lee, SF; Rupasinghe, HPV; Wijesundara, NM, 2022)	2.89
"Carvacrol is a volatile monoterpene, with promising results against various species of ticks; however, to be used for therapeutic purposes, carvacrol must be included in a formulation that makes its application feasible."	( In vitro assessment of the acaricidal activity of a carvacrol shampoo on tick larvae. Castro, GS; Costa-Junior, LM; Soares, AS; Sousa, AP; Tavares, CP; Vale, TLD, 2022)	1.69
"Carvacrol is a natural antimicrobial with excellent antimicrobial properties against several foodborne pathogens. "	( Carvacrol encapsulation into nanoparticles produced from chia and flaxseed mucilage: Characterization, stability and antimicrobial activity against Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. Alexandre, B; Barreto Pinilla, CM; Brandelli, A; Cacciatore, FA; da Silva Malheiros, P; Maders, C, 2022)	3.61
"Carvacrol is a natural low-cost compound derived from oregano which presents anti-bacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. "	( Perimeter and carvacrol-loading regulate angiogenesis and biofilm growth in 3D printed PLA scaffolds. Alvarez-Lorenzo, C; Concheiro, A; Diaz-Gomez, L; Farto-Vaamonde, X; Otero, A; Parga, A, 2022)	2.52
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol produced by aromatic plants such as oregano. "	( Carvacrol Inhibits Expression of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 Channels and Alleviates Zinc Neurotoxicity Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury. Choi, BY; Choi, S; Lee, M; Lee, SH; Suh, SW, 2022)	3.61
"Carvacrol is a natural phenolic monoterpenoid, and cilostazol is a selective phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. "	( Combined carvacrol and cilostazol ameliorate ethanol-induced liver fibrosis in rats: Possible role of SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Abu-Risha, SE; Elbohoty, HR; Elsisi, AE; Sokar, SS, 2023)	2.77
"Carvacrol is an antimicrobial agent that shows potential for eliminating microorganisms in vegetables, increasing food safety. "	( Carvacrol-loaded nanoemulsions produced with a natural emulsifier for lettuce sanitization. Alexandre, B; Cacciatore, FA; Cardoso, LT; Contri, RV; Fett-Neto, AG; Magedans, YVDS; Malheiros, PDS, 2023)	3.8
"Carvacrol (CAR) is a plant extract that has been reported to enhance antioxidant activity in animals. "	( Carvacrol attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury by down-regulating TLRs gene expression and regulating the gut microbiota in rabbit. Chen, B; Fan, J; Jiang, H; Liu, S; Wei, X; Wu, D; Xia, M; Yan, A; Zhou, S, 2023)	3.8
"Carvacrol is a phenolic compound that has been confirmed to possess strong anti‑inflammatory activity."	( Carvacrol protects mice against LPS-induced sepsis and attenuates inflammatory response in macrophages by modulating the ERK1/2 pathway. Ding, J; Jin, L; Kuang, W; Liao, Y; Ma, G; Niu, L; Wan, H; Wang, L; Wang, R; Xie, C; Yan, C, 2023)	3.07
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenic phenol found in essential oils, is considered a safe food additive, and possesses various therapeutic properties. "	( Carvacrol inhibits cadmium toxicity through combating against caspase dependent/independent apoptosis in PC12 cells. Akter, M; Banik, S; Corpus Bondad, SE; Hosokawa, T; Kurasaki, M; Saito, T, 2019)	3.4
"Carvacrol is a natural compound known to be a highly effective antibacterial; however, it is a hydrophobic molecule, which is a limitation to its use within food packaging. "	( Effect of Sonication on the Properties of Flaxseed Gum Films Incorporated with Carvacrol. Fang, S; Mei, J; Qiu, W; Xie, J, 2020)	2.23
"Carvacrol is a monoterpene present in the essential oil of a number of plants and has been widely used in traditional medicine because it is considered to have a range of therapeutic effects including in relation to respiratory disease. "	( Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of carvacrol in the respiratory system: A systematic review and meta-analysis. de Albuquerque Júnior, RLC; de Carvalho, FO; de Jesus Silva, D; de Oliveira Souza, GP; de Souza Araújo, AA; do Nascimento Santos, D; Gomes, IA; Monteiro, JCM; Nunes, PS; Santana, HSR; Silva, ÉR, 2020)	2.26
"Carvacrol is a monoterpene with neuroprotective effects in several animal models of neurodegeneration, including epilepsy, ischemia, and traumatic neuronal events. "	( Carvacrol reduces hippocampal cell death and improves learning and memory deficits following lead-induced neurotoxicity via antioxidant activity. Akbari, FA; Khaksari, M; Niknazar, S; Pirmoradi, Z; Yadegari, M; Zare Mehrjerdi, F, 2020)	3.44
"Carvacrol is a food additive with various bioactivities, including reducing the blood glucose level as well as improvement of heart function, in diabetic mice. "	( Effect of long-term treatment of Carvacrol on glucose metabolism in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Chen, X; Hou, N; Li, C; Li, Y; Mai, Y; Qiu, X; Yuan, W, 2020)	2.28
"Carvacrol (CAR) is a natural bioactive compound with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity that is present in essential oils. "	( PEI-coated PLA nanoparticles to enhance the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol. Alonso-Moreno, C; Božik, M; Bravo, I; Clemente-Casares, P; Juan, A; Klouček, P; Lara-Sanchez, A; Niza, E, 2020)	2.23
"Carvacrol is an antioxidant phenolic monoterpene compound with therapeutic effect in various diseases found in essential oils of aromatic plants such as pepper, wild bergamot and thyme."	( Protective effects of carvacrol against diabetes-induced reproductive damage in male rats: Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway and inhibition of Nf-kB-mediated testicular apoptosis and inflammation. Aksakal, M; Arkali, G; Kaya, ŞÖ, 2021)	1.66
"Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpenoid and several reports have suggested its different biological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity."	( Carvacrol Exhibits Chemopreventive Potential against Cervical Cancer Cells via Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis and Abrogation of Cell Cycle Progression. Ahmad, A; Ansari, IA, 2021)	2.79
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid found in herbs."	( Carvacrol exhibits rapid bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pyogenes through cell membrane damage. Cheng, Z; Davidson, R; Lee, SF; Rupasinghe, HPV; Wijesundara, NM, 2021)	2.79
"Carvacrol (CARV) is a phytochemical widely used as flavoring, preservative, and fragrance in food and cosmetic industries. "	( The Neurotrophic-Like Effect of Carvacrol: Perspective for Axonal and Synaptic Regeneration. do Amaral, L; Dos Santos, AC; Dos Santos, NAG; Sisti, FM, 2021)	2.35
"Carvacrol is a monoterpene that has been linked to neuroprotection in several animal models of neurodegeneration, including ischemia, epilepsy and traumatic neuronal injury. "	( Carvacrol promotes neuroprotection in the mouse hemiparkinsonian model. Britto, LR; Dati, LM; Feng, ZP; Real, CC; Sun, HS; Ulrich, H, 2017)	3.34
"Carvacrol is a potential antimicrobial agent, which applicability for the prevention and/or treatment of coagulase-negative staphylococci biofilm-associated infections is worthwhile investigating in more detail."	( Carvacrol is highly disruptive against coagulase-negative staphylococci in in vitro biofilms. Cerca, N; França, Â; Gaio, V; Lima, CA; Oliveira, F, 2017)	3.34
"Carvacrol (CA) is a phenolic monoterpene found in essential oils of many aromatic plants that presents antioxidant and neuroprotective effects."	( Carvacrol prevents impairments in motor and neurochemical parameters in a model of progressive parkinsonism induced by reserpine. Andrade, RAS; Bispo, JMM; Gois, AM; Lins, LCRF; Marchioro, M; Melo, TCS; Quintans-Junior, LJ; Ribeiro, AM; Santos, JR; Silva, RH; Souza, MF, 2018)	2.64
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid flavonoid found abundantly in thyme plants. "	( Carvacrol nanoemulsion evokes cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and autophagy inhibition in doxorubicin resistant-A549 cell line. Bahuguna, A; Bhardwaj, M; Kang, SC; Khan, I; Pal Khaket, T, 2018)	3.37
"Carvacrol is a natural phenolic compound found in essential oils of Lamiaceae species. "	( Effects of carvacrol on human fibroblast (WS-1) and gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells in vitro and on Wistar rats in vivo. Bilgin, MG; Dadak, A; Ergün, İS; Güler, EM; Günes-Bayir, A; Kocyigit, A, 2018)	2.31
"Carvacrol is a volatile monoterpenic phenol and main component of oregano essential oil that shows nonspecific antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. "	( Antimicrobial Carvacrol in Solution Blow-Spun Fish-Skin Gelatin Nanofibers. Avena-Bustillos, RJ; Bridges, DF; Chiou, BS; Liu, F; McHugh, TH; Saricaoglu, FT; Takeoka, GR; Wood, DF; Wu, VCH; Zhong, F, 2018)	2.28
"Carvacrol (CV) is a phenolic monoterpenoid found in essential oils of oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), pepperwort (Lepidium flavum), wild bergamot (Citrus aurantium bergamia), and other plants. "	( Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Del Mar Contreras, M; Iriti, M; Martorell, M; Rajabi, S; Salehi, B; Setzer, WN; Sharifi-Rad, J; Sharifi-Rad, M; Soltani-Nejad, A; Tajbakhsh, M; Varoni, EM, 2018)	3.37
"Carvacrol (CAR) is a naturally occurring phenolic monoterpene which has various biological and pharmacological effects."	( Ameliorative effect of carvacrol against propiconazole-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats. Elhady, MA; Hassanen, EI; Kamel, MM; Khalaf, AAA; Noshy, PA, 2018)	1.51
"Carvacrol seems to be a promising alternative to replace sulfite in lamb burger meat, whereas green tea should be combined with an antimicrobial agent. "	( Sulfite-free lamb burger meat: antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of green tea and carvacrol. Alonso, V; Bellés, M; Beltrán, JA; Roncalés, P, 2019)	2.18
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol present in the oils of various plants including Origanum vulgare (oregano) or Origanum majorana (marjoram). "	( Carvacrol induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via disruption of calcium homeostasis in human choriocarcinoma cells. Bazer, FW; Ham, J; Lim, W; Song, G, 2019)	3.4
"Carvacrol is a component in the essential oil of Lamiaceae family. "	( Effect of carvacrol on IL-6/STAT3 pathway after partial hepatectomy in rat liver. Ozen, BD; Uyanoglu, M, )	1.98
"Carvacrol (CAR) is a monoterpenoid phenol that has various beneficial health effects."	( Carvacrol ameliorates behavioral disturbances and DNA damage in the brain of rats exposed to propiconazole. Elhady, MA; Kamel, MM; Khalaf, AAA; Noshy, PA, 2019)	2.68
"Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpene which has been shown to have much therapeutic efficacy in various diseases."	( The ameliorative effect of carvacrol on oxidative stress and germ cell apoptosis in testicular tissue of adult diabetic rats. Hemmati, AA; Khaki, A; Khaki, AA; Moghimian, M; Shokoohi, M; Shoorei, H, 2019)	1.53
"Carvacrol (CAR) is a component of essential oils found in Labiatae."	( Carvacrol Depends on Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to Exert Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Mitochondria-Related Protection in the Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells Line Exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide. Andrade, CMB; Chenet, AL; de Almeida, FJS; de Oliveira, MR; Duarte, AR, 2019)	2.68
"Carvacrol (CAR) is a phenolic compound found in some essential oils commonly used in folk medicine for treatment of inflammation-related diseases."	( Carvacrol suppresses LPS-induced pro-inflammatory activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages through ERK1/2 and NF-kB pathway. de Souza Araújo, AA; Gelain, DP; Guimarães, AG; Moreira, JCF; Quintans-Junior, LJ; Rabelo, TK; Somensi, N, 2019)	2.68
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol and majorly present in the essential oils of Lamiaceae family plants."	( Carvacrol Induced Program Cell Death and Cell Cycle Arrest in Androgen-Independent Human Prostate Cancer Cells Ansari, IA; Kausar, MA; Khan, F; Saeed, M; Singh, VK, 2019)	2.68
"Carvacrol is a major component of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (≤90%) that has significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. "	( Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway enhances carvacrol biosynthesis and DXR gene expression in shoot cultures of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. Behmanesh, M; Ebrahimzadeh, H; Kazempour Osaloo, S; Ramak, P; Sharifi, M, 2013)	2.09
"Carvacrol is a well-known essential oil for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiinflammatory properties."	( The effects of oral carvacrol treatment against H2O2 induced injury on isolated pancreas islet cells of rats. Dagli Gul, AS; Delibasi, T; Fadillioglu, E; Karabulut, I; Yesilyurt, A, )	1.18
"Carvacrol is a natural compound extracted from many plants of the family Lamiaceae. "	( Carvacrol alleviates cerebral edema by modulating AQP4 expression after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Bian, L; Dai, M; Sun, Q; Sun, Y; Wang, B; Yang, G; Zhong, Z, 2013)	3.28
"Carvacrol is a natural compound with antimicrobial activity against various intestinal bacterial pathogens, among which is the highly prevalent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium."	( Iron-induced virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium at the intestinal epithelial interface can be suppressed by carvacrol. Burt, SA; de Jonge, MI; Kortman, GA; Roelofs, RW; Swinkels, DW; Tjalsma, H, 2014)	1.33
"Carvacrol is a predominant monoterpenoic phenol believed to impede cancer promotion and progression."	( Carvacrol modulates instability of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and downregulates the expressions of PCNA, MMP-2, and MMP-9 during diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Balan, R; Krishnan, G; Mani, GK; Mgj, D; Ramalingam, S; Ramasamy, E; Subramaniyan, J; Thandavamoorthy, P; Thiruvengadam, D; Veerabathiran, R, 2014)	2.57
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenic phenol produced by an abundant number of aromatic plants, including thyme and oregano. "	( The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol. Alipour, M; Coccimiglio, J; Suntres, ZE, 2015)	2.12
"Carvacrol (CVC) is a monoterpenic phenol, which is present in the essential oil of various plants. "	( Supplemental carvacrol can reduce the severity of inflammation by influencing the production of mediators of inflammation. Baydemir, C; Demirci, F; Kara, M; Temel, HE; Uslu, S, 2015)	2.23
"Carvacrol is a potential drug development target for the treatment of neonatal stroke."	( TRPM7 inhibitor carvacrol protects brain from neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Barszczyk, A; Britto, LR; Chen, W; Fang, X; Feng, ZP; Liu, L; Liu, R; Sun, CL; Sun, HS; Turlova, E; Xiao, A; Xu, B; Zhong, X, 2015)	1.48
"Carvacrol (CAR) is a naturally occurring phenolic monoterpene and has been demonstrated to possess a spectrum of pharmacological actions. "	( Carvacrol protects against spinal cord injury in rats via suppressing oxidative stress and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Hao, ZH; Jiang, ZS; Pu, ZC, 2015)	3.3
"Carvacrol is a major component of oregano and thyme essential oils and shows antitumor properties."	( Carvacrol inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Cao, Y; Fan, K; Li, L; Li, X; Qi, H; Sun, H; Zhang, Q, 2015)	2.58
"Carvacrol is a compound isolated from some essential oils. "	( Comparative efficacy and toxic effects of carvacryl acetate and carvacrol on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and mice. Andre, WP; Bevilaqua, CM; Cavalcante, GS; de Freitas, RM; de Melo, JV; de Morais, SM; de Paula, HC; dos Santos, JM; Macedo, IT; Ribeiro, WL, 2016)	2.12
"Carvacrol (CARV) is an antioxidant that is naturally found in some plants."	( Ameliorative Effect of Carvacrol on Cisplatin-Induced Reproductive Damage in Male Rats. Aksu, EH; Altun, S; Çomaklı, S; Kandemir, FM; Küçükler, S; Ömür, AD, 2016)	1.47
"Carvacrol is an agonist of the TRPA1 receptor and has anti-inflammatory properties."	( Carvacrol reduces irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis through inhibition of inflammation and oxidative damage via TRPA1 receptor activation. Alvarenga, EM; Araújo, AR; Araújo, TS; de C Brito, GA; Martins, CS; Medeiros, JV; Nogueira, KM; Pacífico, DM; Sousa, DP; Sousa, FB; Souza, EP; Souza, LK, 2016)	2.6
"Carvacrol (CAR) is a compound isolated from some essential oils, many studies have demonstrated its therapeutic potential on different diseases. "	( Role of carvacrol in cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through activation of MAPK/ERK and Akt/eNOS signaling pathways. Ba, L; Cao, Y; Chen, Y; Huang, W; Li, S; Liu, Y; Mingyao, E; Pan, H; Qi, H; Shi, P; Sun, H; Wang, Y, 2017)	2.33
"Carvacrol is a naturally occurring monoterpenic phenol that has been suggested to have an action at transient receptor potential cation subfamily M7 (TRPM7) channels, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA"	( Carvacrol after status epilepticus (SE) prevents recurrent SE, early seizures, cell death, and cognitive decline. Khalil, A; Kovac, S; Morris, G; Walker, MC, 2017)	3.34
"Carvacrol is a major monoterpenic phenol found in essential oils from the family Labiatae and has antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis actions."	( The Neuroprotective Effects of Carvacrol on Ethanol-Induced Hippocampal Neurons Impairment via the Antioxidative and Antiapoptotic Pathways. Cao, Y; Ding, H; Liu, R; Luo, Q; Qiao, H; Qu, L; Wang, P; Yu, J; Zhang, Q; Zhu, H, 2017)	1.46
"Carvacrol is an important component of essential oils and recently has attracted much attention as a result of its biological properties, such as a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. "	( In vitro activity of carvacrol against staphylococcal preformed biofilm by liquid and vapour contact. Bisignano, G; Blanco, AR; Cellini, L; Di Giulio, M; Marino, A; Nostro, A; Pizzimenti, F; Roccaro, AS, 2009)	2.11
"Carvacrol is a major component in some essential oils such as oregano and thyme and its inhibitory effect on the growth of various microorganisms is well documented. "	( Atomic force microscopy analysis shows surface structure changes in carvacrol-treated bacterial cells. Di Pasqua, R; Ercolini, D; La Storia, A; Marinello, F; Mauriello, G; Villani, F, )	1.81
"Carvacrol (Car.) is an important component of essential oils and recently has attracted much attention pursuant to its ability to promote microbial biofilm disruption."	( Potential antibacterial activity of carvacrol-loaded poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles against microbial biofilm. Bessa, LJ; Cellini, L; Di Giulio, M; Di Stefano, A; Grande, R; Iannitelli, A; Laserra, S; Paolini, C; Protasi, F; Sozio, P, 2011)	1.37
"Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpene present in the essential oil of the family Lamiaceae, as in the genera Origanum and Thymus. "	( Carvacrol attenuates mechanical hypernociception and inflammatory response. Antoniolli, AR; Barreto, EO; Brito, FA; Camargo, EA; Cavalcanti, SC; de Santana, MT; Guimarães, AG; Oliveira, RC; Quintans-Júnior, LJ; Santos, CA; Xavier, MA, 2012)	3.26
"Carvacrol is an antimicrobial monoterpenic phenol which occurs in many plant essential oils. "	( Enhanced activity of carvacrol against biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in an acidic environment. Bisignano, G; Blanco, AR; Cellini, L; Di Giulio, M; Marino, A; Nostro, A; Pizzimenti, F; Zimbalatti, V, 2012)	2.14
"Carvacrol (CARV) is a phenolic monoterpene present in the essential oil of several aromatic spices. "	( Orofacial analgesic-like activity of carvacrol in rodents. De Souza, CC; Guimarães, AG; Oliveira, AP; Oliveira, MG; Oliveira, RC; Quintans-Júnior, LJ; Santos, MR; Silva, FV; Xavier, MA, )	1.85
"Carvacrol is a component of numerous aromatic plants. "	( Constituents of aromatic plants: carvacrol. De Vincenzi, A; De Vincenzi, M; Silano, M; Stammati, A, 2004)	2.05
"Carvacrol is a component of several essential oils and has been shown to exert antimicrobial activity. "	( Structural requirements for the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol. Burt, SA; Haagsman, HP; Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven, JL; Veldhuizen, EJ; Zweijtzer, C, 2006)	2.02
"Carvacrol is a major component of thyme and oregano essential oils and has potential uses as a food preservative. "	( Low temperature and binding to food components inhibit the antibacterial activity of carvacrol against Listeria monocytogenes in steak tartare. Burt, SA; Creutzberg, TO; Haagsman, HP; Veldhuizen, EJ, 2007)	2.01

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"Carvacrol has a significant neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia."	( The neuroprotective effects of carvacrol on ischemia/reperfusion-induced hippocampal neuronal impairment by ferroptosis mitigation. Ba, L; Cao, Y; Guan, X; Li, X; Shi, P; Wang, P; Yan, J; Yang, X, 2019)	1.52
"Carvacrol has a promising potential to be used as a prophylactic and treatment against A. "	( Assessment of carvacrol for control of avian aspergillosis in intratracheally challenged chickens in comparison to voriconazole with a reference on economic impact. Hassan, FAM; Tartor, YH, 2017)	2.26
"Carvacrol has a high therapeutic potential, with in vitro studies showing promising results in different cellular models using a variety of methodological designs. "	( Pharmacological Effects of Carvacrol in In vitro Studies: A Review. de Carvalho, FO; de Souza Araújo, AA; Felipe, FA; Nunes, PS; Quintans Júnior, LJ; Santana, HSR; Santos, NGL; Shanmugam, S; Silva, ER; Teixeira, LGB, 2018)	2.22
"Carvacrol has several pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptotic effect."	( The protective effect of carvacrol on acetaminophen-induced renal damage in male rats. Hakimizadeh, E; Hassanshahi, J; Kaeidi, A; Najafizadeh, A; Rahmani, M, 2022)	1.75
"Carvacrol has a significant neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia."	( The neuroprotective effects of carvacrol on ischemia/reperfusion-induced hippocampal neuronal impairment by ferroptosis mitigation. Ba, L; Cao, Y; Guan, X; Li, X; Shi, P; Wang, P; Yan, J; Yang, X, 2019)	1.52
"The carvacrol (CAR) has been shown to have beneficial effects on various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders."	( Carvacrol suppresses learning and memory dysfunction and hippocampal damages caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Afkhami Aghda, F; Hafizibarjin, Z; Rezvani, ME; Safari, F; Shahrokhi Raeini, A; Zare Mehrjerdi, F, 2020)	2.48
"Carvacrol (CAR) has been reported to be effective against multidrug resistant pathogens."	( Enhancement in site-specific delivery of carvacrol for potential treatment of infected wounds using infection responsive nanoparticles loaded into dissolving microneedles: A proof of concept study. Ahmed, N; Donnelly, RF; Khan, GM; Mir, M; Permana, AD; Rehman, AU, 2020)	1.55
"Carvacrol has antifungal and anti-virulence activity against C."	( Improved efficacy of antifungal drugs in combination with monoterpene phenols against Candida auris. Ahmad, A; Patel, M; Shaban, S, 2020)	1.28
"Carvacrol has been reported for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity by cyclooxygenase inhibition but it could induce gastrointestinal toxicity because of its non-selective inhibition. "	( Transdermal delivery enhancement of carvacrol from Origanum vulgare L. essential oil by microemulsion. Anuchapreeda, S; Chaiyana, W; Laothaweerungsawat, N; Neimkhum, W; Sirithunyalug, J, 2020)	2.28
"Carvacrol (CARV), has been shown to possess various pharmacological properties, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. "	( Antihypertensive effect of carvacrol is improved after incorporation in β-cyclodextrin as a drug delivery system. Barreto da Silva, L; Camargo, SB; Evangelista, A; Jesus, AM; Medeiros, CF; Moraes, RDA; Quintans-Júnior, LJ; Silva, DF; Villarreal, CF, 2020)	2.3
"Carvacrol has been confirmed to possess anti‑inflammatory properties, but its effect on diabetic vasculature remains unknown."	( Carvacrol may alleviate vascular inflammation in diabetic db/db mice. Chen, Y; Deng, C; Han, Q; Xu, H; Zhao, W, 2020)	2.72
"Carvacrol (CAR) has manifested its antibiofilm potential against multidrug resistant bacterial biofilms."	( Microneedle liquid injection system assisted delivery of infection responsive nanoparticles: A promising approach for enhanced site-specific delivery of carvacrol against polymicrobial biofilms-infected wounds. Ahmed, N; Donnelly, RF; McCarthy, HO; Mir, M; Permana, AD; Rehman, AU; Tekko, IA, 2020)	1.48
"Carvacrol has been recognized as an efficient growth inhibitor of food pathogens. "	( Development and characterization of a carvacrol nanoemulsion and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against selected food-related pathogens. de Oliveira Melo, C; Eleamen Oliveira, E; Gervázio Lima, KY; Limongi de Souza, R; Motta Felício, I; Olímpio de Moura, R; Vasconcelos, U, 2021)	2.34
"Carvacrol (CRV) has strong cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Effects of Carvacrol on Survival, Mesenteric Blood Flow, Aortic Function and Multiple Organ Injury in a Murine Model of Polymicrobial Sepsis. Bariskaner, H; Goktas, MT; Iskit, AB; Ozer, EK; Toker, A; Ugurluoglu, C, 2017)	2.29
"Carvacrol has antifungal activity in comparison to voriconazole (VCZ) (MIC 0·5, 0·25 μg ml"	( Assessment of carvacrol for control of avian aspergillosis in intratracheally challenged chickens in comparison to voriconazole with a reference on economic impact. Hassan, FAM; Tartor, YH, 2017)	1.54
"Carvacrol has a promising potential to be used as a prophylactic and treatment against A. "	( Assessment of carvacrol for control of avian aspergillosis in intratracheally challenged chickens in comparison to voriconazole with a reference on economic impact. Hassan, FAM; Tartor, YH, 2017)	2.26
"Carvacrol has been shown to possess anticancer activity, but the mechanism is unknown, as well as the possibility of interaction with anticancer drugs. "	( Carvacrol induces cytotoxicity in human cervical cancer cells but causes cisplatin resistance: Involvement of MEK-ERK activation. Domitrović, R; Gobin, I; Potočnjak, I, 2018)	3.37
"Carvacrol has high antioxidant activity and has been successfully used, mainly associated with thymol, as dietary phytoadditive to improve animal antioxidant status."	( Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Del Mar Contreras, M; Iriti, M; Martorell, M; Rajabi, S; Salehi, B; Setzer, WN; Sharifi-Rad, J; Sharifi-Rad, M; Soltani-Nejad, A; Tajbakhsh, M; Varoni, EM, 2018)	2.64
"Carvacrol has a high therapeutic potential, with in vitro studies showing promising results in different cellular models using a variety of methodological designs. "	( Pharmacological Effects of Carvacrol in In vitro Studies: A Review. de Carvalho, FO; de Souza Araújo, AA; Felipe, FA; Nunes, PS; Quintans Júnior, LJ; Santana, HSR; Santos, NGL; Shanmugam, S; Silva, ER; Teixeira, LGB, 2018)	2.22
"Carvacrol has been described as an agonist/antagonist of different transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels (Cavs). "	( Participation of the TRP channel in the cardiovascular effects induced by carvacrol in normotensive rat. Alencar, JL; Alves, QL; Dantas, BP; de Almeida, MM; de Andrade Braga, V; de Araújo, DA; de Assis, KS; de Medeiros, IA; de Vasconcelos, AP; Ribeiro, TP; Silva, DF, )	1.8
"Carvacrol has strong antimicrobial activity and its delivery to the animal intestine can be significantly enhanced after encapsulation."	( Effect of encapsulated carvacrol on the incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Diarra, MS; Gong, J; Liu, X; Nie, SP; Wang, Q; Xie, MY; Yu, H; Zhang, Y, 2016)	1.47
"Carvacrol (CAR) has antioxidative effect and we postulated that it can be protective against CP-induced nephrotoxicity."	( Carvacrol attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in rat kidney. Altay, DU; Ayhanci, A; Gunes, S; Sahinturk, V; Uyar, R, 2017)	2.62
"Carvacrol and thymol have been demonstrated to undergo phase I metabolism such as hydroxylation reaction."	( Identification of CYP isoforms involved in the metabolism of thymol and carvacrol in human liver microsomes (HLMs). Cao, YF; Dong, RH; Fang, ZZ; Ge, GB; Hu, CM; Li, XB; Liu, ZY; Yang, L; Zhu, LL, 2012)	1.33

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"Carvacrol prevented the increase in MDA, TOS, ALT and AST levels with methanol and the decrease in tGSH and TAS levels (P<0.001), and alleviated the histopathological damage."	( Amelioration of oxidative damage parameters by carvacrol on methanol-induced liver injury in rats. Arslan, A; Coban, TA; Gursul, C; Mendil, AS; Ozcicek, A; Ozcicek, F; Ozkaraca, M; Suleyman, H, 2022)	1.7
"Carvacrol was able to increase mesenchymal stem cell survival and migration rate (p<0.05). "	( Carvacrol promotes angiogenic paracrine potential and endothelial differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells at low concentrations. Araghi, A; Bagheri, HS; Feyzi, A; Khaksar, M; Maragheh, BFA; Matluobi, D; Montazersaheb, S; Rahbarghazi, R; Rezabakhsh, A; Siavashi, V; Soltani, S, 2018)	3.37
"Carvacrol also showed lower IC50 than thymol."	( Leishmanicidal activity of carvacrol-rich essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham. Almeida, RP; Alves, PB; Blank, AF; Farias-Junior, PA; Fernandes, RP; Moura, TA; Rios, MC; Scher, R, 2012)	1.4
"Carvacrol was able to inhibit the formation of biofilms of Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Salmonella enterica subsp."	( The natural antimicrobial carvacrol inhibits quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum and reduces bacterial biofilm formation at sub-lethal concentrations. Burt, SA; Ojo-Fakunle, VT; Veldhuizen, EJ; Woertman, J, 2014)	1.42
"Carvacrol is known to inhibit a number of food borne pathogens. "	( Inhibition of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis on agar and raw chicken by carvacrol vapour. Burt, SA; Fledderman, MJ; Haagsman, HP; van Knapen, F; Veldhuizen, EJ, 2007)	2.01

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"Carvacrol treatment reversed the induced nephrolithiasis, increased malondialdehyde and urea, and decreased levels of glutathione peroxidase and catalase."	( Effects of carvacrol on experimental nephrolithiasis in female rats. Güvenç, M; Kutlu, T, 2023)	2.02
"Carvacrol treatment decreased the levels of random plasma glucose and fasting plasma glucose, significantly in a dose-dependent manner. "	( Effect of long-term treatment of Carvacrol on glucose metabolism in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Chen, X; Hou, N; Li, C; Li, Y; Mai, Y; Qiu, X; Yuan, W, 2020)	2.28
"In carvacrol-treated group, respiratory symptoms significantly decreased after one- and two-month treatment with carvacrol compared to pre-treatment values (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). "	( Carvacrol improves pulmonary function tests, oxidant/antioxidant parameters and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Alavinezhad, A; Boskabady, MH; Ghorani, V; Rajabi, O, 2021)	2.69
"Carvacrol treatment improved inhaled PQ-induced lug injury similar to the effects of dexamethasone."	( Carvacrol and PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone, affects inhaled paraquat-induced lung injury in rats. Amin, F; Boskabady, MH; Kazerani, HR; Memarzia, A; Rad, HK, 2021)	2.79
"Carvacrol pretreatment in the two doses restored B(a)P-induced lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes."	( Benzo(a)pyrene induces lung toxicity and inflammation in mice: prevention by carvacrol. Afzal, SM; Barnwal, P; Hasan, SK; Shahid, A; Sultana, S; Vafa, A, 2018)	1.43
"Carvacrol treatment of NSCLC cells caused down-regulation of AXL expression at the transcriptional level and also inhibited phosphorylation of AXL upon ligand stimulation. "	( Carvacrol Targets AXL to Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Migration in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Jung, CY; Kim, SY; Lee, C, 2018)	3.37
"Carvacrol treatment caused significant reduction of Th2 and Th17 population as well as gene expression of IL-4, IL-17, and TGF-β but increase in Treg cells, Th1/Th2 ratio, gene expressions of FOXP3, IFN-γ, and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio ( P < 0.05 to P < 0.001)."	( T helper cells subtypes and their cytokine gene expression affected by carvacrol in sensitized mice administered during sensitization period. Boskabady, MH; Ghorani, V; Kianmehr, M; Mahmoudi, M; Rezaee, A, 2019)	1.47
"Carvacrol pretreatment prevented deteriorative effects induced by TAA through a protective mechanism in a dose-dependent manner that involved reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis."	( Carvacrol ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver of Wistar rats. Ahmad, ST; Ali, N; Arjumand, W; Nafees, S; Rashid, S; Sultana, S, 2013)	2.55
"In carvacrol-treated group, carvacrol was administrated to mice at 0h, 1h, or 3h after ICH induction."	( Carvacrol alleviates cerebral edema by modulating AQP4 expression after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Bian, L; Dai, M; Sun, Q; Sun, Y; Wang, B; Yang, G; Zhong, Z, 2013)	2.35
"Carvacrol treatment (12.5-50mg/kgs.c.) once daily for 15days was started 24h after injection of the sarcoma cells in the hind paw (s.c.). "	( Evidence for the involvement of descending pain-inhibitory mechanisms in the attenuation of cancer pain by carvacrol aided through a docking study. Alves, RS; Bezerra, DP; De Lucca Júnior, W; Gelain, DP; Guimarães, AG; Melo, NS; Mendonça Júnior, FJ; Quintans Júnior, LJ; Scotti, L; Scotti, MT, 2014)	2.06
"Carvacrol pre-treatment also improved neurobehavioral outcomes."	( TRPM7 inhibitor carvacrol protects brain from neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Barszczyk, A; Britto, LR; Chen, W; Fang, X; Feng, ZP; Liu, L; Liu, R; Sun, CL; Sun, HS; Turlova, E; Xiao, A; Xu, B; Zhong, X, 2015)	1.48
"Carvacrol pre-treatment protects against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury by reducing brain infarct volume, promoting pro-survival signaling and inhibiting pro-apoptotic signaling, as well as improving behavioral outcomes. "	( TRPM7 inhibitor carvacrol protects brain from neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Barszczyk, A; Britto, LR; Chen, W; Fang, X; Feng, ZP; Liu, L; Liu, R; Sun, CL; Sun, HS; Turlova, E; Xiao, A; Xu, B; Zhong, X, 2015)	2.21
"Carvacrol treated groups promotes the endogenous antioxidant system and suppress the inflammation in DMH/DSS induced animals."	( Carvacrol exhibits anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against 1, 2-dimethyl hydrazine plus dextran sodium sulfate induced inflammation associated carcinogenicity in the colon of Fischer 344 rats. Arigesavan, K; Sudhandiran, G, 2015)	2.58
"Carvacrol treatment reduced the viability, migration and invasion of U87 cells."	( Inhibition of TRPM7 by carvacrol suppresses glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Barszczyk, A; Chen, WL; Deurloo, M; Feng, ZP; Liu, B; Rutka, JT; Sun, HS; Turlova, E; Yang, BB, 2015)	1.45
"Carvacrol treatment also caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and decreased cyclin B1 expression."	( Carvacrol inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Cao, Y; Fan, K; Li, L; Li, X; Qi, H; Sun, H; Zhang, Q, 2015)	2.58
"Carvacrol and mild heat treatment were tested for their efficiency to increase the radiosensitivity of Bacillus cereus in broth. "	( Response of Bacillus cereus to gamma-irradiation in combination with carvacrol or mild heat treatment. Ayari, S; Dussault, D; Hamdi, M; Lacroix, M; Millette, M, 2010)	2.04
"Treatment with carvacrol induced EPC migration, increased CFU formation and eNOS expression and activity, and reduced ROS and senescence."	( Carvacrol Improves Vascular Function in Hypertensive Animals by Modulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells. de Almeida Feitosa, MS; de Almeida, AJPO; de Arruda, AV; de Medeiros, IA; Gonçalves, TAF; Lima, TT; Lima, VS; Santos, ACD; Soares, EMC; Vasconcelos, MEC; Veras, ACMF; Veras, RC, 2023)	2.69
"Pretreatment with carvacrol reduced IL-6, NO metabolites, and MDA, while it improved thiol content, CAT, and SOD."	( Protective Effects of Carvacrol on Brain Tissue Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as well as Learning and Memory in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Rats. Arab, Z; Beheshti, F; Gholamnezhad, Z; Hakimi, Z; Hosseini, M; Marefati, N; Salmani, H; Shafei, MN, 2020)	1.2
"The treatment with carvacrol was associated with increased survival, and significantly reduced bacterial load in peritoneal lavage."	( In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity assays of carvacrol: A candidate for development of innovative treatments against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Barbosa, LS; de Souza, GHA; Dos Santos Radai, JA; Esther da Silva, K; Fraga, TL; Mattos Vaz, MS; Simionatto, S, 2021)	1.19
"Treatment with carvacrol for two-month also significantly improved cytokine levels in serum and supernatant of PBMC, compared to step 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001)."	( Carvacrol improves pulmonary function tests, oxidant/antioxidant parameters and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Alavinezhad, A; Boskabady, MH; Ghorani, V; Rajabi, O, 2021)	2.4
"coli treated with carvacrol and S."	( Mechanism of action of various terpenes and phenylpropanoids against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Alves, E; Batista, LR; Brandão, RM; Caetano, ARS; Campolina, GA; Cardoso, MDG; Nelson, DL; Nogueira, JOE, 2021)	0.94
"When treated with Carvacrol or tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) that activates Nrf2, the expression of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1, epithelial-mesenchymal transition- (EMT-) related proteins, and NALP3 was examined in OSCC cells."	( Antioral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Effects of Carvacrol via Inhibiting Inflammation, Proliferation, and Migration Related to Nrf2/Keap1 Pathway. Bi, L; Chen, H; Liu, H; Wu, R; Xu, X; Yang, Y; Zhang, C, 2021)	1.21
"Treatment with carvacrol for two months reduced inflammatory cytokine, while increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and improved PFT tests in SM induced lung injury."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the effect of carvacrol on serum cytokine levels and pulmonary function tests in sulfur mustard induced lung injury. Boskabady, MH; Khazdair, MR, 2019)	1.09
"Treatment with carvacrol significantly improved the histological morphology of the testis, reduced the tissue activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes, and diminished the elevated levels of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05). "	( The ameliorative effect of carvacrol on oxidative stress and germ cell apoptosis in testicular tissue of adult diabetic rats. Hemmati, AA; Khaki, A; Khaki, AA; Moghimian, M; Shokoohi, M; Shoorei, H, 2019)	1.16
"Treatment with carvacrol inhibited PDGF-BB-induced aortic sprout outgrowth, balloon injury-evoked vascular neointima formation, and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the neointima."	( Carvacrol inhibits atherosclerotic neointima formation by downregulating reactive oxygen species production in vascular smooth muscle cells. Baek, S; Jung, SH; Kim, B; Kim, DY; Kwon, SC; Lee, D; Lee, DY; Lee, GB; Lee, HM; Lee, KP; Sudjarwo, GW; Won, KJ, 2015)	2.2
"Pretreatment with carvacrol significantly inhibited Fe(2+)-induced activation of NF-κB, expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cell apoptosis."	( Carvacrol protects neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against Fe(2+)-induced apoptosis by suppressing activation of MAPK/JNK-NF-κB signaling pathway. Bian, LG; Chen, XY; Cui, ZW; Sun, QF; Sun, YH; Wang, BF; Xie, ZX; Yang, GY; Zhong, ZH, 2015)	2.18
"Treatment with carvacrol 30 min prior to UVB-exposure resulted in a significant decline of TBARS, LHP, % tail DNA, and tail moment and increased % cell viability as carvacrol concentration increased."	( Protective Effect of Carvacrol on Oxidative Stress and Cellular DNA Damage Induced by UVB Irradiation in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes. Al-Assaf, AH; Al-Numair, KS; Aristatile, B; Pugalendi, KV; Veeramani, C, 2015)	1.08
"Treatment with carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, perillaldehyde, and linalool significantly increased total phenolic, anthocyanin, and individual flavonoid contents."	( Enhancing antioxidant capacity and reducing decay of chinese bayberries by essential oils. Jin, P; Wang, J; Wang, X; Wu, X; Xu, F; Zheng, Y, 2012)	0.72

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" In conclusion, the considered in vitro cytotoxicity assays have shown to be sensitive enough to highlight a variety of toxic effects at the cellular level, which can be rather different between chemically closely related compounds, such as isomers."	( Toxicity of selected plant volatiles in microbial and mammalian short-term assays. Alakomi, HL; Bonsi, P; Moezelaar, R; Stammati, A; von Wright, A; Zucco, F, 1999)	0.3
" In acute oral toxicity studies, LD50 values were in the 200 to 5000 mg/kg day-1 range across several species."	( Final report on the safety assessment of sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresols, thymol, o-cymen-5-ol, and carvacrol. Andersen, A, 2006)	0.52
" Without Fe2+, ascaridole was less toxic to mammalian mitochondria than other major ingredients."	( Toxic effects of carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide, and ascaridole from essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides on mitochondria. Gille, L; Monzote, L; Stamberg, W; Staniek, K, 2009)	0.69
"Studies related to the use of various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease the toxic side effects related to MTX have been carried out."	( Neuroprotective effects of carvacrol and pomegranate against methotrexate-induced toxicity in rats. Akil, E; Bozkurt, M; Celik, F; Dogan, E; Gocmez, C; Guzel, A; Kamasak, K; Kaplan, I; Uzar, E, 2013)	0.69
" The basal cytotoxicity endpoints assayed (total protein content, neutral red uptake and the tetrazolium salt reduction) and the annexin/propidium iodide staining indicated that carvacrol and the mixture carvacrol/thymol induced toxic effects."	( Cytotoxicity and morphological effects induced by carvacrol and thymol on the human cell line Caco-2. Aucejo, S; Bermúdez, JM; Cameán, AM; Gutiérrez-Praena, D; Llana-Ruiz-Cabello, M; Moreno, FJ; Pichardo, S, 2014)	0.85
" Therefore, carvacrol can serve as a useful adjuvant and promote the safe use of methotrexate in the management of arthritis."	( Combination of carvacrol with methotrexate suppresses Complete Freund's Adjuvant induced synovial inflammation with reduced hepatotoxicity in rats. Annamalai, AR; Banji, D; Banji, OJ; Chilipi, KK; Kalpana, CH; Kranthi Kumar, CH; Soumya, N, 2014)	1.13
" Use of these antioxidants, in combination with chemotherapeutics, may help to reduce some adverse effects of methotrexate."	( The effects of pomegranate and carvacrol on methotrexate-induced bone marrow toxicity in rats. Bozkurt, M; Ece, A; Güneş, A; Kaplan, İ; Şen, V; Söker, M; Söker, S; Uluca, Ü; Yel, S, 2014)	0.69
" The LD10 and LD50 of CA were 566."	( Comparative efficacy and toxic effects of carvacryl acetate and carvacrol on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and mice. Andre, WP; Bevilaqua, CM; Cavalcante, GS; de Freitas, RM; de Melo, JV; de Morais, SM; de Paula, HC; dos Santos, JM; Macedo, IT; Ribeiro, WL, 2016)	0.67
"Lippia origanoides essential oil is an effective and safe preservative for orange juice, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products."	( Lippia origanoides essential oil: an efficient and safe alternative to preserve food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Bertoni, BW; Camilo, KF; Cestari, IM; Espanha, LG; França, SC; Hernandes, C; Martinez, EZ; Pereira, AM; Pina, ES; Taleb-Contini, SH; Varanda, EA, 2017)	0.46
"Aflatoxins (AF) are toxic metabolites produced by molds, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which frequently contaminate poultry feed ingredients."	( Phytochemicals reduce aflatoxin-induced toxicity in chicken embryos. Chen, CH; Darre, MJ; Donoghue, AM; Donoghue, DJ; Venkitanarayanan, K; Yin, HB, 2017)	0.46
" The present study was designed to investigate the neurobehavioral toxic effects of PCZ in albino rats and to evaluate the ameliorative role of CAR against such toxic effects."	( Ameliorative effect of carvacrol against propiconazole-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats. Elhady, MA; Hassanen, EI; Kamel, MM; Khalaf, AAA; Noshy, PA, 2018)	0.79
"Carvacrol is a monoterpenic phenol found in essential oils, is considered a safe food additive, and possesses various therapeutic properties."	( Carvacrol inhibits cadmium toxicity through combating against caspase dependent/independent apoptosis in PC12 cells. Akter, M; Banik, S; Corpus Bondad, SE; Hosokawa, T; Kurasaki, M; Saito, T, 2019)	3.4
"Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that causes severe toxic effects on different tissues including liver and kidney."	( Modulatory effects of carvacrol against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by molecular targeting regulation. Caglayan, C; Darendelioğlu, E; İzol, E; Kandemir, FM; Kandemir, Ö; Küçükler, S, 2021)	0.94
" Despite its widespread usage, it is known to induce a variety of adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity."	( Carvacrol protects against λ-Cyhalothrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. Ileriturk, M; Kandemir, FM, 2023)	2.35

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" A pharmacokinetic assay monitored carvacrol of the solid galenic formulation in the avian digestive tract and this showed that this compound was mainly found in the last part (caeca, large intestine) and in the droppings."	( Pharmacokinetic and antimicrobial activity of a new carvacrol-based product against a human pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni. Allaoua, M; Bonnafé, E; Carayon, JL; Etienne, P; Noirot, V; Téné, N; Treilhou, M, 2018)	1.01

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" Antimicrobial activity of nisin alone and in combination with some natural organic compounds (carvacrol, cinnamic acid, eugenol, diacetyl, and thymol) on the growth of gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Listeria innocua was-investigated."	( Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis and Listeria innocua by nisin in combination with some naturally occurring organic compounds. Fitzgerald, DJ; Gasson, MJ; Narbad, A; Olasupo, NA, 2004)	0.54
"To identify synergistic combinations of different food additives, the antimicrobial effects of thymol and carvacrol against Salmonella Typhimurium were assessed alone and in combination with various other preservatives including EDTA, acetic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid."	( Synergistic effect of thymol and carvacrol combined with chelators and organic acids against Salmonella Typhimurium. Ji, B; Jiang, H; Li, J; Ren, Y; Yan, W; Yang, Z; Zhang, H; Zhou, F, 2007)	0.83
"To determine the antimicrobial activity of natural organic compounds alone and in combination with nisin on the growth of Enterobacter sakazakii in laboratory media."	( Inhibitory activity of natural antimicrobial compounds alone or in combination with nisin against Enterobacter sakazakii. Jin, HH; Lee, SY, 2008)	0.35
"The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of five natural organic compounds were determined, and their effects in combination with nisin were evaluated by comparing treatment with each natural organic compound alone and in combination with 25 mg ml(-1) nisin in tryptic soy broth."	( Inhibitory activity of natural antimicrobial compounds alone or in combination with nisin against Enterobacter sakazakii. Jin, HH; Lee, SY, 2008)	0.35
" This study investigated the antibacterial activities of nalidixic acid in combination with methyl gallate and carvacrol against nalidixic acid resistant bacteria."	( Antibacterial activity of methyl gallate isolated from Galla Rhois or carvacrol combined with nalidixic acid against nalidixic acid resistant bacteria. Chae, HS; Choi, JG; Jang, HJ; Kang, OH; Kwon, DY; Lee, YS; Oh, YC; Shin, DW, 2009)	0.8
" We hypothesized that carvacrol in combination with RSG would prove beneficial to ameliorate the dysregulated carbohydrate metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetic C57BL/6J mice."	( Antihyperglycemic effect of carvacrol in combination with rosiglitazone in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic C57BL/6J mice. Ezhumalai, M; Pugalendi, KV; Radhiga, T, 2014)	1.01
" The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of semipurified preparations (SPP) containing either nisin A or an enhanced bioengineered derivative, nisin V, alone and in combination with low concentrations of the essential oils thymol, carvacrol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde, to control Listeria monocytogenes in both laboratory media and model food systems."	( Efficacies of nisin A and nisin V semipurified preparations alone and in combination with plant essential oils for controlling Listeria monocytogenes. Cotter, PD; Daly, K; Field, D; Hill, C; O'Connor, PM; Ross, RP, 2015)	0.6
" (SEO) and to evaluate its antimicrobial properties, both alone and combined with gentamicin towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains."	( Satureja montana L. essential oil and its antimicrobial activity alone or in combination with gentamicin. Aleandri, M; Ammendolia, MG; Comanducci, A; Conte, MP; Crestoni, ME; Filippi, A; Fornarini, S; Fraschetti, C; Goldoni, P; Longhi, C; Maccelli, A; Marazzato, M; Rinaldi, F; Scazzocchio, F; Vitanza, L, 2019)	0.51
"A dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) technique was developed using manganese-oxide nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon (Mn3O4-NPs-AC) as an effective sorbent combined with ultrasound for the extraction and determination of a trace amount of thymol and carvacrol in methanolic extracts of Thymus daenensis, Salvia officinalis, Stachys pilifera, Satureja khuzistanica and mentha, and water samples."	( Ultrasound combined with manganese-oxide nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon for extraction and pre-concentration of thymol and carvacrol in methanolic extracts of Thymus daenensis, Salvia officinalis, Stachys pilifera, Satureja khuzistanica, and men Asfaram, A; Goudarzi, A; Panahi Kokhdan, E; Sadeghi, H; Salehpour, Z, 2019)	0.9
" This is the first report on expanding the activity spectrum of XTZ against Gram-negative bacteria through combination with PMBN and food-grade or GRAS substances, with the resulting findings being particularly useful for increasing the industrial and medical applications of XTZ."	( Expansion of antibacterial spectrum of xanthorrhizol against Gram-negatives in combination with PMBN and food-grade antimicrobials. Choi, SK; Hwang, JK; Kim, CH; Kim, H; Kim, HR; Kim, MS; Park, SH, 2019)	0.51
" Carvacrol was the most active phenol with median MIC of 125 µg/ml and its combination with fluconazole, amphotericin B, nystatin and caspofungin resulted synergistic and additive effects in 68%, 64%, 96% and 28%, respectively."	( Improved efficacy of antifungal drugs in combination with monoterpene phenols against Candida auris. Ahmad, A; Patel, M; Shaban, S, 2020)	1.47
"In the present study, the antibacterial, anti-biofilm and quorum sensing inhibitory activity of carvacrol alone and in combination with the antibiotic cefixime against Escherichia coli was investigated."	( Antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of carvacrol alone and in combination with cefixime against Escherichia coli. Asadi, S; Nayeri-Fasaei, B; Shams, N; Sharifi, A; Yahya-Rayat, R; Zahraei-Salehi, T, 2023)	1.39

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In contrast, bioavailability of iron for epithelial cells was moderately decreased under these conditions."	( Iron-induced virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium at the intestinal epithelial interface can be suppressed by carvacrol. Burt, SA; de Jonge, MI; Kortman, GA; Roelofs, RW; Swinkels, DW; Tjalsma, H, 2014)	0.61
" Microencapsulation of BEOs has shown to improve their stability, bioavailability and to control their release rate once they are added to the feedstuff."	( Determination of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol in feedstuff additives by pressurized liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Jiménez-Salcedo, M; Tena, MT, 2017)	0.74
" Such an improved cytotoxic effect can be attributed to the enhanced the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of carvacrol by effective complexation in β-cyclodextrin."	( Carvacrol/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex inhibits cell proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells. Araújo, AAS; Bertassoni, LE; Bezerra, DP; Carvalho, YMBG; Duarte, MC; França, CM; Lima, BS; Menezes, PP; Quintans-Júnior, LJ; Shanmugam, S; Souza, EPBSS; Thrivikraman, G; Trindade, GGG, 2019)	2.17
"Nanoemulsion-based synthesis has been introduced to enhance the bioavailability of natural compounds at target sites for their various biomedical applications."	( Carvacrol encapsulated nanocarrier/ nanoemulsion abrogates angiogenesis by downregulating COX-2, VEGF and CD31 in vitro and in vivo in a lung adenocarcinoma model. Bajpai, VK; Bhardwaj, M; Huh, YS; Kang, SC; Khan, I; Lee, H; Oh, MH; Shukla, S, 2019)	1.96
" To address this issue and enhance bioavailability and efficacy of carvacrol, lecithin stabilized zein nanoparticles were investigated."	( Physico-chemical characterization of carvacrol loaded zein nanoparticles for enhanced anticancer activity and investigation of molecular interactions between them by molecular docking. Agraval, H; Kumar, U; Shinde, P; Srivastav, AK; Yadav, UCS, 2020)	1.07

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" However, the irritant effect of the essential oil was linked to thymol in a dose-response fashion, up to 10 microg/pellet, where it was still showing irritation."	( Investigation of the Origanum onites L. essential oil using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Başer, KH; Demirci, F; Franz, G; Paper, DH, 2004)	0.32
" The observed responses differed according to dosage and chemical components."	( Acaricidal activity of Thymus vulgaris oil and its main components against Tyrophagus putrescentiae, a stored food mite. Jeong, EY; Kim, HG; Lee, HS; Lim, JH, 2008)	0.35
" All EOs were repellent, followed a dose-response relationship, and had bioactivity similar to or better than that of commercial compound IR3535."	( Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst. Caballero-Gallardo, K; Olivero-Verbel, J; Stashenko, EE, 2011)	0.37
" This finding indicated that the combination among terpenes and antibiotic may contribute in reducing the required dosage of antibiotics due to the possible effect of terpenes on permeation barrier of the micro-organism cell membrane."	( Effect of citral and carvacrol on the susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua to antibiotics. Martínez, A; Rodrigo, D; Rosenthal, A; Silva-Angulo, AB; Zanini, SF, 2014)	0.72
" Those products include intramammary, topical and intravaginal preparations, each dosed at two levels."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of thymol, carvacrol and diallyl disulfide after intramammary and topical applications in healthy organic dairy cattle. Anderson, KL; Baynes, RE; Mason, SE; Mullen, KAE; Washburn, SP; Yeatts, JL, 2017)	0.73
" ehrenbergii should be harvested during flowering stage where carvacrol is present at its highest dosage and thymoquinone at its lowest."	( Phytochemical screening and antityrosinase activity of carvacrol, thymoquinone, and four essential oils of Lebanese plants. Baillet Guffroy, A; El Beyrouthy, M; El Khoury, R; Lteif, R; Michael Jubeli, R; Rizk, T; Tfayli, A, 2019)	1
"59% in broad bean on the seventh day post application with a dosage of 600."	( Efficacy of binary combinations between methyl salicylate and carvacrol against thrips Anaphothrips obscurus: laboratory and field trials. Liu, JH; Lu, XP; Ma, ZQ; Weng, H; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.8

Product Category	Products
Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	1

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
Natural Factors Oil of Oregano -- 180 mg - 60 Softgels	Natural Factors	Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	Carvacrol, glycerin	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Role	Description
volatile oil component	Any plant metabolite that is found naturally as a component of a volatile oil.
flavouring agent	A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.
antimicrobial agent	A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
agrochemical	An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture.
TRPA1 channel agonist	An agonist at the transient receptor potential cation channel A1 (TRPA1).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
phenols	Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
p-menthane monoterpenoid
botanical anti-fungal agent	Heteroorganic entities that are plant metabolites which have significant antifungal properties.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	48.5577	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224841
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.4856	0.0016	28.0151	77.1139	AID1259385
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	54.9410	0.0578	21.1097	61.2679	AID1159526; AID1159528
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Acetylcholinesterase	Electrophorus electricus (electric eel)	IC50 (µMol)	288.2600	0.0000	0.9453	9.9400	AID1339189
Polyphenol oxidase 2	Agaricus bisporus	IC50 (µMol)	500.0000	0.0340	3.9871	10.0000	AID1514344
Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	283.6000	0.0000	0.9332	10.0000	AID1678836
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	4.0000	0.0002	1.5574	10.0000	AID403341
Cholinesterase	Equus caballus (horse)	IC50 (µMol)	410.7900	0.0000	2.2214	9.4000	AID1339190
Secreted chorismate mutase	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv	IC50 (µMol)	1.0600	0.9900	1.2725	1.9600	AID1803444
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	13.5320	0.0003	3.1662	10.0000	AID1549771; AID482143
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)	Km	1,500.0000	7.0000	7.0000	7.0000	AID214939
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
monoatomic ion transport	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cold	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic substance	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compound	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to pain	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
thermoception	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotetramerization	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hydrogen peroxide	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transport	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to organic substance	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of receptor recycling	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
osteoblast development	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse assembly	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor internalization	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid precursor protein metabolic process	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein secretion	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
retina development in camera-type eye	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin conjugation	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic process	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidation	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D3 metabolic process	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin biosynthetic process	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stress	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressure	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cyclooxygenase pathway	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell population proliferation	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular oxidant detoxification	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
calcium channel activity	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
channel activity	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellularly gated calcium channel activity	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
temperature-gated cation channel activity	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholinesterase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinesterase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
serine hydrolase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
laminin binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid binding	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activity	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
peroxidase activity	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
heme binding	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
stereocilium bundle	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
basement membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junction	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic cleft	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
side of membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	Homo sapiens (human)
photoreceptor outer segment	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID716839	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum descendant inclination at 0.03 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -104.7 +/- 3.6 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1081541	Nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne javanica J2 (root-knot nematode) larvae immersed in compound solution for 48 hr assessed as reduction in larval motility	2010	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 58, Issue:13	Phytochemistry and nematicidal activity of the essential oils from 8 Greek Lamiaceae aromatic plants and 13 terpene components.
AID722251	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity in ethanol solution at 25 ug/mL	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases.
AID722248	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity in ethanol solution at 50 ug/mL	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases.
AID1173483	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against maximal electroshock-induced seizures at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID1173467	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against maximal electroshock-induced seizures at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.25 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID677612	Antifungal activity against Candida glabrata NCIM 3237 after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID1081892	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 2 hr post compound exposure at 0.02 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID677539	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans NCIM 3557 after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID677614	Antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans NCIM 3541 after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID1567591	Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID716821	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as resting potential at 0.03 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -60 +/- 1.1 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1549771	Agonist activity at human TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in calcium influx by Fluo-4-AM dye based fluorescence assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 170	N-Cinnamoylanthranilates as human TRPA1 modulators: Structure-activity relationships and channel binding sites.
AID624614	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT2A1	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID624612	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A9	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID1567586	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1514343	Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at 500 uM using L-tyrosine as substrate measured after 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 29, Issue:1	Synthesis and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of 4-oxobutanoate derivatives of carvacrol and thymol.
AID677530	Insecticidal activity against 5th instar nymph of Dysdercus koenigii assessed as mortality per nymph	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID1090508	Antifungal activity against Colletotrichum fragariae assessed as growth inhibition at 4 uL in 2 mM acetone by direct bioautography	2006	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Sep-06, Volume: 54, Issue:18	Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Salvia macrochlamys and Salvia recognita essential oils.
AID116736	Acute toxicity measured as median lethal dose in mice; Range is 80-100	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis, biological evaluation, and preliminary structure-activity considerations of a series of alkylphenols as intravenous anesthetic agents.
AID722253	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity in ethanol solution at 10 ug/mL	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases.
AID1567590	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1567589	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus agalactiae incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1567593	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1567592	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1173468	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against maximal electroshock-induced seizures at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID716835	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum ascendant inclination at 0.3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 151.2 +/- 6.2 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1567587	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1173474	Anticonvulsant activity against CF1 albino mouse seizure model assessed as protection at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.25 hrs by 6 Hz psychomotor seizure test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID716841	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum descendant inclination at 0.3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -104.7 +/- 3.6 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1549805	Agonist activity at human TRPA1 Cys261Ala mutant expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as Ca2+ influx at 30 uM by fluorescence assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 170	N-Cinnamoylanthranilates as human TRPA1 modulators: Structure-activity relationships and channel binding sites.
AID624609	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A6	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID1173475	Anticonvulsant activity against CF1 albino mouse seizure model assessed as protection at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hrs by 6 Hz psychomotor seizure test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID716831	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as input resistance at 1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 25.5 +/- 2.1 Momega)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716826	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as resting potential at 3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -60 +/- 1.1 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716834	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum ascendant inclination at 0.1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 151.2 +/- 6.2 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1567581	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1081885	Lipophilicity, logP of the compound	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID1420908	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli after 16 hrs by broth microdilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158	Antibacterial and antioxidant activities for natural and synthetic dual-active compounds.
AID1112518	Displacement of [3H]TBOB binding to GABA receptor in Musca domestica (house fly) heads homogenates assessed as [3H]TBOB binding at 500 uM incubated for 90 min by scintillation counting method	2012	Pest management science, Aug, Volume: 68, Issue:8	Quantitative structure-activity relationships of monoterpenoid binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor.
AID716850	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as duration at half maximal amplitute at 3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 1.6 +/- 0.1 ms)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716840	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum descendant inclination at 0.1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -104.7 +/- 3.6 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1567573	Antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 assessed as zone of inhibition by disc diffusion method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID624606	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A1	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID1567575	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 assessed as zone of inhibition by disc diffusion method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1173473	Protective index, ratio of TD50 for CF1 albino mouse neurotoxicity to ED50 for protection against 6 Hz electroshock-induced seizure in CF1 albino mouse	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID716816	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as amplitude reduction at 0.1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 79 +/- 1.3 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID677610	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID716836	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum ascendant inclination at 0.6 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 151.2 +/- 6.2 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1678836	Inhibition of AChE (unknown origin) using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by Ellman's method	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 11, Issue:2	Structure-activity relationships of sulfonamides derived from carvacrol and their potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID677538	Antifungal activity against Pichia membranifaciens after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID1173471	Neurotoxicity in CF1 albino mouse seizure model assessed as time to peak toxic effect at 100 mg/kg, ip after 4 hr by rototod test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID1567576	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans after 24 hrs by EUCAST method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID722256	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity in ethanol solution	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases.
AID716827	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as input resistance at 0.03 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 25.5 +/- 2.1 Momega)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716848	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as duration at half maximal amplitute at 0.6 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 1.6 +/- 0.1 ms)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1339190	Inhibition of horse serum BuChE using butyrylthiocholine iodide as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by Ellman's method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-15, Volume: 25, Issue:4	Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity and molecular modeling study of novel carbamate-substituted thymol/carvacrol derivatives.
AID1173487	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hrs by scMET test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID1549812	Agonist activity at human TRPA1 Phe909Ala mutant expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as Ca2+ influx at 30 uM by fluorescence assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 170	N-Cinnamoylanthranilates as human TRPA1 modulators: Structure-activity relationships and channel binding sites.
AID716833	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum ascendant inclination at 0.03 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 151.2 +/- 6.2 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1567588	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID716844	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum descendant inclination at 3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -104.7 +/- 3.6 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1173489	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hrs by scMET test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID722252	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity in ethanol solution at 5 ug/mL	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases.
AID1173480	Neurotoxicity in CF1 albino mouse seizure model at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1 hrs by rototod test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID1567585	Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI-based broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1173486	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.25 hrs by scMET test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID677537	Antifungal activity against Debaryomyces hansenii after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID716820	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as amplitude reduction at 3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 79 +/- 1.3 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1173470	Anticonvulsant activity against ip dosed CF1 albino mouse seizure model after 4 hrs by 6 Hz psychomotor seizure test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID1081895	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 2 hr post compound exposure at 0.00002 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID716824	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as resting potential at 0.6 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -60 +/- 1.1 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1090796	Antifungal activity against Botryotinia fuckeliana assessed as growth inhibition at 30 uM by 96-well microdilution broth assay	2007	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Oct-17, Volume: 55, Issue:21	Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Arnica longifolia, Aster hesperius, and Chrysothamnus nauseosus essential oils.
AID716855	Inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channel of Sprague-Dawley rat dissociated DRG neuron assessed as inhibition of current induced of voltage-gated sodium current at -70 mV holding potential by patch-clamp recordings	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716846	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as duration at half maximal amplitute at 0.1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 1.6 +/- 0.1 ms)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716619	Inhibition of first component amplitude of compound action potential in Wistar rat Aalpha sciatic nerve after 180 mins by electrophysiology	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1173491	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against Li-pilocarpine-induced seizure at 65 mg/kg, ip	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID677534	Antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID677536	Antifungal activity against Dreschlera oryzae after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID1081890	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 4 hr post compound exposure at 0.00002 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID716620	Inhibition of second component amplitude of compound action potential in Wistar rat Abeta and Agamma sciatic nerve within 60 mins by electrophysiology	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID677611	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans NCIM 3471 after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID1173472	Neurotoxicity in ip dosed CF1 albino mouse seizure model after 4 hr by rototod test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID716830	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as input resistance at 0.6 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 25.5 +/- 2.1 Momega)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716832	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as input resistance at 3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 25.5 +/- 2.1 Momega)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1173469	Anticonvulsant activity against CF1 albino mouse seizure model assessed as time to peak effect at 100 mg/kg, ip by 6 Hz psychomotor seizure test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID677613	Antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID716815	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as amplitude reduction at 0.03 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 79 +/- 1.3 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716837	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum ascendant inclination at 1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 151.2 +/- 6.2 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID677616	Antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans NCIM 3378 after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID1567574	Antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis KUEN 1025 assessed as zone of inhibition by disc diffusion method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID716817	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as amplitude reduction at 0.3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 79 +/- 1.3 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1173484	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against maximal electroshock-induced seizures at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID1081886	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 4 hr post compound exposure at 0.2 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID1173482	Neurotoxicity in CF1 albino mouse seizure model at 100 mg/kg, ip after 4 hrs by rototod test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID716838	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum ascendant inclination at 3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 151.2 +/- 6.2 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1173485	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against maximal electroshock-induced seizures at 100 mg/kg, ip after 4 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID114276	Hypnotic activity was measured as dose which causes loss of righting reflex for a minimum period of 30s in 50% of mice; Range is 30-40	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis, biological evaluation, and preliminary structure-activity considerations of a series of alkylphenols as intravenous anesthetic agents.
AID716853	Inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channel of Wistar rat dissociated DRG neuron assessed as inhibition of current induced of voltage-gated sodium current at -100 mV holding potential with 5 sec intervals at 3 mM after 120 secs by patch-clamp recordings	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716843	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum descendant inclination at 1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -104.7 +/- 3.6 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1173479	Neurotoxicity in CF1 albino mouse seizure model at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hrs by rototod test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID1173481	Neurotoxicity in CF1 albino mouse seizure model at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hrs by rototod test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID716847	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as duration at half maximal amplitute at 0.3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 1.6 +/- 0.1 ms)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1557190	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of Cu2+ in bis-neocuproine-Cu2+ complex to bis-neocuproine-Cu+ complex measured as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity incubated for 30 mins by CUPRAC assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 29, Issue:19	Heterocyclic β-keto sulfide derivatives of carvacrol: Synthesis and copper (II) ion reducing capacity.
AID624611	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A8	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID677617	Toxicity in RBC assessed as induction of hemolysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID1090507	Antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides assessed as growth inhibition at 4 uL in 2 mM acetone by direct bioautography	2006	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Sep-06, Volume: 54, Issue:18	Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Salvia macrochlamys and Salvia recognita essential oils.
AID214939	Binding affinity against human UDP Glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 (UGT1A4)	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 46, Issue:9	Pharmacophore and quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling: complementary approaches for the rationalization and prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 substrate selectivity.
AID1081894	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 2 hr post compound exposure at 0.0002 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID1173478	Neurotoxicity in CF1 albino mouse seizure model at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.25 hrs by rototod test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID716621	Induction of Wistar rat sciatice nerve fiber excitability assessed as increase in rheobase at 0.6 mM (Rvb = 3.30 +/- 0.06 V)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716618	Reduction in peak-to-peak amplitude of compound action potential in Wistar rat sciatic nerve after 180 mins by electrophysiology	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID624608	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A4	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID716845	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as duration at half maximal amplitute at 0.03 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 1.6 +/- 0.1 ms)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1081887	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 4 hr post compound exposure at 0.02 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID716813	Reduction in amplitude of compound action potential in bullfrog sciatic nerve at 0.5 mM after 15 mins by electrophysiology	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1090509	Antifungal activity against Colletotrichum acutatum assessed as growth inhibition at 4 uL in 2 mM acetone by direct bioautography	2006	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Sep-06, Volume: 54, Issue:18	Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Salvia macrochlamys and Salvia recognita essential oils.
AID624613	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A10	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID1081893	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 2 hr post compound exposure at 0.002 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID1420909	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after 16 hrs by broth microdilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158	Antibacterial and antioxidant activities for natural and synthetic dual-active compounds.
AID677615	Antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans NCIM 3542 after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID716818	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as amplitude reduction at 0.6 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 79 +/- 1.3 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1081540	Nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita J2 (root-knot nematode) larvae immersed in compound solution for 96 hr assessed as reduction in larval motility	2010	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 58, Issue:13	Phytochemistry and nematicidal activity of the essential oils from 8 Greek Lamiaceae aromatic plants and 13 terpene components.
AID716851	Blockade of action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1430459	Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis chorismate mutase assessed as reduction in conversion of chorismate to prephenate using chorismate as substrate after 1 to 5 mins	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6	Mycobacterium tuberculosis chorismate mutase: A potential target for TB.
AID1567533	n-Octanol/water partition coefficient, log P of compound by HPLC analysis	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1081539	Nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita J2 (root-knot nematode) larvae immersed in compound solution for 48 hr assessed as reduction in larval motility	2010	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 58, Issue:13	Phytochemistry and nematicidal activity of the essential oils from 8 Greek Lamiaceae aromatic plants and 13 terpene components.
AID716822	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as resting potential at 0.1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -60 +/- 1.1 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716812	Induction of Wistar rat sciatice nerve fiber excitability assessed as increase in chronaxy measured as time at 0.6 mM (Rvb = 59.6 +/- 1.2 microsec)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716829	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as input resistance at 0.3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 25.5 +/- 2.1 Momega)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1081538	Nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita J2 (root-knot nematode) larvae immersed in compound solution for 24 hr assessed as reduction in larval motility	2010	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 58, Issue:13	Phytochemistry and nematicidal activity of the essential oils from 8 Greek Lamiaceae aromatic plants and 13 terpene components.
AID1112517	Toxicity to Musca domestica (house fly) applied to pronotum assessed as compound level per fly causing insect mortality measured after 24 hr	2012	Pest management science, Aug, Volume: 68, Issue:8	Quantitative structure-activity relationships of monoterpenoid binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor.
AID716825	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as resting potential at 1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -60 +/- 1.1 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID722249	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity in ethanol solution at 100 ug/mL	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases.
AID716819	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as amplitude reduction at 1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 79 +/- 1.3 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716854	Inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channel of Wistar rat dissociated DRG neuron assessed as inhibition of current induced of voltage-gated sodium current at -100 mV holding potential with 5 sec intervals by patch-clamp recordings	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716828	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as input resistance at 0.1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 25.5 +/- 2.1 Momega)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1514344	Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase using L-tyrosine as substrate measured after 20 mins by spectrophotometric method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 29, Issue:1	Synthesis and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of 4-oxobutanoate derivatives of carvacrol and thymol.
AID716814	Reduction in amplitude of compound action potential in frog sciatic nerve by electrophysiology	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716617	Reduction in peak-to-peak amplitude of compound action potential in Wistar rat sciatic nerve at 0.3 mM after 180 mins by electrophysiology	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716616	Reduction in peak-to-peak amplitude of compound action potential in Wistar rat sciatic nerve at 1 mM after 180 mins and measured after 180 mins washout by electrophysiology	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716852	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as elevation in current threshold levels at 0.03 to 3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings relative to control	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID482143	Agonist activity at human TRPA1 channel expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium influx	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 53, Issue:14	Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel as emerging target for novel analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents.
AID1339189	Inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by Ellman's method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-15, Volume: 25, Issue:4	Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity and molecular modeling study of novel carbamate-substituted thymol/carvacrol derivatives.
AID1567571	Antifungal activity against Candida dubliniensis CBS7987 assessed as zone of inhibition by disc diffusion method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID624616	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT2B15	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID1549817	Agonist activity at human TRPA1 Phe944Ala mutant expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as Ca2+ influx at 30 uM by fluorescence assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 170	N-Cinnamoylanthranilates as human TRPA1 modulators: Structure-activity relationships and channel binding sites.
AID716823	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as resting potential at 0.3 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -60 +/- 1.1 mV)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID716615	Reduction in peak-to-peak amplitude of compound action potential in Wistar rat sciatic nerve at 1 mM after 180 mins by electrophysiology	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1081891	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 2 hr post compound exposure at 0.2 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID1173494	Anticonvulsant activity in CF1 albino mouse assessed as protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure at 200 mg/kg, ip after 4 hrs by scMET test	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23	Seizure prevention by the naturally occurring phenols, carvacrol and thymol in a partial seizure-psychomotor model.
AID716849	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as duration at half maximal amplitute at 1 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = 1.6 +/- 0.1 ms)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1567572	Antifungal activity against Candida glabrata ATCC 2001 assessed as zone of inhibition by disc diffusion method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID677535	Antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum after 48 hrs by microbroth dilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Hybrid molecules of carvacrol and benzoyl urea/thiourea with potential applications in agriculture and medicine.
AID403341	Inhibition of COX1	2005	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7	Expanding the ChemGPS chemical space with natural products.
AID1081889	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 4 hr post compound exposure at 0.0002 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID716842	Effect on action potential in Wistar rat DRG neuron assessed as maximum descendant inclination at 0.6 mM after 12 to 48 hrs by patch-clamp recordings (Rvb = -104.7 +/- 3.6 V/s)	2012	Journal of natural products, Sep-28, Volume: 75, Issue:9	Carvacrol decreases neuronal excitability by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.
AID1081888	Repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) assessed as induction of repellency measured 4 hr post compound exposure at 0.002 uL/cm2 using 15% compound formulation	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Repellent activity of essential oils and some of their individual constituents against Tribolium castaneum herbst.
AID1803444	CM Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2013.823958: \\Identification and structure-activity relationship study of carvacrol derivatives as Mycobacterium tuberculosis chorismate mutase inhibitors.\\	2014	Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:4	Identification and structure-activity relationship study of carvacrol derivatives as Mycobacterium tuberculosis chorismate mutase inhibitors.
AID1346644	Mouse TRPM7 (ChaK subfamily)	2009	Cell calcium, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Carvacrol is a novel inhibitor of Drosophila TRPL and mammalian TRPM7 channels.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	11 (0.92)	18.7374
1990's	15 (1.25)	18.2507
2000's	177 (14.74)	29.6817
2010's	667 (55.54)	24.3611
2020's	331 (27.56)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	19 (1.54%)	5.53%
Reviews	33 (2.68%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1 (0.08%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	1,178 (95.69%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.49	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	3.55	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.41	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.6	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	9.1	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.11	1	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.1	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.79	3	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	4.16	3	1	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3.1	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.46	2	0	amino-acid anion
catechol [no description available]	1.93	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	9.66	5	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.48	2	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
cuminaldehyde cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.	2.61	2	0	benzaldehydes	insecticide; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.1	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	8.53	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	4.8	9	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	3.53	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	3.1	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	8.99	4	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.25	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	2.08	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.62	9	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.43	2	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.99	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	7.8	3	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	7.81	3	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
histamine [no description available]	7.07	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	7.76	3	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
endolysin lysine-4,4,5,5-d4 : A deuterated compound that is lysne in which the methylene hydrogens at positions 4, 4, 5 and 5 have been replaced by deuterium.	7.15	1	0	alpha-amino acid; diamino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	4.42	6	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.11	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	1.93	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.21	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
n,n-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.1	1	0	dimethylaniline; tertiary amine
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.51	2	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.03	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	7.31	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	4.02	4	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.08	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.1	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
putrescine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	3.51	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.21	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.13	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.25	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	2.03	1	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
tryptophan [no description available]	3.1	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; aminoalkylindole; aromatic amino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.41	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.6	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	4.42	6	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	2.11	1	0	prenol phosphate	antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
catechin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	hydroxyflavan
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	6.2	24	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.11	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.51	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
beta-resorcylic acid beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.01	4	0
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	3.1	1	0
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.59	2	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.1	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.06	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-hydroxymelatonin 6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.	3.1	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	8.87	3	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	2.93	3	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
theophylline [no description available]	2.36	2	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	3.51	2	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.1	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	3.51	2	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	3.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	7.48	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	2.06	1	0	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	3.15	1	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
berberine [no description available]	7.59	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	3.1	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bumetanide [no description available]	3.1	1	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
caffeine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.82	2	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	2.41	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	3.69	9	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.54	2	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.47	2	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	7.6	1	0
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.11	1	0	pyridinium ion
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	3.83	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.82	3	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cilostazol [no description available]	7.6	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
eucalyptol [no description available]	9.71	27	0
ciprofibrate [no description available]	3.1	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.54	2	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide [no description available]	3.1	1	0	sulfonamide
clotrimazole [no description available]	7.25	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	3.1	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	3.51	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.42	2	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	1.98	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	3.1	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.54	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.21	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.21	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.1	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
disulfiram [no description available]	3.15	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	3.54	2	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	3.1	1	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	3.1	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	3.1	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	2.1	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	3.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	3.1	1	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	7.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.81	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.21	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	3.1	1	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.82	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	3.1	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.21	1	0
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	7.1	1	0	sesquiterpene
hexylresorcinol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	resorcinols
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.54	2	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hypericin [no description available]	2.69	2	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	8.83	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.07	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.51	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	4.4	6	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	3.1	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	3.51	2	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
kojic acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	3.1	1	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	3.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	3.1	1	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	3.1	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	3.51	2	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	7.31	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.21	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	3.1	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	3.1	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	7.53	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.9	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.1	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.48	2	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.49	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	1.93	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	3.15	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.04	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	3.15	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	3.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	2.21	1	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.49	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	3.1	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.21	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	3.1	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.17	4	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	3.1	1	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.06	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	3.1	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.1	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	3.54	2	0	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	3.1	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	3.1	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	3.27	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	7.31	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.01	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.55	2	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	3.1	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.06	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	4.02	4	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	4.04	4	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	3.1	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.	3.1	1	0	tetrahydroxyanthraquinone	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.02	1	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2.07	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	3.1	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.05	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.1	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	3.1	1	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.25	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.06	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	3.1	1	0	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	2.41	1	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	3.1	1	0	diarylmethane
thonzylamine thonzylamine: major descriptor (72-84); file-maintained to PYRIMIDINES	3.1	1	0	methoxybenzenes
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
triclosan [no description available]	7.08	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	3.1	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	2.1	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	3.1	1	0	aromatic amine
tyramine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.	2.31	1	0	undecenoic acid	antifungal drug; plant metabolite
zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
corticosterone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	3.1	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	7.17	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.58	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
2-aminophenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.1	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
aldosterone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetrahydrocortisol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.1	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
tetrahydrocortisone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.	3.1	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.25	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.1	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.78	3	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	8.66	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.6	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	3.1	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.53	2	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.44	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	4.68	8	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	7.11	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.1	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.21	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	7.41	1	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.1	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.03	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.99	4	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	7.02	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	7.06	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.97	4	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	3.1	1	0	anilines; primary arylamine
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.1	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	2.81	3	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	7.15	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	3.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	3.1	1	0	oxo steroid
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.04	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.69	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.06	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	8.02	4	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.07	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
bromochloromethane bromochloromethane: inhibitor of ruminal methane production. bromochloromethane : A halomethane that is chloromethane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom.	3.47	1	1	halomethane
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.1	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.08	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	6.24	41	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.85	3	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
alpha-pinene [no description available]	3.71	9	0	pinene	plant metabolite
1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. quinizarin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone having the two hydroxy substituents at the 1- and 4-positions; formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxy groups	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	dye
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	3.1	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. anthraflavic acid : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	antimutagen; plant metabolite
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	3.1	1	0	anthraquinone
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-isopropylphenol 2-isopropylphenol: structure given in first source. 2-isopropylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an isopropyl group at position 2.	2.4	2	0	phenols
2-sec-butylphenol 2-sec-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-sec-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol carrying a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	1.95	1	0	phenols
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	15.07	394	6	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.71	3	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	3.1	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-aminodiphenyl aminobiphenyl : Any member of the class of biphenyls in which the biphenyl skeleton is substituted by at least one amino group.	3.51	2	0
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
quinoline [no description available]	3.1	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	3.25	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	3.1	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.51	2	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
4-phenylphenol 4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	3.51	2	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl biphenyl-4,4'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl with hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4'.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
methyleugenol methyleugenol: structure	2.25	1	0	phenylpropanoid
acetyleugenol acetyleugenol: from cloves; inhibits arachidonate-, adrenaline-, & collagen-induced platelet aggregation	2.02	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	3.55	2	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol: structure given in first source. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.	1.95	1	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	phenols	allergen
methyl gallate methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.	7.05	1	0	gallate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
carveol carveol: structure given in first source; prolongs tumor latency and decreases tumor yield. carveol : A limonene monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 5.	2.75	3	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	8.57	8	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	3.1	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gamma-terpinene gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.	5.18	44	0	cyclohexadiene; monoterpene	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	7.09	75	1	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-isopropylphenol [no description available]	3.48	2	0	phenols	flavouring agent
4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyacetophenone	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl bromide benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.	3.15	1	0	benzyl bromides	lachrymator
4-benzylphenol 4-benzylphenol: metabolite of diphenylmethane; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.6	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
2-ethylhexanol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	primary alcohol	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
ethyl bromoacetate [no description available]	3.15	1	0
2,4-dimethylphenol 2,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 4.	1.95	1	0	aromatic fungicide; phenols	disinfectant; volatile oil component
citronellal citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.	7.03	1	0	aldehyde; monoterpenoid	antifungal agent; metabolite
acrolein [no description available]	9.83	95	5	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.49	2	0	alkane
succinic anhydride [no description available]	7.6	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	4.36	19	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.11	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.1	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.15	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite
2,2,2-trichloroethanol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	chloroethanol	mouse metabolite
linalyl acetate linalyl acetate: structure in first source; RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation. linalyl acetate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-linalyl acetate. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.. 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.	2.48	2	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid
anthrarufin 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone: used in ferric ion sensing as an inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin; structure in first source. anthrarufin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 5.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.41	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
benzyl salicylate benzyl salicylate: structure given in Merck	2.06	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
2-toluic acid 2-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	3.1	1	0	methylbenzoic acid	xenobiotic metabolite
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	3.1	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
piperonal piperonal: has been used as a pediculicide; structure. piperonal : An arenecarbaldehyde that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a formyl substituent at position 5. It has been isolated from Piper nigrum.	2.07	1	0	arenecarbaldehyde; benzodioxoles	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole : An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	2.44	2	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
methyl anthranilate methyl anthranilate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of anthranilic acid.	2.15	1	0	benzoate ester	flavouring agent; metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	3.1	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.1	1	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	3.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	4.23	5	0	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.46	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.06	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.1	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	4.05	4	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
phenetidine Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	drug metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.69	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine [no description available]	3.15	1	0
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.31	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
thiazoles [no description available]	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.93	3	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenobarbital [no description available]	3.1	1	0	barbiturates
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	3.1	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,4-cineole 1,4-cineole: monoterpene; flavor component of lime Citrus medica L. var acida; structure given in first source. 1,4-cineole : An oxabicycloalkane consisting of p-menthane with an epoxy bridge across positions 1 and 4.	2.48	2	0
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.1	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
epitestosterone Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen antagonist; human metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.69	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	4.89	10	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.11	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
citronellic acid citronellic acid: structure in first source. citronellic acid : A monounsaturated fatty acid that is oct-6-enoic acid carrying methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.	2.07	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; monoterpenoid; monounsaturated fatty acid	flavouring agent; plant metabolite
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	4.83	3	2	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.89	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
ascaridole ascaridole: monoterpene endoperoxide with anthelmintic properties; structure given in first source. ascaridole : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that is p-menth-2-ene with a peroxy group across position 1 to 4.	2.79	3	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organic peroxide; p-menthane monoterpenoid	antileishmanial agent; antinematodal drug; plant metabolite
androstenediol Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.	3.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
4-iodophenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	iodophenol
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	2.25	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	5.68	22	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.1	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.6	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
beta-phellandrene [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phellandrene	plant metabolite
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	5.15	13	0	terpineol; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2,6-xylenol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	hydroxytoluene
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	4.42	2	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
6-hydroxyquinoline quinolin-6-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline
3-hydroxybiphenyl 3-hydroxybiphenyl: structure given in first source. biphenyl-3-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is phenol in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	3.15	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	3.51	2	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	3.62	2	0	organic sulfide
bromoacetone bromoacetone : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetone in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a bromine atom. A poweful lachrymator, it was formerly used as a chemical weapon.	3.15	1	0	alpha-bromoketone	lachrymator
methyl carbamate methyl carbamate : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with methanol.	2.04	1	0	carbamate ester
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	3.1	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
3-isopropylphenol 3-isopropylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.5	2	0
4-propylphenol 4-propylphenol: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	alkylbenzene
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2.25	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	3.1	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
undecane undecane : A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	alkane
fenchone, (+-)-isomer fenchone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fenchone : A carbobicyclic compound that is fenchane in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. It is a component of essential oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).	2.54	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; cyclic terpene ketone; fenchane monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.15	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.25	1	0
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.69	2	0	zinc molecular entity
monolaurin monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol	2.07	1	0	1-monoglyceride; dodecanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	3.32	6	0	pinene	plant metabolite
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	4.02	2	1	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.76	3	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
fenchol fenchol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.1	1	0
4-n-Butylphenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenols
4-hydroxyazobenzene 4-hydroxyazobenzene: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	alkane
4-nitrothiophenolate 4-nitrothiophenolate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.	3.1	1	0	androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.72	2	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.15	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	3.15	1	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
perillaldehyde perillaldehyde: from oil of Perillae herba; has neuropharmacological actions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6956. perillyl aldehyde : An aldehyde that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	9.27	5	0	aldehyde; olefinic compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; volatile oil component
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	11.05	4	2	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
menthol (+-)-menthol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-menthol. Both (+-)- and (-)-menthol are used to relieve symptoms of conditions such as bronchitis and sinusitis. When applied to the skin, menthol dilates the blood vessels, giving a sensation of coldness followed by an analgesic effect that relieves itching. It is therefore used in creams and ointments for the relief of pruritis and urticaria.. (-)-menthol : A p-menthan-3-ol which has (1R,2S,5R)-stereochemistry. It is the most common naturally occurring enantiomer.	3.51	2	0	p-menthan-3-ol	antipruritic drug; antispasmodic drug; antitussive
carvone, (s)-isomer (+)-carvone : A carvone having (S) configuration.	2.06	1	0	carvone
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	3.15	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
didecyldimethylammonium didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide	2.06	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants	1.95	1	0
alpha-terpineol terpineol : A family of monoterpenols that have a p-menthane skeleton containing one double bond and bearing a single hydroxy substituent.	3.72	9	0	terpineol	plant metabolite
hydroxyphenytoin hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.	3.1	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; phenols	metabolite
alpha-thujene alpha-thujene: volatile oil constituent of Monodora myristica (Gaertn) Dunal; structure in first source. alpha-thujene : A thujene that has a bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene skeleton which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively.	2.15	1	0	thujene
o-cymen-5-ol o-cymen-5-ol: structure in first source	7.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	7.83	3	0	thujene	plant metabolite
streptomycin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.1	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
1-naphthalenemethanol 1-naphthalenemethanol: structure given in first source. (1-naphthyl)methanol : A naphthylmethanol that is methanol in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a naphthalen-1-yl group.	3.1	1	0	naphthylmethanol	mouse metabolite
dexpropranolol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	propranolol
chlordantoin chlordantoin: structure	3.15	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	4.54	22	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.07	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.25	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	7.6	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.11	4	0	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	7.31	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.23	4	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.17	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	3.16	5	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.04	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	7.03	1	0	dihydrogen
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	8.03	4	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
butylated hydroxyanisole [no description available]	3.1	1	0
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.41	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	7.41	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
3-carene 3-carene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	monoterpene
menthone menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).	2.44	2	0	menthone
4-n-Pentylphenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenols
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
nickel sulfide nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2	2.11	1	0
9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benomyl [no description available]	2.44	2	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
verbenone verbenone: platelet aggregation inhibitor; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2 and by methyl groups at positions 4, 6 and 6, and which contains a double bond between positions 3 and 4.. (S)-(-)-verbenone : A 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one in which both chiral centres have S configuration.	2.42	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; cyclic ketone; enone
cannabichromene [no description available]	3.15	1	0	1-benzopyran
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	3.1	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	7.4	2	0	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3	4	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
n-phenylethanolamine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	aralkylamine
4-ethylphenol 4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.	3.1	1	0	phenols	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
4-anisaldehyde 4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.	2.1	1	0	benzaldehydes	bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant metabolite
myrcene myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.19	5	0	monoterpene	anabolic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.1	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.	3.48	2	0	phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; food additive; geroprotector
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.95	1	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant
alkenes [no description available]	3.01	4	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.1	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	7.82	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	3.1	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	2.6	1	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
substance p [no description available]	2.07	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
isovelleral isovelleral: structure given in first source	3.15	1	0	aldehyde
dexibuprofen dexibuprofen: structure in first source	3.1	1	0	ibuprofen	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	3.1	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	3.21	5	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.5	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.59	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.15	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.08	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	7.15	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.13	1	0
irinotecan [no description available]	7.13	1	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
verbenol verbenol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	1.98	1	0	monoterpenoid
myrtenal myrtenal: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
octyl gallate [no description available]	3.83	3	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	2.1	1	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
tellurium tetrachloride [no description available]	2.31	1	0
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	stilbenoid
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.35	6	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.04	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
allicin [no description available]	3.15	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.44	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.02	1	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.25	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
16-hydroxytestosterone 16-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (16alpha,17beta)-isomer. 16alpha-hydroxytestosterone : A C19-steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at the 16alpha position has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.1	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid; diol; secondary alcohol	androgen
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.02	1	0	beta-carbolines
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	3.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	7.6	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.14	4	0	1,2,3-triazole
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol : 1-naphthol hydrogenated at C-5, -6, -7 and -8.	3.1	1	0	tetralins
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	benzodioxoles
perilla ketone perilla ketone: potent lung toxin from Perilla frutescens; structure	3.15	1	0	aromatic ketone
alfatradiol alfatradiol: used for treating androgenetic alopecia. 17alpha-estradiol : An estradiol that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17 (the 17alpha stereoisomer).	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; estradiol	estrogen; geroprotector
4-hydroxyquinoline 4-quinolone : A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde carrying hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.1	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.58	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
fluphenacur fluphenacur: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organofluorine compound
avarol avarol: RN given refers to parent cpd; extract from Dysidea avara(sea sponge)	2.02	1	0
epicatechin (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.02	1	0	catechin; polyphenol	antioxidant
magnolol [no description available]	8.41	1	0	biphenyls
polygodial [no description available]	3.15	1	0	aldehyde
fangchinoline [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; macrocycle	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	2.02	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
citronellal, (r)-isomer (R)-(+)-citronellal : The (3R)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal (citronellal).	2.07	1	0	citronellal
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.51	2	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
carvacryl acetate carvacryl acetate: a derivative of carvacrol that reduces nociceptive and inflammatory response in mice; structure in first source	7.13	1	0	monoterpenoid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	2.44	2	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
cyprodinil cyprodinil: structure in first source. cyprodinil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.	2.44	2	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; cyclopropanes; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	2.11	1	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	8.89	3	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
beta-thujone [no description available]	2.47	2	0	beta-thujone
beta-eudesmol beta-eudesmol: found in Atractylodes and other plants; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-isomer. beta-eudesmol : A carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer).	2.03	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	volatile oil component
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin: metabolite of phenytoin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.1	1	0
2-nitropropanol 2-nitropropanol: has antimicrobial activity; a cross-linking reagent	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11.	3.1	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
brexanolone brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
3,5-diiodothyronine, (l)-isomer [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.41	1	0
xanthorrhizol xanthorrhizol: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
harmol hydrochloride [no description available]	3.1	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	4.59	5	1	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 5-methoxysalicylaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying hydroxy and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively.	2.1	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
thymohydroquinone thymohydroquinone: structure	7.03	1	0
1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source	7.17	1	0
diosgenin [no description available]	3.51	2	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
sarsasapogenin, (3beta,5alpha,25r)-isomer tigogenin : A widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs.	3.51	2	0	sapogenin	gout suppressant; plant metabolite
3 alpha,17 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one 3alpha,17alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17alpha.	3.1	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; corticosteroid hormone	human urinary metabolite
2-methoxyestriol [no description available]	3.1	1	0
ethyl-3-(n-n-butyl-n-acetyl)aminopropionate ethyl-3-(N-n-butyl-N-acetyl)aminopropionate: an insect repellent; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	acetamides; ethyl ester; tertiary carboxamide
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	1.93	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.63	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: directly acting genotoxic metabolite of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine. N-hydroxy-PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, hydoxyamino, and phenyl groups, respectively. The active metabolite of the dietary carcinogen PhIP.	3.1	1	0	hydroxylamine; imidazopyridine	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; neurotoxin; rat metabolite
ecopipam ecopipam: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	benzazepine
triptolide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
parthenolide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	germacranolide
terpinyl acetate terpinyl acetate: ingredient in perfume of spray starch causing contact urticaria	2.25	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer [no description available]	3.1	1	0	ibuprofen
11-hydroxytestosterone 11-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (11 beta,17 beta)-isomer. 11beta-hydroxytestosterone : An androstanoid that is testosterone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at the 11beta-position.	3.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite
norbuprenorphine norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	phenanthrenes
n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3h)-furanone N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone: cpd synthesized by luminous bacteria excreted into medium that induces luciferase synthesis at threshold concentration; structure in first source. N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone : A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-oxohexanoic acid with the amino group of homoserine lactone.	2.13	1	0	N-acyl homoserine lactone; secondary carboxamide
benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinol [no description available]	3.1	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.08	4	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	2.69	2	0	thiadiazole
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	2.44	2	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
methotrexate [no description available]	3.37	6	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
3-(alpha,alpha-dimethylallyl)psoralen 3-(alpha,alpha-dimethylallyl)psoralen: from oil from Ruta montana L.; structure	2.1	1	0	furanocoumarin
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	2.02	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
carbapenems [no description available]	2.72	2	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.6	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
1-methylcyclopropene 1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.	7.21	1	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes	agrochemical; plant growth regulator
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	3.1	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	1.98	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	3.84	3	0	camphor
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.02	1	0	glycoside
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.52	2	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
cortolone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
cannabidiolic acid cannabidiolic acid: structure. cannabidiolic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a 3-p-mentha-1,8-dien-3-yl (limonene) group.	3.15	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide; resorcinols
ag 3-5 icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8	3.15	1	0	C-nitro compound
sclareol sclareol: structure given in first source. sclareol : A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.	2.21	1	0	labdane diterpenoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; fragrance; plant metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.07	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	7.41	1	0
4'-o-methylepigallocatechin 4'-methylepigallocatechin: antispasmodic from Maytenus rigida Mart (Celestraceae); structure in first source	2.02	1	0	catechin	metabolite
nootkatol Nootkatol: isolated from Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; Nootkatol is synonym for cpd with isomeric designation; structure given in first source. beta-nootkatol : A 4,4a-dimethyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol with (2S,4R,4aS,6R) stereochemistry.	2.02	1	0	6-isopropenyl-4,4a-dimethyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol	plant metabolite
ergolide ergolide: a potent cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone from Inula sp.; structure given in first source. ergolide : A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 4a and 8, a methylidene group at position 3 and an acetyloxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Inula hupehensis.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.48	2	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
n(alpha)-lauroylarginine ethyl ester N(alpha)-lauroylarginine ethyl ester: an antimicrobial surfactant; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.5	2	0
cirsimaritin cirsimaritin: has antagonist or partial agonist activity on benzodiazepine receptors. cirsimaritin : A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; dimethoxyflavone
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	3.1	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
sorafenib [no description available]	7.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	3.1	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vacquinol-1 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
tenulin tenulin: toxic constituent of Helenium amarum (bitter sneezeweed); structure	2.02	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol : An androstane-3,17-diol that is 5alpha-androstane substituted by beta-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone.	3.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstane-3,17-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
cortol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
21-hydroxypregnenolone 21-hydroxypregnenolone: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer;. 21-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone that is pregnenolone which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 21.	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	mouse metabolite
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	3.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
epietiocholanolone epietiocholanolone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	androgen; animal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; rat metabolite
piperitenone piperitenone: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	p-menthadien-3-one
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.1	1	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.11	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.08	1	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	4.07	4	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.92	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
2-hydroxyestrone 2-hydroxyestrone: catechol estrogen which is a major metabolite of estradiol in man & animals; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-hydroxyestrone : A 2-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	3.1	1	0	2-hydroxy steroid; catechols	human metabolite
(+)-limonene (4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.	2.47	2	0	limonene	plant metabolite
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	7.41	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
limonene-1,2-epoxide limonene-1,2-epoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (4R)-limonene 1,2-epoxide : The (R)-enantiomer of limonene 1,2-epoxide.	2.17	1	0	limonene 1,2-epoxide
epiandrosterone epiandrosterone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is (5alpha)-androstane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite
beta-hederin beta-hederin: derived from beta-amyrin; other hederigenin based saponins are available	3.41	1	0	triterpenoid
bisabolol Kamillosan: drug combination containing chamomile and bisabolol; used to treat dermatitis	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
naringin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
pulegone pulegone: component of peppermint oil; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck. (+)-pulegone : The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.	3.15	5	0	p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one
rotundifolone rotundifolone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	oxacycle
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.21	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	6.98	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.41	1	0
1-alpha-terpineol (S)-(-)-alpha-terpineol : The (S)-enantiomer of alpha-terpineol.	3.53	2	0	alpha-terpineol	plant metabolite
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	7.6	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
epiafzelechin epiafzelechin: antioxidant; 3'-deoxy form of epicatechin; structure in first source. (-)-epiafzelechin : A catechin derivative having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.02	1	0	catechin	plant metabolite
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.52	20	0	cyclodextrin
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.94	4	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	9.06	4	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.1	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.07	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.11	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.57	2	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.1	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	3.55	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	3.2	5	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.1	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.31	1	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.08	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	3.15	1	0	enal
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.1	1	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
kazinol b kazinol B: a natural isoprenylated flavan	2.02	1	0
manoyl oxide manoyl oxide: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.13	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	9.89	101	5	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
methyl cinnamate methyl cinnamate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. methyl cinnamate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of methyl cinnamic acid with methanol. It is found naturally in the essential oils of Alpinia and Basil leaf oil, and widely used in the flavor and perfume industries.. methyl trans-cinnamate : The E (trans) isomer of methyl cinnamate.	7.1	1	0	methyl cinnamate	antibacterial agent; fungal metabolite; nematicide; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	3.33	6	0	anethole	flavouring agent
geraniol [no description available]	5.34	16	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	2.05	1	0
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	4.81	29	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	2.42	2	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	7.03	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.73	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
nerol nerol : The (2Z)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol. It has been isolated from the essential oils from plants like lemon grass.	2.06	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol	fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.15	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	anthracenes
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	4.74	28	0
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	3.1	1	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	1.95	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
sb 366791 N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.49	2	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
captax captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.	3.1	1	0	aryl thiol; benzothiazoles	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	2.8	3	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
thiothixene [no description available]	3.1	1	0	N-methylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	6.63	8	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	3.89	3	0
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	8.3	6	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.61	2	0	biphenyls
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	3.32	6	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
geranyl acetate geranyl acetate: constituted about 90% of the palmarosa oil. geranyl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester derivative of geraniol.	2.06	1	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
geranylacetone geranyl acetone : A monoterpene ketone in which an (E)-geranyl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone. It is a component of essential oils from various plants including Nelumbo nucifera.	2.07	1	0	monoterpene ketone	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
caryophyllene oxide caryophyllene oxide: has butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity; structure in first source. epoxide : Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.	3.5	7	0	epoxide	metabolite
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	4.06	2	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	7.6	1	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	7.49	2	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.6	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.11	4	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.1	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.06	1	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	5.12	16	0
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.44	2	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	3.53	2	0	benzazepine
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate 2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer	2.13	1	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.26	5	0
digitoxigenin Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).	3.1	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
fraxetin fraxetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; apoptosis inhibitor; Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent
quercetin [no description available]	4.97	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	3.52	2	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.78	3	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
coniferin coniferin : A monosaccharide derivative that is coniferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; cinnamyl alcohol beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.84	3	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.73	3	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.75	3	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	3.53	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acid trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.	3.27	1	0	cinnamate ester; cyclitol carboxylic acid	plant metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.1	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	3.1	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.02	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.47	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
prostaglandin a2 prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	3.15	1	0	prostaglandins A	human metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.02	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.79	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
2-hexenal, z-isomer 2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.	2.48	2	0	2-hexenal	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	3.51	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	3.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
costunolide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	germacranolide; heterobicyclic compound	anthelminthic drug; antiinfective agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; antiviral drug; metabolite
caryophyllene (-)-beta-caryophyllene : A beta-caryophyllene in which the stereocentre adjacent to the exocyclic double bond has S configuration while the remaining stereocentre has R configuration. It is the most commonly occurring form of beta-caryophyllene, occurring in many essential oils, particularly oil of cloves.. beta-caryophyllene : A sesquiterpene with a [7.2.0]-bicyclic structure comprising fused 9- and 4-membered rings, with a trans-ring junction, a trans-double bond between the 4- and 5-positions of the 9-membered ring, a methylidene group at position 9, and methyl groups at positions 3, 11, and 11. The most commonly occurring form is the (1R,9S)-(-)-enantiomer, which is found in many essential oils, particularly clove oil.. cannabinoid : A diverse group of pharmacologically active secondary metabolite characteristic to Cannabis plant as well as produced naturally in the body by humans and animals. Cannabinoids contain oxygen as a part of the heterocyclic ring or in the form of various functional groups. They are subdivided on the basis of their origin.	2.05	1	0	beta-caryophyllene	fragrance; insect attractant; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
baicalein [no description available]	3.1	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	3.1	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
fisetin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	3.51	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	2.02	1	0	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.41	1	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.02	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	3.57	2	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	2.25	1	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	7.6	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	3.15	1	0	prostaglandins A
rhoifolin rhoifolin: from many plants. apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside : An apigenin derivative having an alpha-(1->2)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; neohesperidoside	metabolite
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.21	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
4-hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	4-hydroxy steroid	metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	3.1	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.03	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.15	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
2,4-decadienal (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.	2.07	1	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde	apoptosis inducer; nematicide
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.31	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
hyodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.	3.1	1	0	5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.1	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.53	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	3.1	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol 6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.	3.1	1	0	6alpha-hydroxy steroid
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	3.54	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.	3.15	1	0	prostaglandins J	electrophilic reagent; insulin-sensitizing drug; metabolite
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	3.1	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
cannabigerol cannabigerol: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cannabigerol : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol which is substituted by a (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 2 and by a pentyl group at position 5. It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa and Helichrysum species.	3.15	1	0	phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antioxidant; appetite enhancer; cannabinoid receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	3.1	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	2.17	1	0	nerolidol
beta-ocimene beta-ocimene : The trans-stereoisomer of ocimene.. (Z)-beta-ocimene : A beta-ocimene that consists of octa-1,3,6-triene bearing two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 (the 3Z-isomer).	2.78	3	0	beta-ocimene	plant metabolite
osthenol osthenol: structure in first source. osthenol : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 8 has been replaced by a prenyl group.	2.02	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
angiotensin amide psilostachyin A: has antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, leishmanicidal, and molluscicidal activities; isolated from Ambrosia psilostachya; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	3.86	11	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.1	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid 4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor. N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 4-pentylcinnamoyl group. It is a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor.	2.21	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; TRP channel blocker
farnesylthioacetic acid farnesylthioacetic acid: a competitive inhibitor of isoprenylated protein methyltransferase; structure in first source	3.15	1	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.6	1	0
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	3.54	2	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.31	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
2-pentenal 2-pentenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-pentenal : An enal consisting of pent-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position. (E)-2-pentenal : A 2-pentenal in which the double bond has (E)-configuration. It is found in cigarette smoke, virgin olive oil, and milk.	3.15	1	0	2-pentenal	plant metabolite
germacrene d germacrene D: RN in 9th CI Form Index for unspecified stereoisomer: 37839-63-7	2.49	2	0
ajoene ajoene: major antiplatelet compound in methanol extract of garlic; also inhibits trypanothione reductase.	2.02	1	0	sulfoxide
deoxyribose [no description available]	1.98	1	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.41	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
normorphine normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.51	2	0
gamma-mangostin gamma-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antitumour activity.	2.02	1	0	phenols; xanthones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor
lavandulol lavandulol: defensive pheromone of the red-lined carrion beetle and additive in perfumes; structure in first source. lavandulol : A monoterpenoid alcohol that is hepta-1-5-diene which is substituted at positions 2 and 6 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group. It is commonly found in lavender oil.	2.07	1	0	lavandulol
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source	3.61	2	0	sesquiterpenoid
naltrindole benzofuran naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source	3.54	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
myricetin 3-o-glucuronide myricetin 3-O-glucuronide: from Epilobium angustifolium. myricetin 3-O-glucuronide : A myricetin O-glucuronide that is myricetin with a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid residue attached at the 3-position.	2.02	1	0	monosaccharide derivative; myricetin O-glucuronide; pentahydroxyflavone	metabolite
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	3.1	1	0	isoquinolines
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.13	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
bisabolol bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation	2.03	1	0
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	2.02	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.11	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	7.82	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.31	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	1.93	1	0
cadinol cadinol: from callus cultures of Chamomilla recutita (Asteraceae)	2.59	2	0
4-oxo-2-nonenal 4-oxo-2-nonenal: reacts with 2'-deoxyguanosine; a product of lipid peroxidation; structure in first source. (E)-4-oxonon-2-enal : The enal that is (E)-non-2-enal substituted with an oxo group at C-4.	3.15	1	0	enal; enone	human metabolite
3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine: lipophilic axon tracer; RN given for iodide salt	2.13	1	0
trilobatin trilobatin: anti-inflammatory from Lithocarpus polystachyus leaves; structure in first source. trilobatin : An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is phloretin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated from the leaves of the Chinese sweet tea Lithocarpus polystachyus and exhibits significant anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.	3.27	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
19-hydroxycholesterol 19-hydroxycholesterol: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	cholestanoid
beta-escin [no description available]	4.07	4	0
borneol [no description available]	3.52	2	0	borneol
bay-k-8644, (-)-isomer (S)-Bay-K-8644 : A methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate in which the 4-position has (S)-configuration.	3.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2.06	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
bay-k-8644 (R)-Bay-K-8644 : A methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate in which the 4-position has (R)-configuration.	3.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.08	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fumagillin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
bornyl acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.46	7	0	borneol
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	8.07	3	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbut-3-en-2-oxime 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbut-3-en-2-oxime: a TRPA1 antagonist	3.61	2	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.88	3	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
norcodeine norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
hirsutanonol hirsutanonol: a diarylheptanoid from the bark of Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica; inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
4-hydroxyestrone 4-hydroxyestrone : A 4-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; catechols; phenolic steroid	carcinogenic agent; estrogen; human urinary metabolite
beta-bisabolene (S)-beta-bisabolene : A beta-bisabolene which has (1S)-configuration.. beta-bisabolene : A bisabolene that is cyclohexene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a 6-methylhepta-1,5-dien-2-yl group at position 4.	2.07	1	0	beta-bisabolene
11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone 11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha,11beta)-isomer; structure	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
2-hydroxyestriol 2-hydroxyestriol: structure	3.1	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	7.17	1	0
geranyl glucoside geranyl glucoside: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	terpene glycoside
alpha-agarofuran [no description available]	2.15	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.42	2	0	nystatins
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
galline galline: protamine from rooster sperm nuclei	7.41	1	0
thiopental sodium thiopental sodium : An organic sodium salt having thiopental(1-) as the counter-ion.	1.95	1	0	organic sodium salt	intravenous anaesthetic
aflatoxin g1 aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index	2.04	1	0
oregonin oregonin: a diarylheptanoid from the bark of Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica; inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	diarylheptanoid
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.51	2	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.11	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	2.13	1	0	peptide hormone
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.97	4	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.13	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.07	13	0	glycoside
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.08	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	4.81	28	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.17	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
forsythoside b forsythoside B: structure in first source	2.61	2	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	7.31	1	0
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.15	1	0
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	7.6	1	0	glycoside
mannans [no description available]	2.21	1	0
8-iso-prostaglandin a2 8-isoprostaglandin A2: a cyclopentenone isoprostane	3.15	1	0	prostanoid
a 967079 A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.47	2	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.81	3	0
kuraridin kuraridin: isolated from Sophora flavescens; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
monepantel monepantel: Anthelmintic; effective gainst fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep. monepantel : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of p-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding 5-cyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ether. A broad-spectrum nematicide, it is used to control gastrointestinal roundworms in sheep and goats.	7.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; nematicide
gnaphalin gnaphalin: a lipophilic flavonol from Helichrysum sp.; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
phillyrin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	7.54	2	0
miogadial miogadial: responsible for hot taste of myoga, Zingiber mioga; structure in first source	3.15	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.13	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.44	7	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	3.57	2	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	9.26	5	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.25	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.3	4	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
4-hydroxycoumarin 2-hydroxychromone: structure	3.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	3.97	2	1
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	7.91	3	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.14	4	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.72	2	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	7.74	3	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.82	2	0
myrtecaine myrtecaine: structure	1.93	1	0	monoterpenoid
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.25	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	3.48	1	1
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.74	3	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.5	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	3.55	2	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.51	2	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.57	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	3.51	2	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	3.23	1	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	7.81	3	0	guanosines	biomarker
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	7.41	1	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.08	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.59	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	4.16	3	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	4.16	3	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	4.09	5	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.12	5	2
Ache [description not available]	5.88	8	1
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	6.12	5	2
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	5.88	8	1
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.97	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	4.09	5	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	3.95	4	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	3.95	4	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	7.25	38	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.85	3	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	4.77	6	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	4.77	6	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	3.53	2	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.41	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.75	3	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	3.57	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	3.95	3	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	4.24	12	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.31	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	3.11	4	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.94	3	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	7.41	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	7.63	2	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	6.87	39	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	6.87	39	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	8.55	2	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	4.11	5	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	8.23	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	4.11	5	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	2.82	2	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.79	6	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.34	5	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.79	6	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.34	5	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.41	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.41	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.41	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	6.82	20	3
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.41	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	4.05	4	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	3.12	4	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	3.12	4	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.31	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	3.1	4	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.77	3	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.77	3	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	7.41	1	0
Nasal Septal Perforation An opening or hole in the NASAL SEPTUM that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, drug use, or pathological process.	7.41	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	3.26	5	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.87	3	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	3.26	5	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	8.35	5	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	2.41	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	10.03	8	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.18	11	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	7.41	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.41	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	7.41	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	3.09	4	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	3.09	4	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.94	3	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	2.41	1	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	2.41	1	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	7.41	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	4.15	2	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	4.15	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.41	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.69	2	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	3.18	4	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.13	4	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.13	4	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	3.31	5	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.55	2	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.41	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.54	2	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.99	4	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.99	4	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	4.23	11	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	4.23	11	0
Cyst [description not available]	4.16	10	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	3.52	4	0
Acariasis [description not available]	3.66	7	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	2.9	2	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.68	2	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.9	6	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	4.9	6	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	3.68	2	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.72	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	7.6	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.6	1	0
Pythiosis A granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism PYTHIUM insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses, cattle, dogs, cats, fishes, and rarely in humans. It is classified into three forms: ocular, cutaneous, and arterial.	2.61	2	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	4.05	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	4.05	4	0
Allodynia [description not available]	3.24	5	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.6	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	3.01	3	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.6	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.51	7	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.51	7	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.6	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	2.6	1	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	2.6	1	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	2.72	2	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	3.36	5	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.69	2	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	3.36	5	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	7.98	3	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.98	3	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.6	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	7.81	3	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.81	3	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	7.6	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	7.6	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	4.61	5	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.89	10	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.89	10	0
Brain Injuries, Diffuse Brain injuries occurring over a wide area instead of specific focal area.	2.6	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.58	2	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.93	4	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.78	6	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.78	6	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.6	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.71	8	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	4.16	3	1
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	8.06	4	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.48	7	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.06	4	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.48	7	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.52	2	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.89	3	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.69	2	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.25	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.25	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.25	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.25	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.21	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.21	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.25	1	0
Itching [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.9	3	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.25	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	7.25	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	5.33	6	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	3.04	1	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	3.04	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	3.04	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	3.47	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	5.33	6	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	3.04	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.25	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.9	3	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	2.25	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	5.16	16	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	2.91	3	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.31	1	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	2.31	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	7.86	3	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	2.53	2	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.63	2	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	3.23	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	5.23	3	1
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.31	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.52	2	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.31	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.31	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	3.53	2	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.23	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.31	1	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	2.31	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.55	2	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.55	2	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.31	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.15	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	2.15	1	0
MODS [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.58	2	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	2.54	2	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.15	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	7.47	2	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.58	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.53	2	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.15	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.49	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.17	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	7.55	2	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.59	2	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.86	3	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	3.12	1	0
Anisakiasis Infection with roundworms of the genus ANISAKIS. Human infection results from the consumption of fish harboring roundworm larvae. The worms may cause acute NAUSEA; VOMITING; or penetrate into the wall of the DIGESTIVE TRACT where they give rise to EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA in the STOMACH; INTESTINES; or the OMENTUM.	2.17	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.17	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.17	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.98	2	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	3.98	2	1
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	7.21	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.83	3	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.21	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.17	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.17	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	7.58	2	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.58	2	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	7.52	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.21	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.48	2	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.83	3	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.21	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	3.59	1	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.59	1	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	2.21	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.21	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.21	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.21	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.21	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.54	2	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.57	2	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.25	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	2.25	1	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.21	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.08	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	7.08	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	4.37	4	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.49	2	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.1	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	3	4	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	3	4	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.1	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.1	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.1	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.11	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.11	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.11	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.11	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.46	2	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	2.11	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Abnormalities, Urogenital [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	2.11	1	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	2.11	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	2.11	1	0
Vaginal Discharge A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.	2.11	1	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	7.11	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.11	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.11	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.8	3	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	4.7	3	2
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	2.11	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.13	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.13	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.13	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2.13	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	2.13	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	7.13	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.13	1	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.5	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	2.13	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	7.47	2	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	7.13	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.15	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	7.15	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	2.15	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.44	2	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	7.05	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.76	3	0
Amentia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	7.07	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.07	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.07	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	3.47	1	1
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.01	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	1.93	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.01	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	2.02	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	2.03	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	2.04	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.04	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	1.98	1	0

carvacrol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (107)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (1 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (5)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (11)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (41)

Molecular Functions (24)

Ceullar Components (21)

Bioassays (163)

Research

Studies (1,201)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 52.17

Study Types

carvacrol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (107)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (1 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (5)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (11)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (41)

Molecular Functions (24)

Ceullar Components (21)

Bioassays (163)

Research

Studies (1,201)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 52.17

Study Types

Related Drugs (849)

Related Conditions (429)