Compounds > urolithin b

Page last updated: 2024-12-11

urolithin b

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

urolithin B: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5380406
CHEMBL ID	1526978
CHEBI ID	166606
SCHEMBL ID	4420540
MeSH ID	M000602214

Synonyms (61)

Synonym
MLS000067644
3-hydroxybenzo[c]chromen-6-one
urolithin b
CHEBI:166606
3-hydroxy-benzo[c]chromen-6-one
smr000125059
MLS001049038
CBDIVE_012154
nsc94726
1139-83-9
nsc-94726
OPREA1_202205
OPREA1_232259
STK086550
3-hydroxy-6h-benzo[c]chromen-6-one
NCIOPEN2_005982
AKOS000274161
NCGC00245498-02
NCGC00245498-01
HMS2172E20
b1s2ym5f6g ,
7-hydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin
6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one, 3-hydroxy-
nsc 94726
unii-b1s2ym5f6g
S1321
HMS3319J06
3-hydroxyurolithin
3-hydroxydibenzo-a-pyrone
BBL027918
SCHEMBL4420540
AC-34553
CHEMBL1526978 ,
DTXSID00150610
J-003044
6h-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, 3-hydroxy-
mfcd00034338
urolithin b, >=95% (hplc)
3-hydroxy-6h-benzo[c]chromen-6-one, aldrichcpr
np755
3-hydroxy-6h-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one
WXUQMTRHPNOXBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
3-hydroxy-urolithin
DS-9071
Q18395107
CS-0101847
HY-126307
FT-0778245
3-hydroxydibenzo-.alpha.-pyrone
2-biphenylcarboxylic acid, 2',4'-dihydroxy-, .delta.-lactone
3-hydroxy-6h-benzo(c)chromen-6-one
3-hydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one
3-hydroxy-6-benzo[c]chromenone
A920658
bdbm50521706
SY232456
EN300-186402
urolithinb
Z57108866
nsc823879
nsc-823879

Research Excerpts

Overview

Urolithin B (UB) is an additional major intestinal metabolite of ellagic acid (EA) It has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic biological activities.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Urolithin B (UB) is an additional major intestinal metabolite of ellagic acid (EA), which has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic biological activities."	( Urolithin B alleviates Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in mice. Cao, M; Chen, Q; He, Z; Huang, M; Qing, L; Wu, C; Yan, X; Yu, Z; Zhang, X; Zhao, J; Zhao, Q, 2023)	3.07

Effects

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Urolithin B and auraptene have been reported to exert potent antioxidant effects - however, little is known about the protective effects of these compounds against QA-induced neurotoxicity."	( The Effects of Urolithin B and Auraptene on Quinolinic Acid-induced Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Line. Abbasinezhad-Moud, F; Afshari, AR; Azadi, N; Forouzanfar, F; Jalili-Nik, M; Mirzavi, F; Mohebbati, R; Rakhshandeh, H; Sanati, M; Soukhtanloo, M, 2023)	1.98

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Due to the not well-established bioavailability of ellagitannins, the mechanisms of observed therapeutic effects following oral administration still remain unclear."	( Role of human gut microbiota metabolism in the anti-inflammatory effect of traditionally used ellagitannin-rich plant materials. Granica, S; Kiss, AK; Melzig, MF; Piwowarski, JP; Schopohl, P; Stefańska, J; Zwierzyńska, M, 2014)	0.4
"A pilot intervention study was conducted in human volunteers (n = 4) to establish the bioavailability of urolithins, which are the terminal end-products of ellagitannin metabolism by the gastrointestinal microflora."	( Pilot walnut intervention study of urolithin bioavailability in human volunteers. Gehres, N; Haubner, R; Owen, RW; Pfundstein, B; Ulrich, CM; Würtele, G, 2014)	0.68
" Due to the questionable bioavailability of ellagitannins their gut microbiota metabolites-urolithins have come to be regarded as potential factors responsible for biological activities observed in vivo."	( Urolithins, gut microbiota-derived metabolites of ellagitannins, inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Granica, S; Kiss, AK; Moeslinger, T; Piwowarski, JP, 2015)	0.42
"We investigated the effect of mixing soy protein isolate and pomegranate juice (PJ) on the bioavailability and metabolism of ellagitannins (ETs) in healthy volunteers."	( Soy protein isolate does not affect ellagitannin bioavailability and urolithin formation when mixed with pomegranate juice in humans. Heber, D; Henning, SM; Hsu, M; Lee, R; Li, Z; ManLam, H; Thames, G; Yang, J, 2016)	0.43
"The consumption of foodstuffs yielding circulating compounds able to maintain endothelial function by improving nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability can be considered as an effective strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention."	( Effects on Nitric Oxide Production of Urolithins, Gut-Derived Ellagitannin Metabolites, in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Bonadonna, RC; Brighenti, F; Cito, M; Dei Cas, A; Del Rio, D; Fantuzzi, F; Mena, P; Spigoni, V, 2016)	0.43

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

Class	Description
coumarins
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
ellagic acid degradation to urolithins	0	11

Protein Targets (19)

Potency Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	Escherichia coli K-12	Potency	17.7828	0.0447	17.8581	100.0000	AID485294
glp-1 receptor, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.0000	0.0184	6.8060	14.1254	AID624417
ClpP	Bacillus subtilis	Potency	39.8107	1.9953	22.6730	39.8107	AID651965
ATAD5 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	0.0041	10.8903	31.5287	AID504467
nonstructural protein 1	Influenza A virus (A/WSN/1933(H1N1))	Potency	11.2202	0.2818	9.7212	35.4813	AID2326
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	89.1251	0.7079	36.9043	89.1251	AID504333
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.9953	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	50.1187	5.8048	36.1306	65.1308	AID540263
snurportin-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	50.1187	5.8048	36.1306	65.1308	AID540263
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.1838	0.1000	28.9256	213.3130	AID588591
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.8489	0.0041	9.9625	28.1838	AID2675
relaxin receptor 1 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.1254	0.0388	14.3501	43.6206	AID2676
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.0119	0.0158	12.3113	615.5000	AID1461
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.9125	1.9953	25.5327	50.1187	AID624287
Inositol monophosphatase 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	10.4756	28.1838	AID1457; AID901
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	1.7783	16.2081	35.4813	AID652104
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.5100	1.6437	3.1200	AID1588066
large T antigen	Betapolyomavirus macacae	IC50 (µMol)	38.7600	0.1600	24.9724	100.0000	AID1903
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	AC50	300.0000	0.0135	29.7434	171.7000	AID463203
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (28)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasis	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucagon stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
protein O-linked glycosylation	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
O-glycan processing	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein O-linked glycosylation via serine	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein O-linked glycosylation via threonine	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein maturation	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA processing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA splicing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcription	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane organization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (15)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase activator activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
manganese ion binding	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate binding	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
pre-mRNA intronic binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activity	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (18)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi stack	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi cisterna membrane	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
perichromatin fibrils	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speck	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
interchromatin granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (16)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1588066	Inhibition of catalytic activity of human recombinant FLAG-tagged ppGalNAcT2 expressed in HEK293T cells and using 5-FAM labelled-EA2 peptide as substrate incubated for 30 mins by HPLC-based enzyme assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Inhibition of polypeptide N-acetyl-α-galactosaminyltransferases is an underlying mechanism of dietary polyphenols preventing colorectal tumorigenesis.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (62)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	2 (3.23)	29.6817
2010's	39 (62.90)	24.3611
2020's	21 (33.87)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 27.91

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	27.91 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.16 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	5.59 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	48.61 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	3.27 (0.95)

This Compound (27.91)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (1.61%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (3.23%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	59 (95.16%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.54	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	7.6	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.6	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.6	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.11	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.15	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.21	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
strictinin strictinin: antioxidant from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.); structure in first source	2.6	1	0
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	2.6	1	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.6	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
dihydroresveratrol dihydroresveratrol: structure in first source. dihydroresveratrol : A stilbenol that is 1,1'-ethane-1,2-diyldibenzene with hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 4'.	2.17	1	0	stilbenol	plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
tellimagrandin i tellimagrandin I: isolated from Filipendula palmata; RN given for (D)-isomer	2.6	1	0	tannin
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.13	1	0
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.17	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.17	1	0	stilbene
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.27	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
aurapten aurapten: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. auraptene : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.	7.6	1	0	coumarins; monoterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; dopaminergic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; gamma-secretase modulator; gastrointestinal drug; hepatoprotective agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; vulnerary
quercetin [no description available]	3.27	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.25	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.25	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.25	1	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	3.27	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	8.86	10	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
urolithin d urolithin D: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	3.38	6	0	hydroxycoumarin
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one: metabolite of ellagic acid	8.44	35	1	coumarins	geroprotector
3,3'-di-o-methylellagic acid 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.41	1	0	oligopeptide
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	tannin
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	9.27	48	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.13	1	0
urolithin c urolithin C: inhibits cell proliferation; from Epilobium sp. herbs; structure in first source	3.82	10	0	coumarins
chebulic acid chebulic acid: from the ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula	2.11	1	0
ellagitannin ellagitannin: structure; precoxin A/ praecoxin A is a purified ellagitannin. ellagitannin : A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.	6.14	10	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	8.06	4	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.1	1	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	7.72	2	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.72	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.68	2	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	7.82	2	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.6	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	7.6	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	7.6	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.59	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.6	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	7.25	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.25	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.25	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.25	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.55	2	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	3.55	2	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.31	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	3.09	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	4.9	2	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	5.14	3	1
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	3.09	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.15	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.15	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.15	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	7.15	1	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	3.48	2	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	3.09	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	3.48	2	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.17	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	7.57	2	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.21	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.21	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.21	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.1	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.11	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.13	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.13	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.15	1	0

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