levobupivacaine profile

Levobupivacaine is an amide local anesthetic that is the S(+) enantiomer of bupivacaine. It is a chiral molecule, meaning that it exists in two mirror-image forms. Levobupivacaine is the more potent and longer-acting form of the two enantiomers. It is typically used for pain relief after surgery or other procedures. Levobupivacaine works by blocking nerve impulses in the body, preventing the transmission of pain signals to the brain. The drug was first synthesized in the 1970s by a team of researchers at the University of Helsinki. Levobupivacaine is studied because of its potential benefits over bupivacaine, including a longer duration of action and a lower risk of side effects. Research on levobupivacaine is ongoing, and the drug is currently used in a variety of clinical settings.'

Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	92253
CHEMBL ID	1201193
CHEBI ID	6149
SCHEMBL ID	34537
MeSH ID	M0452926

Synonym
BIDD:GT0471
CHEBI:6149 ,
cas-18010-40-7
NCGC00016733-01
levobupivacaine [inn:ban]
2',6'-pipecoloxylidide, 1-butyl-, l-(-)-
l(-)-bupivacaine
27262-47-1
levobupivacaine
l-(-)-1-butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide
C07887
DB01002
(s)-bupivacaine
(s)-1-butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide
l-(-)-bupivacaine
(-)-bupivacaine
levobupivacaine (inn)
D08116
novabupi (tn)
(2s)-1-butyl-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide
CHEMBL1201193
l-bupivacaine
novabupi
bupivacaine, (s)-
bupivacaine, (-)-
bupivacaine (-)-form
A818983
(2s)-1-butyl-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-piperidinecarboxamide
bdbm50350791
unii-a5h73k9u3w
a5h73k9u3w ,
levobupivacaina
bdbm50417951
S5181
AKOS016340525
gtpl7211
(2s)-1-butyl-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboximidic acid
(s)-1-butyl-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-piperidinecarboxamide
levobupivacaine [who-dd]
ropivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate impurity a [ep impurity]
levobupivacaine [mart.]
bupivacaine (-)-form [mi]
levobupivacaine [vandf]
levobupivacaine [inn]
LEBVLXFERQHONN-INIZCTEOSA-N
SCHEMBL34537
KS-5195
DTXSID8048496
levobupivacaine free base
Q-100344
2-piperidinecarboxamide, 1-butyl-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-, (2s)-
mfcd00936851
(s)-1-butyl-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide
NCGC00159482-03
Q3272027
(s)-(-)-bupivacaine
27262-47-1 (free base)
D87861
HY-B0653
CS-0009570
(2~{s})-1-butyl-~{n}-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide
Z2242128693
oj0 ,

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Levobupivacaine is a long-acting amide local anaesthetic used in analgesia and anaesthesia. "	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Levobupivacaine. Bampoe, S; Brunnen, D; Heppolette, CAA; Odor, PM, 2020)	2.25
"QXOH-Levobupivacaine (LB) is a fixed-dose combination of 35-mM QXOH and 10-mM LB. "	( The 14-day repeated-dose toxicity study of a fixed-dose combination, QXOH/levobupivacaine, via subcutaneous injection in beagle dogs. Gong, D; Kang, Y; Liu, J; Yang, J; Yin, Q; Zhang, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.37
"Levobupivacaine is an enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine with less cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity."	( Local anesthesia for treatment of hernia in elder patients: Levobupicavaine or Bupivacaine? Accurso, A; Amato, B; Amato, M; Aprea, G; Bianco, T; Compagna, R; Danzi, M; Fappiano, F; Rossi, R; Vigliotti, G, 2013)	1.11
"Levobupivacaine is a valid alternative to traditional local anesthetics for surgical removal of lower third molars. "	( Postoperative pain relief after surgical removal of impacted third molars: a single-blind, randomized, controlled study to compare levobupivacaine and mepivacaine. Brienza, N; Crincoli, V; Di Bisceglie, MB; Favia, G; Giuliani, R; Massaro, M, 2009)	2
"Levobupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic with a clinical profile similar to that of racemic bupivacaine but with a greater margin of safety. "	( The direct effect of levobupivacaine in isolated rat aorta involves lipoxygenase pathway activation and endothelial nitric oxide release. Choi, YS; Hah, YS; Hwang, EM; Jeong, YS; Lee, SH; Ok, SH; Park, JY; Shin, IW; Sohn, JT, 2010)	2.12
"Levobupivacaine (Chirocaine) is a long-acting amide local anaesthetic that is effective when administered as an epidural, spinal, peripheral nerve or ocular block, or by topical application or local infiltration. "	( Levobupivacaine: a review of its use in regional anaesthesia and pain management. Keating, GM; Sanford, M, 2010)	3.25
"Levobupivacaine is a long acting local anesthetic with less cardiovascular toxicity. "	( [Comparison of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine for postoperative epidural analgesia]. Goyagi, T; Kudo, R; Nishikawa, T, 2010)	2.16
"Levobupivacaine is a new long-acting local anesthetic, which is the isolated S-enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine with less cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity than bupivacaine. "	( A comparison of spinal isobaric levobupivacaine and racemic bupivacaine for lower abdominal and lower extremity surgery. Bn, KP; Bn, MT; Bn, RK; Sathitkarnmanee, T; Thongrong, C; Tribuddharat, S, 2011)	2.1
"Levobupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic that intrinsically produces vasoconstriction in isolated vessels. "	( Levobupivacaine-induced contraction of isolated rat aorta is calcium dependent. Baik, JS; Chung, YK; Hwang, EM; Kim, JG; Ok, SH; Park, JY; Park, SS; Sohn, JT; Sung, HJ, 2011)	3.25
"Levobupivacaine is a long-acting amide local anesthetic that intrinsically produces vasoconstriction both in vivo and in vitro. "	( Protein kinases participate in the contraction in response to levobupivacaine in the rat aorta. Kwon, SC; Lee, SH; Ok, SH; Shim, HS; Sohn, JT, 2012)	2.06
"Levobupivacaine is an enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine with less cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity."	( Comparative study between Levobupivacaine and Bupivacaine for hernia surgery in the elderly. Amato, B; Amato, M; Aprea, G; Compagna, R; Coretti, G; Iacono, F; Militello, C; Prezioso, D; Puzziello, A; Vigliotti, G, 2012)	1.4
"Levobupivacaine 7.5 g ml(-1) is an isobaric solution within all patient groups at 37 degrees C [corrected]"	( Density of spinal anaesthetic solutions of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine with and without dextrose. McLeod, GA, 2004)	1.29
"Levobupivacaine is an effective local anaesthetic agent for nerve blockade with less systemic toxicity than racemic bupivacaine. "	( Plasma levobupivacaine concentrations following scalp block in patients undergoing awake craniotomy. Cormack, JR; Costello, TG; Harris, K; LaFerlita, B; Mather, LE; Murphy, MA, 2005)	2.23
"Levobupivacaine is an effective agent for caudal anesthesia in children at a recommended dose of 2.5 mg x kg(-1). "	( Levobupivacaine caudal anesthesia in children: a randomized double-blind comparison with bupivacaine. Downie, S; Frawley, GP; Huang, GH, 2006)	3.22

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Levobupivacaine has a relatively greater advantage in reducing opioids requirement and decreasing the pain score of patients, and bilateral superficial cervical plexus blockade and pre thyroidectomy intervention have more advantages than local wound infiltration and post thyroidectomy intervention in alleviating patients' pain."	( Drugs used in regional block analgesia for thyroidectomy: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can, G; Jiang Sheng, H; Xin, W; Zhe Xu, C, 2022)	2.16
"Levobupivacaine has a greater vasodilatory effect than ropivacaine. "	( Regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: a comparison between ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Arlati, S; Bettinelli, L; Bracconaro, G; Cristalli, A; Marconi, G; Zerbi, S, 2009)	2.02
"Levobupivacaine has a greater safety margin for cardiotoxicity than bupivacaine; consequently it has been recommended as the agent of choice for extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. "	( Low-dose epidural top up for emergency caesarean delivery: a randomised comparison of levobupivacaine versus lidocaine/epinephrine/fentanyl. Balaji, P; Dhillon, P; Russell, IF, 2009)	2.02
"Levobupivacaine has a vasoconstrictive effect in 0.25% concentrations that may be beneficial in tonsillectomy patients and has a consistent analgesic effect."	( Vasoconstrictive and analgesic efficacy of locally infiltrated levobupivacaine in tonsillectomy patients. Akin, I; Akkaya, T; Aladag, E; Alicura, S; Ergil, J; Gozaydin, O; Gumus, H; Gunsoy, B, 2012)	2.06
"Levobupivacaine 5 g ml(-1) has a significantly higher density compared with bupivacaine 5 g ml(-1) and ropivacaine 5 g ml(-1) at 23 and 37 degrees C both with and without dextrose."	( Density of spinal anaesthetic solutions of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine with and without dextrose. McLeod, GA, 2004)	1.29
"Levobupivacaine has a relatively greater advantage in reducing opioids requirement and decreasing the pain score of patients, and bilateral superficial cervical plexus blockade and pre thyroidectomy intervention have more advantages than local wound infiltration and post thyroidectomy intervention in alleviating patients' pain."	( Drugs used in regional block analgesia for thyroidectomy: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can, G; Jiang Sheng, H; Xin, W; Zhe Xu, C, 2022)	2.16
"Levobupivacaine group has shown a greater request for paracetamol while patients who experienced bupivacaine have showed a higher request of other analgesics."	( Local anesthesia for treatment of hernia in elder patients: Levobupicavaine or Bupivacaine? Accurso, A; Amato, B; Amato, M; Aprea, G; Bianco, T; Compagna, R; Danzi, M; Fappiano, F; Rossi, R; Vigliotti, G, 2013)	1.11
"Levobupivacaine has less toxic potential on both the cardiovascular and central nervous system and has been widely used for postoperative epidural analgesia in surgical patients. "	( Comparative efficacy of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine for epidural block in outpatients with degenerative spinal disease. Araki, H; Egashira, T; Fukasaki, M; Hara, T; Okada, M; Sakai, A; Terao, Y, )	1.88
"Levobupivacaine has been developed as a safer alternative to bupivacaine because of its reduced systemic toxicity. "	( Effects of levobupivacaine on isolated rat tracheal smooth muscle. Chang, HC; Chen, SY; Cherng, YG; Huang, YF; Liu, FL; Wang, HW, 2015)	2.25
"Levobupivacaine has excellent anesthetic effect in epidural anesthesia for gynecology and it is suitable for clinical use."	( Application of Ropivacaine and Levobupivacaine in Epidural Anesthesia for Gynecological Surgery. Ma, MY; Wang, Y; Wang, YP; Zhang, Y, )	1.86
"Levobupivacaine has been extensively evaluated for spinal anesthesia. "	( Effects of baricity of 0.5% or 0.75% levobupivacaine on the onset time of spinal anesthesia: a randomized trial. Adamanti, S; Baciarello, M; Danelli, G; De Marco, G; Di Cianni, S; Fanelli, G; Zasa, M, 2008)	2.06
"Levobupivacaine has less central nervous system side effects than racemic bupivacaine, but its anesthetic effect is not as intense. "	( Comparison of histologic spinal cord and neurologic changes in guinea pigs after subarachnoid block with large volumes of racemic bupivacaine, 50% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine (S75-R25), and levobupivacaine. Capelozzi, M; Capelozzi, VL; Posso, Ide P; Vasconcelos Filho, PO, )	1.76
"Levobupivacaine has a greater vasodilatory effect than ropivacaine. "	( Regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: a comparison between ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Arlati, S; Bettinelli, L; Bracconaro, G; Cristalli, A; Marconi, G; Zerbi, S, 2009)	2.02
"Levobupivacaine has a greater safety margin for cardiotoxicity than bupivacaine; consequently it has been recommended as the agent of choice for extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section. "	( Low-dose epidural top up for emergency caesarean delivery: a randomised comparison of levobupivacaine versus lidocaine/epinephrine/fentanyl. Balaji, P; Dhillon, P; Russell, IF, 2009)	2.02
"Levobupivacaine has a vasoconstrictive effect in 0.25% concentrations that may be beneficial in tonsillectomy patients and has a consistent analgesic effect."	( Vasoconstrictive and analgesic efficacy of locally infiltrated levobupivacaine in tonsillectomy patients. Akin, I; Akkaya, T; Aladag, E; Alicura, S; Ergil, J; Gozaydin, O; Gumus, H; Gunsoy, B, 2012)	2.06
"Levobupivacaine 5 g ml(-1) has a significantly higher density compared with bupivacaine 5 g ml(-1) and ropivacaine 5 g ml(-1) at 23 and 37 degrees C both with and without dextrose."	( Density of spinal anaesthetic solutions of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine with and without dextrose. McLeod, GA, 2004)	1.29
"Levobupivacaine (0.5%) has better anaesthetic properties with respect to 0.75% ropivacaine and is well-suited for peribulbar block in cataract surgery."	( Efficacy and comparison of 0.5% levobupivacaine with 0.75% ropivacaine for peribulbar anaesthesia in cataract surgery. Celleno, D; Di Donato, A; Fontana, C; Lancia, F, 2006)	2.06

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Levobupivacaine may produce a sensory and motor block that is different from that produced by bupivacaine, the most popular local anaesthetic for parturients undergoing caesarean section (CS)."	( An unusually prolonged duration of spinal anaesthesia following 0.5% levobupivacaine. Bigat, Z; Ertugrul, F; Karsli, B; Kayacan, N, 2012)	1.33
"Levobupivacaine did not cause any significant changes in haemodynamic parameters, including systolic blood pressure, and showed a similar sensory block onset time compared with bupivacaine, but it had a significantly longer motor block onset time compared with bupivacaine."	( Intrathecal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine: which should be used for elderly patients? Bigat, Z; Ertugrul, F; Gulec, D; Karsli, B; Kayacan, N, 2014)	1.42
"Levobupivacaine may produce a sensory and motor block different from that produced by bupivacaine, which is the most popular local anesthetic in parturients undergoing cesarean section. "	( A randomized comparison of different doses of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl for elective cesarean section: prospective, double-blinded study. Firat, V; Gunusen, I; Karaman, S; Sargin, A, 2011)	2.06
"Levobupivacaine produced an increase in amplitude of contractions, while bupivacaine showed an increased trend in frequency."	( Effects of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine on rat myometrium. Li, ZG; Tang, HF; Zhou, L, 2006)	1.45

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Levobupivacaine treated group required significantly more intravenous tramadol when compared with paracetamol and lornoxicam groups in patients submitted to transperitoneal laparoscopic renal and adrenal surgery."	( Comparıson of different postoperative paın managements in patients submitted to transperitoneal laparoscopic renal and adrenal surgery. Aslan, Y; Atan, A; Balci, M; Postaci, A; Tuncel, A, )	1.57
"Treatment with levobupivacaine inhibited the development of pain hypersensitivity for two hours."	( Dexmedetomidine prolongs levobupivacaine analgesia via inhibition of inflammation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in rat dorsal root ganglion. Amaya, F; Matsuda, M; Sawa, T; Yamaguchi, Y; Yamakita, S, 2017)	1.1
"Pretreatment with levobupivacaine produced significant changes in agonist-induced platelet P-selectin translocation, ATP release, thromboxane A2 (TxA2) production, and calcium mobilization in a dose-dependent manner."	( Levobupivacaine differentially suppresses platelet aggregation by modulating calcium release in a dose-dependent manner. Day, YJ; Hung, LM; Liao, CH; Lin, HT; Liou, JT; Liu, FC; Mao, CC, 2012)	2.15

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" PCB was found to be a safe pain-relief method for low-risk parturients."	( A comparative study of the safety of 0.25% levobupivacaine and 0.25% racemic bupivacaine for paracervical block in the first stage of labor. Huhtala, H; Kirkinen, P; Palomäki, O, 2005)	0.59
"General anesthesia produced physiological perturbations, exacerbated local anesthetic-induced cardiovascular depression, and changed the pharmacokinetics of toxic doses of local anesthetics."	( The effects of general anesthesia on the central nervous and cardiovascular system toxicity of local anesthetics. Copeland, SE; Gu, XQ; Ladd, LA; Mather, LE, 2008)	0.35
" The present article provides a concise review of the toxic potencies of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine."	( The toxicity of local anesthetics: the place of ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Graf, BM; Zink, W, 2008)	0.82
" Experimental studies and case reports confirm this hypothesis, showing that ropivacaine is characterized by fewer (cardio) toxic effects and, most probably, a greater margin of safety."	( The toxicity of local anesthetics: the place of ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Graf, BM; Zink, W, 2008)	0.58
" We highlight how these toxic effects have motivated the search for a safe and long-acting local anesthetic."	( Local anesthetic systemic toxicity. Dillane, D; Finucane, BT, 2010)	0.36
" Local anaesthesia is however associated with potential risks and adverse reactions including toxicity."	( Local anaesthetic toxicity. Maher, AJ; Metcalfe, SA; Parr, S, 2008)	0.35
"Local anaesthesia although safe has the potential to cause serious harm in the event of toxicity."	( Local anaesthetic toxicity. Maher, AJ; Metcalfe, SA; Parr, S, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse effects were rare and unrelated to the choice of drug."	( Evidence-based clinical update: Which local anesthetic drug for pediatric caudal block provides optimal efficacy with the fewest side effects? Cox, RG; Dobereiner, EF; Ewen, A; Lardner, DR, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse effects in human studies are rare, mild, and unrelated to the choice of drug."	( Evidence-based clinical update: Which local anesthetic drug for pediatric caudal block provides optimal efficacy with the fewest side effects? Cox, RG; Dobereiner, EF; Ewen, A; Lardner, DR, 2010)	0.36
" This may contribute to a further increase in the safe use of spinal anesthesia in the clinical setting."	( Spinal anesthesia revisited: toxicity of new and old drugs and compounds. Hampl, K; Steinfeldt, T; Wulf, H, 2014)	0.4
" No adverse events were reported."	( Single Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block is Safe and Effective for Emergency Pain Relief in Hip-fracture Patients. Dijksman, LM; Groot, L; Rebel, JR; Simons, MP; Zwartsenburg, MM, 2015)	0.42
"In a busy Dutch ED with rotating residents of varying levels of experience, FICB seems to be an efficient, safe and practical method for pain reduction in patients with a hip fracture."	( Single Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block is Safe and Effective for Emergency Pain Relief in Hip-fracture Patients. Dijksman, LM; Groot, L; Rebel, JR; Simons, MP; Zwartsenburg, MM, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this study was to characterize levobupivacaine absorption pharmacokinetics, with and without epinephrine, and estimate the risk of LAST, based on a previously reported toxic threshold."	( Levobupivacaine absorption pharmacokinetics with and without epinephrine during TAP block: analysis of doses based on the associated risk of local anaesthetic toxicity. Altermatt, FR; Araneda, A; Cortínez, LI; Corvetto, MA; Echevarría, GC; Miranda, P, 2016)	2.14
" Our study shows LRSB is effective and safe for laparoscopic abdominal surgery."	( Laparoscopic-assisted Rectus Sheath Block as a Novel Technique is Effective and Safe: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ebihara, Y; Hirano, S; Kurashima, Y; Miyazaki, D; Murakami, S; Nakamura, T; Noji, T; Okamura, K; Shichinohe, T; Tsuchikawa, T, 2017)	0.46
" All adverse events during the hospital stay were recorded."	( A prospective, randomized, open label, controlled study investigating the efficiency and safety of 3 different methods of rectus sheath block analgesia following midline laparotomy. Anttila, M; Eskelinen, M; Hautajärvi, H; Kinnunen, M; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Lehtonen, M; Purdy, M, 2018)	0.48
" No serious or unexpected adverse events were reported."	( A prospective, randomized, open label, controlled study investigating the efficiency and safety of 3 different methods of rectus sheath block analgesia following midline laparotomy. Anttila, M; Eskelinen, M; Hautajärvi, H; Kinnunen, M; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Lehtonen, M; Purdy, M, 2018)	0.48
"1 ng·mL, remained far below theoretical toxic thresholds."	( Transversus Abdominal Plane Block in Children: Efficacy and Safety: A Randomized Clinical Study and Pharmacokinetic Profile. Bringuier, S; Capdevila, X; Dadure, C; Mathieu, O; Menacé, C; Raux, O; Saour, AC; Sola, C, 2019)	0.51
"The onset and duration of sensory block and analgesia, hemodynamic parameters, and adverse effects were recorded."	( Hemodynamic Safety and Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Superficial Cervical Block Quality for Carotid Endarterectomy: A Prospective Study. Lijovic, L; Pazur, I; Perisa, N; Radocaj, T; Skrtic, M, 2023)	0.91
"5% levobupivacaine and 2% lidocaine for SCB did not influence the hemodynamics and frequency of adverse effects."	( Hemodynamic Safety and Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Superficial Cervical Block Quality for Carotid Endarterectomy: A Prospective Study. Lijovic, L; Pazur, I; Perisa, N; Radocaj, T; Skrtic, M, 2023)	1.53

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of the two bupivacaine enantiomers differs and that of racemic bupivacaine may be age dependent."	( Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine 0.25% following caudal administration in children under 2 years of age. Austin, S; Chalkiadis, GA; Cranswick, N; Eyres, RL; Taylor, RH, 2004)	0.65
" Sampling in future pharmacokinetic studies in this age group should extend beyond 60 min."	( Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine 0.25% following caudal administration in children under 2 years of age. Austin, S; Chalkiadis, GA; Cranswick, N; Eyres, RL; Taylor, RH, 2004)	0.65
"The highest Cmax reached in this study was close to the toxic threshold of adult patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine (2.5 mg/kg) after caudal administration in children younger than 3 years. Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Muñoz, HR; Ostermann, P; Solari, S; Vega, M, 2008)	0.67
" Tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients calculated from the total (protein-bound and unbound) and unbound concentrations in plasma and brain as well as pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma and cerebral extracellular fluid were compared among the three anesthetics."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and levobupivacaine in plasma and brain in awake rats. Asada, A; Hase, I; Ikeda, Y; Miyake, W; Nakamura, T; Oda, Y; Takahashi, R, 2010)	0.62
" The safety profile of different drugs can be better estimated by comparing their pharmacokinetic profiles than by considering their objective side effects."	( A Comparison of Differences Between the Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine During Continuous Epidural Infusion: A Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Allegri, M; Braschi, A; Cusato, M; De Andrés, J; Fanelli, G; Ingelmo, P; Niebel, TL; Perotti, L; Regazzi, M; Riva, F; Somaini, M; Tinelli, C, 2015)	0.65
" The plasma concentrations of ropivacaine approached the Cmax significantly faster than those of levobupivacaine."	( A Comparison of Differences Between the Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine During Continuous Epidural Infusion: A Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Allegri, M; Braschi, A; Cusato, M; De Andrés, J; Fanelli, G; Ingelmo, P; Niebel, TL; Perotti, L; Regazzi, M; Riva, F; Somaini, M; Tinelli, C, 2015)	0.87
" There is, however, no pharmacokinetic data to support the currently recommended doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine following infant spinal anesthesia. Bjorksten, A; Frawley, G; Hallett, B; Velkov, T, 2016)	0.76
"This was an open-label pharmacokinetic safety and tolerability study of levobupivacaine spinal anesthesia in infants <55 weeks Post Menstrual Age undergoing lower abdominal surgery."	( Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine following infant spinal anesthesia. Bjorksten, A; Frawley, G; Hallett, B; Velkov, T, 2016)	0.99
", half-life (t 1/2β ), was prolonged, and the elimination rate constants (K 12 and K 10) were significantly decreased (P < 0."	( Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine Used for Epidural Anesthesia in Patients with Liver Dysfunction. Li, F; Ma, M; Ran, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, W, 2015)	0.68
" Peak concentration was decreased by 26 to 30% in the subjects receiving Intralipid®."	( Effect of Intralipid® on the Dose of Ropivacaine or Levobupivacaine Tolerated by Volunteers: A Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Study. Benhamou, D; Charbit, B; Dureau, P; Mazoit, JX; Nicolas, N, 2016)	0.68
" A pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the NONMEM statistical programme."	( Levobupivacaine absorption pharmacokinetics with and without epinephrine during TAP block: analysis of doses based on the associated risk of local anaesthetic toxicity. Altermatt, FR; Araneda, A; Cortínez, LI; Corvetto, MA; Echevarría, GC; Miranda, P, 2016)	1.88
" Epinephrine prolonged the levobupivacaine absorption half-life {4."	( Levobupivacaine absorption pharmacokinetics with and without epinephrine during TAP block: analysis of doses based on the associated risk of local anaesthetic toxicity. Altermatt, FR; Araneda, A; Cortínez, LI; Corvetto, MA; Echevarría, GC; Miranda, P, 2016)	2.17
" Cases of toxicity and the limited pharmacokinetic information during pregnancy motivated this study."	( Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine with epinephrine in transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after Caesarean section. Altermatt, FR; Cortínez, LI; Corvetto, MA; Lacassie, HJ; Rolle, A; Solari, S, 2018)	0.8
" Evidence to support any particular local anesthetic regimen as well as pharmacokinetic and systemic toxicity risks of TAP block remain insufficiently studied in children."	( Transversus Abdominal Plane Block in Children: Efficacy and Safety: A Randomized Clinical Study and Pharmacokinetic Profile. Bringuier, S; Capdevila, X; Dadure, C; Mathieu, O; Menacé, C; Raux, O; Saour, AC; Sola, C, 2019)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic profile study of levobupivacaine was also performed."	( Transversus Abdominal Plane Block in Children: Efficacy and Safety: A Randomized Clinical Study and Pharmacokinetic Profile. Bringuier, S; Capdevila, X; Dadure, C; Mathieu, O; Menacé, C; Raux, O; Saour, AC; Sola, C, 2019)	0.79
" However, the dosing regimen is still empirical, and the pharmacokinetic properties of levobupivacaine are not considered."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine During Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Children. Khier, S; Mathieu, O; Menacé, C; Nolain, P; Vincent, M, 2020)	1.07
" The population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the NONMEM software."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine During Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Children. Khier, S; Mathieu, O; Menacé, C; Nolain, P; Vincent, M, 2020)	0.84
" The pharmacokinetic properties of levobupivacaine are similar to that of bupivacaine; both extensively metabolised in the liver, and excreted in the urine and faeces."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Levobupivacaine. Bampoe, S; Brunnen, D; Heppolette, CAA; Odor, PM, 2020)	1.09

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The current trial describes the dose-response relation of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, and bupivacaine, combined with sufentanil, when used for intrathecal labor analgesia."	( Determination of the full dose-response relation of intrathecal bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine, combined with sufentanil, for labor analgesia. Deprest, J; Dreelinck, R; Dubois, J; Kumar, A; Lewi, L; Van de Velde, M; Vandermeersch, E, 2007)	0.81
"5% (10 mg) combined with either intrathecal fentanyl (10 and 20 microg), or sufentanil (5 microg) in terms of sensory and motor block characteristics."	( Comparison of intrathecal bupivacaine and levobupivacaine combined with opioids for Caesarean section. Bremerich, DH; Byhahn, C; Fetsch, N; Gogarten, W; Meininger, D; Zwissler, BC, 2007)	0.6
"5% combined with sufentanil 5 microg was the most appropriate anaesthetic regimen in parturients undergoing elective Caesarean delivery in spinal anaesthesia."	( Comparison of intrathecal bupivacaine and levobupivacaine combined with opioids for Caesarean section. Bremerich, DH; Byhahn, C; Fetsch, N; Gogarten, W; Meininger, D; Zwissler, BC, 2007)	0.6
"125%), all in combination with sufentanil 1 microg/mL with regard to postoperative pain relief and absence of motor block in a patient-controlled epidural analgesia setting."	( Postoperative epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty with sufentanil 1 microg/ml combined with ropivacaine 0.2%, ropivacaine 0.125%, or levobupivacaine 0.125%: a randomized, double-blind comparison. Dahan, A; Rose, L; Sitsen, E; Stienstra, R; van Alphen, W; van Poorten, F, )	0.33
"To investigate the clinical effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine."	( [Effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine]. Ruan, XC; She, SZ; Su, J; Xie, XQ; Xu, LX, 2008)	0.75
" 4 microg/ml combined with levobupivacaine 2 mg/ml was given for postoperative epidural patient-controlled analgesia."	( [Effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine]. Ruan, XC; She, SZ; Su, J; Xie, XQ; Xu, LX, 2008)	0.85
"Epidural clonidine 2-4 microg/kg pretreatment improves the clinical effects of epidural PCA using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine."	( [Effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine]. Ruan, XC; She, SZ; Su, J; Xie, XQ; Xu, LX, 2008)	0.76
"To evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative local anesthetic infiltration in combination with intravenous paracetamol infusion on postoperative pain management in patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)."	( Efficacy of levobupivacaine infiltration to nephrosthomy tract in combination with intravenous paracetamol on postoperative analgesia in percutaneous nephrolithotomy patients. Dogan, HS; Gokten, OE; Kilicarslan, H; Kordan, Y; Turker, G, 2011)	0.75
"Levobupivacaine infiltration through the nephrostomy tract in combination with intravenous paracetamol infusion was shown to be safe and efficacious as an analgesia method after PCNL."	( Efficacy of levobupivacaine infiltration to nephrosthomy tract in combination with intravenous paracetamol on postoperative analgesia in percutaneous nephrolithotomy patients. Dogan, HS; Gokten, OE; Kilicarslan, H; Kordan, Y; Turker, G, 2011)	2.19
"Our prospective, randomized, double-blind study aimed to detect the effect of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl or morphine on the postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing cesarean section."	( [Assessment of the effect of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl or morphine on postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing cesarean section]. Acar, P; Akyol, O; Ozyuvacı, E; Toprak, N; Vatansever, S, 2010)	0.85
" The aim of this study was to investigate the block characteristics, the clinical efficacy, surgeon and patient satisfaction, and hemodynamic effects of using different doses of intrathecal plain levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl."	( A randomized comparison of different doses of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl for elective cesarean section: prospective, double-blinded study. Firat, V; Gunusen, I; Karaman, S; Sargin, A, 2011)	0.8
"5) or 10 mg (group 10), all combined with fentanyl 25, 15 or 10 μg, respectively."	( A randomized comparison of different doses of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl for elective cesarean section: prospective, double-blinded study. Firat, V; Gunusen, I; Karaman, S; Sargin, A, 2011)	0.61
"5 mg combined with fentanyl 15 μg is suitable for combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in elective cesarean section."	( A randomized comparison of different doses of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl for elective cesarean section: prospective, double-blinded study. Firat, V; Gunusen, I; Karaman, S; Sargin, A, 2011)	0.61
" We employed levobupivacaine for epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia using remifentanil and sevoflurane for thymectomy with thoracoscopy for generalized type of myasthenia gravis."	( [A case of anesthetic management using levobupivacaine in epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia for thymectomy with thoracoscopy for generalized type myasthenia gravis]. Fujino, Y; Fujita, T; Inoue, S; Maeda, K; Matsuyama, C; Ogawa, N; Ohuchi, M; Ozaki, Y; Saotome, T, 2012)	1.02
" The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine with ropivacaine and levobupivacaine in combination with sufentanil (BUPI-, ROPI-, and LBUPI-SUF respectively) in epidural analgesia for labor."	( Efficacy and safety of local anesthetics bupivacaine, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine in combination with sufentanil in epidural anesthesia for labor and delivery: a meta-analysis. Fang, F; Lv, BS; Mi, WD; Wang, JH; Wang, W; Wang, XW; Wang, ZQ, 2014)	0.84
"Because of lower desflurane consumption, a superior recovery profile, and a high degree of patient acceptance, general anaesthesia in combination with interscalene block may be preferred in arthroscopic shoulder surgery."	( Bispectral index-guided general anaesthesia in combination with interscalene block reduces desflurane consumption in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a clinical comparison of bupivacaine versus levobupivacaine. Albayrak, T; Kanbak, O; Kesimci, E; Ozturk, L, 2015)	0.61
"This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of magnesium sulfate combined with a levobupivacaine periarticular cocktail in the early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty (TKA)."	( Magnesium Sulfate Combined with a Levobupivacaine Periarticular Cocktail for Analgesia in the Early Postoperative Period after Total Knee Arthroplasty. Li, W; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wu, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z, 2021)	1.12
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the latency, extent of analgesia, and duration of motor block of levobupivacaine alone and combined with methadone or dexmedetomidine after epidural administration during and after mastectomy in dogs."	( Analgesic, cardiorespiratory effects and motor block characteristics of epidural levobupivacaine alone or in combination with methadone or dexmedetomidine in bitches undergoing unilateral total mastectomy. Albuquerque, VB; Barbosa, CF; Caramalac, SM; Frazílio, FO; Jardim, PHA; Oliveira, AR, 2022)	1.16

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"05} and reduced its relative bioavailability (0."	( Levobupivacaine absorption pharmacokinetics with and without epinephrine during TAP block: analysis of doses based on the associated risk of local anaesthetic toxicity. Altermatt, FR; Araneda, A; Cortínez, LI; Corvetto, MA; Echevarría, GC; Miranda, P, 2016)	1.88
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" After analysis, BSV for absorption rate constant, distribution volume, and clearance were 81%, 47%, and 41%, respectively."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine During Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Children. Khier, S; Mathieu, O; Menacé, C; Nolain, P; Vincent, M, 2020)	0.84

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" A dose-response relationship was observed both with regard to median duration of postoperative analgesia (0."	( A comparison of three different concentrations of levobupivacaine for caudal block in children. Codipietro, L; De Negri, P; Eksborg, S; Grossetti, R; Italiano, S; Ivani, G; Lonnqvist, PA; Mossetti, V; Rosso, F; Tonetti, F, 2003)	0.57
" In this respect, further studies related to dosage of intrathecal levobupivacaine in obstetric labor analgesia will be beneficial in substantiating this point."	( Intrathecal labor analgesia using levobupivacaine 2.5 mg with fentanyl 25 microg--would half the dose suffice? Chan, SY; Chiu, JW, 2004)	0.84
"Continuous spinal anaesthesia with spinal catheters allows incremental dosing of local anaesthetic and, consequently, less haemodynamic changes."	( Minimum effective local anaesthetic dose of isobaric levobupivacaine and ropivacaine administered via a spinal catheter for hip replacement surgery. Aantaa, R; Jalonen, J; Olkkola, KT; Sell, A, 2005)	0.58
"The groups were similar with respect to age, weight and dosage of local anaesthetic."	( Pharmacokinetics of 0.5% levobupivacaine following ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve blockade in children. Ala-Kokko, TI; Alahuhta, S; Karinen, J; Kiviluoma, K; Räihä, E, 2005)	0.63
" The myocardial depressant potential of these drugs in sublethal dosage is unknown."	( The myocardial and vascular effects of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine using pressure volume loops. Royse, AG; Royse, CF, 2005)	0.58
"Intermittent epidural bolus dosing is a method of drug delivery that can prolong the duration of labour analgesia induced by a combined spinal epidural (CSE)."	( Automated regular boluses for epidural analgesia: a comparison with continuous infusion. Lim, Y; Ocampo, C; Sia, AT, 2005)	0.33
" Although minimum local analgesic concentration studies suggested that they are less potent than bupivacaine, full dose-response studies have not been performed."	( Determination of the full dose-response relation of intrathecal bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine, combined with sufentanil, for labor analgesia. Deprest, J; Dreelinck, R; Dubois, J; Kumar, A; Lewi, L; Van de Velde, M; Vandermeersch, E, 2007)	0.57
" Group-specific dose-response curves were constructed using a probit regression model."	( Determination of the full dose-response relation of intrathecal bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine, combined with sufentanil, for labor analgesia. Deprest, J; Dreelinck, R; Dubois, J; Kumar, A; Lewi, L; Van de Velde, M; Vandermeersch, E, 2007)	0.57
"This full dose-response study suggests that ropivacaine and levobupivacaine are of similar potency, whereas bupivacaine is more potent than both other drugs."	( Determination of the full dose-response relation of intrathecal bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine, combined with sufentanil, for labor analgesia. Deprest, J; Dreelinck, R; Dubois, J; Kumar, A; Lewi, L; Van de Velde, M; Vandermeersch, E, 2007)	0.81
" Our objective was to apply patient control to paravertebral analgesia and evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of two distinct dosing regimens."	( The feasibility of patient-controlled paravertebral analgesia for major breast cancer surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of two regimens. Buggy, DJ; Burlacu, CL; Freir, NM; McElwain, J; Moriarty, DC; Sessler, DI, 2008)	0.35
" The dosage of PCA drug 0-4 h after operation of the C2 was significantly higher than that of the C4 group."	( [Effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine]. Ruan, XC; She, SZ; Su, J; Xie, XQ; Xu, LX, 2008)	0.56
" However, no reports of levobupivacaine concentrations have been published with this dosing scheme."	( Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine (2.5 mg/kg) after caudal administration in children younger than 3 years. Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Muñoz, HR; Ostermann, P; Solari, S; Vega, M, 2008)	0.98
" The muscle strips were then exposed to cumulative concentrations of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine and dose-response curves were generated."	( A comparison of the inhibitory effects of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine on isolated human pregnant myometrium contractility. Briggs, LP; Campion, DP; Carey, MF; Collins, CB; Fanning, RA; Keely, S; O'Connor, JJ, 2008)	0.81
" The dose for the first patient in each group was 8 mg, and the dosing increment was set at 1 mg."	( The median effective dose of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine after intrathecal injection in lower limb surgery. Fong, SY; Gin, T; Lee, YY; Liu, JT; Ngan Kee, WD, 2009)	0.62
" In phase 2, a further 70 patients were randomly allocated to receive spinal anaesthesia with doses in the upper dose-response range to define the ED95."	( Relative potencies of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine for neonatal spinal anaesthesia. Frawley, G; Ingelmo, P; Smith, KR, 2009)	0.63
" Cumulative levobupivacaine dose-response curves over a range of 10(-6) to 3 x 10(-4) M were constructed in 1) aortic rings with no drug pretreatment; 2) endothelium-denuded rings pretreated with quinacrine dihydrochloride (nonspecific phospholipase A(2) inhibitor: 2 x 10(-5), 4 x 10(-5) M), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) (lipoxygenase inhibitor: 10(-5), 3 x 10(-5) M), indomethacin (nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitor: 10(-5) M), AA-861 (5-lipoxygenase inhibitor: 10(-5), 5 x 10(-5) M), fluconazole (cytochrome P450 epoxygenase inhibitor: 10(-5) M), verapamil (10(-5) M), or calcium-free solution; and 3) endothelium-intact rings pretreated with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: 5 x 10(-5) M), indomethacin, or fluconazole."	( The direct effect of levobupivacaine in isolated rat aorta involves lipoxygenase pathway activation and endothelial nitric oxide release. Choi, YS; Hah, YS; Hwang, EM; Jeong, YS; Lee, SH; Ok, SH; Park, JY; Shin, IW; Sohn, JT, 2010)	1.06
"To observe the motor and sensorial block characteristics with different dosage of levobupivacaine during spinal block for the patients undergoing day-case knee arthroscopy."	( Comparison of the effects of intrathecal different dosage of levobupivacaine in elective day-case arthroscopy of the knee. Mehmet, Y; Mustafa, A; Onur, O; Sibel, AM, 2010)	0.83
"This prospective randomized double-blind dose-response study aimed to determine the ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with morphine and sufentanil for elective Caesarean delivery."	( ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ of intrathecal levobupivacaine with opioids for Caesarean delivery. Allaouchiche, B; Boselli, E; Bouvet, L; Chassard, D; Da-Col, X; Daléry, F; Dantony, E; Ruynat, L, 2011)	0.87
" We investigated the effect of the addition of clonidine to the MLAC of levobupivacaine in a randomized controlled dose-response trial."	( Effect of epidural clonidine on minimum local anesthetic concentration (ED50) of levobupivacaine for caudal block in children. Alberighi, OD; Disma, N; Frawley, G; Mameli, L; Montobbio, G; Pistorio, A; Tuo, P, 2011)	0.83
"The presence of cases of subtotal anaesthetic coverage (with necessity to recur to general anaesthesia), and others with good anaesthetic coverage, but difficultly treatable hypotensions show that the best dosage of these local anaesthetics is to be found yet."	( [Ropivacaina 0.5% vs Levobupivacaina 0.5 endoscopic urological surgery]. Baldini, C; Fasciolo, A, )	0.13
"In order to reduce postoperative opioid requirement, extrapleural local anaesthetic infusion dosing recommendations and guidelines for extrapleural catheter insertion were developed in our institution for 'extubatable' neonates requiring short-gap neonatal tracheo-oesophageal fistula/oesophageal atresia repair (via thoracotomy) and audited prospectively."	( Audit of extrapleural local anaesthetic infusion in neonates following repair of tracheo-oesophageal fistulae and oesophageal atresia via thoracotomy. Chalkiadis, GA; Clarnette, TD; Dowden, SJ; McNally, CM; Palmer, GM; Penrose, S; Smith, KR; Thalayasingam, P; Tingay, DG, 2012)	0.38
" Hyperbaric levobupivacaine seems to be suitable, but the optimal dosage needs further investigation."	( Clinical characteristics of spinal levobupivacaine: hyperbaric compared with isobaric solution. Chompubai, P; Permpolprasert, L; Sanansilp, V; Suksopee, P; Trivate, T; Visalyaputra, S; von Bormann, B, 2012)	1.03
"This prospective randomized single-blinded study was conducted to determine whether there were differences in consumption, demand dosing and postoperative analgesia quality between PCEA using ropivacaine and levobupivacaine."	( The effectiveness of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with ropivacaine 0.165% with fentanyl 2.0 miroc g/ml or levobupivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 2.0 micro g/ml as a method of postoperative analgesia after major orthopaedic surgery. Misiran, KB; Yahaya, LS, 2013)	0.79
"The optimal dosing regimens of lipid emulsion, epinephrine, or both are not yet determined in neonates in cases of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST)."	( Resuscitation with lipid, epinephrine, or both in levobupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity in newborn piglets. Allaouchiche, B; Cejka, JC; Chassard, D; de Queiroz Siqueira, M; Heilporn, A; Leveneur, O; Musard, H; Rhondali, O, 2014)	0.66
"The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the same dosage but different concentrations and volumes of levobupivacaine used for axillary block on the onset and intensity of the block."	( Comparison of the efficacy of different concentrations and volumes of levobupivacaine in axillary brachial plexus blockade. Izdes, S; Kanbak, O; Ozcan, E; Ozturk, L, 2014)	0.85
"Decreasing the concentration and increasing the volume of levobupivacaine without changing its dosage prolongs the duration of analgesia, although it delays the onset and decreases the intensity of sensory and motor block in axillary block."	( Comparison of the efficacy of different concentrations and volumes of levobupivacaine in axillary brachial plexus blockade. Izdes, S; Kanbak, O; Ozcan, E; Ozturk, L, 2014)	0.88
"In this study we compared the effect of 2 enantiomers; namely racemic preparation of bupivacaine with pure formulation of its levorotatory form levobupivacaine on the dosage requirements for general anesthesia propofol in a series of 273 patients admitted to hospital of China for nephrectomy."	( The effect of L-bupivacaine on BIS levels in the maintenance doses of propofol and fentanyl during general anesthesia in Chinese people. Cai, M; Li, X, 2014)	0.6
" Recommendations regarding the maximum allowable doses of local anaesthetics should consider population analysis to determine safer dosage ranges."	( Levobupivacaine absorption pharmacokinetics with and without epinephrine during TAP block: analysis of doses based on the associated risk of local anaesthetic toxicity. Altermatt, FR; Araneda, A; Cortínez, LI; Corvetto, MA; Echevarría, GC; Miranda, P, 2016)	1.88
"Levobupivacaine at a higher dosage provided longer duration of spinal anesthesia with better safety profile in sequential bilateral TKA."	( Levobupivacaine vs racemic bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for sequential bilateral total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective cohort study. Chen, CK; Lau, FC; Lee, WG; Phui, VE, 2016)	3.32
"This was a retrospective analysis of data previously collected during dose-response studies of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine spinal anesthetics."	( Infant spinal anesthesia: Do girls need a larger dose of local anesthetic? Frawley, G; Huque, MH, 2017)	0.67
"Bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine are often given intrathecally for labor analgesia, but limited data are available for their dose-response properties in this context."	( Dose-Response Curves for Intrathecal Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine, and Ropivacaine Given for Labor Analgesia in Nulliparous Women. Khaw, KS; Koo, AGP; Ng, FF; Ngan Kee, WD; Tang, SPY, )	0.75
" Logistic sigmoidal dose-response curves were fitted to the data using nonlinear regression, and D50 values were calculated for each drug."	( Dose-Response Curves for Intrathecal Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine, and Ropivacaine Given for Labor Analgesia in Nulliparous Women. Khaw, KS; Koo, AGP; Ng, FF; Ngan Kee, WD; Tang, SPY, )	0.38
" However, the dosing regimen is still empirical, and the pharmacokinetic properties of levobupivacaine are not considered."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine During Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Children. Khier, S; Mathieu, O; Menacé, C; Nolain, P; Vincent, M, 2020)	1.07
" Visual analog scale (VAS) scores at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively during rest; VAS scores at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively during motion; the time required to reach 30 degrees straight leg elevation and 60 degrees active knee flexion; and the analgesia pump dosage at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively were recorded."	( Magnesium Sulfate Combined with a Levobupivacaine Periarticular Cocktail for Analgesia in the Early Postoperative Period after Total Knee Arthroplasty. Li, W; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wu, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z, 2021)	0.9
" The accumulated dosage of acetaminophen given by postoperative day 2 was significantly higher in the Single group versus the Continuous group (55."	( The Effect of Continuous Field Block through Intercostal Muscles after Atrial Septal Defect Closure via a Mini-Right Thoracotomy in Pediatric Patients. Ishii, Y; Kishikawa, H; Miyagi, Y; Mori, K; Nitta, T; Sakamoto, A; Sasaki, T; Suzuki, K, 2021)	0.62

Role	Description
local anaesthetic	Any member of a group of drugs that reversibly inhibit the propagation of signals along nerves. Wide variations in potency, stability, toxicity, water-solubility and duration of action determine the route used for administration, e.g. topical, intravenous, epidural or spinal block.
adrenergic antagonist	An agent that binds to but does not activate adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists.
amphiphile	A surfactant molecule possessing both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties.
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor	An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor	An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that interferes with the action of Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.8).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide	A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Levobupivacaine Action Pathway	31	11

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	6.3096	0.0013	18.0743	39.8107	AID926; AID938
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.5012	0.0020	7.5337	39.8107	AID891
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.0000	0.0316	10.2792	39.8107	AID884; AID885
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.1896	0.2512	15.8432	39.8107	AID504327
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Inositol monophosphatase 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	0.0100	1.0000	10.4756	28.1838	AID901
GABA theta subunit	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.0000	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.1964	0.0000	2.0151	10.0000	AID625249
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	20.8930	0.0009	1.9014	10.0000	AID576612
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
coumarin metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of binding	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylation	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by hormone	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion homeostasis	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle contraction	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transmembrane transport	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion export across plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion import across plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
monooxygenase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion binding	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
heme binding	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel activity	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
delayed rectifier potassium channel activity	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
C3HC4-type RING finger domain binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
mitochondrion	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel complex	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel complex	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID613104	Increase in membrane fluidity in DPH-labeled liposomal membrane containing 40 mol% cholesterol assessed as change in DPH fluorescence polarization at 200 uM after 5 mins by spectrofluorometry relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	Stereostructure-based differences in the interactions of cardiotoxic local anesthetics with cholesterol-containing biomimetic membranes.
AID613109	Cardiotoxicity in dog assessed as free plasma concentration causing cardiovascular collapse measured after 20 mins	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	Stereostructure-based differences in the interactions of cardiotoxic local anesthetics with cholesterol-containing biomimetic membranes.
AID613105	Binding affinity to DPH-labeled liposomal membrane without cholesterol assessed as increase in membrane fluidity by measuring decrease in DPH fluorescence polarization after 5 mins by spectrofluorometry	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	Stereostructure-based differences in the interactions of cardiotoxic local anesthetics with cholesterol-containing biomimetic membranes.
AID613110	Increase in membrane fluidity in DPH-labeled liposomal membrane containing 20 mol% cardiolipin 45 mol% cholesterol assessed as change in DPH fluorescence polarization at 200 uM after 5 mins by spectrofluorometry relative to liposome without cardiolipin	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	Stereostructure-based differences in the interactions of cardiotoxic local anesthetics with cholesterol-containing biomimetic membranes.
AID613106	Binding affinity to DPH-labeled liposomal membrane containing 5 to 45 mol% cholesterol assessed as increase in membrane fluidity by measuring decrease in DPH fluorescence polarization after 5 mins by spectrofluorometry	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	Stereostructure-based differences in the interactions of cardiotoxic local anesthetics with cholesterol-containing biomimetic membranes.
AID576612	Inhibition of human ERG	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 46, Issue:2	Predicting hERG activities of compounds from their 3D structures: development and evaluation of a global descriptors based QSAR model.
AID613108	Binding affinity to DPH-labeled liposomal membrane containing 20 mol% cardiolipin 40 mol% cholesterol assessed as increase in membrane fluidity by measuring decrease in DPH fluorescence polarization at 200 uM after 5 mins by spectrofluorometry	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	Stereostructure-based differences in the interactions of cardiotoxic local anesthetics with cholesterol-containing biomimetic membranes.
AID613103	Cardiotoxicity in dog assessed as total plasma concentration causing cardiovascular collapse measured after 20 mins	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	Stereostructure-based differences in the interactions of cardiotoxic local anesthetics with cholesterol-containing biomimetic membranes.
AID613107	Binding affinity to DPH-labeled liposomal membrane containing 40 mol% cholesterol assessed as increase in membrane fluidity by measuring decrease in DPH fluorescence polarization at 200 uM after 5 mins by spectrofluorometry	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	Stereostructure-based differences in the interactions of cardiotoxic local anesthetics with cholesterol-containing biomimetic membranes.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	269 (30.88)	29.6817
2010's	507 (58.21)	24.3611
2020's	95 (10.91)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	507 (52.87%)	5.53%
Reviews	34 (3.55%)	6.00%
Case Studies	109 (11.37%)	4.05%
Observational	15 (1.56%)	0.25%
Other	294 (30.66%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (208)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Impact of Intrathecal Dexamethasone Administration for Elderly Patients With Proximal Femoral Fracture [NCT03856502]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-11	Completed
A Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled, Pilot Study Comparing Three Different Anesthesic Techniques for Pregnant Women in Labour: Dural Puncture Epidural, Epidural and Combined Spinal Epidural. Evaluation of the Pain Control and the Hypotension Incidence [NCT05196256]	Phase 3	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-30	Not yet recruiting
Long-term Outcomes of Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Levobupivacaine Wound Infiltration or Diclofenac for Postoperative Pain Relief [NCT05829707]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-05	Completed
MORphine Use in the Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block With UltraSound [NCT03846102]	Phase 4	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-28	Terminated(stopped due to COVID-19 crisis.)
Combined Preincisional Infiltration and Intraperitoneal Instillation of Levobupivacaine for Postoperative Pain Reduction After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy; A Double-blind Placebo-controlled Randomised Clinical Trial [NCT01199406]	Phase 4	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-31	Completed
Spinal Anesthesia in Caesarean Section: Comparison Between Levobupivacaine and Hyperbaric Bupivacaine [NCT03743870]		250 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-06-01	Recruiting
A Double Blind Randomized Control Trial on the Efficacy of Periarticular Levo Bupivicaine Injection Following Primary Hip Arthroplasty [NCT01106001]	Phase 4	91 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Analgesic Efficacy of Levobupivacaine Administration in Periprosthetic Breast Augmentation With Implants [NCT02465008]	Phase 4	66 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional		Suspended(stopped due to Not recruiting)
Clinical Characteristics of Spinal Levobupivacaine: Hyperbaric Compared With Isobaric Solution [NCT01349751]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
A Comparison of the Analgesic Efficacy of Local Anaesthetic Wound Infiltration Versus Intrathecal Morphine for Total Knee Replacement [NCT01312415]	Phase 4	42 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Recruiting
Volume or Concentration for the Transverse Abdominal Plane Block in Children Aged 1-5 Years: Analgesic Effects and Safety [NCT02064088]		70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Recruiting
Intrathecal Plain Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine and Levo-bupivacaine With or Without Fentanyl for Elective c Section. [NCT01582607]	Phase 2/Phase 3	130 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Recruiting
[NCT02035904]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Recruiting
Selective Unilateral Spinal Anesthesia Versus Selective Sensory Spinal Anesthesia for Knee Arthroscopy Surgery [NCT01356797]	Phase 4	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
[NCT01158586]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Recruiting
Postoperative Pain Control Using Continuous Infusion of Levobupivacaine in Women Undergoing Pelvic Operative Laparoscopy: A Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT01184794]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
The Combination of PECS II Block and Parasternal Block Provide Useful Analgesia After Radical Mastectomy With Axillary Dissection and Implant Breast Reconstruction [NCT03754816]		65 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-01	Completed
Stimulating Catheter for Lumbar Plexus Block: Better Postoperative Analgesia? [NCT02162121]	Phase 4	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Completed
Comparison of Zero- and Two-centimeter Distance From Sapheno-femoral Junction in Laser Ablation of Long Saphenous Vein Incompetence: Evaluating the Kissing Technique [NCT05707169]		800 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-04	Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial on Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Celiac Ganglion Neurolysis Versus Percutaneous Celiac Plexus Neurolysis in Patients With Inoperable Cancer [NCT02356640]	Phase 2/Phase 3	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Terminated(stopped due to Poor recruitment)
Comparison of Two Different Peridural During the Labor and Effect of Deambulation [NCT02264834]	Phase 3	164 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-01	Completed
Ultrasound-guided Ilioinguinal/Iliohypogastric Nerve Block Compared to the Combined Therapy With Spermatic Cord Block in Inguinal Herniotomy Operation in Children: a Randomized Controlled Study [NCT05600296]	Phase 1	46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-11-01	Completed
Ultrasound-guided Ilioinguinal/Iliohypogastric Nerve Block Compared to Posterior Quadratus Lumborum Block in Patients Undergoing Inguinal Hernia Repair [NCT05559437]	Phase 1	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-10-01	Completed
Preoperative Paravertebral Block in Cancer Surgery of the Lung: ParaSOL a Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT04209868]	Phase 2/Phase 3	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-01	Recruiting
Hemodynamic Safety of Isobaric Levobupivacaine Versus Isobaric Bupivacaine for Subarachnoid Anesthesia in Patients Over 65 Years Undergoing Hip Surgery [NCT03843970]	Phase 4	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-06-14	Recruiting
The Effect of Subcutaneous and Intraperitoneal Instillation of Local Anesthetics on Postoperative Pain After Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05034406]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-01	Completed
Does Continuous Popliteal Nerve Block Improve Pain Management for Patients Undergoing Major Maxilla or Mandible Resection With Microvascular Reconstruction Using a Free Fibula Graft [NCT03607227]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-01	Completed
The Influence of Postoperative Analgesia on Systemic Inflammatory Response and Postoperative Cognitive Disfunction in Elderly Patients After Surgical Repair of Femoral Fractures [NCT02848599]	Phase 2	86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Comparison Of Ultrasound Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block (TAP) and Local Infiltration Analgesia During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Surgery [NCT02185716]	Phase 4	75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Analgesic Effectiveness of the Serratus-intercostal Plane Block Versus Quadratus Lumborum Block in Nephrectomy: Randomized Study [NCT04431388]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-06-01	Recruiting
0.25% Levobupivacaine Versus 0.375% Ropivacaine: a Comparative Study in Ultrasound-Guided Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block [NCT03679897]	Phase 4	46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-18	Completed
Intraperitoneal Instillation of Levobupivacaine in Laparoscopic Pediatric Procedures [NCT02037711]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
Postoperative Analgesia Following Surgery for Fractured Neck of Femur: a Comparison of Periarticular Infiltration of Local Anaesthetic With Systemic Postoperative Analgesics [NCT02057601]		37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Intraoperative Wound Instillation of Levobupivacaine is Effective in Postoperative Pain Management for Hernia Repair in Children: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT04869046]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
A Combination of Levobupivacaine and Lidocaine for Paravertebral Block in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Quadrantectomy Causes Greater Hemodynamic Oscillations Than Levobupivacaine Alone [NCT02004834]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Active, not recruiting
The Immune Response of Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Levobupivacaine Using Paravertebral or Superficial Chest Blocks [NCT05816538]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Quadratus Lumborum Block Versus Local Anesthetic Infiltration Combined With Monitored Anesthesia Care for Percutaneous Nephrostomy [NCT02121951]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Withdrawn
Hemodynamic Impact of Epidural Anesthesia in Relation to Age in Pediatric Patients. [NCT05543824]		15 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-09-12	Recruiting
Comparison of the Efficacy of 3 Different Density Levobupivacaine Solutions + Fentanyl Applied Intrathecally for Spinal Anesthesia in Caesarean Delivery. [NCT03956303]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
The Analgesic Effect of Qudratus Lomborum Block II Type After Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy. [NCT03941899]		48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-06	Completed
Continuous Infusion Versus Automated Intermittent Bolus of Levobupivacaine 0,1% in Ultrasound Guided Subparaneural Sciatic Nerve Catheters. A Prospective Double Blind Randomised Study. [NCT02293330]	Phase 4	71 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
An Analysis of Photoplethysmographic Signal in Diagnostic Lumbar Sympathetic Block for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [NCT01134289]	Phase 3	25 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Recruiting
Peritonsillar Infiltration With Levobupivacaine for Relief of Posttonsillectomy Pain: Does Concentration Have Any Effect? [NCT02322346]	Phase 4	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
A Double Blind Randomised Control Trial Assessing Effects of Local Anaesthetic Concentration (0.5% vs 0.75%) and Volume (5mls vs 15mls) on the Respiratory Consequences of Ultrasound Guided Interscalene Brachial Plexus Nerve Block [NCT01374464]	Phase 4	92 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Not yet recruiting
Ropivacaine 0.75% Versus Levobupivacaine 0.5% for Conversion of Labour Epidural to Surgical Anaesthesia for Emergency Caesarean Section. [NCT01160965]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Not able provide staff for recruting at present)
Comparison of Caudal Blockade and Dorsal Penile Nerve Block With and Without the Intravenous Administration of Dexamethasone for Analgesia After Paediatric Male Circumcision: a Single Centre Randomized-controlled Trial [NCT05598255]	Phase 4	75 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-01	Recruiting
Comparison of Intra-Peritoneal Instillation of Levobupivacaine With Morphine Hydrochloride Versus Levobupivacaine With Magnesium Sulfate for Post-Operative Pain Relief After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT05281081]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Completed
Postoperative Analgesia in Total Hip Replacement: a Comparison of the Analgesic Efficacy of Periarticular Infiltration of Local Anaesthetic With Intrathecal Morphine. [NCT01312077]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Recruiting
Local Infiltration Analgesia During Total Knee Arthroplasty - Reduced Opiate Consumption and Faster Mobilisation Postoperatively - Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01305733]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Active, not recruiting
Comparative Study Between Preemptive and Postoperative Intra-articualr Injection of Levobupivacaine and Tramadol [NCT03785041]		220 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-21	Completed
The Influence of Different Degrees of Levobupivacaine Temperature on Spinal Anesthesia in Orthopedic Surgeries: Prospective Randomized Study [NCT03790163]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-15	Not yet recruiting
Interest of the Injection of Morphine, in Addition to a Local Anesthetic When Performing a Combined Spinal-epidural for Labor Analgesia [NCT02868944]	Phase 3	144 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of A Bolus Infiltration Of The Anaesthetic Tramadol Associated With Continuous Local Anaesthesia Administered Via A Wound Catheter Following Heart Surgery Via Sternotomy At Dijon Chu Single-Centre, Double-Blind, Randomized, Cont [NCT02851394]	Phase 4	160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
The Use of Fentanyl in General Anesthesia for Craniotomy With or Without 0.5% Levobupivacaine Scalp Block: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02558569]	Phase 4	128 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine and Epinephrine for Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Cesarean Section Postoperative Analgesia [NCT02852720]	Phase 4	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-15	Completed
A Prospective Randomised Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of a Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery. [NCT00830089]		66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Levobupivacaine 0.125% vs Ropivacaine 0.2%, in Hemodynamic Alterations in Pregnant Women in Labor and Their Fetal Repercussions [NCT05877131]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-01	Not yet recruiting
Comparing the Effects of Levobupivacaine and Bupivacaine in Anorectal Surgery Under Saddle Spinal Anesthesia [NCT04245774]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-11-21	Completed
Postoperative Pain and Systemic Inflammatory Stress Response (SIRS) After Preoperative Analgesia With Clonidine or Levobupivacaine [NCT00860899]	Phase 4	42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Completed
The Effect of Local Anesthetic and Clonidine on the Cutaneous Silent Period During and After Spinal Anesthesia [NCT03121261]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-05-01	Active, not recruiting
A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial in Elderly Patients With Hip Fractures Comparing Continuous Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block to Systemic Opioids and Its Effect on Delirium Occurrence [NCT02689024]	Phase 4	239 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to recruitment too slow; intervention was standard care in patients who were not included; acute care pathways changed due to policy regarding hip fracture patients)
Interest of Serratus Plane Block in Postoperative Analgesia for Patients Undergoing Robot-assisted Mitral Valve Repair, MIDCAB or Partial Lung Resection [NCT03110120]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Completed
Comparative Evaluation of Newer Congeners i.e. Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine With Bupivacaine, in Lumbar Epidural Anaesthesia for Hip Surgeries [NCT02513433]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Completed
Ultrasound-Guided Versus Conventional Injection for Caudal Block in Children [NCT03337191]		134 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-01	Completed
Total Knee Arthroplasty & Outcome: A Prospective Randomized Comparison Between Adductor Canal Block and Femoral Nerve Block [NCT02082067]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Withdrawn
Analgesic Efﬁcacy of Single-shot Adductor Canal Block With Levobupivacaine and Dexmedetomidine in Total Knee Arthroplasty: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04968392]	Phase 2/Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Completed
Diaphragmatic Paralysis After Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Unicenter and Controlled Clinical Trial to Reduce the Dose of Levobupivacaine 0,25% 20 ml to 10 ml Undergoing Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery [NCT04385966]	Phase 3	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-11	Completed
Efficacy of Adrenaline in Periarticular Analgesic Injection on Postoperative Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03549221]	Phase 2	82 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-01-26	Recruiting
Comparison of Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of Caudal Block Versus Spinal Block With Levobupivacaine for Inguinal Hernia in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05117281]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-09-10	Completed
A Dose Finding Study for Ultrasound Guided Anterior Psoas Compartment Blocks in Patients With a Fractured Neck of Femur? [NCT00926666]	Phase 4	48 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Not yet recruiting
"Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Pain Relieve in Children Undergoing Inguinal Surgical Procedures: How Does it Compare With the Gold Standard Caudal Blockade" [NCT00970086]	Phase 4	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Terminated(stopped due to Groin surgery was changed to a laparoscopic technique; recruitable patients ceased.)
[NCT02555423]		0 participants	Interventional	2015-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Comparing Two Peripheral Nerve Block Techniques for Perioperative Analgesia During Cleft Palate Surgery in Pediatric Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04467463]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-01	Recruiting
TAP Block Versus Local Anesthesia Infiltration at Wound Site for Postoperative Pain Relief After Laparoscopic Appendicectomy in Children [NCT04969133]		110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-30	Recruiting
EVALUATION OF ORAL USE OF DEXKETOPROFEN/TRAMADOL IN ACUTE POSTOPERATIVE PAIN IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT WITH A MINIMALLY INVASIVE ANTERIOR APPROACH (AMIS). [NCT04178109]	Phase 2	226 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-10	Completed
Local Continuous Wound Infusion and Local Infusion of Anaesthetics in the Management of Post-operative Pain and Rehabilitation After Total Hip Arthroplasty: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02728310]	Phase 3	96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to Terminated)
Analgesia Postoperatoria Mediante Catetere Perdurare e Analgesia Postoperatoria Mediante Infusione Continua Periferia Nell'Intervento Chirurgico Per Riparazione Chirurgica di Aneurismi Dell'Aorta Addominale: Tecniche a Confronto [NCT02677532]	Phase 4	51 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
[NCT02802683]	Phase 4	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Tramadol Versus Dexamethasone as Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine Under Ultrasound Guided Supraclavicular Block of Forearm Fractures [NCT04551833]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-01	Not yet recruiting
Pharmacokinetic of levobupivacaïne After Sciatic Nerve Block in Children [NCT00682344]	Phase 3	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Terminated
Efficacy of Adding Tramadol as Adjunctive Analgesic With Levobupivacaine in Modified Pectoral Nerve Block for Modified Radical Mastectomy Surgery [NCT02625506]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-01	Completed
Thoracic Paravertebral Block Versus Pectoral Nerves Block (Modified PECS) Block in Breast Surgery [NCT02677571]		55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of General Anesthesia With Caudal Block for Inguinal Hernioplasty in Children: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05958589]	Phase 3	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-08	Recruiting
Comparing General Anesthesia With Single Injection Peribulbar Block With Articaine 4% vs Lidocaine 2% vs Mepivacaine 3 % for Prevention of Oculocardiac Reflex in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery : A Randomized Control Study [NCT05728151]		55 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-12	Recruiting
A Randomised Multi-centre Feasibility Study Investigating Post-operative Pain Following Single-port or Multi-port Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgical (VATS) Procedures [NCT02556970]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional		Withdrawn(stopped due to Study never started and was abandoned.)
Comparison of TAP Block With Two Different Doses of Levobupivacaine for Postoperative Pain Management in Pediatric Patients [NCT02567487]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Active, not recruiting
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus Versus Continuous Epidural Infusion for Third Trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy Analgesia : a Randomized Study. [NCT02563821]	Phase 3	37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-05	Completed
Levobupivacïne Into Post-analgesia : Randomized Monocentric Study Against Placebo [NCT00621907]	Phase 3	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
Ultrasound-guided Quadratus Lumborum Block for Postoperative Analgesia After Colostomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02691403]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Not yet recruiting
The Comparison of Intrathecal Bupivacaine With Fentanyl and Levobupivacaine With Fentanyl for Labour Analgesia [NCT04221568]	Phase 1	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-03-01	Not yet recruiting
Comparison of the Analgesic Effect of Levobupivacaine 0.5% Via Interscalene Nerve Block or Via Interscalene Nerve Block Combined With a Stellate Ganglion Block in Patients Undergoing Shoulder Arthroscopy With General Anaesthesia [NCT02879916]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
Effectiveness of Ultrasound Guided Adductor Canal Blockade With Levobupivacaine and Clonidine on Chronic Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis [NCT02695654]		77 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-11-30	Completed
The Analgesic Efficacy of Erector -Spinae Technique With Levobupvicaine in Patients Undergoing Upper Abdominal Cancer Surgery [NCT04315454]	Phase 1	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-01	Recruiting
Optimal Volume of Bupivacaine in Adductor Canal Nerve Block in Patients Undergoing Unilateral Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery [NCT02557386]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Recruiting
Ultrasound-guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in the Management of Acute Postoperative Pain Syndrome After Caesarean Section: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02728323]	Phase 3	96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to Terminated)
Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block and Local Anaesthetic Infiltration for Pain Control Following Hip Arthroscopic Surgery [NCT02702661]		46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Comparative Study of the Effects of Two Local Anesthetics Administered Intrathecally: 0.5% Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine 0.5% [NCT01935596]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
Effects of Intraperitoneal Levobupivacaine on Pain After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded Study [NCT00836316]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional		Completed
Surgical Pleth Index - Relevance in Small Children. A Randomised Double Blinded Study [NCT02045810]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Comparison of the Effects of Levobupivacaine and Bupivacaine on Heart Rate Variability in Spinal Anesthesia [NCT00974961]	Phase 4	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Recruiting
Large-scale Prospective Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Pecs II Block for Breast Surgery: Effect on Postoperative Pain and Opioid Consumption [NCT02544282]	Phase 4	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Ultrasound Guided Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block Using Levo-bupivacaine Alone or Combined With Dexmedetomidine for Hand and Forearm Surgeries [NCT04729868]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-01	Completed
Role of Dexmedetomidine or Fentanyl as Additives to Epidural Levobupivacaine in Painless Labor: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Study [NCT04397406]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-07-01	Completed
Comparison Between Levobupivacaine 0.25% and Levobupivacaine With Dexmedetomidine in Ultrasound Guided Modified Pectoral Nerve Block, a Double Blind Randomised Controlled Trial. [NCT03456661]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-05-19	Terminated(stopped due to The surgical approach has changed.)
Intraperitoneal Atomization of Levobupivacaine During Gynaecological Laparoscopic Procedures ; Impact on Pain, Opioid Use and Length of Recovery Room Stay (IPLA). [NCT01886352]	Phase 4	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-26	Completed
The Effect of Addition of Tramadol to Levobupivacaine in Continuous Wound Infusion for Postoperative Pain Treatment in Cesarean Section [NCT01916915]	Phase 4	65 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Completed
Phase 4 Study of Intra-articular Dexmedetomidine Adding to Levobupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in Arthroscopic Knee Surgery [NCT01918917]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
[NCT01938755]	Phase 4	73 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Completed
Comparison of the Effects of Bupivacaine or Levobupivacaine on Cerebral Oxygenation During Intrathecal Anesthesia in Elderly Patients Who Underwent Hip Fracture Repair [NCT01960543]	Phase 4	58 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Completed
The Assessment of Bupivacaine-tramadol and Levobupivacaine-tramadol Combinations for Preemptive Caudal Anaesthesia in Children: a Randomized, Double-blind, Prospective Study [NCT01974843]		68 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2011-01-31	Completed
Can we Gain an Advantage by Combining Distal Median, Radial and Ulnar Nerve Blocks With Supraclavicular Block? A Randomized Controlled Study [NCT01989312]	Phase 4	75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
Does Saphenous Nerve Block Improve Analgesia After Total Knee Replacement When Used in Combination With Local Infiltration Analgesia? A Prospective Randomised Double Blinded Trial. [NCT01991288]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
Study Phase III to Evaluate the Noninferiority of Heavy Levobupivacaine 50% Enantiomeric Excess (Levobupivacaine S75:R25) Compared to Racemic Heavy Bupivacaine (Bupivacaine S50:R50) in Spinal Anesthesia for Lower Limb Orthopedic Procedures [NCT01994967]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Another regulatory way was defined.)
Quadratus Lumborum Type 2 as Chronic Hip Pain Treatment [NCT04438265]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-09-01	Recruiting
Intravenous Versus Perineural Dexamethasone in Interscalene Nerve Block With Levobupivacaine for Shoulder and Upper Arm Surgeries [NCT04284007]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-12-02	Enrolling by invitation
The Comparison of Hyperbaric Bupivacaine Plus Fentanyl and Hyperbaric Levobupivacaine Plus Fentanyl Administered Intrathecally in Patients Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section [NCT02025374]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
Interest in Clonidine in Association With Levobupivacaine Performing a Pudendal Block in Proctological Surgery: Pilot Study, Prospective [NCT04530903]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-09	Recruiting
Comparison of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Parasternal Block for Postoperative Pain Management After Cardiac Surgery [NCT02725229]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Completed
Pain Management During Labor: Use of Intermittent Drug Delivery Devices for Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Improvement and Health-care Burden Reduction [NCT02710877]		671 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-23	Terminated(stopped due to Stopped funding by Regional Healthcare System.)
Adding Magnesium Sulphate to Epidural Levobupivacaine in Elective Caesarian Section for Patients With Preeclampsia [NCT02699827]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
Comparison of Two Methods of Administration of the Epidural, by Programmed Intermittent Bolus or Continuous Perfusion, on the Incidence of Cesarean Sections and Instrumented Deliveries in Primiparous Women [NCT02705872]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-08	Withdrawn(stopped due to Change in guidelines)
Comparison of the Analgesic Effect of the Local Anesthetics Ropicacaine, Levobupivacaine, and Levobupivacaine + Epinephrin Via Interscalene Nerve Block in Patients Undergoing Shoulder Arthroscopy Under General Anesthesia [NCT02691442]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-12-31	Completed
Epidural Levobupivacaine Versus A Combination of Levobupivacaine and Dexamethasone in Parturients Receiving Epidural for Vaginal Delivery Analgesia: A Comparative, Dose Ranging and Safety Evaluation Study [NCT02665936]	Phase 2	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Active, not recruiting
Postoperative Pain After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Comparison of Isolated Intravenous Analgesia, Epidural Analgesia Associated With Analgesia iv and Port-sites Infiltration With Bupivacaine Associated With Analgesia iv [NCT02662660]	Phase 3	147 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Ketamine Versus Magnesium Sulphate as Adjuvants to Levobupivacaine in Ultrasound (US) Bi-level Erector Spinae Block in Breast Cancer Surgery [NCT04275661]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-01	Active, not recruiting
Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial on the Effect of Levobupivacaine Infiltration Versus Placebo on the Post Partum Perineal Pain in Episiotomy in Primiparous Women After Instrumental Delivery [NCT02796547]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-14	Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of human ressources)
Efficacy of Rectal Sheath Analgesia After Midline Laparotomy [NCT02869841]	Phase 4	57 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
Intra-operative Trigeminal Nerve Block For Post-operative Pain Control After Orthognathic Surgery [NCT01418183]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Recruiting
Comparison of Erector Spinae Plane Block With PECS II Block in Patients Undergoing Breast Cancer Surgery:a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03811262]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-01-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Logistic reasons (Operating room performing the surgery investigated moved to another structure))
Intrathecal Levobupivacaine Versus A Combination of Levobupivacaine and Dexamethasone in Parturients Receiving Combined Spinal Epidural for Vaginal Delivery Analgesia: A Comparative Study. [NCT02588417]	Phase 2	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy of the Ultrasound With Fluoroscopy in Guidance of Lumbar Sympathetic Block: A Prospective Randomized Open-label Trial [NCT02737527]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-04-30	Recruiting
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus Coupled With PCEA (PIEB-PCEA) Versus Continuous Epidural Infusion Coupled With PCEA (CEI-PCEA) for Labor Analgesia in Nulliparous: Effects on Labor Outcomes [NCT01856166]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Recruiting
Comparison of Intrathecal Levobupivacaine Combined With Sufentanil, Fentanyl, or Placebo for Elective Caesarean Section: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study [NCT01858090]	Phase 3	93 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Completed
High Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia and Postoperative Analgesia With Ropivacaine or Levobupivacaine for Coronary Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Comparison [NCT00552864]	Phase 4	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
Effect of Fentanyl With Topical Levobupivacaine With Nasal Packing in Endoscopic Nasal Surgery [NCT04410588]	Phase 2	75 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-20	Recruiting
The Cardio-pulmonary and Analgesic Effects of Pre-peritoneal Infusion VS Epidural Infusion of Levo - Bupivacaine on Patients Undergoing Major Upper Abdominal Cancer Surgery [NCT04152564]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-29	Completed
Does Saline Injection Around Phrenic Nerve Reduce Incidence of Diaphragmatic Paresis Following Interscalene Block? [NCT02893228]	Phase 4	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
Post Tonsillectomy Analgesia Comparison After Surgery Site Spray of NaCl 0,9%, Xylocaine 2% or Levobupivacaine 0,5% [NCT04325113]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-02-07	Completed
Effect of Topically Administered Levobupivacaine- Fentanyl Versus Levobupivacaine- Dexamethasone Combination in the Control of Pain After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05145543]	Phase 2/Phase 3	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-01	Recruiting
Comparative Study Between Levobupivacaine and Bupivacaine for Nerve Block During Pediatric Primary Cleft Palate Surgery [NCT02923869]	Phase 2/Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Contribution of the Local Infiltration of Chirocaine® in the Management of the Post-partum Perineal Pain After Episiotomy or First-degree Tear [NCT02905695]	Phase 4	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
The Effects of Levobupivacaine Versus Levobupivacaine Plus Dexmedetomidine Infiltration for Post-tonsillectomy Analgesia and Laryngospasm in Pediatric Patients [NCT04113720]	Phase 1/Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-15	Completed
Addition of Lidocaine to Levobupivacaine Reduces Intrathecal Block Duration: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01675895]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-31	Completed
[NCT00956709]	Phase 4	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-12-31	Terminated
Comparison of Dexmetomidine's Efficacy as an Adjuvant to Intrathecal Levobupivacaine and Intravenous Administration Additionally to Spinal Anaesthesia, In Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT02966249]	Phase 4	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Recruiting
Adductor Canal Block Versus Intra-articular Analgesia for Postoperative Pain After Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: a Randomized Trial [NCT04715152]	Phase 2	72 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-13	Recruiting
Selective Trunk Block Versus Hybrid Interscalene-Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block for Anaesthesia of the Entire Upper Extremity: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial [NCT04908371]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-12-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Published data indicated Selective Trunk Block is a better choice)
Postoperative Thoracic Epidural Analgesia in Super Obese Patients (~BMI 60 kg m-2) Undergoing Open Weight Loss Surgery :Does the Addition of Morphine to 0.1% and 0.2% Levobupivacaine Affect Postoperative Pain Relief, Perioperative Lung Function, Return of [NCT01249872]	Phase 2/Phase 3	96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Epidural Analgesia During Labour. Impact of Clonidine Addition to Levobupivacaine and Sufentanil [NCT00437996]	Phase 3	85 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Completed
Minimum Effective Local Anesthetic Volume of 0.5% Levobupivacaine Required for Ultrasound Guided Superior Trunk Block for Shoulder Surgery [NCT04941664]		25 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-19	Recruiting
A Prospective Randomized Comparison of the Effects of Lidocaine and Levobupivacaine on Block Dynamics After a Subparaneural Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block [NCT04397484]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-20	Recruiting
Effect of a Transversus Abdominis Plane Block on Operative Wound Healing, Stress, and Immune Response After a Cesarean Delivery [NCT05840406]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-04-01	Not yet recruiting
Laparoscopically Inserted Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Wound Local Anesthesia in Laparoscopic Endometriosis Surgery: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Double-blinded LTAP-trial [NCT04735770]		46 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-01	Recruiting
A Randomised Single Blind Study Comparing the Molar Median Effective Dose of Levobupivacaine and Molar Median Effective Dose of Ropivacaine When Administered as a Femoral Perineural Infusion for Pain Relief After Total Knee Replacement [NCT01172197]	Phase 4	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to Terminated prior to its planned completion as anticipated by the protocol).)
Spinal Anesthesia With Hyperbaric Levobupivacaine 0.75% for Ambulatory Knee Arthroscopy: A Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Three Low Doses [NCT01881087]	Phase 4	180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Completed
Evaluation of Perineural Catheterization Practices in Postoperative Orthopedic Surgery [NCT04011839]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-06-07	Recruiting
Decision Support for Intraoperative Low Blood Pressure [NCT02726620]		22,435 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-05	Completed
Efficacy of Adding Ketamine to Levobupivacaine in Paravertebral Block on Acute and Chronic Pain in Thoracotomy: a Randomized Controlled Double-blinded Trial [NCT06011746]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-30	Recruiting
Comparison of Intratechal Low-Dose Levobupivacaine With Levobupivacaine-Fentanyl and Levobupivacaine-Sufentanil Combinations for Cesarean Section [NCT02430090]	Phase 2	45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-11-30	Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Magnesium Sulphate as an Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine in Ultra-sound Guided Transversus Abdominis Plan Block in Pediatric Abdominal Cancer Surgery [NCT03979599]	Phase 3	10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-15	Recruiting
Prevention of Systemic Toxicity Induced by Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine by Intralipid® [NCT01602250]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Rotator Cuff Repair Under Isolated Loco-regional Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia Combined With Loco-regional Anesthesia: Randomized Controlled Trial of Superiority. [NCT05848375]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-13	Recruiting
Influence of Anesthetic Volume on Comfort Score During US-SCB Placement in Elderly Patients [NCT01624103]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Recruiting
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Caudal Versus Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for Supplementation of Caudal Analgesia in Children [NCT01701778]	Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia Versus Local Infiltration Analgesia Following Knee Arthroplasty Within an Enhanced Recovery Programme - a Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT02478372]		242 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
Comparison of Two Techniques of Ultrasound-guided Sciatic Nerve Block Using Levobupivacaine 0.5% in Orthopedic Surgery at the Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe - Clínica CES, 2013, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01734954]		66 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Interest of a Bi-truncal Nerve Block (Femoral + Sciatic) Extended, Systematically Associated With General Anesthesia, in the Femoropopliteal Bypass: Study of Post-operative Analgesia and Peripheral Circulation Downstream. [NCT01785693]	Phase 4	47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-30	Completed
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus Versus Continuous Epidural Infusion for Second Trimester Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy Analgesia: a Randomized Study. [NCT01860521]		104 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-09-30	Completed
Comparison of Dexmedetomidine Versus Dexamethasone as Adjuncts to Levobupivacaine in Ultrasound Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block for Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy, Randomized Double-Blinded Comparative Study. [NCT05447949]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-15	Completed
Echo-guided Transverse Abdominal Plane Block (TAP) in Anterior Lumbar Arthrodesis (ALIF): Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial. [NCT06002217]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Continuous Infusion of Levobupivacaine to the Surgical Wound Following Cesarean [NCT01458431]	Phase 3	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
Effects of Age on Minimum Effective Volume of Local Anesthetic for Ultrasound-guided Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block (US-SCB) [NCT01467596]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Use of Infiltration With Levobupivacaine and Postoperative Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04697329]	Phase 4	233 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-03	Completed
The Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Peroperative Shivering Incidence Under Spinal Anesthesia [NCT01921361]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Ultrasound-guided Subpectoral Plexus Block With Multi-level Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Surgical Anaesthesia During Primary Breast Cancer Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Trial [NCT04933266]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Randomized and Controlled Phase IV Clinical Trial on the Analgesic Effectiveness of the Combined Blockade (Peng - Pericapsular Nerve Group- and the Femoral Lateral Cutaneous Nerve) in the Hip Fractures of the Elderly: Comparative Study Between Levobupivac [NCT04773301]	Phase 4	108 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-13	Recruiting
Intraluminal Ureteric Injection of High Concentration Alkalinised Long-acting Local Anaesthetic and STeroid Post urEteroscopy: A Prospective Double Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial (LASTE Trial) [NCT03296189]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-11-01	Not yet recruiting
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics for Levobupivacaine With and Without Epinephrine After Ultrasound Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block [NCT04799184]	Phase 4	38 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-03	Recruiting
Assessment of Sensory and Motor Block After Intrathecal Administration of Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine and Levo-bupivacaine Combined With Small Doses of Fentanyl, Followed by Administration of Normal Saline Epidurally:a Clinical Trial in Parturients Scheduled [NCT01558713]	Phase 2/Phase 3	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Recruiting
Comparison of Plasma Concentrations of Levobupivacaine With and Without Epinephrine for Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Under Ultrasound. [NCT01596998]	Phase 4	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
Phase 4 Study of Postoperative Analgesic Effect Of Dexmedetomidine Administration in Wound Infiltration For Total Abdominal Hysterectomy [NCT01929252]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
A Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Periarticular Single Anesthetic Drug Compared With Multimodal Drug Injection in Controlling Pain After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01898052]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Postoperative Analgesic Effects of Local Wound Infiltration With 0.5% Levobupivacaine in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery. [NCT03433014]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-31	Completed
Serratus Anterior Plane Block for Minimal Invasive Cardiac Surgery: a Single Center Randomized-controlled Trial [NCT05107453]	Phase 4	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-10-28	Completed
Local Wound Anesthesia in Spine Surgery - a Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial [NCT05693454]		150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-11-01	Completed
Effects of Scalp Block With Bupivacaine Versus Levobupivacaine on Haemodynamic Response to Head Pinning and Efficacy on Postoperative Analgesia [NCT02497040]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
A Comparative Study Between Levobupivacaine 0.5% and Ropivacaine 0.75% in Patients Undergoing Spinal Anaesthesia for Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgery. [NCT02201784]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Completed
Addition of Dexmedetomidine to Levobupivacaine for Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Elderly Patients Undergoing Inguinal Hernia Repair Surgery: Could it Make a Difference? [NCT04971759]	Phase 2/Phase 3	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-12-01	Completed
The Effect of Retrobulbar Block on Bi-Hemispheric Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Early Period Postoperative Cognitive Functions With Lidocaine and Levobupivacaine in Elderly Patients With Ophthalmic Surgery [NCT03189329]	Phase 4	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Intrathecal Anesthesia for Elderly Patients Undergoing Surgery Lasting >45 Minutes: A Randomized, Controlled, Dose and Combination Finding Study [NCT02385539]		240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
The Impact of Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Thoracic Epidural Analgesia in the Management of Acute and Chronic Post-Thoracotomy Pain: A Randomized, Controlled Study [NCT04531553]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-03	Completed
Evaluation of Arthroscopic Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament by One Night Hospital Stay or by Day Surgery: a Randomised, Prospective Clinical Trial [NCT00620477]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-30	Completed
Gonyautoxins Local Periarticular Injection for Pain Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Double Blind Randomized Study [NCT03025594]	Phase 3	64 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Recruiting
A Prospective Randomized Double Blind Trial of the Efficacy of a Bilateral Lumbar Erector Spinae Block on the 24h Morphine Consumption After Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery. [NCT03825198]	Phase 3	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-08-01	Recruiting
Hip Arthroscopy; Femoral Nerve Block or Fascia Iliaca Block: A Randomized Control Trial [NCT05010499]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-28	Recruiting
Efficacy of Adductor Canal Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery: A Prospective Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05532618]		34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-08-01	Completed
Evaluation of Multimodal Preemptive Analgesia in Major Pediatric Abdominal Cancer Surgeries [NCT03580980]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-01	Completed
Dexmedetomidine Versus Clonidine Adjuvants to Levobupivacaine for Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Pediatric Laparoscopic Orcheopexy: Randomized Double-blind Study [NCT03155646]	Phase 2/Phase 3	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-10	Completed
Dexmedetomidine Versus Fentanyl Added to Levobupivacaine for Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block in Elderly Patients Undergoing Lower Abdominal Surgery [NCT03778671]	Phase 1/Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-01	Completed
The Effects of Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block on Hip Fracture Patients [NCT04837924]	Phase 4	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-21	Completed
Levobupivacaine Versus Levobupivacaine - Dexmedetomidine for Ultrasound Guided Bilateral Superficial Cervical Plexus Block for Upper Tracheal Resection and Reconstruction Surgery Under General Anesthesia [NCT03426527]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-01	Completed
Laparoscopic Guided Regional Analgesia (LaGRA) Reduces Post Operative Pain After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy - a Randomised, Controlled Trial. [NCT03394807]	Phase 4	76 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-01	Completed
Minimum Effective Local Anaesthetic Volume of a 1:1 Mixture of 2% Lidocaine With 5ug/ml of Epinephrine and 0.5% Levobupivacaine Required for Ultrasound Guided Selective Trunk Block: A Dose Finding Study [NCT04773405]		25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-10	Completed
Effectiveness of Distal Peripheral Nerve Blocks on Postoperative Pain Management After Ambulatory Thumb Resection Arthroplasty. [NCT01597479]	Phase 4	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
The Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial: Comparison of Levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia TAP-block After Caesarean Section [NCT03302689]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-25	Active, not recruiting
The Pharmacokinetics and Effectiveness of Different Methods of Local LevoBupivacaine Injection, a Prospective Randomized Case Control Clinical Study on Primary Total Joint Replacement Model. [NCT03258697]		180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-10-17	Enrolling by invitation
A Prospective, Randomised Double Blinded Study Comparing a Pectoral Nerve Block With Non-targeted Local Anaesthetic in Bilateral Breast Surgery [NCT02410746]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Recruiting
Contribution Of Anesthesia Technique For Post-operative Mortality Reduction After Proximal Femur Fractures Surgical Treatment - A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02406300]		57 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-01	Terminated(stopped due to Organizational changes made recruitment no longer possible)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00956709 (3) [back to overview]	Compare the Onset of Action of Ropivacaine 0.5% and levobupivacaïne 0.5 % for Sciatic Nerve Block Guided in Major Surgery of the Foot
NCT00956709 (3) [back to overview]	Duration of Motor Sciatic Block (h)
NCT00956709 (3) [back to overview]	Duration of Sensory Sciatic Block (h)
NCT01172197 (1) [back to overview]	Pain
NCT01249872 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Pain Scores (Visual Analogue Scale)
NCT01249872 (6) [back to overview]	Time to Postoperative Bowel Recovery
NCT01249872 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline of Spirometric Values
NCT01249872 (6) [back to overview]	Consumption of Levobupivacaine at 24h and 48 h Postoperatively
NCT01249872 (6) [back to overview]	Cumulative Consumption of Epidural Morphine at 24h and 48h Postoperatively
NCT01249872 (6) [back to overview]	Time to First Postoperative Ambulation
NCT01597479 (2) [back to overview]	Maximum Pain Intensity, Rescue Analgesia, Nausea and Vomiting Incidence, Use of Ondansetron for NVPO, Efectiveness of Ondansetron
NCT01597479 (2) [back to overview]	Proportion of Patients Who Experienced Moderate to Severe Pain During First and Second Postoperative Day
NCT01860521 (4) [back to overview]	Total Sufentanil Consumption.
NCT01860521 (4) [back to overview]	Total Levobupivacaine Consumption
NCT01860521 (4) [back to overview]	Degree of Satisfaction of the Patients With the Analgesia Procedure
NCT01860521 (4) [back to overview]	Incidence of Motor Block
NCT01881087 (2) [back to overview]	Failed Spinal Block Rate
NCT01881087 (2) [back to overview]	Probability of Motor Block
NCT02201784 (5) [back to overview]	Duration of Analgesia
NCT02201784 (5) [back to overview]	Duration of Motor Block
NCT02201784 (5) [back to overview]	Onset of Motor Block to Bromage3
NCT02201784 (5) [back to overview]	Onset of Sensory Block at T10
NCT02201784 (5) [back to overview]	Time to Maximum Cephalic Spread of Sensory Block
NCT02430090 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability
NCT02478372 (9) [back to overview]	Day of Ambulation
NCT02478372 (9) [back to overview]	Patient Reported Outcome Measure - Oxford Knee Score
NCT02478372 (9) [back to overview]	Total Number of Reported Participants With Complications and/or Adverse Events
NCT02478372 (9) [back to overview]	Verbal Rating Score (VRS) Pain Scores
NCT02478372 (9) [back to overview]	Maximal Flexion Angle of the Operative Knee at Discharge From Rehabilitation
NCT02478372 (9) [back to overview]	Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting Scores
NCT02478372 (9) [back to overview]	Post-operative Urinary Catheterisation Rates
NCT02478372 (9) [back to overview]	Proportion of Patients Discharged From Rehabilitation by Day Four
NCT02478372 (9) [back to overview]	Average Post-operative Length of Stay
NCT02497040 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Mean Arterial Pressure
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 50 mmHg for > 20 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 55 mmHg for > 10 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 55 mmHg for > 20 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 60 mmHg for > 10 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 60 mmHg for > 20 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Epinephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 65 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Postoperative Rise in Creatinine Levels
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Time to Discharge Readiness at the Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU)
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Timing of Cardiovascular Drugs for MAP < 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Timing of Cardiovascular Drugs for MAP < 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Timing of Cardiovascular Drugs for MAP < 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Timing of Cardiovascular Drugs for MAP < 65 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Ephedrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Ephinephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Glycopyrrolate
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Norepinephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Phenylephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Inhaled Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Inhaled Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Inhaled Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Inhaled Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 65 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	30-day Mortality
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Ephedrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Glycopyrrolate
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Norepinephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Phenylephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intraoperative Administration of Intravenous Fluids
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 65 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 70 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 75 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Estimated Intraoperative Blood Loss
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	In-hospital Mortality
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 50 mmHg for > 10 Minutes
NCT02848599 (6) [back to overview]	Changes in Cognitive Function
NCT02848599 (6) [back to overview]	Changes in C-reactive Protein (CRP) Levels
NCT02848599 (6) [back to overview]	Postoperative Hospital Stay
NCT02848599 (6) [back to overview]	Interleukin-6 Concentration in Peripheral Blood.
NCT02848599 (6) [back to overview]	Changes in Pain Intensity
NCT02848599 (6) [back to overview]	Changes in Fibrinogen Concentrations in Peripheral Blood

Compare the Onset of Action of Ropivacaine 0.5% and levobupivacaïne 0.5 % for Sciatic Nerve Block Guided in Major Surgery of the Foot

(NCT00956709)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Levobupivacaïne 0,5 %	40
Ropivacaïne 0,5%	35

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	VAS rest at 6h postoperatively	VAS rest at 24h postoperatively	VAS rest at 48h postoperatively	VAS cough at 6h postoperatively	VAS cough at 24h postoperatively	VAS cough at 48h postoperatively
GROUP A : 0 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	1.4	0.1	0.0	4.7	2.4	1.3
GROUP B : 1 mg MORPHINE- 0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	1.6	0.4	0.1	4.2	2.6	2.4
GROUP C : 2 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	1.6	0.4	0.4	4.7	3.2	2.3
GROUP D : 0 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	0.8	0.0	0.0	3.9	2.0	1.3
GROUP E : 1 mg MORPHINE-0.2 % LEVOBUPIVACAINE	1.1	1.8	0.1	3.9	3.5	1.4
GROUP F : 2 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	0.8	0.1	0.0	2.7	2.4	0.8

Intervention	hours (Mean)
GROUP A : 0 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	56.6
GROUP B : 1 mg MORPHINE- 0.1%LEVOBUPIVACAINE	70.9
GROUP C : 2 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	67.1
GROUP D : 0 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	55.6
GROUP E : 1 mg MORPHINE-0.2 % LEVOBUPIVACAINE	58.6
GROUP F : 2 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	63.9

Intervention	percentage of preoperative values (Mean)
	FVC at 12h postoperatively	FVC at 24h postoperatively	FVC at 36h postoperatively	FVC at 48h postoperatively	FVC at 72h postoperatively	FVC at 6th day postoperatively	FEV1 at 12h postoperatively	FEV1 at 24h postoperatively	FEV1 at 36h postoperatively	FEV1 at 48h postoperatively	FEV1 at 72h postoperatively	FEV1 at 6th day postoperatively	PEFR at 12h postoperatively	PEFR at 24h postoperatively	PEFR at 36h postoperatively	PEFR at 48h postoperatively	PEFR at 72h postoperatively	PEFR at 6th day postoperatively
GROUP A : 0 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	63.2	62.5	65.7	63.9	69.4	79.0	55.8	61.5	62.9	64.9	79.0	86.8	62.9	68.5	69.6	70.7	77.3	93.8
GROUP B : 1 mg MORPHINE- 0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	69.3	62.2	61.2	66.2	71.3	83.9	63.9	55.2	52.7	55.9	70.2	81.8	67.6	55.6	57.9	58.8	78.1	98.4
GROUP C : 2 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	68.3	72.1	65.2	67.6	76.2	83.1	60.5	71.0	61.0	68.2	75.4	88.0	61.8	79.9	68.8	79.7	91.3	96.4
GROUP D : 0 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	71.7	66.8	63.9	69.8	72.4	84.0	65.2	63.8	58.4	61.8	70.2	83.4	60.0	70.1	59.4	64.9	70.7	76.3
GROUP E : 1 mg MORPHINE-0.2 % LEVOBUPIVACAINE	66.4	63.3	62.8	71.1	77.3	80.0	62.0	56.4	61.1	67.1	75.3	79.4	77.9	57.7	73.8	76.4	80.9	83.7
GROUP F : 2 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	66.8	62.6	63.2	66.9	76.7	89.2	62.1	59.8	59.3	64.9	72.5	83.8	67.2	68.9	67.9	74.3	86.0	89.6

Intervention	mg (Mean)
	Levobupivacaine consumption at 24h postoperatively	Levobupivacaine consumption at 48h postoperatively
GROUP A : 0 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	132.9	189.8
GROUP B : 1 mg MORPHINE- 0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	178.8	240.9
GROUP C : 2 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	165.6	231.9
GROUP D : 0 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	325.7	435.4
GROUP E : 1 mg MORPHINE-0.2 % LEVOBUPIVACAINE	241.9	351.3
GROUP F : 2 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	203.1	294.7

Intervention	mg (Mean)
	Epidural morphine consumption at 24h postoperative	Epidural morphine consumption at 48h postoperative
GROUP A : 0 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	4.8	9.6
GROUP B : 1 mg MORPHINE- 0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	5.8	10.6
GROUP C : 2 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	6.8	11.6
GROUP D : 0 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	4.8	9.6
GROUP E : 1 mg MORPHINE-0.2 % LEVOBUPIVACAINE	5.8	10.6
GROUP F : 2 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	6.8	11.6

Intervention	hours (Mean)
	Walking in the room unassisted	Walking out of the room unassisted
GROUP A : 0 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	19.0	33.3
GROUP B : 1 mg MORPHINE- 0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	19.9	47.0
GROUP C : 2 mg MORPHINE-0.1% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	19.1	43.3
GROUP D : 0 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	20.7	39.5
GROUP E : 1 mg MORPHINE-0.2 % LEVOBUPIVACAINE	21.4	43.4
GROUP F : 2 mg MORPHINE- 0.2% LEVOBUPIVACAINE	20.6	45.1

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Maximum pain intensity 24h (NVS>3)	Maximum pain intensity 48h (NVS >3)	Rescue analgesia 24h (n)	Rescue Analgesia 48h (n)	Nausea and vomiting 24h (n)	Nausea and vomiting 48h (n)	Use of ondansetron 24h (n)	Use of ondansetron 48h (n)	Effectiveness of ondansetron 24h	Efectiveness of ondansetron 48h
dPNBs Group	8	5	2	5	1	0	1	0	1	0
Non dPNBs Group	24	21	17	17	10	5	5	5	4	2

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
	Pain intensity NVS>3 on call 24h	Pain intensity NVS>3 on call 48h
Distal Peripheral Nerve Blocks Group (dPNBs Group)	8.3	4.2
Non Distal Peripheral Nerve Blocks (Non dPNBs Group)	80.8	42.3

Intervention	microg (Mean)
Continuous Epidural Infusion	69.0
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus	60.4

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Continuous Epidural Infusion	86.2
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus	75.5

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Continuous Epidural Infusion	73.2
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus	84.4

Intervention	participants (Number)
Levobupivacaine	5
Levobupivacaine + Fentanyl	10
Levobupivacaine + Sufentanil	9

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
	Theatre Day	Post-operative day one	Post-operative day two
Local Infiltration Analgesia (LIA)	51	49	0
Patient Controlled Epidural (PCEA)	35	65	4

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	Pre-operative Oxford Score	Six week follow up score	One year Follow up score
Local Infiltration Analgesia (LIA)	43	26	19
Patient Controlled Epidural (PCEA)	43	28	19

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Reported complications at 30 days	Reported complications at one year
Local Infiltration Analgesia (LIA)	2	4
Patient Controlled Epidural (PCEA)	0	2

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Theatre Day( asked at 24 hrs)	Post-operative day one( asked at 48hrs)	Post-operative day two(asked 72 hrs)
Local Infiltration Analgesia (LIA)	3	4	4
Patient Controlled Epidural (PCEA)	3	3	3

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Bupivacaine,Levobupivacaine	110
Levobupivacaine	105
Bupivacaine	100

Intervention	EndTidal% (other) (Median)
	Sevoflurane (EndTidal %)	Isoflurane (EndTidal %)	Desflurane (EndTidal %)
Hypotension Decision Support	1.23	0.65	4.70
Usual Care Group	1.32	0.65	4.28

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	Before surgery	24 h after surgery	48 h after surgery	72 h after surgery	96 h after surgery	120 h after surgery
Levobupivacaine	22	22	21	21	21	22
Morphine	21	20	20	20	20	20

Intervention	pg/ml (Median)
	Before surgery	24h after surgery	72h after surgery
Levobupivacaine	26.6	97.7	30.5
Morphine	27.2	104	50

levobupivacaine

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Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Compare the Onset of Action of Ropivacaine 0.5% and levobupivacaïne 0.5 % for Sciatic Nerve Block Guided in Major Surgery of the Foot

Duration of Motor Sciatic Block (h)

Duration of Sensory Sciatic Block (h)

Pain

Change From Baseline in Pain Scores (Visual Analogue Scale)

Time to Postoperative Bowel Recovery

Change From Baseline of Spirometric Values

Consumption of Levobupivacaine at 24h and 48 h Postoperatively

Cumulative Consumption of Epidural Morphine at 24h and 48h Postoperatively

Time to First Postoperative Ambulation

Maximum Pain Intensity, Rescue Analgesia, Nausea and Vomiting Incidence, Use of Ondansetron for NVPO, Efectiveness of Ondansetron

Proportion of Patients Who Experienced Moderate to Severe Pain During First and Second Postoperative Day

Total Sufentanil Consumption.

Total Levobupivacaine Consumption

Degree of Satisfaction of the Patients With the Analgesia Procedure

Incidence of Motor Block

Failed Spinal Block Rate

Probability of Motor Block

Duration of Analgesia

Duration of Motor Block

Onset of Motor Block to Bromage3

Onset of Sensory Block at T10

Time to Maximum Cephalic Spread of Sensory Block

Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability

Day of Ambulation

Patient Reported Outcome Measure - Oxford Knee Score

Total Number of Reported Participants With Complications and/or Adverse Events

Verbal Rating Score (VRS) Pain Scores

Maximal Flexion Angle of the Operative Knee at Discharge From Rehabilitation

Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting Scores

Post-operative Urinary Catheterisation Rates

Proportion of Patients Discharged From Rehabilitation by Day Four

Average Post-operative Length of Stay

Change in Mean Arterial Pressure

Incidence of a MAP < 50 mmHg for > 20 Minutes

Incidence of a MAP < 55 mmHg

Incidence of a MAP < 55 mmHg for > 10 Minutes

Incidence of a MAP < 55 mmHg for > 20 Minutes

Incidence of a MAP < 60 mmHg

Incidence of a MAP < 60 mmHg for > 10 Minutes

Incidence of a MAP < 60 mmHg for > 20 Minutes

Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Epinephrine

Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 50 mmHg

Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 55 mmHg

Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 60 mmHg

Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 65 mmHg

Postoperative Rise in Creatinine Levels

Time to Discharge Readiness at the Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU)

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	3,6,9,12,15,18,21 and 24h after surgery	27,30,33,36,39,42,45 and 48h after surgery	51,54,57,60,63,66,69 and 72h after surgery	4. postoperative day (every 8 hours)	5. postoperative day (every 8 hours)	6. postoperative day (every 8 hours)	Day of discharge
Levobupivacaine	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.3	0	0	0
Morphine	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.3	1