mannitol profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6251
CHEMBL ID	689
CHEBI ID	16899
CHEBI ID	29864
SCHEMBL ID	919
MeSH ID	M0012995

Synonym
AC-12776
mannitol, d-
d-(-)-mannitol
e421
e 421
CHEBI:16899 ,
e-421
nsc 9256
mannidex 16700
einecs 201-770-2
ai3-19511
D00062
d-mannitol (jp17)
mannitol (usp)
osmitrol (tn)
bronchitol (tn)
sdm no. 35
invenex
manita
mannitol 5%
mannogem 2080
mannitol 10% in plastic container
osmitrol 15% in water in plastic container
marine crystal
mannitol 10%
mannitol 20%
mannitol 5% w/ dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.12%
mannitol [usan]
mannitol 15%
osmitrol 5% in water
hsdb 714
mannitol 20% in plastic container
mannitol 5% in plastic container
osmitrol 10% in water
osmofundin
osmitrol 10% in water in plastic container
osmitrol 15% in water
einecs 200-711-8
osmitrol 20% in water in plastic container
osmitrol 20% in water
mannitol (van)
brn 1721898
ccris 369
resectisol in plastic container
osmitrol 5% in water in plastic container
mannitol 15% w/ dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.45%
mannitol 10% w/ dextrose 5% in distilled water
nsc 407017
mannitol 25%
mannitol 15% in plastic container
87-78-5
MLS001335977
MLS001335978
smr000857324
resectisol
mannazucker
diosmol
mannigen
manna sugar
isotol
maniton-s
nci-c50362
mannite
osmitrol
osmosal
mannistol
mannidex
nsc-407017
mannit
cordycepic acid
MTL ,
(2r,3r,4r,5r)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
d-mitobronitol
MANNITOL ,
69-65-8
C00392
d-mannitol ,
d-mannitol, plant cell culture tested
d-mannitol, meets ep, fcc, usp testing specifications
d-mannitol, acs reagent
d-mannitol, >=98%
d-mannitol, bioxtra, >=98% (gc)
DB00742
(2r,3r,4r,5r)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol
NCGC00164246-01
d(-)mannitol
d-mannitol, bioultra, >=99.0% (sum of enantiomers, hplc)
ED1D1E61-FEFB-430A-AFDC-D1F4A957FC3D ,
mannitol 300
pearlitol 160 c
mannitolum
mannitol 200
pearlitol 300 dc
isomalt impurity, mannitol-
crystalline mannitol extra-fine
pearlitol 50 c
mannitol 60
mannitol 25
crystalline mannitol fine
ins-421
ins no.421
mannitol m300
mannitol 35
pearlitol 25 c
mannitol 2080
pearlitol 200 sd
crystalline mannitol standard
CHEMBL689
BMSE000099
mannit p
maniton s
d-mannit
M0044 ,
NCGC00164246-04
NCGC00164246-03
AKOS006280947
tox21_112092
NCGC00254277-01
dtxsid1023235 ,
NCGC00259038-01
dtxcid603235
tox21_300483
cas-69-65-8
tox21_201487
aridol
bronchitol
BCP9000575
HMS2230N11
4-01-00-02841 (beilstein handbook reference)
mannitol [usp]
3owl53l36a ,
unii-3owl53l36a
mannitol [usp-rs]
mannitol [ep impurity]
mannitol [ep monograph]
isomalt impurity, mannitol- [usp impurity]
mannitol [who-dd]
mannitol component of sorbitol-mannitol
isomalt impurity b [ep impurity]
mannitol [inci]
d-mannitol [who-ip]
mannitol [orange book]
mannitol [fcc]
mannitol [hsdb]
mannitol [vandf]
mannitol [usp monograph]
mannitol [mi]
sorbitol-mannitol component mannitol
mannitol [mart.]
d-mannitol [jan]
mannitol [ii]
mannitolum [who-ip latin]
lactitol monohydrate impurity c [ep impurity]
EPITOPE ID:114705
S2381
HY-N0378
FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N
(d)-mannitol
manitol
SCHEMBL919
tox21_112092_1
NCGC00164246-05
potassiumnonafluoro-t-butoxide
85085-15-0
AC-14054
Q-101039
AB00443917_06
mfcd00064287
d-mannitol, >=99.9999% (metals basis), for boron determination
SR-01000838849-3
SR-01000838849-4
sr-01000838849
d-mannitol, acs reagent, for microbiology, >=99.0%
d-mannitol, saj special grade, >=99.0%
d-mannitol, saj first grade, >=99.0%
d-mannitol, tested according to ph.eur.
mannitol, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
133-43-7
d-mannitol, nist(r) srm(r) 920
mannitol, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
mannitol, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
d-mannitol, ar, >=99%
d-mannitol, lr, >=99%
d-mannitol, p.a., 96.0-101.5%
cordycepate
SW220287-1
rel-(2r,3r,4r,5r)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol
DTXSID30858955 ,
Q407646
d-mannitol (osmitrol)
mannitol,(s)
AS-30501
AMY33410
d-?mannitol
CCG-266445
mannitol;mannite
d-mannitol, biochemical grade
d-mannit 1000 microg/ml in methanol
EN300-212188
Z1198149813
chebi:29864
aridol bronchial challenge test kit
isomalt impurity, mannitol-(usp impurity)
curestem cell healer c20
isomalt impurity b (ep impurity)
mannitol (usp monograph)
dtxcid001324372
aridol kit
mannitol (mart.)
mannitol (ii)
mannitol (ep monograph)
mannitol (ep impurity)
gd11 rx scm c5
mannitol (usp-rs)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The mannitol test is an indirect bronchial challenge test widely used in diagnosing asthma. "	( The use of the mannitol test as an outcome measure in asthma intervention studies: a review and practical recommendations. Leadbetter, J; Porsbjerg, C; Sverrild, A, 2021)	1.53
"Mannitol is a readily accessible component of seaweed with higher energy content than glucose, making it a promising feedstock for biomanufacturing. "	( Integrating the marine carbon resource mannitol into biomanufacturing. Wang, Y; Xin, B; Zhong, C, 2023)	2.62
"Mannitol acts as a crystallization inducer for the intermediate amorphous phase by primary heterogeneous nucleation."	( Role of Surface Characteristics of Mannitol in Crystallization of Fenofibrate During Spray Drying. Bansal, AK; Thakore, SD; Thakur, PS, 2020)	1.56
"Mannitol is a naturally occurring six-carbon sugar alcohol that has wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry because of its many properties, namely being a natural sweetener with a low metabolism and no glycemic index. "	( Mannitol: physiological functionalities, determination methods, biotechnological production, and applications. Chen, M; Guang, C; Mu, W; Wu, H; Zhang, W, 2020)	3.44
"Mannitol is a popular diluent and the choice of input grade has been shown to impact granule properties."	( Twin-screw granulation and high-shear granulation: The influence of mannitol grade on granule and tablet properties. Gholami, A; Megarry, A; Tajarobi, P; Taylor, A; Wikström, H, 2020)	1.51
"Mannitol is a commonly used osmotherapy agent in raised intracranial pressure. "	( Randomized Clinical Trial of 20% Mannitol Versus 3% Hypertonic Saline in Children With Raised Intracranial Pressure Due to Acute CNS Infections. Bansal, A; Jayashree, M; Rameshkumar, R; Singhi, P; Singhi, S, 2020)	2.28
"Mannitol is a sugar alcohol, or polyol, widely used in the food industry because of its low-calorie properties. "	( Evaluation of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from fructose-rich environments for their mannitol-production and milk-gelation abilities. Behare, PV; Mazhar, S; McAuliffe, O; Pennone, V, 2020)	2.22
"Mannitol is a promising six-carbon sugar alcohol that is widely found in macroalgae. "	( Highly efficient biosynthesis of l-ornithine from mannitol by using recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum. Jiang, Y; Li, Z; Sheng, Q; Wang, F; Wu, X; Zhang, B, 2021)	2.32
"Mannitol is a mucoactive hyperosmotic agent used as add-on therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), administered twice-daily (BID) via a small, portable, breath-actuated dry-powder inhaler. "	( Efficacy and safety of inhaled dry-powder mannitol in adults with cystic fibrosis: An international, randomized controlled study. Aitken, ML; Amelina, E; Charlton, B; Daines, CL; Flume, PA; Guasconi, A; Leadbetter, J, 2021)	2.33
"Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is commonly used in partial nephrectomies and kidney transplantation to increase renal blood flow and decrease warm-ischemia-related renal injury to preserve estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). "	( Use of Mannitol for Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplant and Partial Nephrectomies-Review of Literature. Ayyathurai, R; Lugo-Baruqui, JA; Pragatheeshwar, KD; Sriram, A, 2019)	2.41
"Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic, widely used in the management of AKI, both as a bolus injection and as a constant rate infusion (CRI)."	( Sequential changes in urine production, glomerular filtration rate, and electrolyte excretion after mannitol administration. Cowgill, LD; Kirby, J; Segev, G; Stafford, C, 2019)	1.45
"Mannitol is a promising marine macroalgal carbon source. "	( Production of ethanol from mannitol by the yeast strain Saccharomyces paradoxus NBRC 0259. Iohara, K; Kawai, S; Murata, K; Oda, H; Ota, A, 2013)	2.13
"Mannitol is a six carbon sugar alcohol that finds applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. "	( Construction of an efficient Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst for D-mannitol production. Lali, AM; Maranholakar, VM; Pagar, SK; Reshamwala, SM; Talangkar, VG; Velhal, VS, 2014)	2.08
"Mannitol is a polyol that occurs in a wide range of living organisms, where it fulfills different physiological roles. "	( The mannitol utilization system of the marine bacterium Zobellia galactanivorans. Groisillier, A; Labourel, A; Michel, G; Tonon, T, 2015)	2.42
"Mannitol is a natural polyol with multiple industrial applications. "	( Efficient mannitol production by wild-type Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1101 is attained at constant pH using a simplified culture medium. Mozzi, F; Ortiz, ME; Raya, RR, 2015)	2.26
"Mannitol, which is a typical carbohydrate component of seaweed, was used as a substrate for hydrogen fermentation."	( Production of hydrogen, ethanol and volatile fatty acids from the seaweed carbohydrate mannitol. Herrmann, C; Jacob, A; Murphy, JD; Tabassum, MR; Xia, A, 2015)	1.36
"Mannitol is an essential excipient employed in orally disintegrating tablets due to its high palatability. "	( A Holistic Multi Evidence Approach to Study the Fragmentation Behaviour of Crystalline Mannitol. Bowen, J; Kirby, D; Koner, JS; Mohammed, AR; Perrie, Y; Rajabi-Siahboomi, A, 2015)	2.08
"Mannitol is a frequently used diluent in the production of tablets due to its non-hygroscopic character and low drug interaction potential. "	( Continuous manufacturing of delta mannitol by cospray drying with PVP. De Beer, T; Gomes, P; Monteyne, T; Peeters, E; Remon, JP; Van Bockstal, PJ; Van Snick, B; Vanhoorne, V; Vervaet, C, 2016)	2.16
"Mannitol is a pharmaceutical excipient that is receiving increased popularity in solid dosage forms. "	( Influence of mannitol concentration on the physicochemical, mechanical and pharmaceutical properties of lyophilised mannitol. Kaialy, W; Khan, U; Mawlud, S, 2016)	2.25
"Mannitol is a commonly used bulking agent in lyophilized formulations. "	( Effect of cyclophosphamide on the solid form of mannitol during lyophilization. Bansal, AK; Munjal, B; Patel, K, 2017)	2.15
"Mannitol is a 6-carbon sugar alcohol that has been produced traditionally by chemical catalysis. "	( Contributions of biotechnology to the production of mannitol. Kiviharju, K; Nyyssölä, A, 2008)	2.04
"Mannitol is a fructose-derived, 6-carbon sugar alcohol that is widely found in bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and plants. "	( Recent advances in the biological production of mannitol. Song, SH; Vieille, C, 2009)	2.05
"Mannitol is a six-carbon sugar alcohol that is widely distributed in plants. "	( Mannitol lowers fat digestibility and body fat accumulation in both normal and cecectomized rats. Islam, SM; Nishioka, S; Nishiyama, A; Sakaguchi, E, 2009)	3.24
"Mannitol is a polyol sugar that can be converted to a powdered form and encapsulated. "	( Mannitol as an indirect bronchoprovocation test for the 21st century. Ledford, D; Parkerson, J, 2011)	3.25
"Mannitol is a promising excipient for inhalable microparticles that facilitate the drug delivery into the CF mucus."	( Mannitol-guided delivery of Ciprofloxacin in artificial cystic fibrosis mucus model. Lin, Q; Shin, S; Tsifansky, MD; Yang, Y; Yeo, Y, 2011)	2.53
"Mannitol is a putative osmoprotectant contributing to salt tolerance in several species. "	( Global gene expression analysis of transgenic, mannitol-producing, and salt-tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana indicates widespread changes in abiotic and biotic stress-related genes. Chan, Z; Grumet, R; Loescher, W, 2011)	2.07
"Mannitol is a six-carbon sugar alcohol that accumulates in the human small intestine, the primary site of V."	( The Vibrio cholerae mannitol transporter is regulated posttranscriptionally by the MtlS small regulatory RNA. Aksit, S; Liu, JM; Mistry, RH; Mustachio, LM; Scheffler, R; Yamada, A, 2012)	1.42
"Mannitol is a natural polyol extensively used in the food industry as low-calorie sugar being applicable for diabetic food products. "	( Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1101 highly produces mannitol from sugarcane molasses as carbon source. Fornaguera, MJ; Mozzi, F; Ortiz, ME; Raya, RR, 2012)	2.08
"Mannitol is a major deterioration product of Leuconstoc mesenteroides bacterial metabolism of sucrose and fructose from both sugarcane and sugar beet. "	( Measurement and analysis of the mannitol partition coefficient in sucrose crystallization under simulated industrial conditions. Alexander, C; Eggleston, G; Gober, J; Yen, JW, 2012)	2.11
"Mannitol is a novel osmotic indirect bronchial challenge agent used to aid asthma diagnosis and management and is thought to reflect underlying inflammatory processes in asthma. "	( Relationship of mannitol challenge to methacholine challenge and inflammatory markers in persistent asthmatics receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Anderson, WJ; Lipworth, BJ, 2012)	2.17
"Mannitol-MRI is a valuable method in the diagnostic work-up of inflammatory bowel disease. "	( [MRI with oral filling in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases]. Born, C; Leinsinger, G; Nagel, B; Reiser, M, 2003)	1.76
"D-Mannitol is a sugar alcohol with applications in chemistry, food and pharmaceutical industries, and medicine. "	( Scale-up of a new bacterial mannitol production process. Jääskeläinen, ST; Kiviharju, KJ; Leisola, MS; von Weymarn, FN, )	1.15
"Mannitol is an osmotically active polyalcohol often present in fluids used for irrigation of exposed tissue during minimal invasive surgery. "	( Sensitive and specific photometric determination of mannitol in human serum. Dibbelt, L; Gehring, H; Graefe, H; Gütschow, B, 2003)	2.01
"Mannitol is a sugar polyol claimed to have health-promoting properties. "	( Engineering Lactococcus lactis for production of mannitol: high yields from food-grade strains deficient in lactate dehydrogenase and the mannitol transport system. Gaspar, P; Gasson, MJ; Neves, AR; Ramos, A; Santos, H; Shearman, CA, 2004)	2.02
"Mannitol, which is a cell-impermeable and nontoxic polyalcohol, has been shown to be a useful tool for reversible opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). "	( Hyperosmotic mannitol induces Src kinase-dependent phosphorylation of beta-catenin in cerebral endothelial cells. Bauer, H; Bauer, HC; Farkas, A; Hutamekalin, P; Krizbai, IA; Nagyoszi, P; Orbók, A; Szatmári, E; Traweger, A; Wejksza, K; Wilhelm, I, 2005)	2.14
"Mannitol hydrate is a metastable form produced during lyophilization. "	( Differentiation and quantitative determination of surface and hydrate water in lyophilized mannitol using NIR spectroscopy. Cao, W; Cauchon, N; Chen, W; Krishnan, S; Lin, H; Mao, C, 2006)	2
"Mannitol is an osmotic stimulus that acts indirectly to cause airway narrowing by release of endogenous bronchoconstricting mediators."	( Response to mannitol in asymptomatic subjects with airway hyper-responsiveness to methacholine. Anderson, SD; Backer, V; Brannan, JD; Porsbjerg, C; Rasmussen, L; Thomsen, SF, 2007)	1.44
"Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with free radical scavenging properties, and we have evaluated the effects of mannitol on oxygenation and cardiac enzyme release in patients undergoing multivessel off-pump bypass surgery in a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind trial."	( The effect of mannitol on oxygenation and creatine kinase MB release in patients undergoing multivessel off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Choi, SH; Kim, CS; Kwak, YL; Oh, YJ; Shim, JK; Yoo, KJ, 2007)	1.42
"Mannitol is a 6-carbon polyol that is among the most abundant biochemical compounds in the biosphere. "	( Decoding the mannitol enigma in filamentous fungi. Oliver, RP; Solomon, PS; Waters, OD, 2007)	2.15
"Mannitol is an osmotic agent and a free radical scavenger which might decrease oedema and tissue damage in stroke."	( Mannitol for acute stroke. Bereczki, D; Fekete, I; Liu, M; Prado, GF, 2007)	3.23
"D-Mannitol is a substance widely used for both clinical applications as a strong diuretic and in basic research as a purportedly inert osmotic control substance. "	( Mannitol upregulates monocyte HLA-DR, monocyte and neutrophil CD11b, and inhibits neutrophil apoptosis. Gardner, S; Miller, FN; Mulhall, A; Polk, HC; Turina, M, 2008)	2.51
"Mannitol was found to be a suitable cryoprotectant, which is attributed to its crystallinity, and use of mannitol gave particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 5 microm."	( Physicochemical characterization and stability of rifampicin liposome dry powder formulations for inhalation. Chan, HK; Changsan, N; Separovic, F; Srichana, T, 2009)	1.07
"Mannitol is an osmotic cathartic, and it reduced fluid absorption from a mean value of 2.7 l in patients who had WBI alone to a mean of 1.2 l in those who received mannitol beforehand."	( Modification of the physiological disturbances produced by whole gut irrigation by preliminary mannitol administration. Alexander-Williams, J; Arabi, Y; Donovan, IA; Keighley, MR, 1980)	1.2
"Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with properties that suit it to a variety of clinical situations. "	( Mannitol. Blantz, RC; Warren, SE, 1981)	3.15
"The mannitol cycle is an important NADPH regenerating system in Alternaria alternata. "	( The distribution of the NADPH regenerating mannitol cycle among fungal species. Gatenbeck, S; Hult, K; Veide, A, 1980)	1.08
"As mannitol is a superoxide scavenger and we found a close correlation between the loss of sperm motility and the malondialdehyde production, we concluded that gossypol affect rat spermatozoa by producing a peroxidative breakdown of membrane phospholipids."	( Sperm motility loss induced by gossypol: relation with OH. scavengers, motile stimulators and malondialdehyde production. Barbieri, AM; Burgos, MH; Fornés, MW, 1993)	0.8
"Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used in acute oliguric renal failure, acute cerebral edema, and acute glaucoma. "	( [Acute renal failure following mannitol infusion]. Miki, M; Ono, Y; Saito, Y; Suzuki, K; Yamanaka, H, 1993)	2.01
"The mannitol cycle is a metabolic branch of the glycolytic pathway found in Eimeria tenella. "	( Biosynthesis and catabolism of mannitol is developmentally regulated in the protozoan parasite Eimeria tenella. Allocco, JJ; Myers, RW; Nare, B; Profous-Juchelka, H; Schmatz, DM, 1999)	1.15
"Mannitol is an osmotic agent and a free radical scavenger so it might decrease oedema and tissue damage in stroke."	( Mannitol for acute stroke. Bereczki, D; do Prado, GF; Fekete, I; Liu, M, 2001)	3.2
"Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with free radical scavenging properties, which has been shown to reduce the extent of ischaemic injury and improve the function of the myocardium."	( Mannitol in cardioplegia as an oxygen free radical scavenger measured by malondialdehyde. Kelleher, N; Kennington, S; Kuo, J; Larsen, M; Sheppard, J; Unsworth-White, J; Webb, G, 2002)	2.48
"Mannitol is a polymorphic excipient which is usually used in pharmaceutical products as the beta form, although other polymorphs (alpha and delta) are common contaminants. "	( Quantitative analysis of mannitol polymorphs. FT-Raman spectroscopy. Booth, SW; Campbell Roberts, SN; Grimsey, IM; Williams, AC, 2002)	2.06
"Mannitol is a polymorphic parmaceutical excipient, which commonly exists in three forms: alpha, beta and delta. "	( Quantitative analysis of mannitol polymorphs. X-ray powder diffractometry--exploring preferred orientation effects. Booth, SW; Campbell Roberts, SN; Grimsey, IM; Williams, AC, 2002)	2.06
"Mannitol is an effective alternative to frusemide in inducing diuresis after prostatectomy, and may protect against water intoxication."	( Diuretics after transurethral prostatectomy: a double-blind controlled trial comparing frusemide and mannitol. Clarkson, K; Crowley, K; Hannon, V; Kelly, DG; McShane, A, 1990)	1.22
"Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic widely used in the diagnosis and prevention of acute oliguric renal failure, acute cerebral edema and acute glaucoma. "	( Mannitol-induced acute renal failure. Sica, DA; Weaver, A, 1987)	3.16
"Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic commonly used to reduce intracranial pressure. "	( Hypotensive effect of mannitol administered rapidly. Domaingue, CM; Nye, DH, 1985)	2.03

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Mannitol has a favorable safety profile although it can cause electrolyte abnormality and renal impairment."	( Mannitol in Critical Care and Surgery Over 50+ Years: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Complications With Meta-Analysis. Dai, F; Hersey, DP; Lin, L; McDonagh, DL; Meng, L; Neal, J; Su, F; Zhang, W, 2019)	2.68
"The mannitol test has a moderate sensitivity and will only detect approximately 60% of asthma cases."	( The usefulness of the mannitol challenge test for asthma. Backer, V; Porsbjerg, C; Sverrild, A, 2013)	1.19
"Mannitol also has a long- and well-established safety profile in both the food and pharmaceutical industry."	( Free radical scavenging properties of mannitol and its role as a constituent of hyaluronic acid fillers: a literature review. André, P; Villain, F, 2017)	1.45
"Mannitol has a renoprotective function when given during ESWL, as evidenced by the statistically significant reduction in renal RI."	( Renoprotective effect of mannitol infusion during extracorporeal shock lithotripsy. Abd, ZH; Muter, SA; Rifat, UN, 2009)	2.1
"Mannitol has a higher specificity for a physician diagnosis of asthma than methacholine."	( Bronchial provocation testing: the future. Anderson, SD; Brannan, JD, 2011)	1.09
"Mannitol binding has a large impact on the structure around position 198, while only minor changes are induced at positions 251 and 260."	( Structural investigation of the transmembrane C domain of the mannitol permease from Escherichia coli using 5-FTrp fluorescence spectroscopy. Broos, J; Dijkstra, BW; Fusetti, F; Hesp, BH; Opačić, M, 2012)	1.34
"Mannitol has a high specificity for identifying a clinical diagnosis of asthma."	( Assessment and prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Anderson, SD; Kippelen, P, 2012)	1.1
"Mannitol has an antioxidant activity, but we were unable to confirm a positive impact on the postoperative clinical course."	( Effects of mannitol in the prevention of lipid peroxidation during liver resection with hepatic vascular exclusion. Andreadou, I; Arkadopoulos, N; Costopanagiotou, C; Kostopanagiotou, G; Markantonis, SL; Niokou, D; Pandazi, AK; Smyrniotis, V; Teloudis, A, 2006)	2.17
"Mannitol has a beneficial effect on ischemic injury following a short-duration forebrain ischemic insult in rats. "	( Mannitol does not affect energy metabolism in forebrain ischemia. Buist, RJ; Hruska, FE; Peeling, J; Sutherland, GR; Yang, F, 1992)	3.17
"Mannitol intoxication has been reported in human medicine. "	( Acute kidney injury, seizures, and hypertonic hyponatremia secondary to mannitol intoxication in a dog. Aumann, M; Clabots, MF; Gaillard, E, 2019)	2.19
"Mannitol has been the cornerstone of osmotherapy in the treatment of raised intracranial pressure for the past several decades. "	( A curious finding of skin blebs: A case report. Bhaskar, S; Choudhary, B; Khera, D; Toteja, N, )	1.57
"Mannitol has been used in hydration protocols to mitigate this adverse event but its role remains controversial."	( Effect of mannitol on acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin. Adam, JP; Bégin, AM; Boudrias-Dalle, É; Chagnon, M; Fournier, MA; Lavallée, E; Letarte, N; Monfette, ML; Samouelian, V; Soulières, D, 2021)	1.75
"Mannitol has recently been reported to be effective in enhancing the antinociceptive efficacy of lidocaine. "	( Mannitol Enhances the Antinociceptive Effects of Diphenhydramine as an Alternative Local Anesthetic. Ahn, DK; Ju, JS; Kim, MS; Lim, JS; Oh, JS; Park, JH; Son, JY; Yoon, HW, 2020)	3.44
"Mannitol has been widely used in fine chemicals, pharmaceutical industries, as well as functional foods due to its excellent characteristics, such as antioxidant protecting, regulation of osmotic pressure and non-metabolizable feature. "	( Recent advances in microbial production of mannitol: utilization of low-cost substrates, strain development and regulation strategies. Cheng, C; Gu, L; Jiang, M; Liu, J; Ma, J; Wu, H; Xin, F; Zhang, M, 2018)	2.19
"Mannitol has been employed to ameliorate renal warm ischemia damage during partial nephrectomy, however, there is limited scientific evidence to support the use of mannitol during partial nephrectomy. "	( Mannitol reduces nephron loss after warm renal ischemia in a porcine model. Abreu, LAS; Bechara, GR; Costa, WS; Damasceno-Ferreira, JA; De Souza, DB; Pereira-Sampaio, MA; Sampaio, FJB, 2018)	3.37
"Mannitol has a favorable safety profile although it can cause electrolyte abnormality and renal impairment."	( Mannitol in Critical Care and Surgery Over 50+ Years: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Complications With Meta-Analysis. Dai, F; Hersey, DP; Lin, L; McDonagh, DL; Meng, L; Neal, J; Su, F; Zhang, W, 2019)	2.68
"Mannitol has minimal effect on urine production and GFR but does increase FE of urea nitrogen and sodium, immediately after bolus injection. "	( Sequential changes in urine production, glomerular filtration rate, and electrolyte excretion after mannitol administration. Cowgill, LD; Kirby, J; Segev, G; Stafford, C, 2019)	2.17
"Mannitol has been administered during partial nephrectomy as a renal protective agent for ischemic damage. "	( Mannitol has no impact on renal function after open partial nephrectomy in solitary kidneys. Hashimoto, Y; Iizuka, J; Kobayashi, H; Kondo, T; Omae, K; Takagi, T; Tanabe, K, 2014)	3.29
"The mannitol test has a moderate sensitivity and will only detect approximately 60% of asthma cases."	( The usefulness of the mannitol challenge test for asthma. Backer, V; Porsbjerg, C; Sverrild, A, 2013)	1.19
"Mannitol has renovascular and antioxidant properties that could prove beneficial in this respect."	( Mannitol and renal dysfunction after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair procedures: a randomized trial. Christodoulaki, K; Dima, C; Kalimeris, K; Kostopanagiotou, G; Moulakakis, KG; Nikolakopoulos, N; Pandazi, A; Papasideris, C; Riga, M; Sidiropoulou, T, 2014)	2.57
"Mannitol has previously been found to restore aminoglycoside sensitivity in Escherichia coli by generating a proton-motive force (PMF), suggesting a potential new strategy to improve antibiotic therapy and reduce disease progression in CF."	( Mannitol enhances antibiotic sensitivity of persister bacteria in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Barraud, N; Buson, A; Jarolimek, W; Rice, SA, 2013)	2.55
"D-Mannitol has wide applications in food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. "	( [Production of D-mannitol by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli]. Chen, J; Liu, P; Wang, X; Xu, H; Yu, P; Zhang, X, 2013)	1.45
"Mannitol has been shown to have cytoprotective properties in the cochlea both in vitro and in vivo."	( Otoprotective properties of mannitol against gentamicin induced hair cell loss. Bas, E; Eshraghi, A; Gupta, C; Selman, Y; Telischi, FF; Van De Water, TR; Wood, JW, 2014)	1.42
"Mannitol has been shown to damage endothelial cells and activate coagulation pathways leading to intravascular thrombosis. "	( A case-cohort study with propensity score matching to evaluate the effects of mannitol on venous thromboembolism. Fletcher, JJ; Kade, AM; Sheehan, KM; Wilson, TJ, 2014)	2.07
"D-mannitol has been approved in dry powder formulation as an effective antimucolytic agent in patients with cystic fibrosis. "	( Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays an altered phenotype in vitro when grown in the presence of mannitol. Downey, DG; Moore, JE; Rendall, JC, 2015)	1.36
"Mannitol has both hydrating and antioxidant properties that make it an ideal excipient for use with hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers. "	( Free radical scavenging properties of mannitol and its role as a constituent of hyaluronic acid fillers: a literature review. André, P; Villain, F, 2017)	2.17
"Mannitol has multiple industrial applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries, being mainly used as a non-metabolizable sweetener in foods."	( Global Analysis of Mannitol 2-Dehydrogenase in Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1101 during Mannitol Production through Enzymatic, Genetic and Proteomic Approaches. Bleckwedel, J; Fadda, S; Hebert, EM; Mozzi, F; Ortiz, ME; Picariello, G; Raya, RR, 2017)	1.5
"Mannitol has been hypothesized to play a role in antioxidant defense. "	( Mannitol biosynthesis is required for plant pathogenicity by Alternaria alternata. Daub, ME; Glassbrook, NJ; Vélëz, H, 2008)	3.23
"Mannitol has long been the "gold standard" for treatment of cerebral edema and refractory intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and stroke. "	( Challenging the gold standard: should mannitol remain our first-line defense against intracranial hypertension? Infanti, JL, 2008)	2.06
"Mannitol has a renoprotective function when given during ESWL, as evidenced by the statistically significant reduction in renal RI."	( Renoprotective effect of mannitol infusion during extracorporeal shock lithotripsy. Abd, ZH; Muter, SA; Rifat, UN, 2009)	2.1
"Mannitol has a higher specificity for a physician diagnosis of asthma than methacholine."	( Bronchial provocation testing: the future. Anderson, SD; Brannan, JD, 2011)	1.09
"Mannitol has demonstrated the ability to detect airway hyperreactivity in individuals. "	( Mannitol as an indirect bronchoprovocation test for the 21st century. Ledford, D; Parkerson, J, 2011)	3.25
"Mannitol has traditionally been the mainstay of medical therapy for intracranial hypertension in patients with head injury. "	( Effect of mannitol on cerebral blood volume in patients with head injury. Dhar, R; Diringer, MN; Powers, WJ; Scalfani, MT; Videen, TO; Zazulia, AR, 2012)	2.22
"Mannitol binding has a large impact on the structure around position 198, while only minor changes are induced at positions 251 and 260."	( Structural investigation of the transmembrane C domain of the mannitol permease from Escherichia coli using 5-FTrp fluorescence spectroscopy. Broos, J; Dijkstra, BW; Fusetti, F; Hesp, BH; Opačić, M, 2012)	1.34
"Mannitol has a high specificity for identifying a clinical diagnosis of asthma."	( Assessment and prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Anderson, SD; Kippelen, P, 2012)	1.1
"Mannitol has been the primary hyperosmolar agent for nearly a century and remains the de facto gold standard for medical management of intracranial hypertension."	( Hypertonic saline, not mannitol, should be considered gold-standard medical therapy for intracranial hypertension. Marko, NF, 2012)	1.41
"Mannitol has otoprotective effects against tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-induced auditory hair cell (HC) loss."	( Mannitol protects hair cells against tumor necrosis factor α-induced loss. Channer, GA; Dinh, JT; Eshraghi, AA; Gupta, C; Infante, EB; Telischi, FF; Van De Water, TR; Vu, L, 2012)	3.26
"Mannitol has been demonstrated to possess cytoprotective effects in several organ systems. "	( Mannitol protects hair cells against tumor necrosis factor α-induced loss. Channer, GA; Dinh, JT; Eshraghi, AA; Gupta, C; Infante, EB; Telischi, FF; Van De Water, TR; Vu, L, 2012)	3.26
"Mannitol has three polymorphic forms, and was classified as alpha, beta, and delta form, respectively, by Walter-Lévy (C.R."	( Moisture induced polymorphic transition of mannitol and its morphological transformation. Forbes, RT; Kawashima, Y; York, P; Yoshinari, T, 2002)	1.3
"Mannitol has an antioxidant activity, but we were unable to confirm a positive impact on the postoperative clinical course."	( Effects of mannitol in the prevention of lipid peroxidation during liver resection with hepatic vascular exclusion. Andreadou, I; Arkadopoulos, N; Costopanagiotou, C; Kostopanagiotou, G; Markantonis, SL; Niokou, D; Pandazi, AK; Smyrniotis, V; Teloudis, A, 2006)	2.17
"Mannitol has been ascribed a multitude of roles in filamentous fungi including carbohydrate storage, reservoir of reducing power, stress tolerance and spore dislodgement and/or dispersal."	( Decoding the mannitol enigma in filamentous fungi. Oliver, RP; Solomon, PS; Waters, OD, 2007)	1.43
"Mannitol has been used with good effect in non-controlled studies in acutely severely poisoned patients, but is not described in the treatment of chronic or milder poisoning."	( Treatment of a mild chronic case of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol, a case study. Mitchell, G, 2005)	1.28
"Mannitol intoxication has been reported as a potentially life-threatening complication when the agent is used unrestrictedly in patients with established renal failure. "	( Acute renal failure associated with mannitol intoxication. Report of a case. Bacon, ME; Handy, R; Madden, M; Patel, TG; Whelan, TV, 1984)	1.99
"Oral mannitol has been widely accepted as the bowel preparation of choice for colonoscopy and elective colorectal operation because it is well tolerated by patients. "	( Influence of oral mannitol bowel preparation on colonic microflora and the risk of explosion during endoscopic diathermy. Arabi, Y; Bentley, S; Burdon, DW; Hares, MM; Keighley, MR; Taylor, EW; Youngs, D, 1981)	1.11
"Mannitol has been used in routine neurosurgical practice for the control of increased intracranial pressure. "	( Effect of mannitol on focal cerebral ischemia evaluated by somatosensory-evoked potentials and magnetic resonance imaging. Handa, Y; Ide, H; Ishii, Y; Kabuto, M; Kobayashi, H; Kubota, T, 1995)	2.14
"Mannitol has replaced other diuretics as the agent of first choice for control of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) after brain injury. "	( Mannitol and other diuretics in severe neurotrauma. Bullock, R, 1995)	3.18
"Mannitol has no superior effect over sorbitol as a diuretic."	( Diuretic effects of irrigating fluids containing mannitol and sorbitol. Hahn, RG; Zhang, W, 1995)	1.27
"Mannitol has beneficial effect on ischemic injury."	( Effect of mannitol on focal cerebral ischemia evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Handa, Y; Ide, H; Kabuto, M; Kobayashi, H; Kodera, T; Kubota, T; Maeda, M, 1994)	1.41
"Mannitol has previously been shown to reduce skeletal muscle reperfusion injury and postischaemic compartment pressure. "	( The effect of mannitol on reperfusion injury and postischaemic compartment pressure in skeletal muscle. Oredsson, S; Plate, G; Qvarfordt, P, 1994)	2.09
"Mannitol has not previously been shown to be protective for retinal or retinal pigment epithelial ischemia."	( Mannitol, dextromethorphan, and catalase minimize ischemic damage to retinal pigment epithelium and retina. Gupta, LY; Marmor, MF, 1993)	2.45
"Mannitol has been extensively used in cardiac surgery since its infancy, and remains in common usage to day."	( Mannitol and cardiac surgery. Poullis, M, 1999)	2.47
"Mannitol has the potential to activate inflammatory mediators, induce oxidant stress and produce rebound cell swelling and, through these mechanisms, can further aggravate the neuronal injury due to ischaemia."	( The puzzle of neuronal death and life: is mannitol the right drug for the treatment of brain oedema associated with ischaemic stroke? Famularo, G, 1999)	1.29
"As mannitol has the same osmolarity, molecule mass and charge, the greater increase in RBV following hypertonic glucose appears to be a specific effect, possibly related to a decline in vascular tone."	( Specific effect of the infusion of glucose on blood volume during haemodialysis. Krepel, HP; Nette, RW; van den Meiracker, AH; Weimar, W; Zietse, R, 2002)	0.83
"Mannitol has a beneficial effect on ischemic injury following a short-duration forebrain ischemic insult in rats. "	( Mannitol does not affect energy metabolism in forebrain ischemia. Buist, RJ; Hruska, FE; Peeling, J; Sutherland, GR; Yang, F, 1992)	3.17
"Mannitol has free radical scavenging capabilities that might contribute to myocardial salvage after ischemia."	( Reduction of myocardial infarct size by poloxamer 188 and mannitol in a canine model. Austin, GE; Bonner, GD; Farnsworth, WV; Hunter, RL; Justicz, AG; Martino-Saltzman, D; Sink, JD; Soberman, MS; Tuvlin, MB, 1991)	1.25
"Mannitol has been labeled with 99mTc by using cuprous chloride as a reducing agent. "	( 99mTc(Cu)-mannitol complex: a new agent for dynamic renal function studies. Chander, J; Chauhan, UP; Mishra, P; Narayanan, RV; Sarin, RC; Singh, B, 1989)	2.12
"Mannitol has been shown to exert a dose-dependent, antiarrhythmic effect in the rat heart during reperfusion following a brief period of regional myocardial ischemia. "	( Mannitol and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias: possible mechanisms of action in the isolated rat heart. Bernier, M; Hearse, DJ; Yeatman, M, 1988)	3.16
"Mannitol has been used clinically to reduce ICP with varying success, and it is possible that it is more effective in some types of head injury than in others."	( Effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure in human head injury. Flood, J; Mendelow, AD; Murray, GD; Patterson, J; Russell, T; Teasdale, GM, 1985)	1.39
"D-Mannitol has not so far been known as a major product of sugar metabolism by yeasts. "	( Production of D-mannitol and glycerol by yeasts. Onishi, H; Suzuki, T, 1968)	1.31

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Mannitol plays an important role in the treatment of acute severe indirect optic nerve injury after TBI and tSAH."	( Effect of Mannitol Infusion on Optic Nerve Injury After Acute Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Brain Injury. Aydin, HE; Guvenc, G; Kizmazoglu, C, 2018)	1.6
"Mannitol excretion was lower and lactulose/mannitol ratios and sucralose/mannitol ratios were significantly increased compared with those in the control group (p<0.05)."	( Changes in the Expression and Distribution of Claudins, Increased Epithelial Apoptosis, and a Mannan-Binding Lectin-Associated Immune Response Lead to Barrier Dysfunction in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Rat Colitis. Jin, X; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Wan, H; Wang, F; Yuan, B; Zhou, S, 2015)	1.14
"Mannitol plays a central role in brown algal physiology since it represents an important pathway used to store photoassimilate. "	( Mannitol in six autotrophic stramenopiles and Micromonas. Aas, HT; Boyen, C; Dittami, SM; Edvardsen, B; Paulsen, BS; Tonon, T, 2011)	3.25
"The mannitol K(eff) was lower than that reported for dextran (~9-10% K(eff)), another product of Leuconstoc deterioration, under similar sucrose crystal growth conditions."	( Measurement and analysis of the mannitol partition coefficient in sucrose crystallization under simulated industrial conditions. Alexander, C; Eggleston, G; Gober, J; Yen, JW, 2012)	1.14
"The mannitol-induced increase in clearance was transiently inhibited by terbutaline pretreatment and transiently enhanced when terbutaline was administered after mannitol both in asthmatic and healthy subjects."	( Effects of terbutaline in combination with mannitol on mucociliary clearance. Anderson, SD; Chan, HK; Daviskas, E; Eberl, S; Seale, JP; Young, IH, 2002)	1.06
"Mannitol levels were lower in osmo-stressed mycelium."	( Investigating the role of polyols in Cladosporium fulvum during growth under hyper-osmotic stress and in planta. Blissett, KJ; Clark, AJ; Oliver, RP, 2003)	1.04
"Mannitol did not increase the incorporation of 3H-proline in total proteins or collagens, but on the contrary decreased it."	( Effect of high glucose concentration on corneal collagen biosynthesis. Menasche, M; Renard, G; Robert, AM; Robert, L, 2006)	1.06
"Mannitol and HS cause an increase in cerebrospinal fluid osmolality, and are associated with similar brain relaxation scores and arteriovenous oxygen and lactate difference during craniotomy."	( Effect of equiosmolar solutions of mannitol versus hypertonic saline on intraoperative brain relaxation and electrolyte balance. Britz, GW; Kincaid, MS; Lam, AM; Lee, LA; Muangman, S; Rozet, I; Souter, MJ; Tontisirin, N; Vavilala, MS, 2007)	2.06
"Mannitol might inhibit paracellular reabsorption of water and sodium chloride in the proximal tubules by reducing the osmotic driving force. "	( Mechanism of osmotic diuresis. Kiil, F; Mathisen, O; Raeder, M, 1981)	1.71
"Mannitol was found to cause an increase in rCBF, but it is not marked in animals with severe ischemic foci."	( Effect of mannitol on rCBF in canine thalamic ischemia--an experimental study. Ogawa, A; Seki, H; Suzuki, J; Yoshimoto, T, )	1.26
"Mannitol was found to inhibit NA,K-ATPase when compared with mannitol-free medium (11 U vs."	( Effects of mannitol on cultured corneal endothelial cell Na,K-ATPase activity. Angelos, P; Montgomery, B; Whikehart, DR, 1995)	1.4
"Mannitol may produce a further reduction in SjVO2 accompanied by an increase in AVDO2, suggesting a reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during hyperventilation. "	( Mannitol increases cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference in patients undergoing craniotomy. Lee, SR; Lee, TY; Lin, SH; Liou, JT; Lui, PW; Shen, CL; Shu, CC, 1995)	3.18
"Pure mannitol caused an increase in intracellular ion content due to a transcellular ion shift, whereas 20% mannitol induced a decrease."	( Non-invasive conductivity technique to detect changes in haematocrit: in vitro validation. de Lange, JJ; de Vries, PM; Donker, AJ; Kouw, PM; Olthof, CG, 1994)	0.74
"Mannitol additive can enhance the sieving ability of hydroxy-propylmethylcellulose (HPMC) solution in a Tris-Borate-EDTA background electrolyte."	( [Influence of mannitol additive on DNA separation by capillary non-gel sieving electrophoresis]. Han, F; Lin, B, 1998)	1.38
"Mannitol given to increase serum osmolality 10 mOsm resulted in a small but significant increase in mean systemic arterial pressure, maximum LV dp/dt, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and cardiac output but no significant change in heart rate or hematocrit."	( Influence of hypertonic mannitol on ventricular performance and coronary blood flow in patients. Atkins, JM; Curry, GC; Horwitz, LD; Parkey, R; Willerson, JT, 1975)	1.28
"tmannitol given to increase serum osmolality 20 mOsm increased regional myocardial blood flow to that portion of the left ventricle supplied by the occluded left anterior descending coronary artery by 22 +/- 2.8% (1.06 +/- 0.19 to 1.36 +/- 0.23 ml/min with g-1) without changing the inner:outer wall flow ratio."	( Influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in awake, intact dogs with prolonged coronary artery occlusion. Curry, GC; Hutton, I; Templeton, GH; Willerson, JT, 1975)	1.18
"Mannitol did not increase portal vein blood flow or have any effect on the hepatic uptake of glucose or the fractional hepatic extraction of insulin."	( Beta-adrenergic stimulation contributes to incretin effect in conscious dogs. Chap, Z; Field, JB; Okuda, Y; Peña, J, 1991)	1
"Mannitol alone did not cause significant changes."	( [Effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on cerebral monoamine turnover after hypoxia in rats]. Abe, M; Ishikawa, T; Nishiyama, Y; Niwa, M; Ozaki, M; Sakabe, T; Takeshita, H, 1986)	0.99

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"A mannitol stress treatment and a subsequent application of n-butanol, known as a microtubule-disrupting agent, enhance microspore embryogenesis (ME) induction and plant regeneration in bread wheat. "	( Microtubule organization changes severely after mannitol and n-butanol treatments inducing microspore embryogenesis in bread wheat. Castillo, AM; Dubas, E; Krzewska, M; Vallés, MP; Żur, I, 2021)	1.6
"In mannitol-treated patients, ICU length of stay was 9.5 days, in-hospital mortality was 56%, and 6-month mortality was 19%."	( Hyperosmolar Therapy in Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury-A Systematic Review. Broekman, MLD; Dolmans, RGF; Gormley, WB; Izzy, S; Mannix, R; Stopa, BM, 2019)	1.03
"Mannitol-TMZ combined treatment not only increased the amount of Evans blue dye within the stroke lesion site, but also reduced occludin expression in rat brain microvessels."	( Additional increased effects of mannitol-temozolomide combined treatment on blood-brain barrier permeability. Choi, C; Kim, HM; Kim, HT; Kim, NK; Kim, OJ; Oh, SH; Park, J; Shon, J, 2018)	1.49
"The mannitol-treated rats showed significant improvement in motor function."	( Mannitol enhances therapeutic effects of intra-arterial transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells into the brain after traumatic brain injury. Date, I; Haruma, J; Hishikawa, T; Kameda, M; Liu, K; Nishibori, M; Okuma, Y; Sugiu, K; Tokunaga, K; Toyoshima, A; Wang, F; Yasuhara, T, 2013)	2.31
"Mannitol treatment significantly induced the upregulation of the maize osmotic stress responsive gene Zea mays dehydration-responsive element binding protein 2A (ZmDREB2A), whereas abscisic acid (ABA) did not result in the induction of this gene."	( Promoter-associated histone acetylation is involved in the osmotic stress-induced transcriptional regulation of the maize ZmDREB2A gene. Gao, F; Hou, H; Li, H; Li, L; Tan, J; Wang, P; Yan, S; Zhang, Q; Zhao, L, 2014)	1.12
"Mannitol treatment of gentamicin explants downregulated the gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, but this difference did not achieve significance."	( Otoprotective properties of mannitol against gentamicin induced hair cell loss. Bas, E; Eshraghi, A; Gupta, C; Selman, Y; Telischi, FF; Van De Water, TR; Wood, JW, 2014)	1.42
"Mannitol treatment also decreased reactive oxygen radical levels significantly and was able to decrease apoptosis."	( Mannitol has a protective effect on testicular torsion: An experimental rat model. Akbas, A; Aktas, C; Aydin, M; Bozdemir, Y; Erboga, M; Kurt, O; Turan, C; Turker, P; Yazici, CM; Yesildag, E, 2016)	2.6
"Mannitol treatment had some effect in patients with initially warm CRPS I in contrast to patients with cold CRPS I (OR=6.30 with CI [2.37-16.75])."	( Mannitol as salvage treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I. Frölke, JP; Groenewoud, JM; Tacken, MC; Tan, EC; van Goor, H, 2010)	2.52
"The mannitol pretreatment in vivo improved electric field-mediated gene delivery in the hind-leg tumor models, in terms of reporter gene expression, but resulted in minimal enhancement in pDNA electrophoresis over a few microns distance in the DSC tumor models."	( Enhancement of electric field-mediated gene delivery through pretreatment of tumors with a hyperosmotic mannitol solution. Henshaw, J; Mossop, B; Yuan, F, 2011)	1.06
"Mannitol is used as a treatment for ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury of various organs in humans, despite the fact that its effectiveness in vivo is still disputed. "	( Mannitol attenuates acute lung injury induced by infrarenal aortic occlusion-reperfusion in rats. Adali, F; Akbulut, M; Enli, Y; Goksin, I; Karaman, K; Kelten, EC; Sackan, KG; Teke, Z, 2011)	3.25
"Mannitol treatment of postoperative AKI induces a renal vasodilation and redistributes systemic blood flow to the kidneys. "	( Mannitol increases renal blood flow and maintains filtration fraction and oxygenation in postoperative acute kidney injury: a prospective interventional study. Bragadottir, G; Redfors, B; Ricksten, SE, 2012)	3.26
"Mannitol treatment reduced the high levels of phospho-c-Jun observed in the TNFα-challenged group."	( Mannitol protects hair cells against tumor necrosis factor α-induced loss. Channer, GA; Dinh, JT; Eshraghi, AA; Gupta, C; Infante, EB; Telischi, FF; Van De Water, TR; Vu, L, 2012)	2.54
"Mannitol treated patients had a statistically significant decrease in beta 2-microglobulin excretion after ESWL compared with the control group."	( The role of mannitol in alleviating renal injury during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Greene, T; Gupta, M; Nejat, RJ; Ogiste, JS; Rashid, HH, 2003)	2.14
"Mannitol treatment effect was adjusted for age, stroke severity, fever in the first 3 days, and aspirin treatment (for ischemic strokes) in logistic regression models."	( Mannitol use in acute stroke: case fatality at 30 days and 1 year. Bereczki, D; Csiba, L; Di Cesar, D; Fekete, I; Fekete, K; Fülesdi, B; Mihálka, L; Szatmári, S, 2003)	2.48
"Mannitol treatment results in IRS-1 degradation with concomitant appearance of smaller fragments, likely representing caspase cleavage products."	( Differential regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 degradation during mannitol and okadaic acid induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells. Feldman, EL; Kim, B; Oh, S; van Golen, CM, 2005)	1.28
"A mannitol treatment induced a rise in ABA levels and fluridone treatment counteracted the mannitol induction of PsGRP1 expression."	( Expression of PsGRP1, a novel glycine rich protein gene of Pisum sativum, is induced in developing fruit and seed and by ABA in pistil and root. Carbonell, J; Cercós, M; Perez-Amador, MA; Urbez, C, 2006)	0.89
"Mannitol treatment alone did not lower the intraocular pressure after 90 minutes, although improvement was noted four hours after methylprednisolone."	( Rapid resolution of topiramate-induced angle-closure glaucoma with methylprednisolone and mannitol. Nipper, KS; Ramos-Esteban, JC; Rhee, DJ, 2006)	1.28
"Mannitol treatment increased FEV(1) from baseline by a mean of 7.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 to 10.7) compared to placebo 0.3% (95% CI, - 3.4 to 4.0; p < 0.001). "	( Inhaled mannitol improves lung function in cystic fibrosis. Anderson, SD; Bye, PTP; Charlton, B; Cooper, P; Daviskas, E; Jaques, A; LeSouëf, PN; McKay, K; Robertson, CF; Shadbolt, B; Stirling, RG; Turton, JA, 2008)	2.22
"Mannitol-treated hearts also had significantly greater coronary flow throughout the reperfusion period and significantly less marked myocardial edema formation compared with hearts treated with isosmolar and hyperosmolar glucose."	( The mechanism of mannitol in reducing ischemic injury: hyperosmolarity or hydroxyl scavenger? Bolling, SF; Bulkley, BH; Casale, AS; Gardner, TJ; Magovern, GJ, 1984)	1.33
"Mannitol treatment attenuated the fall in glomerular filtration rate at both 1 and 24 h after the ischemic insult."	( Protection of mitochondrial function by mannitol in ischemic acute renal failure. Arnold, PE; Burke, TJ; Gordon, JA; Schrier, RW, 1984)	1.26
"In mannitol-treated animals, some protective effect was found, especially in cases in which mannitol was administered within 60 minutes following occlusion."	( [The protective effect of mannitol and artificial blood (perfluorochemicals) on hemorrhagic infarction -- experimental study (author's transl)]. Kagawa, S; Koshu, K; Suzuki, J; Yoshimoto, T, 1981)	1.08
"Mannitol remains the treatment of choice."	( [The internal environment and intracranial hypertension]. Ciais, JF; Grimaud, D; Ichai, C, 1997)	1.02
"Mannitol is used as a treatment for skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in humans, despite the fact that its effectiveness in vivo is still disputed. "	( The effect of mannitol versus dimethyl thiourea at attenuating ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to skeletal muscle. Carson, MW; Clarke, S; Harris, KA; Potter, RF; Schlag, MG, 1999)	2.11
"High mannitol treatment activates caspase-3 by 1 h in SHEP cells while caspase-3 activation is delayed by 3 h in SHEP/IGF-IR cells."	( IGF-I receptor activation and BCL-2 overexpression prevent early apoptotic events in human neuroblastoma. Castle, VP; Feldman, EL; van Golen, CM, 2000)	0.76
"D-mannitol treatment suppressed the increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and total bilirubin concentration."	( In vivo evidence for accelerated generation of hydroxyl radicals in liver of Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats with acute hepatitis. Endo, K; Fujita, S; Gooneratne, R; Hosokawa, T; Kazusaka, A; Mizuno, H; Watanabe, T; Yamamoto, H, 2001)	0.87
"Mannitol treatment and other means of root pressure reduction revealed two separate growth responses in the affected cucumber hypocotyls."	( Mannitol inhibits growth of intact cucumber but not pea seedlings by mechanically collapsing the root pressure. Cosgrove, DJ; Stahlberg, R, 1997)	2.46
"Mannitol treatment of SH-EP cells transfected with vector (SH-EP/pSFFV) results in concentration- and time-dependent dephosphorylation and degradation of FAK."	( Insulin-like growth factor I prevents mannitol-induced degradation of focal adhesion kinase and Akt. Feldman, EL; Kim, B, 2002)	1.31
"Mannitol treatment significantly reduced the amount of necrosis of the pars recta, whereas dextran, methylprednisolone, and allopurinol had no or a negative effect on the survival of the cells of the pars recta segment."	( Effect of mannitol, dextran (macrodex), allopurinol, and methylprednisolone on the morphology of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney made ischemic in vivo. Glaumann, B, 1977)	1.38
"The mannitol-treated animals had a significant increase in the urinary excretion of 196mPt over control animals for the first five 15-minute collection times and for the 24-hour cumulative urine for the 0.01-mg/kg dose."	( Effect of a forced diuresis on the distribution and excretion (via urine and bile) of 195mplatinum when given as 195mplatinum cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Butts, JD; Coupal, JJ; DeSimone, PA; Hoeschel, JD; Yancey, RS, 1979)	0.74
"Mannitol treatment for Ciguatera Poisoning, 35 patients were treated from the Miami-Caribbean area with symptoms of acute and chronic Ciguatera Poisoning."	( Clinical experience with i.v. Mannitol in the treatment of ciguatera. Ayyar, RA; Baden, DG; Blythe, DG; De Sylva, DP; Fleming, LE; Shrank, K, 1992)	1.29
"In mannitol-treated group with intravenous continuous infusion, the recovery of the amplitude was superior to that in untreated group at a significance level of p less than 0.05."	( [Spinal cord evoked potential in experimental spinal cord injury--the changes in spinal cord evoked potential following impact injury, and effect of mannitol administration on acute experimental spinal cord injury]. Isu, T, 1990)	0.99
"Mannitol treatment resulted in histologic and biochemical alterations (reduced lactase, sucrase, maltase) limited to the proximal small intestine compared to the control group."	( Proximal small intestinal mucosal injury. Maintenance of glucose and glucose polymer absorption, attenuation of disaccharide absorption. Heitlinger, L; Lebenthal, E; Lee, PC; Madariaga, H; Palacios, M, 1989)	1
"In mannitol treated animals, tumors with an average volume of congruent to 200 mm3 were used."	( Evaluation of tumor energy metabolism and microvascular blood flow after glucose or mannitol administration using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry. Neuringer, LJ; Okunieff, P; Sedlacek, R; Vaupel, P, 1989)	1.02
"Mannitol treatment relative to saline, during and after aortic clamping reduced plasma TxB2 levels to 155 and 198 pg/mL, respectively (p less than 0.01); MPAP to 21 and 26 mmHg (p less than 0.01); minimized the decline in WBC to 5850/mm3 (p less than 0.01), and the postoperative rise in Q[sc]S[xsc]/Q[sc]T[xsc] to 12%, and PIP to 28 cmH2O (both p less than 0.01)."	( Pulmonary edema after aneurysm surgery is modified by mannitol. Allen, P; Feingold, H; Goldman, G; Hechtman, HB; Klausner, JM; Mannick, JA; Paterson, IS; Pugatch, R; Shepro, D; Valeri, CR, 1989)	1.25
"In mannitol-treated mice, significant changes of the avoidance behavior could be detected by both the classic index and our new indices."	( Introduction of new indices into continuous avoidance test--a trial to detect the effects of sodium chloride and mannitol on avoidance behavior. Ono, T; Umemoto, S; Wada, O, 1987)	1
"Mannitol treatment had no protective effect, but phenytoin, vitamin E and dexamethasone had clear dose-dependent effect."	( [Protective effect of various agents against ischemic neuronal damage in guinea pig hippocampal neurons studied in vitro]. Amagasa, M; Mizoi, K; Suzuki, J; Yoshimoto, T, 1988)	1
"Treatment with mannitol leads to a substantial improvement in PE ratio that reflects the ability to achieve a greater decrease in ICP when CSF drainage is performed after mannitol administration. "	( Improved Pressure Equalization Ratio Following Mannitol Administration in Patients With Severe TBI: A Preliminary Study of a Potential Bedside Marker for Response to Therapy. Doron, O; Hemphill, JC; Manley, G; Rosenthal, G, 2022)	1.33
"Treatment with mannitol during ECC was associated with decreased incidence of POD. "	( Mannitol Is Associated with Less Postoperative Delirium after Aortic Valve Surgery in Patients Treated with Bretschneider Cardioplegia. Charitos, EI; Duerr, GD; Hamiko, M; Hilbert, T; Putensen, C; Treede, H; Velten, M, 2022)	2.52
"Treatment with mannitol, a first-line edema treatment in clinical practice, was also associated with increased susceptibility to SDs and seizures after CCI, showing that neuronal volume reduction, regardless of mechanism, was associated with an excitability increase."	( Preventing neuronal edema increases network excitability after traumatic brain injury. Brennan, KC; Maguire, JL; McKean, NO; McKean, TO; Metcalf, CS; Sawant-Pokam, PA; Vail, TJ, 2020)	0.9
"Treatment with mannitol fails to correct these effects."	( Is mannitol the treatment of choice for patients with ciguatera fish poisoning? Hoffman, RS; Mullins, ME, 2017)	1.42
"Treatment with mannitol prevents gentamicin-induced hair cell loss in a dose-dependent manner, protecting both IHCs and outer hair cells."	( Otoprotective properties of mannitol against gentamicin induced hair cell loss. Bas, E; Eshraghi, A; Gupta, C; Selman, Y; Telischi, FF; Van De Water, TR; Wood, JW, 2014)	1.04
"Treatment with mannitol after traumatic brain injury reversed all these effects."	( Mannitol Improves Brain Tissue Oxygenation in a Model of Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury. Barbier, EL; Boucheix, P; Bouzat, P; Lemasson, B; Millet, A; Payen, JF; Pernet-Gallay, K; Schilte, C, 2015)	2.2
"Pretreatment with mannitol or sorbitol did not support regrowth."	( Effects of osmotic pretreatments on oxidative stress, antioxidant profiles and cryopreservation of olive somatic embryos. Benelli, C; Benson, EE; Johnston, JW; Lambardi, M; Lynch, PT; Mehra, A; Siddika, A; Trigwell, SM, 2011)	0.69
"Pre-treated with mannitol for two hours is beneficial to inducing ICT level of expression."	( [Isolation, expression analysis of a chilling induced cDNA from rice root with differential display: an evidence role for caffeine-sensitive calcium signal]. Li, LG; Liu, SQ; Yin, KD; Zhang, XM, 2002)	0.64
"Treatment with mannitol had little protective effects, whereas singlet oxygen scavenger histidine significantly improved the recovery of LVEDP and -dP/dt."	( Effect of free radical scavengers on myocardial function and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in stunned rabbit myocardium. Flameng, W; Herijgers, P; Kaplan, P; Matejovicova, M, 2005)	0.67
"Pretreatment with mannitol 1 day before MCNU administration was effective."	( Reduction of lethal toxicity of chloroethylnitrosoureas by sugar alcohols without loss of antitumor activity. Inaba, M; Sakurai, Y; Tashiro, T, 1982)	0.59
"Treatment with mannitol or anisodamin also prevented the increase of lactate and water content and the decrease in glucose content in the island skin flap tissue which occurred on reperfusion."	( The effect of mannitol and anisodamin on the prevention of free radical injury to post-ischaemia flaps: an experimental study. Fu, W; Jiao, X, 1995)	0.99
"Pretreatment with mannitol provided protection from both cortical and medullary changes in QO2, but posttreatment with mannitol only protected cortical QO2."	( Effects of theophylline, verapamil, and mannitol on oxygen consumption of ischemic rat kidneys. Homma, S; Kuramochi, G, 1993)	0.88
"Treatment with mannitol relieves the symptoms; the precise mechanism or mechanisms of action have not been proven."	( Ciguatera. Swift, AE; Swift, TR, 1993)	0.63
"Treatment with mannitol before ischemia did not produce statistically significant reductions in neuronal injury in either model."	( The effect of mannitol on experimental cerebral ischemia, revisited. Auer, RN; Luvisotto, TL; Sutherland, GR, 1996)	0.99
"Treatment with mannitol, although improving CPP and lowering ICP, did not affect Ptio2 and Sjvo2."	( Multimodal monitoring in patients with head injury: evaluation of the effects of treatment on cerebral oxygenation. Bardt, T; Härtl, R; Kiening, KL; Lanksch, WR; Sarrafzadeh, AS; Unterberg, AW, 1997)	0.64
"Treatment with mannitol and i.v."	( Treatment of hypernatremia in an acidotic neonatal calf. Angelos, JA; Angelos, SM; Fecteau, G; George, LW; House, JK; Smith, BP; Thacker, VC; Van Metre, DC, 1999)	0.64
"Treatment with mannitol at 3 g/kg i.v."	( The effect of riluzole and mannitol on cerebral oedema after cryogenic injury in the mouse. Archambaud, C; Böhme, GA; Imperato, A; Pratt, J; Rataud, J; Roux, M; Stutzmann, JM, 1999)	0.94
"Pretreatment with mannitol significantly suppressed the vasospastic effect of LPC."	( Melatonin suppresses lysophosphatidylcholine enhancement of serotonin-induced vasoconstriction in the human umbilical artery. Fukaya, T; Okatani, Y; Taniguchi, K; Wakatsuki, A; Watanabe, K, 2000)	0.63
"Pretreatment with mannitol prevented postischemic obstruction of the microcirculation during 5 minutes of recirculation after 30 minutes of severe temporary ischemia, but the EEG signals did not recover."	( Effect of mannitol on local cerebral blood flow after temporary complete cerebral ischemia in rats. Shirane, R; Weinstein, PR, 1992)	1.01

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Selectivity of protection by WR2721 is probably due to the preferential formation and uptake of the thiol metabolite 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanethiol (WR1065), which can inactivate toxic platinum-species inside the cell."	( Time dependence of the selective modulation of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by WR2721 in the mouse. Boven, E; Holwerda, U; Pinedo, HM; Treskes, M; van der Vijgh, WJ, 1992)	0.28
" Furthermore, the hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol and 2-deoxyribose inhibited Fe2/TBH-mediated lipid peroxidation, but not cell killing, suggesting that hydroxyl radical may not be involved in the critical toxic event."	( Evaluation of iron binding and peroxide-mediated toxicity in rat hepatocytes. Bannenberg, GL; Moldéus, P; Shertzer, HG, 1992)	0.54
" Cisplatin with mannitol appeared to be less toxic than pure cisplatin, and carboplatin the least toxic."	( Carboplatin and cisplatin ototoxicity in guinea pigs. Popelár, J; Syka, J; Taudy, M; Ulehlová, L, 1992)	0.63
" AB and hypoxia/reoxygenation caused additive, not synergistic, LDH release whereas CS-AB had no adverse effect."	( Direct amphotericin B-mediated tubular toxicity: assessments of selected cytoprotective agents. Bredl, CR; Schimpf, BA; Zager, RA, 1992)	0.28
" These results suggest that the toxic effect of the osmotic solutes on proliferation of the mesothelial cells depends not only on the hyperosmolality but also on some metabolic effect(s)."	( Toxicity of osmotic solutes on human mesothelial cells in vitro. Breborowicz, A; Oreopoulos, DG; Rodela, H, 1992)	0.28
" These drugs, however, can sometimes cause adverse ocular or systemic effects."	( Adverse effects of antiglaucoma medications. Bartlett, JD, 1991)	0.28
"1-Methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium iodide (MPP+) and paraquat (PQ+2) are two structurally analogous and highly toxic pyridinium compounds."	( Mechanistic aspects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium iodide toxicity in Escherichia coli: the role of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Chevion, M; Haskel, Y; Udassin, R, 1991)	0.28
"MPP+ and paraquat (PQ+2) are two structurally analogous and highly toxic pyridinium compounds."	( MPP+ toxicity in E. coli under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Chevion, M; Haskel, Y; Udassin, R, 1991)	0.28
" In order to find out the best method to achieve a soft & safe eye before surgery, a study was conducted on 90 patients, undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction."	( Achievement of surgically soft and safe eyes--a comparative study. Loomba, R; Sud, RN, )	0.13
" We show that addition of ferrous iron led to an enhancement of the bacterial killing, whereas addition of chelating agents, such as nitrilotriacetate and desferrioxamine, markedly reduced, up to a total abolishment, the toxic effects."	( Iron mediates paraquat toxicity in Escherichia coli. Chevion, M; Katzhendler, J; Kohen, R; Korbashi, P, 1986)	0.27
" Diatrizoate sodium meglumine was the most toxic agent, followed by diatrizoate and meglumine, iothalamate meglumine, and mannitol in terms of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and coupled perfusion decline."	( Comparative neurotoxicity of angiographic contrast media. Albright, R; Drayer, B; Fram, E; Velaj, R, 1985)	0.48
" On the basis of these studies, of five drugs studied at a wide range of doses, only cyclophosphamide appears to be safe enough to evaluate in clinical trials that utilize blood-brain barrier modification to enhance drug delivery."	( Neurotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents after blood-brain barrier modification: neuropathological studies. Barnett, P; Frenkel, E; Glasberg, M; Neuwelt, EA, 1983)	0.27
"The anticancer drug cisplatin has been known to produce severe renal lesions characterized by high levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), toxic nephrosis, and platinum (Pt) retention in the kidney."	( Effects of the diuretics mannitol or acetazolamide on nephrotoxicity and physiological disposition of cisplatin in rats. Copley, MP; Litterst, CL; Osman, NM, 1984)	0.57
"The dose-limiting toxic effect of high-dose (100 mg/m2) cisplatin is renal insufficiency."	( High-dose cisplatin therapy using mannitol versus furosemide diuresis: comparative pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Aisner, J; Bachur, NR; Chang, P; Egorin, MJ; Hahn, D; LeRoy, A; Markus, S; Ostrow, S; Wiernik, PH, )	0.41
" The mannitol derivatives were selectively myelosuppressive, being twice as toxic towards granulocytes as towards lymphocytes."	( Toxicity, antitumour and haematological effects of 1,2-anhydro-6-bromogalactitol and d-mannitol: a comparison with the related dibromo- and dianhydro-derivatives. Hegedüs, L; Horváth, IP; Jarman, M; Somfai-Relle, S, 1982)	1
"Cisplatin is a nephrotoxic drug; however, agents that may make cisplatin therapy more safe and rewarding will be available in the near future."	( Newer insights into cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Anand, AJ; Bashey, B, 1993)	0.29
" Secondary endpoints were the assessment of the possible adverse clinical and biochemical effects of transfusing AS-1 RBCs stored for < or = 42 days."	( AS-1 red cells for neonatal transfusions: a randomized trial assessing donor exposure and safety. Bell, EF; Burmeister, LF; Cordle, DG; James, T; Johnson, K; Ludwig, GA; Miller, J; Strauss, RG, 1996)	0.29
"The radiocontrast agents reduced cell viability to a greater extent than hyperosmolal mannitol solutions in both cell lines; diatrizoate was more toxic than iopamidol."	( Cytotoxicity of radiocontrast agents on polarized renal epithelial cell monolayers. Haller, C; Kübler, W; Schick, CS; Zorn, M, 1997)	0.52
"Diatrizoate is more toxic than iopamidol, which is partly related to its higher osmolality."	( Cytotoxicity of radiocontrast agents on polarized renal epithelial cell monolayers. Haller, C; Kübler, W; Schick, CS; Zorn, M, 1997)	0.3
"Effects of water-soluble beta-cyclodextrins (beta CDs) on intestinal epithelial integrity were investigated, to establish the safe use of these beta CDs as solubilizers of spironolactone in paediatric enteral solutions."	( Intestinal safety of water-soluble beta-cyclodextrins in paediatric oral solutions of spironolactone: effects on human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Mannermaa, JP; Schipper, NG; Thompson, DO; Tötterman, AM, 1997)	0.3
"Radiation before chemotherapy was a more toxic sequence and, surprisingly, carboplatin/etoposide administered in combination with radiotherapy was more detrimental than methotrexate."	( Long-term toxicity and neuropathology associated with the sequencing of cranial irradiation and enhanced chemotherapy delivery. Garcia, R; Mass, M; McCormick, CI; Neuwelt, EA; Pearse, HD; Remsen, LG; Roman-Goldstein, S; Sexton, G, 1997)	0.3
" This study supports the idea that iron and free radicals play a critical role in the toxic side effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics."	( Iron chelators protect from aminoglycoside-induced cochleo- and vestibulo-toxicity. Schacht, J; Sha, SH; Song, BB, 1998)	0.3
"There were no adverse effects attributable to the use of the irrigant."	( Sorbitol-mannitol solution for urological electrosurgical resection-- a safer fluid than glycine 1.5%. Dawkins, GP; Miller, RA, 1999)	0.72
" We have explored the possibility of determining a concentration range of melittin where it is relatively safe to be used as an adsorption enhancer."	( Evaluation of cytotoxicity and absorption enhancing effects of melittin - a novel absorption enhancer. Davis, P; Krishnan, TR; Liu, H; Liu, P, 1999)	0.3
", no separation between effective and toxic concentration)."	( Dodecylphosphocholine-mediated enhancement of paracellular permeability and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cell monolayers. LeCluyse, EL; Liu, DZ; Thakker, DR, 1999)	0.3
"Results of both the randomized study and the subsequent evaluation documented that AS-3 RBCs stored < or =42 days and transfused in small volumes (15 mL/kg) were safe for RBC transfusions of preterm infants."	( Feasibility and safety of AS-3 red blood cells for neonatal transfusions. Burmeister, LF; Cordle, D; Cress, G; Johnson, K; Strauss, RG, 2000)	0.31
" The vaccine formulation was safe when used in an already immune population."	( Safety and immunogenicity of a three-component blood-stage malaria vaccine in adults living in an endemic area of Papua New Guinea. Adiguma, T; Al-Yaman, F; Alpers, MP; Anders, R; Briggs, WR; Brown, G; Genton, B; Giddy, A; Ginny, M; Irving, DO; Mai, A; Pye, D; Rare, L; Reber-Liske, R; Saul, A; Stuerchler, D, 2000)	0.31
" Of many different strategies, hydration with normal saline before and after exposure offers the best protection with the fewest adverse effects."	( Contrast medium-induced nephrotoxicity: pathophysiology and prevention. Gerlach, AT; Pickworth, KK, 2000)	0.31
"To investigate the incidence of adverse events during hemodialysis treatments as a function of calories and fluid intake."	( Effects of calorie and fluid intake on adverse events during hemodialysis. Burgett, M; Buss, ML; Carver, M; Kwankin, S; Strong, J; Walker, D, 2001)	0.31
" In order to develop an efficient and safe inactivate vaccine, the choice of the adjuvant is an important issue."	( Assessment of efficacy and safety of various adjuvant formulations with a total soluble extract of Trichinella spiralis. Aucouturier, J; Boireau, P; Deville, S; Perret, C; Vallée, I, 2001)	0.31
" In conclusion, the use of AS-1 red blood cells is safe for small volume transfusions in neonates."	( Safety and efficacy of AS-1 red blood cell use in neonates. Jain, R; Jarosz, C, 2001)	0.31
"From this preliminary study, immediate paracentesis seems to be safe and effective in controlling the intraocular pressure and eliminating symptoms in acute PACG."	( Efficacy and safety of immediate anterior chamber paracentesis in the treatment of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma: a pilot study. Chua, JK; Lai, JS; Lam, DS; Tham, CC, 2002)	0.31
"The cell toxic effects of nonionic surfactants were investigated by means of two in vitro models, namely pig nasal mucosa mounted in horizontal Ussing chambers, and Caco-2 cell monolayers."	( Correlation between epithelial toxicity and surfactant structure as derived from the effects of polyethyleneoxide surfactants on caco-2 cell monolayers and pig nasal mucosa. Björk, E; Ekelund, K; Johansson, F; Osth, K; Påhlstorp, C; Ulvenlund, S, 2005)	0.33
"These results confirm that HTK solution is safe and effective when used in LDLTx."	( Safety and efficacy of living donor liver preservation with HTK solution. Braun, F; Meyers, W; Moritz, M; Ringe, B; Soriano, H; Zeldin, G, )	0.13
" The vaccine was safe and well tolerated, with transient injection site pain as the most frequent complaint."	( Safety and enhanced immunogenicity of a hepatitis B core particle Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine formulated in adjuvant Montanide ISA 720 in a phase I trial. Birkett, A; Boehmer, G; Calvo-Calle, JM; Dubovsky, F; Gleiter, CH; Kremsner, PG; Luty, AJ; Nardin, EH; Nussenzweig, R; Oliveira, GA; Ramharter, M; Schmidt, A; Thornton, GB; Tierney, E; Wetzel, K, 2005)	0.33
" Adverse events were monitored and diaries kept for 7 days following the tests."	( The safety and efficacy of inhaled dry powder mannitol as a bronchial provocation test for airway hyperresponsiveness: a phase 3 comparison study with hypertonic (4.5%) saline. Anderson, SD; Brannan, JD; Charlton, B; Freed-Martens, R; Lassig, AR; Perry, CP, 2005)	0.59
" There were no serious adverse events."	( The safety and efficacy of inhaled dry powder mannitol as a bronchial provocation test for airway hyperresponsiveness: a phase 3 comparison study with hypertonic (4.5%) saline. Anderson, SD; Brannan, JD; Charlton, B; Freed-Martens, R; Lassig, AR; Perry, CP, 2005)	0.59
"To test in vitro whether gadolinium-based contrast agents induce fewer toxic effects on renal tubular cells than does an iodinated contrast medium at concentrations used for angiography."	( Cytotoxicity of iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents in renal tubular cells at angiographic concentrations: in vitro study. Grgic, A; Heckmann, MB; Heinrich, MC; Kohlbacher, S; Kuhlmann, MK; Scheer, M; Uder, M, 2007)	0.34
"The vaccine formulation was shown to be safe and well-tolerated, and none of the participants withdrew."	( Safety and immunogenicity of a malaria vaccine, Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1/MSP-1 chimeric protein formulated in montanide ISA 720 in healthy adults. Cao, Y; Cao, Z; Chen, Z; Gu, J; He, J; Hu, J; Huang, X; Kieny, MP; Li, W; Li, Z; Liu, H; Pan, W; Pan, X; Qu, L; Reed, ZH; Shen, Q; Wan, M; Wang, Q; Xue, X; Zhang, D; Zhang, Q; Zhu, Y, 2008)	0.35
"Treatment-related adverse events included grade 1 fatigue, anemia, pruritus, myalgias, and hyperthyroidism and grade 2 hypothyroidism."	( Safety and immunogenicity study of NY-ESO-1b peptide and montanide ISA-51 vaccination of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer in high-risk first remission. Aghajanian, C; Diefenbach, CS; Dupont, B; Dupont, J; Gnjatic, S; Hensley, ML; Iasonos, A; Jungbluth, AA; Lee, H; Old, LJ; Pezzulli, S; Sabbatini, P; Spriggs, DR, 2008)	0.35
" OBJECTIVE To review the use of injectable PLLA, specifically regarding optimal injection technique that can reduce adverse events (AEs) and enhance out comes."	( Minimizing adverse events associated with poly-L-lactic acid injection. Narins, RS, 2008)	0.35
" Systemic adverse events occurred mainly in the AS02 groups lasting for 1-2 days."	( Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum AMA1 malaria vaccine adjuvanted with Alhydrogel, Montanide ISA 720 or AS02. Arnold, M; Ascarateil, S; Ballou, WR; Blythman, H; Cohen, J; de Jonge, E; de Mast, Q; Dubois, MC; Faber, B; Hermsen, R; Imoukhuede, E; Jepsen, S; Kocken, CH; Leroy, O; Ofori-Anyinam, O; Remarque, E; Roeffen, W; Roestenberg, M; Sauerwein, R; Teelen, K; Thomas, A; van der Ven, A; Walraven, V, 2008)	0.35
"The adverse effects of either NaCl or mannitol on amino acids, protein patterns and nucleic acids in Vicia faba seeds were investigated."	( Plant growth, metabolism and adaptation in relation to stress conditions. XXVII. Can ascorbic acid modify the adverse effects of NaCl and mannitol on amino acids, nucleic acids and protein patterns in Vicia faba seedlings? Hasaneen, MN; Kazamel, AM; Younis, ME, 2009)	0.83
"The authors conclude that SIACI of mannitol followed by bevacizumab (up to 15 mg/kg) for recurrent malignant glioma is safe and well tolerated."	( Safety and maximum tolerated dose of superselective intraarterial cerebral infusion of bevacizumab after osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption for recurrent malignant glioma. Clinical article. Boockvar, JA; Christos, P; Fralin, S; Hofstetter, CP; Kesavabhotla, K; Knopman, J; Kovanlikaya, I; Pannullo, SC; Riina, HA; Scheff, RJ; Schwartz, TH; Seedial, SM; Stieg, P; Tsiouris, AJ; Vallabhajosula, S; Zimmerman, RD, 2011)	0.65
" Vaccines were immunogenic, safe, well tolerated, and no serious adverse events related to the vaccine occurred."	( Phase I safety and immunogenicity trial of Plasmodium vivax CS derived long synthetic peptides adjuvanted with montanide ISA 720 or montanide ISA 51. Arévalo-Herrera, M; Cárdenas, W; Chen-Mok, M; Corradin, G; Fernández, OL; Herrera, S; Palacios, R; Ramírez, O; Vera, O, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse side effects, assayed by organ histology and liver enzymes in the blood, were much lower after local anti-CD40 Ab delivery than systemic administration."	( Local activation of CD8 T cells and systemic tumor eradication without toxicity via slow release and local delivery of agonistic CD40 antibody. Arens, R; Fransen, MF; Melief, CJ; Morreau, H; Sluijter, M, 2011)	0.37
" The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar in both groups, although treatment-related AEs were higher in the mannitol compared with the control group."	( Inhaled dry powder mannitol in cystic fibrosis: an efficacy and safety study. Bilton, D; Charlton, B; Cooper, P; Fox, H; Gallagher, CG; Jaques, A; Kolbe, J; Robinson, P, 2011)	0.91
"Treatment was well tolerated and no significant adverse events were noted."	( Safety and immunogenicity of multimeric-001--a novel universal influenza vaccine. Atsmon, J; Ben-Yedidia, T; Haim, KY; Kate-Ilovitz, E; Shaikevich, D; Singer, Y; Volokhov, I, 2012)	0.38
" However, few experiments studied the direct link between this toxic agent and cell death."	( Sodium selenide toxicity is mediated by O2-dependent DNA breaks. Beuneu, F; Blanquet, S; Dauplais, M; Decourty, L; Jacquier, A; Lazard, M; Malabat, C; Peyroche, G; Plateau, P; Saveanu, C, 2012)	0.38
" Finally, 1000 μg/mL cefazolin showed no adverse effects on porcine kidney endothelial cells."	( Antibiotic prophylaxis in (sub)normothermic organ preservation: in vitro efficacy and toxicity of cephalosporins. Bruinsma, BG; de Boer, L; Heger, M; Post, IC; van Gulik, TM; van Rijssen, LB; Zaat, SA, 2013)	0.39
" Compliance rates were high, and mannitol was well tolerated with adverse events similar to those of placebo."	( Phase 3 randomized study of the efficacy and safety of inhaled dry powder mannitol for the symptomatic treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Anderson, SD; Bilton, D; Charlton, B; Daviskas, E; King, G; Kolbe, J; Milne, D; Stirling, RG; Thompson, BR, 2013)	0.9
" No serious adverse events were observed."	( [Efficacy and safety of a single intra-articular injection of 2% hyaluronic acid plus mannitol in knee osteoarthritis over a 6-month period]. Borrás-Verdera, A; Calcedo-Bernal, V; Clavel-Sainz, C; Ojeda-Levenfeld, J, )	0.35
" In the first part we showed that malathion exert its toxic effect on growth (biomass) via."	( Exogenous osmolytes suppresses the toxic effects of malathion on Anabaena variabilis. Bano, F; Fatma, T; Habib, K; Ningthoujam, M; Zutshi, S, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we found that, during fermentation from alginate, the ethanologenic bacterium lost viability and secreted toxic byproducts into the medium."	( Regulation of pH attenuates toxicity of a byproduct produced by an ethanologenic strain of Sphingomonas sp. A1 during ethanol fermentation from alginate. Fujii, M; Kawai, S; Murata, K; Yoshida, S, )	0.13
" These findings provide significant information that can be used to design further studies aimed at developing less toxic eye drops."	( A nanoparticle formulation reduces the corneal toxicity of indomethacin eye drops and enhances its corneal permeability. Ito, Y; Nagai, N; Okamoto, N; Shimomura, Y, 2014)	0.4
" These data suggest that intra-arterial cell infusion with mannitol pretreatment is a feasible and safe therapeutic approach in stable brain diseases such as chronic stroke."	( Feasibility and Safety of Intra-arterial Pericyte Progenitor Cell Delivery Following Mannitol-Induced Transient Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in a Canine Model. Bahn, JJ; Chu, K; Han, MH; Jung, KH; Kim, M; Kim, SY; Lee, JY; Lee, SK; Lee, ST; Park, DK; Roh, JK; Youn, SW; Yu, JS, 2015)	0.88
"8%) were discontinued due to adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety of poly-L-lactic acid (New-Fill®) in the treatment of facial lipoatrophy: a large observational study among HIV-positive patients. Chassany, O; Christen, MO; Dolivo, M; Duracinsky, M; Goujard, C; Herrmann, S; Leclercq, P, 2014)	0.4
"This study demonstrated, in real-life conditions and on a large sample, that PLLA injections were feasible, efficient, and safe when performed by trained physicians."	( Safety of poly-L-lactic acid (New-Fill®) in the treatment of facial lipoatrophy: a large observational study among HIV-positive patients. Chassany, O; Christen, MO; Dolivo, M; Duracinsky, M; Goujard, C; Herrmann, S; Leclercq, P, 2014)	0.4
" Reported adverse events (AEs) were assessed."	( Safety and tolerability evaluation of the use of Montanide ISA™51 as vaccine adjuvant: A systematic review. Hak, E; Huckriede, A; Liu, H; van Doorn, E, 2016)	0.43
" Using impedance measurements, only β-cyclodextrin (1%) was toxic to cells."	( Cytotoxicity of Different Excipients on RPMI 2650 Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Ambrus, R; Bartos, C; Bocsik, A; Deli, MA; Horváth, T; Kiss, L; Szabó-Révész, P; Újhelyi, G; Veszelka, S, 2016)	0.43
" Despite reported occurrence of colonic explosion due to methane and hydrogen production by bacterial fermentation during colonoscopy, gas exchange during the procedure is believed to be effective in lowering existing methane concentration, allowing for safe utilization of mannitol for bowel preparation."	( SAFETY OF MANNITOL USE IN BOWEL PREPARATION: a prospective assessment of intestinal methane (CH4) levels during colonoscopy after mannitol and sodium phosphate (NaP) bowel cleansing. Ferrari, AP; Gonçalves, ME; Macedo, EP; Martins, FP; Paulo, GA, )	0.71
" Our results indicate that mannitol use is as safe as NaP, and gas exchange was efficient in reducing methane concentrations."	( SAFETY OF MANNITOL USE IN BOWEL PREPARATION: a prospective assessment of intestinal methane (CH4) levels during colonoscopy after mannitol and sodium phosphate (NaP) bowel cleansing. Ferrari, AP; Gonçalves, ME; Macedo, EP; Martins, FP; Paulo, GA, )	0.83
"Continuous pressure-controlled NEVKP is feasible and safe in good quality heart-beating donor kidney grafts."	( Eight-Hour Continuous Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion Is a Safe Preservation Technique for Kidney Transplantation: A New Opportunity for the Storage, Assessment, and Repair of Kidney Grafts. Bagli, DJ; Chun, YM; Echeverri, J; Foltys, DB; Ghanekar, A; Goldaracena, N; Grant, DR; John, R; Kaths, JM; Linares, I; Louis, KS; Mucsi, I; Robinson, LA; Selzner, M; Wiebe, A; Yip, PM, 2016)	0.43
"Nephrotoxicity is a recognized side effect of cisplatin chemotherapy."	( A retrospective evaluation of furosemide and mannitol for prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Anderson, ML; Kha, C; Ludwig, M; Mach, CM; Meaders, KM; Nguyen, D; Shumway, J; Williams-Brown, MY, 2017)	0.71
" However, choice of diuretic with pretreatment hydration had no significant impact on the severity of this adverse effect."	( A retrospective evaluation of furosemide and mannitol for prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Anderson, ML; Kha, C; Ludwig, M; Mach, CM; Meaders, KM; Nguyen, D; Shumway, J; Williams-Brown, MY, 2017)	0.71
" Fifty immune genes were studied with a focus on a) pro-inflammatory associated molecules and b) adaptive immune response related molecules linked with possible Th1, Th2, Th17 and T-regulatory pathways, with the expression data analysed for associations with Speilberg post-vaccination side effect scores."	( Analysis of adipose tissue immune gene expression after vaccination of rainbow trout with adjuvanted bacterins reveals an association with side effects. Alnabulsi, A; Arous, JB; Douglas, A; Russell, KS; Secombes, CJ; Tubbs, L; Veenstra, KA; Wang, T, 2017)	0.46
" The test is safe and well tolerated."	( The efficacy and safety of mannitol challenge in a workplace setting for assessing asthma prevalence. Brannan, JD; de Menezes, MB; Ferraz, E; Martinez, EZ; Vianna, EO, 2018)	0.78
" It was suggested that Nano-PMCs were safe for intrapulmonary delivery and potential as DPI carriers."	( A Systematic Safety Evaluation of Nanoporous Mannitol Material as a Dry-Powder Inhalation Carrier System. Cai, S; Cui, Y; Huang, Y; Hugh, S; Pan, X; Tan, W; Wang, G; Wang, W; Wu, C; Yue, X; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z, 2020)	0.82
" Unfortunately, children receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy have been known to be at risk for severe disabling adverse effects, such as nephrotoxicity."	( Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in children: what is the best protective strategy? Ariano, A; Attinà, G; Capozza, MA; Mastrangelo, S; Maurizi, P; Romano, A; Ruggiero, A; Triarico, S, 2021)	0.62
"The primary pharmacodynamics and clinical characteristics of cisplatin were described, focusing on its renal toxic effects and potential preventive strategies, in order to improve clinical outcomes among children with cancer aged 1 to 14 years."	( Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in children: what is the best protective strategy? Ariano, A; Attinà, G; Capozza, MA; Mastrangelo, S; Maurizi, P; Romano, A; Ruggiero, A; Triarico, S, 2021)	0.62
"Ophthalmic preservatives are indispensable in eye drop formulations, but may be toxic to corneal structures."	( Effects of the Ophthalmic Additive Mannitol on Antimicrobial Activity and Corneal Toxicity of Various Preservatives. Goto, R; Inaba, K; Kotake, T; Minami, M; Nagai, N; Otake, H; Yamaguchi, M, 2020)	0.84
"The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the safety of Sculptra Aesthetic when using a reconstitution volume of 7 to 10 mL, via collection of adverse events related to the product or injection procedure reported in medical records."	( Chart Review Presenting Safety of Injectable PLLA Used With Alternative Reconstitution Volume for Facial Treatments. Andriopoulos, B; Espinoza, L; Fabi, S; Goldman, MP; Harper, J; Mayoral, F; Palm, M; Rajani, A, 2021)	0.62
" Medical records for subjects treated in the facial area with Sculptra Aesthetic reconstituted to 7–10 mL were reviewed to obtain information about demographics, treatment data, and adverse events."	( Chart Review Presenting Safety of Injectable PLLA Used With Alternative Reconstitution Volume for Facial Treatments. Andriopoulos, B; Espinoza, L; Fabi, S; Goldman, MP; Harper, J; Mayoral, F; Palm, M; Rajani, A, 2021)	0.62
"To identify predictors of severe adverse events (≥grade 3) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with lenvatinib."	( Leaky Gut and Severe Adverse Events in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Lenvatinib. Akahane, T; Enomoto, M; Fujimoto, Y; Fujinaga, Y; Inoue, T; Kaji, K; Kawaratani, H; Kitagawa, K; Mitoro, A; Moriya, K; Murata, K; Namisaki, T; Nishimura, N; Sawada, Y; Takaya, H; Takeda, S; Tsuji, Y; Yoshiji, H, 2022)	0.72
"Of 41 patients, 25 and 16 were stratified into the severe and non-severe adverse events groups, respectively."	( Leaky Gut and Severe Adverse Events in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Lenvatinib. Akahane, T; Enomoto, M; Fujimoto, Y; Fujinaga, Y; Inoue, T; Kaji, K; Kawaratani, H; Kitagawa, K; Mitoro, A; Moriya, K; Murata, K; Namisaki, T; Nishimura, N; Sawada, Y; Takaya, H; Takeda, S; Tsuji, Y; Yoshiji, H, 2022)	0.72
"Severe adverse event incidence rates were higher in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma related to alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty-liver disease than in those with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma of other etiologies (p=0."	( Leaky Gut and Severe Adverse Events in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Lenvatinib. Akahane, T; Enomoto, M; Fujimoto, Y; Fujinaga, Y; Inoue, T; Kaji, K; Kawaratani, H; Kitagawa, K; Mitoro, A; Moriya, K; Murata, K; Namisaki, T; Nishimura, N; Sawada, Y; Takaya, H; Takeda, S; Tsuji, Y; Yoshiji, H, 2022)	0.72
"Serum zonulin levels predict severe adverse events in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with lenvatinib."	( Leaky Gut and Severe Adverse Events in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Lenvatinib. Akahane, T; Enomoto, M; Fujimoto, Y; Fujinaga, Y; Inoue, T; Kaji, K; Kawaratani, H; Kitagawa, K; Mitoro, A; Moriya, K; Murata, K; Namisaki, T; Nishimura, N; Sawada, Y; Takaya, H; Takeda, S; Tsuji, Y; Yoshiji, H, 2022)	0.72
"Current Neurocritical Care Society guidelines on the management of cerebral edema recommend hypertonic saline (HTS) over mannitol in some scenarios, but practical questions remain regarding the appropriate administration method, concentration/dose, monitoring to ensure safe use, and storage."	( Hypertonic saline use in neurocritical care for treating cerebral edema: A review of optimal formulation, dosing, safety, administration and storage. Cokley, JA; Cook, AM; Esordi, MS; Holden, DN; Kim, KS; Mucksavage, JJ; Tucker, NL, 2023)	1.12
" Adverse events with use of HTS are often mild and non-clinically significant if appropriate monitoring of serum sodium and chloride concentrations is performed."	( Hypertonic saline use in neurocritical care for treating cerebral edema: A review of optimal formulation, dosing, safety, administration and storage. Cokley, JA; Cook, AM; Esordi, MS; Holden, DN; Kim, KS; Mucksavage, JJ; Tucker, NL, 2023)	0.91
" Central intravenous administration may be preferred for HTS, but peripheral intravenous administration is safe provided measures are undertaken to detect and prevent phlebitis and extravasation."	( Hypertonic saline use in neurocritical care for treating cerebral edema: A review of optimal formulation, dosing, safety, administration and storage. Cokley, JA; Cook, AM; Esordi, MS; Holden, DN; Kim, KS; Mucksavage, JJ; Tucker, NL, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Following rapid infusions (15-minute) of cis-platinum at 100 mg/m2, the unbound drug declined in a biphasic mode with a mean terminal half-life of 48 minutes."	( Pharmacokinetics of non-protein-bound platinum species following administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Bannister, SJ; Belt, RJ; Himmelstein, KJ; Patton, TF; Repta, AJ; Sternson, LA, )	0.13
"A pharmacokinetic study of an intentional pentachlorophenol ingestion by an elderly human has been undertaken."	( A pharmacokinetic study of pentachlorophenol poisoning and the effect of forced diuresis. Haley, TJ; Young, JF, 1978)	0.26
"beta-Adrenergic agonist analogs (congeners) of isoproterenol in which the N-isopropyl group has been linked to a p-methyl- (119) or p-trifluoromethyl- (143) anilide moiety through a four carbon methylene spacer have been investigated with respect to their plasma pharmacokinetic profiles and biliary and urinary elimination characteristics in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and excretion of unique beta-adrenergic agonists. Akita, Y; Asscher, Y; Benet, LZ; Castagnoli, N; Ferraiolo, BL; Halldin, MM; Melmon, KL, 1987)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic analyses of mannitol distribution and elimination revealed a close relation between plasma volume expansion and mannitol serum concentrations."	( Quantification and predictors of plasma volume expansion from mannitol treatment. Ambühl, PM; Ballmer, PE; Krähenbühl, S; Krapf, R, 1997)	0.83
" Ocular pharmacokinetic studies were conducted using a topical single-dose infusion method."	( Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin in rabbit corneas after single-dose infusion: role of P-glycoprotein as a barrier to in vivo ocular drug absorption. Dey, S; Gunda, S; Mitra, AK, 2004)	0.32
"This paper describes results to-date from a human pharmacokinetic study which began recruitment in December 2007."	( A cancer research UK pharmacokinetic study of BPA-mannitol in patients with high grade glioma to optimise uptake parameters for clinical trials of BNCT. Boddy, A; Braithwaite, R; Chester, M; Chopra, A; Croswell, G; Cruickshank, GS; Detta, A; Doran, J; Elliot, M; Ford, S; Ghani, Z; Graham, N; Green, S; Halbert, G; Hardie, J; James, ND; Lockyer, N; Ngoga, D; Sheehan, TM; Steinfeldt, H; Sugar, R; Vickerman, J; Wojnecki, C, 2009)	0.61
" Plasma mannitol concentrations were measured by gas chromatography and subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis; a 3-compartment model best described mannitol disposition characteristics."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of bolus-administered mannitol in patients undergoing elective craniotomy. Baker, MT; Han, TH; Kaneda, K; Todd, MM; Weeks, JB, 2010)	1.04
"The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of BMS-562086 [pexacerfont; 8-(6-methoxy-2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)-2,7-dimethyl-N-[(1R)-1-methylpropyl]pyrazolo(1,5-a)-1,3,5-triazin-4-amine (DPC-A69448)] were investigated in vitro and in animals to support its clinical development."	( In vitro and in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of BMS-562086, a potent and orally bioavailable corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonist. Dockens, RC; Grossman, SJ; Iyer, RA; Liu-Kreyche, P; Zhou, L, 2012)	0.38
" In this study, we have utilized a well-established multicell-layered, three-dimensional pharmacokinetic model to measure ascorbate diffusion and transport parameters through dense tissue in vitro."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of ascorbate diffusion through normal and tumor tissue. Hicks, KO; Kuiper, C; Vissers, MC, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetics study in rats was carried out by oral administration and analysis of rats pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Preparation of Baicalein Liposome-Lyophilized Powder and Its Pharmacokinetics Study]. Ji, P; Yu, T; Zhao, WM, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of baicalein liposomes and solution were as follows: AUC(0 --> 24 (129."	( [Preparation of Baicalein Liposome-Lyophilized Powder and Its Pharmacokinetics Study]. Ji, P; Yu, T; Zhao, WM, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a basically consistent trend between the actual and the predicted plasma concentration-time curve with absolute percent errors (%PE) of concentrations <10% in 2-12h."	( Development of protocatechualdehyde proliposomes-based sustained-release pellets with improved bioavailability and desired pharmacokinetic behavior for angina chronotherapy. Liu, J; Xia, Y; Yan, H; Yu, P; Zhang, S; Zhang, W, 2016)	0.43
"Cisplatin (5 mg/kg) was intravenously injected to rats (5 rats/group, except for control group in pharmacodynamic study, n = 13) treated with or without forced diuresis 2-h pre- and post-hydration with 10% mannitol at different infusion rates (0."	( Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Cisplatin with Hydration and Mannitol Diuresis: The Contribution of Urine Cisplatin Concentration to Nephrotoxicity. Fukushima, K; Hamori, M; Hirasaki, M; Nishimura, A; Oe, H; Okada, A; Shibata, N; Sugioka, N, 2018)	0.9
" This study enriches the pharmacokinetic data of compound fenbendazole tablets using dogs as a model system."	( Development and analytical characterization of a new antiparasitic fenbendazole compound tablet and pharmacokinetic investigations after its oral administration to dogs. Dai, C; Guo, H; Hao, Z; Li, Y; Qu, S; Wang, C; Zhang, R; Zhao, L; Zhu, J, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicated an improvement in bioavailability for MS-1:3:0."	( Improvement of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis with voriconazole. Reduced drug toxicity through novel rapid release formulations. Capilla, J; Gallego-Arranz, T; Guarnizo-Herrero, V; Pérez-Cantero, A; Torrado-Durán, S; Torrado-Salmerón, C, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic models were developed for somapacitan and metabolite P1 and used for steady-state assessment in the rat."	( Structure identification of circulating metabolites from somapacitan, a long-acting growth hormone derivative, and pharmacokinetics after single and multiple subcutaneous dosing in rats. Bjelke, M; Helleberg, H; Lindecrona, RH; Thygesen, P, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The writer goes on to outline the principles, and to describe and illustrate in detail the steps in a new technique of prostatectomy combined with a urethroplasty, which uses full-thickness bladder wall flaps to provide immediate epithelial cover for the denuded surfaces of the prostatic urethra."	( Suprapubic prostatectomy combined with vesico-urethroplasty. Magri, J, 1975)	0.25
"The mechanism of cell damage by ultrasound in combination with hematoporphyrin was studied."	( Mechanism of cell damage by ultrasound in combination with hematoporphyrin. Nishigaki, R; Umemura, K; Umemura, S; Yumita, N, 1990)	0.28
"The effect of 1-day mechanical bowel preparation with 10% mannitol combined with oral neomycin and short-term perioperative intravenous Flagyl (group I) was studied in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study and was compared with oral neomycin and an intravenous placebo (Group II)."	( A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of 10% mannitol mechanical bowel preparation combined with oral neomycin and short-term, perioperative, intravenous Flagyl as prophylaxis in elective colorectal resections. Fazio, VW; Jagelman, DG; Lavery, IC; Weakley, FL, 1985)	0.76
" In contrast, mannitol, isosorbide dinitrate, and propranolol, each combined with IABP support, produced significant improvements in collateral flow within the same time periods."	( Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation: its influence alone and combined with various pharmacological agents on regional myocardial blood flow during experimental acute coronary occlusion. Barnett, PA; Dengle, SK; Eberhart, RC; Jett, GK; Platt, MR; Watson, JT; Willerson, JT, 1981)	0.62
"Sixteen patients with intracerebral tumors received intraarterial cisplatin, teniposide, and BCNU combined with intravenous cisplatin, teniposide, and cytosine arabinoside."	( Feasibility study of intraarterial vs intravenous cisplatin, BCNU, and teniposide combined with systemic cisplatin, teniposide, cytosine arabinoside, glycerol and mannitol in the treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors. Belanger, G; Benoit, B; DaSilva, V; Grahovac, Z; Hugenholtz, H; Richard, MT; Russell, N; Stewart, DJ, 1993)	0.48
" Mannitol injection combined with hyperventilation was begun immediately to reduce her intracranial pressure."	( A case of shock subsequent to treatment of intracranial hypertension by mannitol injection combined with hyperventilation. Furuya, H; Inoue, S; Kawaguchi, M; Ninaga, H, 1998)	1.44
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical efficacy of the TWBC in combination with B-HTK for myocardial protection."	( [Efficacy of terminal warm blood cardioplegia in combination with Bretschneider-HTK solution for myocardial protection]. Endoh, M; Hachida, M; Ishitoya, H; Kitamura, M; Koyanagi, H; Morishita, A, 1999)	0.3
"These data show that COP combined with a mHTK solution represents a potential alternative to complement currently used cold storage techniques for prolonged preservation periods."	( Coronary oxygen persufflation combined with HTK cardioplegia prolongs the preservation time in heart transplantation. Bardakcioglu, O; de Vivie, ER; Fischer, JH; Jeschkeit, S; Kuhn-Régnier, F; Sobottke, R; Switkowski, R, 2000)	0.31
"The effectiveness of dopamine alone or in combination with mannitol or furosemide in preventing postoperative renal dysfunction in patients with obstructive jaundice was assessed in this study."	( Perioperative renal protection in patients with obstructive jaundice using drug combinations. Atallah, MM; el-Enin, AA; el-Hefny, MO; el-Kharbotly, W; Wafa, EM; Wahbah, AM; Zaglol, A, )	0.37
" Administration of dopamine alone or in combination with mannitol or furosemide did not confer more renal protection."	( Perioperative renal protection in patients with obstructive jaundice using drug combinations. Atallah, MM; el-Enin, AA; el-Hefny, MO; el-Kharbotly, W; Wafa, EM; Wahbah, AM; Zaglol, A, )	0.38
" The effects of inhaling terbutaline in combination with mannitol on MCC were investigated in nine healthy (aged 19+/-1 yrs) and 11 mild (aged 21+/-4 yrs) asthmatic subjects."	( Effects of terbutaline in combination with mannitol on mucociliary clearance. Anderson, SD; Chan, HK; Daviskas, E; Eberl, S; Seale, JP; Young, IH, 2002)	0.82
" In combination with principal component-based methods, process analysis of three separate phases of high shear wet granulation (mixing, spraying, and wet massing) was facilitated."	( Use of in-line near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for improved understanding of pharmaceutical processes. Rantanen, J; Taylor, LS; Turner, R; Wikström, H, 2005)	0.33
" Accordingly, the drugs could be classified as: hydrophilic ones situated in the aqueous core and which may interact with the head groups; those located at the water-bilayer interface with some degree of penetration into the lipid bilayer; those lipophilic drugs constrained within the bilayer."	( Drug interaction and location in liposomes: correlation with polar surface areas. Barry, BW; El Maghraby, GM; Williams, AC, 2005)	0.33
" We report in this study that at least three of these five peptides (MAGE-A1(96-104), MAGE-A10(254-262), and gp100(614-622)) are immunogenic when administered with GM-CSF in Montanide ISA-51 adjuvant."	( MAGE-A1-, MAGE-A10-, and gp100-derived peptides are immunogenic when combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and montanide ISA-51 adjuvant and administered as part of a multipeptide vaccine for melanoma. Bissonette, EA; Chianese-Bullock, KA; Fink, R; Garbee, C; Grosh, WW; Hibbitts, S; Merrill, P; Murphy, C; Neese, PY; Patterson, JW; Petroni, GR; Pressley, J; Slingluff, CL; Wiernasz, CJ; Woodson, EM; Yamshchikov, G, 2005)	0.33
" Here, we report the results of a pilot trial designed to study the immunogenicity of the analog peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165V in combination with CpG 7909/PF3512676 and Montanide ISA 720 in patients with stage III/IV NY-ESO-1-expressing melanoma."	( Immunization with analog peptide in combination with CpG and montanide expands tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in melanoma patients. Andrade Filho, PA; Donnenberg, A; Fourcade, J; Janjic, B; Kirkwood, JM; Krieg, A; Kudela, P; Land, SR; Sander, C; Shen, H; Zarour, HM, 2008)	0.35
"The % fall in FEV(1) from baseline and the area under the 30-min FEV(1) time curve and time to recover to 95% baseline FEV(1) were used to express protection from 40 mg sodium cromoglycate alone, and in combination with 10 mg montelukast, in subjects with asthma."	( Sodium cromoglycate alone and in combination with montelukast on the airway response to mannitol in asthmatic subjects. Anderson, SD; Brannan, JD; Caillaud, C; Perry, CP; Seale, JP, 2010)	0.58
" In the present study, we have investigated the immunogenicity of the Duffy-binding like (DBL)-domain of the Pf332 molecule in combination with different adjuvants in four animal species."	( Immunogenicity of the Plasmodium falciparum Pf332-DBL domain in combination with different adjuvants. Chen, Q; Du, C; Jiang, N; Lu, H; Nilsson, S; Wahlgren, M; Yin, J, 2010)	0.36
" To test safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine composed of WT1-, Pr3-, and MUC1-derived Class I-restricted peptides and the pan HLA-DR T helper cell epitope (PADRE) or MUC1-helper epitopes in combination with CpG7909 and MontanideISA51, four patients with AML and five with MM were repetitively vaccinated."	( Pitfalls of vaccinations with WT1-, Proteinase3- and MUC1-derived peptides in combination with MontanideISA51 and CpG7909. Antunes, E; Davis, HL; de Boer, K; Greenberg, PD; Heit, W; Hol, S; Kuball, J; Lotz, C; Theobald, M; van Dorp, S; Vicari, AP; Wagner, E; Wattad, M; Weeratna, RD, 2011)	0.37
"To investigate the efficacy of anisodine combined with cytidine-5'-diphosp-bocholine (citicoline) in the treatment of early optic nerve contusion."	( Efficacy of cytidine-5'-diphosp-bocholine combined with compound anisodine in the treatment of early optic nerve contusion. Huang, J; Huang, Y; Jiang, J; Wang, W; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.38
" The patients in the intervention group additionally received anisodine in combination with citicoline."	( Efficacy of cytidine-5'-diphosp-bocholine combined with compound anisodine in the treatment of early optic nerve contusion. Huang, J; Huang, Y; Jiang, J; Wang, W; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.38
" These results suggest that vaccination with clostridial recombinant proteins, particularly NetB toxin or PFO, in combination with ISA 71 VG enhances protective immunity against experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens."	( Vaccination with Clostridium perfringens recombinant proteins in combination with Montanide™ ISA 71 VG adjuvant increases protection against experimental necrotic enteritis in commercial broiler chickens. An, DJ; Arous, JB; Bertrand, F; Chun, JE; Deville, S; Dupuis, L; Hong, YH; Jang, SI; Jeong, W; Lee, KW; Lee, SH; Lillehoj, EP; Lillehoj, HS, 2012)	0.38
" WT1 vaccine in combination with gemcitabine was well tolerated for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer."	( Wilms tumor gene (WT1) peptide-based cancer vaccine combined with gemcitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Doki, Y; Eguchi, H; Hara, K; Homma, S; Hosen, N; Ikegami, M; Ito, T; Kawase, I; Kitagawa, T; Koido, S; Komita, H; Kumanogoh, A; Mori, M; Morimoto, S; Morita, S; Nagano, H; Nakae, Y; Nakata, J; Nishida, S; Ohkusa, T; Oji, Y; Oka, Y; Sakamoto, J; Sugiyama, H; Tajiri, H; Takahara, A; Takeda, Y; Tanaka, T; Toyama, Y; Tsuboi, A; Wada, H; Yanagisawa, S, )	0.13
"Scope of the study was (1) to develop a lean quantitative calibration for real-time near-infrared (NIR) blend monitoring, which meets the requirements in early development of pharmaceutical products and (2) to compare the prediction performance of this approach with the results obtained from stratified sampling using a sample thief in combination with off-line high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and at-line near-infrared chemical imaging (NIRCI)."	( Assessment of powder blend uniformity: Comparison of real-time NIR blend monitoring with stratified sampling in combination with HPLC and at-line NIR Chemical Imaging. Bakri, B; Hauck, G; Reich, G; Weimer, M, 2015)	0.42
" Patients in the observation group underwent conventional treatment combined with neuroprotective therapeutic strategies."	( Neuroprotective strategies for patients with acute myocardial infarction combined with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in the ICU. Chao, Y; Geng, X; Hu, W, )	0.13
" We aimed to determine the effects of albumin alone and in combination with mannitol or Ringer acetate (RAC) on hemostasis in crossover in vitro study."	( Effect of Albumin in Combination With Mannitol on Whole-blood Coagulation In Vitro Assessed by Thromboelastometry. Laine, AT; Lillemäe, K; Niemi, TT; Schramko, A, 2018)	0.98
"In up to 15 vol% dilutions, albumin alone did not impair hemostasis in vitro, but in combination with mannitol or RAC coagulation was disturbed similarly at most concentrations."	( Effect of Albumin in Combination With Mannitol on Whole-blood Coagulation In Vitro Assessed by Thromboelastometry. Laine, AT; Lillemäe, K; Niemi, TT; Schramko, A, 2018)	0.97
"Three days fasting and oral senna, combined with 20% mannitol and simethicone, before CE, can reduce the effects of bile on the small bowel and improve small bowel cleansing, especially in the distal small intestine."	( Randomized controlled trial of 3 days fasting and oral senna, combined with mannitol and simethicone, before capsule endoscopy. Chen, HB; Chun, H; Lian-Xiang, P; Rong-Pang, L; Shu-Ping, X; Xiao-Lin, L; Xiao-Zong, W; Yue, H, 2017)	0.93
" To investigate the effects of Rg1 in combination with mannitol protects neurons against glutamate-induced ER stress via the PERK-eIF2 -ATF4 signaling pathway."	( Rg1 in combination with mannitol protects neurons against glutamate-induced ER stress via the PERK-eIF2 α-ATF4 signaling pathway. Gu, Y; Jiang, C; Ren, K; Wang, L; Yao, Q, 2020)	1.11
" We therefore suggest that future studies should focus on elucidating the complex interplay between chemotherapy in combination with luminal irritants on the intestinal permeability of other probes."	( Chemotherapeutics Combined with Luminal Irritants: Effects on Small-Intestinal Mannitol Permeability and Villus Length in Rats. Cano-Cebrián, MJ; Dahlgren, D; Kullenberg, F; Lennernäs, H; Olander, T; Peters, K; Sjöblom, M, 2022)	0.95
"To analyze the application effect of continuous lumbar cistern fluid drainage combined with decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of severe craniocerebral injury."	( [Application Effect of Continuous Lumbar Cistern Fluid Drainage Combined With Decompressive Craniectomy in the Treatment of Severe Craniocerebral Injury]. Du, J; Liu, G; Wang, W, 2023)	0.91
" They were divided into two groups according to the decompression methods applied, with 42 patients who received standard decompressive craniectomy assigned to the control group and 45 patients who received continuous lumbar cistern fluid drainage combined with standard decompressive craniectomy assigned to the observation group."	( [Application Effect of Continuous Lumbar Cistern Fluid Drainage Combined With Decompressive Craniectomy in the Treatment of Severe Craniocerebral Injury]. Du, J; Liu, G; Wang, W, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Improved bioavailability of A32390A was accomplished when the antibiotic was combined with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in a solid dispersion."	( A32390A, a new biologically active metabolite. III. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity. Butler, TF; Gordee, RS; Thakkar, AL; Turner, JR, 1978)	0.26
" By adding polyethylene glycol to the perfusate, net water absorption rate can be calculated from the changes in concentration of this test substance regardless of gallbladder motility."	( An experimental method for studying in vivo gallbladder absorption. Jansson, R; Svanvik, J, 1977)	0.26
" Because mannitol absorption was zero at all perfusion rates, none of the enhanced glucose absorption rate need be attributed to enhanced mucosal permeability, even though intraluminal pressure was increased at higher perfusion rates."	( Effect of perfusion rate on absorption, surface area, unstirred water layer thickness, permeability, and intraluminal pressure in the rat ileum in vivo. Fordtran, JS; Lewis, LD, 1975)	0.67
" Duodenal fluid absorption rate changed during the interdigestive motility cycle; the highest absorption rate was registered during phase I (low-motor activity) and absorption rate then decreased in parallel with increasing motor activity during phase II (r = -0."	( Relationship between interdigestive duodenal motility and fluid transport in humans. Abrahamsson, H; Hagman, I; Sjövall, H, 1990)	0.28
" Oral corticosteroids have been used for patients who seem to be resistant to gluten withdrawal but preparations with low systemic bioavailability might be preferable."	( A pilot study of fluticasone propionate in untreated coeliac disease. al Mardini, H; Gillespie, S; Laker, M; Mitchison, HC; Record, CO; Zaitoun, A, 1991)	0.28
"To determine the effects of poorly absorbed solute on intestinal absorption, the urinary recovery of ingested lactulose, L-rhamnose, D-xylose, and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was measured after simultaneous ingestion of various 'loads' of mannitol given in iso-osmolar solution."	( The effect of poorly absorbed solute on intestinal absorption. Catt, SD; Creamer, B; Heduan, E; Jenkins, AP; Menzies, IS; Segal, MB, 1990)	0.46
" Both cyclic GMP and dibutyryl cyclic GMP accelerated serum resorption by 23%, whereas cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (both used with IBMX) decreased the absorption rate by 46%."	( Metabolic influences on the absorption of serous subretinal fluid. Kawano, S; Marmor, MF, 1988)	0.27
" To test this hypothesis, we assessed intestinal permeability with the nonmetabolizable, poorly absorbed disaccharide lactulose, which is efficiently excluded by the normal intestinal mucosa."	( Increased intestinal permeability associated with infection in burn patients. Demling, RH; O'Dwyer, ST; Smith, RJ; Wilmore, DW; Ziegler, TR, 1988)	0.27
"For the sake of metabolic insight into the fate of the sugar substitute Palatinit, its two components D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 1)-D-mannitol and D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 6)-D-glucitol [D-glucosyl-alpha-(1 leads to 6)-D-sorbitol] were assayed for glucose bioavailability by the procedure of Karimzadegan et al."	( Bioavailability of glucose from Palatinit. Ziesenitz, SC, 1983)	0.47
" The magnitude of Cel changes was related to absorption rate, which was confirmed by behaviour with hypertonic solutions, where osmotic activity in the gut was lost the sooner, the more rapid absorption rate was."	( Studies on intestinal absorption by single-injection technique and continuous measurement of portal vein blood electrolyte concentration and hematocrit in the alert rat. Aziz, O; Sommer, E, 1983)	0.27
" Our results indicate that the poor oral bioavailability of DFO can be attributed to the low epithelial permeability of the molecule coupled with its size (mol wt 656)."	( The transport of two iron chelators, desferrioxamine B and L1, across Caco-2 monolayers. Halleux, C; Hamilton, KO; Hassan, I; Jin, Y; Mackay, M; Stallibrass, L, 1994)	0.29
" To increase the dissolution rate and subsequent oral bioavailability of this drug, it has been formulated as solid dispersion."	( The application of solid dispersion technique with D-mannitol to the improvement in oral absorption of triamterene. Arias, MJ; Gines, JM; Moyano, JR; Rabasco, AM, 1994)	0.54
"In a previous study we have shown that cultured epithelial cell lines can be used to measure the transepithelial passage of antimicrobial agents across the intestine and to obtain information on the mechanisms of transport utilized and predict the bioavailability of the antimicrobial agents after oral administration."	( D-cycloserine uses an active transport mechanism in the human intestinal cell line Caco 2. Islam, K; Ranaldi, G; Sambuy, Y, 1994)	0.29
" To examine the hypothesis that reported levels of oral bioavailability reflect predominantly a paracellular rather than transcellular route for transepithelial transport of TRH, we have studied TRH transport in cultured epithelial cell types of intestinal (Caco-2 and T84) and renal (MDCK I, MDCK II, and LLC-PK1) origin, whose paracellular pathways span the range of permeability values observed in natural epithelia."	( Passive transepithelial absorption of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) via a paracellular route in cultured intestinal and renal epithelial cell lines. Hirst, BH; Simmons, NL; Thwaites, DT, 1993)	0.29
" The rate of absorption of L-[14C]glucose, a passively absorbed molecule, from the lumen was used as an index of the permeability of the mucosa of a perfused segment."	( Nutrient-induced changes in the permeability of the rat jejunal mucosa. Bass, P; See, NA, 1993)	0.29
"To investigate the regional differences in small intestinal (SI) metabolism and permeability for several compounds and to ascertain the potential significance of these differences on the reported reductions in regional bioavailability in humans."	( Determination intestinal metabolism and permeability for several compounds in rats. Implications on regional bioavailability in humans. Hu, P; Sinko, PJ, 1996)	0.29
"It has been reported that captopril and ddI demonstrate regional intestinal bioavailability in several species including humans."	( Determination intestinal metabolism and permeability for several compounds in rats. Implications on regional bioavailability in humans. Hu, P; Sinko, PJ, 1996)	0.29
"To improve the bioavailability of the sparingly water-soluble drug, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-6,7,8- trimethoxynaphthalene (TA-7552), the usefulness of the co-grinding method with D-mannitol was investigated."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability and pharmacological effect of 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-6,7,8- trimethoxynaphthalene (TA-7552), a new hypocholesterolemic agent, by micronization in co-ground mixture with D-mannitol. Kubo, H; Mizobe, M; Osawa, T; Takashima, K, 1996)	0.66
"The aim of the study was to investigate whether mannitol at amounts relevant to pharmaceutical formulations would alter the oral bioavailability of cimetidine, a drug primarily absorbed from the small bowel."	( The effect of mannitol on the oral bioavailability of cimetidine. Adkin, DA; Davis, SS; Huckle, PD; Sparrow, RA; Wilding, IR, 1995)	0.91
" The complete recovery of PEG confirms the poor absorbability of PEG 3350, and the excellent agreement between techniques validates PEG as a poorly absorbed marker, even when glucose-sodium cotransport is occurring."	( Validation of polyethylene glycol 3350 as a poorly absorbable marker for intestinal perfusion studies. Fordtran, JS; Porter, J; Santa Ana, CA; Schiller, LR, 1997)	0.3
" The ability of acylcarnitines to increase the transmeningeal flux of morphine in vitro suggests that lauroyl or myristoyl carnitine may increase the spinal bioavailability of morphine after epidural administration."	( Acylcarnitine chain length influences carnitine-enhanced drug flux through the spinal meninges in vitro. Bernards, CM; Ummenhofer, WC, 1997)	0.3
"We investigated the usefulness and efficiency of the co-grinding method with D-mannitol to improve the bioavailability of a sparingly water-soluble drug, (+/-)-5-[[2-(2-naphthalenylmethyl)-5-benzoxazolyl]methyl]-2, 4-thiazolidinedione (174), and compared it with those of the single-grinding method."	( Improvement of dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of a sparingly water-soluble drug, (+/-)-5-[[2-(2-naphthalenylmethyl)-5-benzoxazolyl]-methyl]- 2, 4-thiazolidinedione, in co-ground mixture with D-mannitol. Kubo, H; Mizobe, M, 1997)	0.71
"The effect of Na-nutrient cotransport on intestinal permeability was measured in unrestrained, unanaesthetised, chronically catheterised male Sprague-Dawley rats using two different methods: measurement of the rate of absorption of passively absorbed hexoses, mannitol and L-glucose; and measurement of the mannitol:urea diffusion ratio."	( Effect of sodium ion coupled nutrient transport on intestinal permeability in chronically catheterised rats. Uhing, MR, 1998)	0.48
" The initial junctional effects of Cd2+ suggest that Cd2+ increases its own bioavailability by causing disruption of the intestinal paracellular barrier."	( Effects of cadmium chloride on the paracellular barrier function of intestinal epithelial cell lines. Duizer, E; Gilde, AJ; Groten, JP; Versantvoort, CH, 1999)	0.3
"Grapefruit juice (GJ) is known to increase the oral bioavailability of many CYP3A-substrates by inhibiting intestinal phase-I metabolism."	( Grapefruit juice activates P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport. Benet, LZ; Christians, U; Silverman, JA; Soldner, A; Susanto, M; Wacher, VJ, 1999)	0.3
"To validate our hypothesis that a bisphosphonate (BP) having a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring on the side chain, and with no hydroxyl on the geminal carbon would possess increased activity, and better oral bioavailability due to enhanced solubility of its calcium complexes/salts and weaker Ca chelating properties."	( Synthesis and preclinical pharmacology of 2-(2-aminopyrimidinio) ethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid betaine (ISA-13-1)-a novel bisphosphonate. Alferiev, IS; Breuer, E; Cohen, H; Ezra, A; Golomb, G; Hägele, G; Hoffman, A; Mönkkönen, J; Ornoy, A; Patlas, N; Pinto, T; Sagi, H; Seibel, MJ; Solomon, V; Stepensky, D, 1999)	0.3
" The new methodology may, therefore, be used for fast bioavailability screening of virtual libraries having millions of molecules."	( Fast calculation of molecular polar surface area as a sum of fragment-based contributions and its application to the prediction of drug transport properties. Ertl, P; Rohde, B; Selzer, P, 2000)	0.31
" NT also facilitated transcellular uptake of (3)H-glucose and (3)H-leucine and increased paracellular uptake to (51)Cr-EDTA and (3)H-mannitol, but did not alter the absorption rate for (14)C-antipyrine."	( Enhancement of jejunal absorption of conjugated bile acid by neurotensin in rats. Carraway, RE; Gui, X, 2001)	0.51
" Furthermore, the secretion seems predominantly to inhibit the passive absorption at the basal parts of the villus while the absorption rate at the villus tips is better preserved."	( Effect of cholera toxin on passive transepithelial transport of 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 14C-mannitol in rat jejunum. Fihn, BM; Jodal, M; Sjöqvist, A, 2001)	0.52
" The peritoneal fluid absorption rate (K(E)) was taken into account for the calculation of S(I)."	( Peritoneal transport of glucose in rat. Lee, EY; Lee, HB; Park, MS; Suh, GI; Waniewski, J; Werynski, A, )	0.13
" In contrast, both compounds were well absorbed in cynomolgus monkeys."	( Permeability of lipophilic compounds in drug discovery using in-vitro human absorption model, Caco-2. Chen, K; Krishna, G; Lin, C; Nomeir, AA, 2001)	0.31
" This suggests that the co-administration of drugs with Zot may be a useful delivery strategy to increase the intestinal permeability and hence oral absorption of poorly bioavailable agents."	( Enhancing the permeation of marker compounds and enaminone anticonvulsants across Caco-2 monolayers by modulating tight junctions using zonula occludens toxin. Cox, DS; Eddington, ND; Gao, H; Raje, S; Scott, KR, 2001)	0.31
"This paper describes a graphical model for simplifying in vitro absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination (ADME) data analysis through the estimation of oral bioavailability (%F) of drugs in humans and other species."	( Graphical model for estimating oral bioavailability of drugs in humans and other species from their Caco-2 permeability and in vitro liver enzyme metabolic stability rates. Hwang, KK; Mandagere, AK; Thompson, TN, 2002)	0.31
"Paracellular permeability enhancers have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of hydrophilic drugs; however, the mechanism of action of many enhancers is poorly understood."	( Structure-activity relationship for enhancement of paracellular permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers by 3-alkylamido-2-alkoxypropylphosphocholines. Ishaq, KS; Leonard, S; Liu, D; Morris-Natschke, SL; Ouyang, H; Thakker, DR; Ward, P, 2002)	0.31
" The transport of water was monitored, and the absorption rate of the probes was calculated by their disappearance from the perfusate."	( Water absorption enhances the uptake of mannitol and decreases Cr-EDTA/mannitol permeability ratios in cat small intestine in situ. Bijlsma, PB; Fihn, BM; Groot, JA; Jodal, M; Sjöqvist, A; Taminiau, JA, 2002)	0.58
"This study explores the potential of the monoglyceride monocaprin as an enhancer of the epithelial permeability of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist BTA-243, as an approach to improving the bioavailability of this drug."	( Influence of monocaprin on the permeability of a diacidic drug BTA-243 across Caco-2 cell monolayers and everted gut sacs. Attwood, D; Brown, JR; Collett, JH; Ley, RW; Sims, EE, 2002)	0.31
"Human skin models, such as EpiDerm and Episkin, are not easily mounted into static or dynamic diffusion cells that are commonly used to perform bioavailability studies with human skin ex vivo."	( Improvement of the experimental setup to assess cutaneous bioavailability on human skin models: dynamic protocol. Benech-Kieffer, F; Cottin, M; Dreher, F; Fouchard, F; Leclaire, J; Messager, A; Patouillet, C; Roguet, R; Zanini, M, 2002)	0.31
"Many therapeutically active agents experience low bioavailability upon oral administration due to low permeability, low solubility, interaction with efflux transporters or first pass metabolism."	( Effect of the biologically active fragment of zonula occludens toxin, delta G, on the intestinal paracellular transport and oral absorption of mannitol. Eddington, ND; Fasano, A; Lu, R; Salama, NN, 2003)	0.52
"To improve the bioavailability and taste of fast-disintegrating tablet (FD tablet) containing nicorandil-loaded particles."	( [Pharmaceutical evaluation of fast-disintegrant tablet containing nicorandil-loaded particles]. Jin, Y; Morimoto, Y; Natsume, H; Ohkuma, H; Sugibayashi, K; Wang, CF, 2001)	0.31
" However pharmacokinetics parameters of nicorandil after oral administration of FD tablet containing nicorandil-loaded particles showed that nicorandil was delivered into the body at a suitable absorption rate with similar AUC, delayed Tmax and lower Cmax."	( [Pharmaceutical evaluation of fast-disintegrant tablet containing nicorandil-loaded particles]. Jin, Y; Morimoto, Y; Natsume, H; Ohkuma, H; Sugibayashi, K; Wang, CF, 2001)	0.31
"The reports suggest that the modification of properties of myristyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol released from the drug-loaded particles system would lead to more acceptable bioavailability of the system."	( [Pharmaceutical evaluation of fast-disintegrant tablet containing nicorandil-loaded particles]. Jin, Y; Morimoto, Y; Natsume, H; Ohkuma, H; Sugibayashi, K; Wang, CF, 2001)	0.31
" To improve the bioavailability of this peptide, two lipidic analogues of MII have been synthesized, the first by coupling 2-amino-d,l-dodecanoic acid (Laa) to the N terminus (LaaMII) and the second by replacing Asn5 in the MII sequence with this lipoamino acid (5LaaMII)."	( Synthesis, structure elucidation, in vitro biological activity, toxicity, and Caco-2 cell permeability of lipophilic analogues of alpha-conotoxin MII. Adams, DJ; Alewood, PF; Blanchfield, JT; Craik, DJ; Dutton, JL; Gallagher, OP; Hogg, RC; Jones, A; Lewis, RJ; Toth, I, 2003)	0.32
" Therefore, ocular bioavailability of P-gp substrates can be significantly enhanced by proper selection of P-gp inhibitors."	( Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin in rabbit corneas after single-dose infusion: role of P-glycoprotein as a barrier to in vivo ocular drug absorption. Dey, S; Gunda, S; Mitra, AK, 2004)	0.32
"Formulations containing 5% dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DMbetaCD) produced the highest increase in the bioavailability of LMWH preparations tested."	( Cyclodextrins in nasal delivery of low-molecular-weight heparins: in vivo and in vitro studies. Abbruscato, TJ; Ahsan, F; Hussain, A; Paulson, J; Yang, T, 2004)	0.32
" These results suggest that HePC could modify the oral bioavailability of other therapeutic compounds absorbed via the paracellular route or which are substrates of the intestinal P-glycoprotein."	( Modulation of intestinal barrier properties by miltefosine. Barratt, G; Buyse, M; Chacun, H; Farinotti, R; Menez, C, 2006)	0.33
"The rapid and reversible nature of melittin's permeation enhancing properties and its limited cytotoxicity in polarized intestinal epithelia, suggests a potential drug delivery role for the peptide in oral formulations of poorly absorbed drugs."	( Melittin as a permeability enhancer II: in vitro investigations in human mucus secreting intestinal monolayers and rat colonic mucosae. Brayden, DJ; Feighery, L; Maher, S; McClean, S, 2007)	0.34
" The objective of this research was to study intestinal absorptive function and bioavailability of rifampin and isoniazid in TB patients."	( Intestinal permeability and malabsorption of rifampin and isoniazid in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Barroso, EC; Bushen, OY; Façanha, MC; Guerrant, RL; Lima, AA; Monteiro, HS; Peloquin, CA; Pinheiro, VG; Ramos, LM, 2006)	0.33
"The purpose of this investigation was to study the influences of absorption enhancers in increasing oral bioavailability of Ganciclovir (GAN) by assessing the transepithelial permeation across cell monolayers in vitro and bioavailability in rats in vivo."	( Modulation of ganciclovir intestinal absorption in presence of absorption enhancers. Bagchi, T; Jogani, V; Mishra, AK; Mishra, P; Misra, A; Shah, P, 2007)	0.34
" It could improve the bioavailability of carvedilol by self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), control the release rate and make the plasma concentrations more stable by elementary osmotic pump tablet."	( Investigations of a novel self-emulsifying osmotic pump tablet containing carvedilol. Guo, L; Li, J; Liu, H; Nie, S; Pan, W; Sun, P; Wei, L, 2007)	0.34
"0625% PLA of molecular weight 93 kDa led to a twofold increase in the relative bioavailability of LMWH compared to the control (enoxaparin plus normal saline)."	( Complexation of a poly-L-arginine with low molecular weight heparin enhances pulmonary absorption of the drug. Ahsan, F; Hussain, A; Rawat, A; Yang, T, 2008)	0.35
" Significantly improved permeation of acyclovir in the presence of selected combinations of absorption enhancers may be used as a viable approach in overcoming the problem of limited oral bioavailability of acyclovir."	( In vitro assessment of acyclovir permeation across cell monolayers in the presence of absorption enhancers. Bagchi, T; Jogani, V; Mishra, AK; Mishra, P; Misra, A; Shah, P, 2008)	0.35
" Since S-omeprazole shows more predictable bioavailability and excipients have been known to interact with active pharmaceutical ingredients to produce altered bioavailability, it was decided to investigate the compatibility of omeprazole sodium isomers with mannitol, the major excipient in omeprazole formulations using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for bulk drug, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared (IR) spectroscopy in a powder mixture and localized thermal analysis (LTA) from a drug disk."	( Compatibility studies between mannitol and omeprazole sodium isomers. Agatonovic-Kustrin, S; Ginic-Markovic, M; Glass, BD; Mangan, M; Markovic, N, 2008)	0.81
"2, w/w) yielded improved bioavailability in mice."	( High bioavailability from nebulized itraconazole nanoparticle dispersions with biocompatible stabilizers. Johnston, KP; McConville, JT; Miller, DA; Tam, J; Williams, RO; Yang, W; Zhou, J, 2008)	0.35
" Prototype III exhibited the best physical characteristics and in vivo performance, with bioavailability of 45% relative to subcutaneous administration."	( Pulmonary delivery of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, BMS-686117. Chi, C; Desikan, S; Hussain, M; Mathias, N; Moench, P; Qian, F; Smith, RL, 2009)	0.35
" Finally, the bioavailability study in rabbits revealed that the absolute bioavailability of MET HCl was significantly increased from 40."	( In situ gels of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride for intranasal delivery: in vitro evaluation and in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. Gattani, S; Mahajan, HS, 2010)	0.36
"High solubility and high permeability of caffeine rank it among class I of BCS and well absorbed compounds."	( Caco-2 cells and Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) for prediction of transepithelial transport of xenobiotics (model drug: caffeine). Kholova, D; Kvetina, J; Smetana, J; Smetanova, L; Stetinova, V; Svoboda, Z, 2009)	0.35
" Major reaction parameters associated with the sequential routes from ingestion to decay of an antioxidant were used in mathematical analysis, which included absorption rate coefficient k(a), quenching rate coefficient of the antioxidant k(q1) and tissue quenching rate coefficient k(r)."	( Modeling of the in vivo kinetics of antioxidants delineates suitable parameters for selecting potential antioxidant adjuvants for cancer therapy. Chen, KC; Chiu, WT; Chuang, CM; Hsieh, CL; Peng, RY; Shih, CM; Wang, HE; Yang, MH, 2010)	0.36
" The oral bioavailability of drugs in the TMCTs was then evaluated and compared to the simultaneous oral administration of trimebutine maleate-loaded and mosapride citrate-loaded commercial products in the beagle dog."	( Development of a novel combination tablet containing trimebutine maleate and mosapride citrate for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Cho, KH; Choi, HG; Choi, YK; Kang, JH; Park, YJ; Yong, CS, 2010)	0.36
" Additionally, the comparison studies of oral bioavailability in beagle dogs of three type tables were performed."	( Investigation of nanosized crystalline form to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble cilostazol. Jiang, T; Miao, X; Sun, C; Wang, S; Wang, T; Zheng, L, 2011)	0.37
" The bioavailability of CLT tablets prepared using spray dried nanosized crystalline powder after oral administration to dogs was markedly increased compared with that produced by nanosized tablets and commercial tablets, because of its greater dissolution rate owing to its transition of the crystalline state to form C and form B, reduced particle size and porous structure with increased surface area."	( Investigation of nanosized crystalline form to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble cilostazol. Jiang, T; Miao, X; Sun, C; Wang, S; Wang, T; Zheng, L, 2011)	0.37
" This formulation approach may be applicable to improving the dissolution rate and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs."	( Enhanced dissolution of inhalable cyclosporine nano-matrix particles with mannitol as matrix former. Chan, HK; Fukushige, K; Kwok, PC; Prud'homme, RK; Yamasaki, K, 2011)	0.6
"Oral bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium (ATC) is very low (only 14%) due to instability and incomplete intestinal absorption and/or extensive gut wall extraction."	( Enhanced bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium from stabilized gastric resident formulation. Dehghan, MH; Khan, FN, 2011)	0.37
"Permeation enhancers are of major interest to improve the low bioavailability of therapeutic agents due to poor membrane permeation."	( The influence of stabilizer and bioadhesive polymer on the permeation-enhancing effect of AT1002 in the nasal delivery of a paracellular marker. Eddington, ND; Song, KH, 2012)	0.38
" BMS-562086 was orally bioavailable in rats, dogs, and chimpanzees, with an absolute oral bioavailability of 40."	( In vitro and in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of BMS-562086, a potent and orally bioavailable corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonist. Dockens, RC; Grossman, SJ; Iyer, RA; Liu-Kreyche, P; Zhou, L, 2012)	0.38
" The degree to which this fast reaction with NO by red cell microparticles influences NO bioavailability depends on several factors that are explored here."	( Nitric oxide scavenging by red cell microparticles. Christ, GJ; Gladwin, MT; Kim-Shapiro, DB; Liu, C; Zhao, W, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic study was conducted in beagle dogs, and the relative bioavailability of the test preparation was 193."	( A novel gastro-floating multiparticulate system for dipyridamole (DIP) based on a porous and low-density matrix core: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Li, Q; Li, S; Li, Z; Pan, W; Xu, H; Yang, X; Ye, T; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
" It is known that decreasing direct cell stimulation and reducing the amount applied via increasing bioavailability are useful for improving these issues."	( A nanoparticle formulation reduces the corneal toxicity of indomethacin eye drops and enhances its corneal permeability. Ito, Y; Nagai, N; Okamoto, N; Shimomura, Y, 2014)	0.4
" In conclusion, the nanosuspension approach is feasible to improve the oral absorption of a BCS Class II drug in a tablet formulation and capable of achieving oral bioavailability equivalent to other well established oral absorption enhancement method."	( Spray drying of a poorly water-soluble drug nanosuspension for tablet preparation: formulation and process optimization with bioavailability evaluation. Li, LC; Mao, S; Ni, R; Sun, W; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
" In vivo pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers proved the success of the in vitro models with enhancement of the oral bioavailability (121."	( Use of biorelevant media for assessment of a poorly soluble weakly basic drug in the form of liquisolid compacts: in vitro and in vivo study. Badawy, MA; Kamel, AO; Sammour, OA, 2016)	0.43
"Lipotomes were designed to enhance lacidipine's oral bioavailability by improving its solubility and enhancing the oral lymphatic uptake."	( Design of lipotomes as a novel dual functioning nanocarrier for bioavailability enhancement of lacidipine: in-vitro and in-vivo characterization. ElKasabgy, NA; Elsayed, I; Elshafeey, AH, 2014)	0.4
"Amorphous drugs are used to improve the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of drugs."	( A method to evaluate the effect of contact with excipients on the surface crystallization of amorphous drugs. de Villiers, MM; Derdour, L; Huang, J; Hussain, MA; Qian, F; Yu, L; Zhang, SW, 2014)	0.4
"A reliable prediction of the oral bioavailability in humans is crucial and of high interest for pharmaceutical and food industry."	( A new approach to predict human intestinal absorption using porcine intestinal tissue and biorelevant matrices. Grossouw, D; Krul, CA; van de Steeg, E; Verwei, M; Westerhout, J; Wortelboer, HM; Zeijdner, EE, 2014)	0.4
"The objectives of the present study were to formulate and optimize different sized liquid and solid nanocrystalline formulations and evaluate their in vitro and in vivo performance to determine the effect of particle size on the oral bioavailability of solid nanocrystalline formulations."	( In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Different Sized Spray-Dried Crystalline Itraconazole. Burgess, DJ; Jog, R; Kumar, S; Sadrieh, N; Shen, J; Zolnik, B, 2015)	0.42
" Milled GF with Povacoat® showed improved aqueous solubility and bioavailability compared with the other polymers."	( Preparation and evaluation of high dispersion stable nanocrystal formulation of poorly water-soluble compounds by using povacoat. Hashimoto, N; Horii, S; Nakada, Y; Seko, F; Takeuchi, H; Teramoto, K; Yuminoki, K, 2014)	0.4
" The in vivo test in beagle dogs demonstrated that the relative bioavailability of the novel system was 203."	( Controlled delivery of carvedilol nanosuspension from osmotic pump capsule: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Bai, C; Ge, H; Liu, D; Lyu, C; Pan, W; Yang, X; Yu, S; Zhu, Z, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of various classes of dispersants on drug dissolution from drug NCMPs, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs via high drug nanoparticle loaded, surfactant-free NCMPs."	( Spray drying of drug-swellable dispersant suspensions for preparation of fast-dissolving, high drug-loaded, surfactant-free nanocomposites. Abdelmalek, B; Arteaga, C; Azad, M; Bilgili, E; Davé, R, 2015)	0.42
"In the present study, nanocrystalline solid dispersion (NSD) was developed to enhance the release rate and oral bioavailability of hesperetin (HRN)."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacodynamic activity of hesperetin nanocrystals generated using a novel bottom-up technology. Bansal, AK; Jain, S; Pawar, YB; Shete, G; Thanki, K, 2015)	0.42
" The bioavailability was 116% relative to Relenza®."	( Preparation, characterization and pulmonary pharmacokinetics of a new inhalable zanamivir dry powder. Cai, X; Mei, X; Xie, X; Yang, Y; Yang, Z; Yu, F; Zhang, T, 2016)	0.43
" Moreover, the use of these effervescent tablets in an orodispersible dosage form can improve oral drug bioavailability and act as an attractive pediatric dosage form."	( Novel levocetirizine HCl tablets with enhanced palatability: synergistic effect of combining taste modifiers and effervescence technique. Labib, GS, 2015)	0.42
"14-fold), improvement in t1/2 (5-fold) and 35-fold improvement in AUC0-∞ indicated significant improvement in bioavailability of RNLC-DPI."	( Pulmonary targeting potential of rosuvastatin loaded nanostructured lipid carrier: Optimization by factorial design. Patil-Gadhe, A; Pokharkar, V, 2016)	0.43
" In vitro studies show that baicalein liposome has a slow-release effect and can significantly improve the bioavailability in rats."	( [Preparation of Baicalein Liposome-Lyophilized Powder and Its Pharmacokinetics Study]. Ji, P; Yu, T; Zhao, WM, 2015)	0.42
" Meanwhile, a relative bioavailability of 200% was achieved compared with pure PD."	( Development of protocatechualdehyde proliposomes-based sustained-release pellets with improved bioavailability and desired pharmacokinetic behavior for angina chronotherapy. Liu, J; Xia, Y; Yan, H; Yu, P; Zhang, S; Zhang, W, 2016)	0.43
"We present a combined nanoparticle (NP) formation process and spray drying to create a nano-matrix formulation of cyclosporine A (CsA) and mannitol (nCsA/MAN) to increase the bioavailability of CsA."	( New nano-matrix oral formulation of nanoprecipitated cyclosporine A prepared with multi-inlet vortex mixer. Chan, HK; Hamao, S; Onoue, S; Prud'homme, RK; Sato, H; Seto, Y; Suzuki, H; Wong, J, 2017)	0.66
"Parenteral administration of Busulfan (BU) conquers the bioavailability and biovariability related issues of oral BU by maintaining the plasma drug concentration in therapeutic range with minimal fluctuations thereby significantly reducing the side effects."	( Development and characterization of an organic solvent free, proliposomal formulation of Busulfan using quality by design approach. Chobisa, D; Monpara, J; Patel, K; Patel, M; Vavia, P, 2018)	0.48
" The relative bioavailability of dry powder inhalation (DPI) compared with subcutaneous injection of commercial product was up to 88."	( Fragmented particles containing octreotide acetate prepared by spray drying technique for dry powder inhalation. Hou, A; Huang, Y; Li, L; Pan, X; Quan, G; Singh, V; Wu, C; Zhu, C, 2018)	0.48
"The low bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs is currently one of the major focuses of pharmaceutical research."	( Preparation of spray dried submicron particles: Part B - Particle recovery by electrostatic precipitation. Dobrowolski, A; Nietfeld, J; Pieloth, D; Strob, R; Thommes, M; Wiggers, H, 2018)	0.48
" The dissolution characterization and oral bioavailability of AG-NC-SD were evaluated."	( Novel nanocrystal-based solid dispersion with high drug loading, enhanced dissolution, and bioavailability of andrographolide. Ma, Y; Xie, J; Xu, J; Yang, M; Yang, Y; Yue, P, 2018)	0.48
"This study illustrates that a quickly dissolving, high drug load, surfactant-free NC-SD can be prepared by using a superdisintegrant as codispersant, and provides a feasible strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."	( Novel nanocrystal-based solid dispersion with high drug loading, enhanced dissolution, and bioavailability of andrographolide. Ma, Y; Xie, J; Xu, J; Yang, M; Yang, Y; Yue, P, 2018)	0.48
"It was concluded that the concept of mixed hydrotropic solid dispersion is a safe, novel and cost-effective technique for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by dissolving the drug in a nonionized form."	( Improving the solubility of nevirapine using A hydrotropy and mixed hydrotropy based solid dispersion approach. Awasthi, R; Dua, K; Kamate, VJ; Madan, JR, )	0.13
" In the preliminary formulation development phase 1-oleoyl-rac-glycerol was chosen as the oily lipid phase, based on the high drug solubility and potential bioavailability enhancement capability."	( A redispersible dry emulsion system with simvastatin prepared via fluid bed layering as a means of dissolution enhancement of a lipophilic drug. Dreu, R; Luštrik, M; Pirker, L; Pohlen, M, 2018)	0.48
"Levodopa (LEVO) as the gold standard in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is usually administrated per os but its bioavailability is low."	( Interaction Studies Between Levodopa and Different Excipients to Develop Coground Binary Mixtures for Intranasal Application. Alapi, T; Ambrus, R; Bartos, C; Katona, G; Kiss, T; Szabó-Révész, P; Varga, G, 2019)	0.51
"Tight junction (TJ) modulation is a promising approach for improving drug bioavailability by enhancing the absorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients."	( A unified in vitro test system for the assessment of tight junction modulators. Reichl, S; Saaber, D, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" This strategy can enable efficient distribution of rifampicin within the lungs, localizing its action, enhancing its bioavailability and reducing its systemic exposure consequently side effects."	( Rifampicin-Carbohydrate Spray-Dried Nanocomposite: A Futuristic Multiparticulate Platform For Pulmonary Delivery. Elgindy, NA; Mehanna, MM; Mohyeldin, SM, 2019)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicated an improvement in bioavailability for MS-1:3:0."	( Improvement of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis with voriconazole. Reduced drug toxicity through novel rapid release formulations. Capilla, J; Gallego-Arranz, T; Guarnizo-Herrero, V; Pérez-Cantero, A; Torrado-Durán, S; Torrado-Salmerón, C, 2020)	0.56
" decussata and their plasma-related bioavailability were also investigated using LC-ESI-MS/MS."	( New Insights into the Biological Activity of Lichens: Bioavailable Secondary Metabolites of Umbilicaria decussata as Potential Anticoagulants. Javad Davarpanah, S; Vaez, M, 2021)	0.62
" However, its hydrophobicity results in low bioavailability that limits application."	( Glycyrrhetinic acid proliposomes mediated by mannosylated ligand: Preparation, physicochemical characterization, environmental stability and bioactivity evaluation. Cen, K; Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Li, C; Liao, Y; Lin, Y; Liu, F; Wu, M; Xu, J; Zhou, X, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" In contrast other solutions, such as the Bretschneider solution, which have extremes of electrolyre concentration, are associated with a complex dose-response relationship."	( Protection of the ischemic myocardium. Volume-duration relationships and the efficacy of myocardial infusates. Braimbridge, MV; Hearse, DJ; Jynge, P, 1978)	0.26
" The authors concluded that, at least with the dosage used in this study, none of the treatments proved more useful than conventional supportive therapy in the first 10 days after a stroke."	( Is there a real treatment for stroke? Clinical and statistical comparison of different treatments in 300 patients. Martinotti, R; Porro, F; Randazzo, A; Santambrogio, S; Sardella, F, )	0.13
"The pharmacokinetics of non-protein-bound platinum species derived from cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) was studied under a variety of dosing conditions."	( Pharmacokinetics of non-protein-bound platinum species following administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Bannister, SJ; Belt, RJ; Himmelstein, KJ; Patton, TF; Repta, AJ; Sternson, LA, )	0.13
" To determine the dose-response relationship, the osmotic gradient required, and the time course of intracranial pressure (ICP) reduction produced by mannitol, eight patients with acute head injury were studied in whom ICP was monitored with a ventriculostomy and found to be elevated."	( Mannitol dose requirements in brain-injured patients. Marshall, LF; Rauscher, LA; Shapiro, HM; SMith, RW, 1978)	1.9
"The utilization of ternary sugar solid dispersion systems and the incorporation of these systems into tablet dosage forms were investigated."	( Dissolution rates of hydrocortisone and prednisone utilizing sugar solid dispersion systems in tablet form. Allen, LV; Levinson, RS; Martono, DD, 1978)	0.26
" Renal function studies prior to therapy were repeated at a total cumulative amphotericin B dosage of 25 mg/kg; renal biopsies were obtained from 10 patients."	( Can mannitol reduce amphotericin B nephrotoxicity? Double-blind study and description of a new vascular lesion in kidneys. Bhathena, D; Bullock, WE; Luke, RG; Nuttall, CE, 1976)	0.81
" According to dosage of CPDD the patients were divided into two groups: 1) low-dose group--."	( The renal pathology in clinical trials of cis-platinum (II) diamminedichloride. Cvitkovic, E; Gonzales-Vitale, JC; Hayes, DM; Sternberg, SS, 1977)	0.26
" Biliary excretion of radioactivity after 14C-probenecid administration was found to be saturated at a dosage of 100 mg X kg-1."	( Probenecid-induced effects on bile flow and biliary excretion of 3H-ouabain. Damm, KH; Erttmann, RR, 1976)	0.26
" Intestinal permeability tests (IPTs), measuring the urinary elimination of orally administered lactulose and mannitol at a dosage of 1 g/10 kg each, were performed during the morning following admission and repeated 2 days later after treatment by diosmectite or placebo."	( Effect of diosmectite on intestinal permeability changes in acute diarrhea: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Barau, E; Bargaoui, K; Dupont, C; Moreno, JL; Plique, O; Thiane, E, 1992)	0.5
"An intestinal permeability test analyzing the differential urinary elimination of lactulose and mannitol orally ingested at the same dosage was carried out first in fasting condition, then combined with specific food ingestion, in 17 children with clinical symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)."	( Modifications of intestinal permeability during food provocation procedures in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome. Barau, E; Dupont, C, 1990)	0.5
"1 ml mannitol in a dosage of 4 mg/kg body wt immediately following cerebral hypoxia-ischemia and every 12 hours thereafter for a total of four doses."	( Mannitol therapy in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in rats. Mujsce, DJ; Stern, D; Towfighi, J; Vannucci, RC, 1990)	2.24
" Dosage of infused MTX was 1,000-2,000 mg per an artery."	( [Intra-arterial infusion of high dose methotrexate therapy in recurrent gliomas]. Hayashi, A; Kyuma, Y, 1990)	0.28
" (b) In every group, it appeared that the slower the infusion rate of the same dosage became, the longer the reduction of ICP lasted."	( Clinical study of mannitol and glycerol on raised intracranial pressure and on their rebound phenomenon. Nakazawa, S; Node, Y, 1990)	0.61
" The dosage of dantrolene should be decreased when used with theophylline."	( A serious interaction of dantrolene and theophylline. Tayeb, OS, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response effect of mannitol on the absorption of L-rhamnose was approximately exponential; doses of 5, 10, and 20 g mannitol reduced the average urinary excretion of L-rhamnose by 34."	( The effect of poorly absorbed solute on intestinal absorption. Catt, SD; Creamer, B; Heduan, E; Jenkins, AP; Menzies, IS; Segal, MB, 1990)	0.57
" At this time (T0) mannitol (solution for injection 20%) was injected (bolus), at a dosage of 3 ml/kg, into the carotid arteria."	( Influence of mannitol on the penetration of teicoplanin into infected CSF of experimental Staphylococcus aureus meningitis of rabbits. Manquat, G; Micoud, M; Pelloux, I; Stahl, JP, )	0.83
" The mannitol dose-response curves in these vessels were parallel to each other, indicating that vasodilating effects of mannitol are essentially constant irrespective of the initial tone state of the vessel."	( Effects of mannitol on intracerebral arteriolar diameter in vitro: extraluminal and intraluminal application. Dacey, RG; Takayasu, N, 1989)	1.18
" Prior saline infusion reduced the hypertensive response to the two higher doses of clonidine by 65 and 70%, and displaced the slope of the dose-response curve downwards, but mannitol had no such effect."	( Sodium chloride-induced partial inhibition in vivo of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist function. Biollaz, B; Biollaz, J; Gavras, H; Gavras, I; Kohlmann, O, 1985)	0.46
" Lethality could be prevented by simultaneous administration of polymyxin B, and analysis of serum before and after dosing confirmed that dosing with TSST-1 resulted in circulating endotoxin."	( Evidence for the involvement of endotoxin in toxic shock syndrome. Schlievert, PM; Stone, RL, 1987)	0.27
" This demonstrated that at the dosage levels used in this study, MPSS was an effective antioxidant."	( Iron-induced lipid peroxidation in spinal cord: protection with mannitol and methylprednisolone. Anderson, DK; Means, ED, 1985)	0.51
" The higher the administered dosage is, the better the degree of recovery of EEG was seen."	( [Protective effect of phenytoin and its enhanced action by combined administration of mannitol and vitamin E in cerebral ischemia]. Abiko, H; Mizoi, K; Oba, M; Suzuki, J; Yoshimoto, T, 1986)	0.49
" It is concluded that this is a useful model for the study of the chemotherapy of cerebral tumors, that blood-brain barrier disruption did not appear to improve the dose-response curve but resulted in reduced survival."	( Blood-brain barrier disruption and methotrexate in the treatment of a readily transplantable intracerebral osteogenic sarcoma of rats. Christophidis, N; Cosolo, W, 1987)	0.27
" The results demonstrate that the dosage regimen originally suggested by Gralla for cytostatic drugs, with forced diuresis for high-dose metoclopramide therapy, may also be applied, with no dosage reduction, with to other cytostatic drugs which do not require forced diuresis."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of high-dose metoclopramide with and without forced diuresis. Braun, J; Domschke, S; Domschke, W; Ell, C; König, HJ, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response of both substances reveal saturation curves."	( Osmotica, dimethyl sulfoxide, parahydroxymercuribenzoate, and cyanide change the period of the circadian clock in the pulvini of Phaseolus coccineus L. Flach, D; Maier, M; Mayer, WE, 1985)	0.27
" Analysis of monitoring records delineated four variables that were related to the response of ICP to mannitol: (a) the level of ICP 1 hour before mannitol was administered, (b) the level of ICP when mannitol was administered, (c) the amount of mannitol that was administered immediately before the resulting changes in ICP were measured, and (d) the cumulative amount of mannitol given over the 6 hours before the most recent mannitol dosage was administered."	( Effect of mannitol on increased intracranial pressure. Howard, G; McGraw, CP, 1983)	0.88
" The decreased GFR of newborns SGA during the first weeks of life has to take into consideration for dosage of drugs tending to cumulate and for composition of parenteral nutrition."	( [Glomerular filtration in low birthweight neonates]. Beyreiss, K; Boehm, G; Braun, W, 1984)	0.27
" Pretreatment with hyperosmotic mannitol (50 mM) for 30 min significantly inhibited cumulative dose-response curves to Ca++ in 60 mM KCl depolarizing solution."	( Influence of hyperosmolarity on induced contractions of arterial smooth muscle in vitro. Krishnamurty, VS; Ross, G, 1984)	0.55
" There was no relationship between dosage and rapidity of peak response."	( Methodology for the control of intracranial pressure with hypertonic mannitol. James, HE, 1980)	0.5
" For infusion therapy it can be deduced, that dosage in borderline cases should be determined by the blood level of the substrate rather than by body weight, if undesirable effects are to be avoided."	( [Effect of high-dose parenteral fructose, glucose and mannitol on the rat kidney]. Ackermann, RH, 1981)	0.51
" Dose-response experiments revealed that normal subjects could tolerate 120-220 mmol of mannitol, 73-146 mmol of lactulose, or 80 mmol of raffinose before fecal output of water exceeded 400 ml in 48 h or before test carbohydrate appeared in the stool."	( Conservation of mannitol, lactulose, and raffinose by the human colon. Saunders, DR; Wiggins, HS, 1981)	0.83
" Divided dosage and a clear fluid diet were both beneficial, whereas oral metoclopramide was ineffective."	( Oral mannitol as a preparation for double contrast barium enema. Foord, KD, 1982)	0.78
" Dose-response curves of sperm motility in the additions of glucose or fructose were bell-shaped."	( Studies on the effects of sugars on washed human sperm motility. Moriwaki, C; Nagai, T; Yamaguchi, K, 1982)	0.26
" NSAID dose-response curves produced using the two indices of damage showed that intestinal permeability is as sensitive and reproducible as ulceration, although changes could not be detected before visible ulceration occurred."	( Assessment of intestinal permeability changes induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the rat. Ford, J; Houston, JB; Martin, SW, 1995)	0.29
" Not only the dose-response curve of AM but also the time-course of the blood glucose level (expressed as % of pre-treatment value) following 320 mg/kg of AM were almost identical between +/+, STZ-treated +/+ and STZ-treated db/db mice."	( Differential hypoglycemic effect of 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol, a putative gluconeogenesis inhibitor, in genetically diabetic (db/db) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Fujita, M; Kodama, H; Yamaguchi, I, 1994)	0.54
" The effect of two cardioplegic solution was evaluated by postoperative cardiac function (CI, %SF), released enzymes (CPK), histology and dosage of catecholamine."	( [Efficacy of myocardial preservation using HTK solution in continuous 120 min cross-clamping method--a comparative study with GIK method]. Bonkohara, Y; Hachida, M; Imamaki, M; Katsumata, T; Koyanagi, H; Nemoto, S; Nonoyama, M; Saitou, S; Satou, M; Toyama, A, 1993)	0.29
" Statistically significant reductions in the AUC0-24 and maximum plasma concentration values were observed with the mannitol dosage forms compared to the sucrose controls."	( The effect of mannitol on the oral bioavailability of cimetidine. Adkin, DA; Davis, SS; Huckle, PD; Sparrow, RA; Wilding, IR, 1995)	0.86
" Treatment of rats in vivo with H290/51 in a dosage giving a plasma concentration of 500 nmol L-1 inhibited TBARS production measured in vitro by 80%."	( Effect of a new inhibitor of lipid peroxidation on kidney function after ischaemia-reperfusion. A study on rat and rabbit kidneys. Jonsson, O; Nilsson, U; Pettersson, S; Scherstén, T; Sjöqvist, PO; Svensson, L; Sørensen, V, 1996)	0.29
" The aim of this study was to evaluate which dosage of PHT can maintain the therapeutic range in the early postoperative period."	( Peri-operative prophylaxis with phenytoin: dosage and therapeutic plasma levels. Boselli, L; Levati, A; Savoia, G; Tommasino, C; Zoppi, F, 1996)	0.29
" Particular attention was focused on the aspects of dose-response relationship, temperature sensitivity, and ischemic tolerance."	( Effect of the potassium-channel opener nicorandil as an adjunct to cardioplegia on myocardial preservation in isolated rabbit hearts. Sunamori, M; Wang, Y; Yoshida, T, 1996)	0.29
" The dose-response curve of EGF-induced mitogenesis was similar in both normal (11 mM) and high (27."	( Effects of high glucose culture on EGF effects and EGF receptors in the LLC-PK1 cells. Chang, CC; Chuang, LY; Guh, JY; Lai, YH; Tsai, JH; Yang, ML; Yang, YL, 1997)	0.3
" Dose-response curves showed that 4 microM of ABA or mannitol at -1."	( Regulation of acyltransferase activity in immature maize embryos by abscisic acid and the osmotic environment. Altuzar-Martínez, M; Pacheco-Moisés, F; Rodríguez-Sotres, R; Valencia-Turcotte, L, 1997)	0.55
" The median final dosage of dobutamine was 13."	( The effect of dobutamine on distal colon ischaemia in the pig. Bergqvist, D; Björck, M; Haglund, U, 1998)	0.3
" The dosage of mannitol used varied widely."	( [Mannital induced acute renal failure]. Cao, J; Du, J; Zhao, H, 1996)	0.65
" PCMBS inhibited F uptake by up to 83% in a dose-response manner."	( pH-dependent fluoride transport in intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Ganapathy, V; He, H; Isales, CM; Whitford, GM, 1998)	0.3
"The mean disintegration time (MDGT; mean time required for disintegration of tablets) and mean dissolution time (MDST; mean time required for drug dissolution) of water-soluble drugs from solid dosage forms were determined by moment analysis using microcalorimetric curves."	( Analysis of mean disintegration time and mean dissolution time by moment analysis using microcalorimetric curves. Aida, F; Fukuoka, E; Momose, Y; Yamamura, S, 2000)	0.31
" There is evidence that in prolonged dosage mannitol may pass from the blood into the brain, where it might cause reverse osmotic shifts that increase intracranial pressure."	( Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury. Roberts, I; Schierhout, G, 2000)	2.01
" Dose-response curves were made for each of the additives (n> or =4 for each dose)."	( Improving the preservation of isolated rat skeletal muscles stored for 16 hours at 4 degrees C. Bär, DP; de Smet, M; de With, MC; Kon, M; Kroese, AB; van der Heijden, EP; Werker, PM, 2000)	0.31
"Native Cu,Zn-SOD and synthetic SOD mimics sometimes demonstrate an apparently anomalous bell-shaped dose-response relationship when protecting various biological systems from oxidative stress."	( The pro-oxidative activity of SOD and nitroxide SOD mimics. Offer, T; Russo, A; Samuni, A, 2000)	0.31
"The dose-response study showed that H(2)O(2) > or = 100 microM was severely cytotoxic."	( Adverse effects of oxidative stress on renal cells and its prevention by antioxidants. Davidson, SD; Eshghi, M; Konno, S; Mallouh, C; Nowzari, FB; Tazaki, H, 2000)	0.31
" A parallel control study of drug interference with measurements of glucose and lactate in whole blood and of dose-response relationships in whole-blood samples and in plasma samples also was conducted."	( Whole-blood glucose and lactate. Trilayer biosensors, drug interference, metabolism, and practice guidelines. Kost, GJ; Nguyen, TH; Tang, Z, 2000)	0.31
" Following a stabilization period, hearts were then perfused with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate solution containing 1, 10, and 100 mM ionized lithium chloride or lithium carbonate in an antecedent dose-response protocol and perfused for 10 min."	( Lithium has no direct effect on cardiac function in the isolated, perfused rat heart. Linakis, JG; Raymond, RM; Savitt, DL; Schuyler, JE; Simon, PM, 2000)	0.31
" The increasing popularity of the pulmonary route for drug delivery has led to an increasing number of pharmaceutical excipients being incorporated into inhaled dosage forms."	( Formulation of inhaled medicines: effect of delivery vehicle on immortalized epithelial cells. Forbes, B; Hashmi, N; Lansley, AB; Martin, GP, 2000)	0.31
" The therapeutic action of HTS was also more durable, lasting up to 500 minutes whereas the mannitol treated animals were observed to return to, and overshoot the baseline elevated ICP by 10% to 25% by 120 minutes following dosing (P < ."	( Comparison between hypertonic saline and mannitol in the reduction of elevated intracranial pressure in a rodent model of acute cerebral injury. Denchev, ID; Hanley, FD; Mirski, AM; Schnitzer, SM, 2000)	0.79
" The therapeutic dosage of HU used for Hb F induction often elicits myelosuppression, which becomes its major associated complication."	( Hydroxyurea-induced oxidative damage of normal and sickle cell hemoglobins in vitro: amelioration by radical scavengers. Asakura, T; del Pilar Aguinaga , M; Fasold, H; Iyamu, EW; Roa, D; Turner, EA, 2001)	0.31
" On different days, a dose-response curve was constructed for the saline added to Krebs N-[2-hydroxyethyl] piperazine-N'-[2-ethanesulphonic acid] (HEPES) diluent."	( Hypertonic saline alters ion transport across the human airway epithelium. Middleton, PG; Pollard, KA; Wheatley, JR, 2001)	0.31
"A new oral dosage form for controlled and complete release of drug after a predetermined lag time is described."	( Channeling agent and drug release from a central core matrix tablet. Fini, A; González-Rodríguez, ML; Merino, S; Pérez-Martínez, JI; Rabasco, AM, 2001)	0.31
" In addition, dose-response studies with Zot (0, 1000, 2000 or 4000ng/ml) were performed using mannitol."	( Enhancing the permeation of marker compounds and enaminone anticonvulsants across Caco-2 monolayers by modulating tight junctions using zonula occludens toxin. Cox, DS; Eddington, ND; Gao, H; Raje, S; Scott, KR, 2001)	0.53
" The vitreous level of the dosed eye is much higher than that of the corresponding contralateral eye after subconjunctival injection so that the recirculation pathway is not a dominant penetration pathway."	( Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye: some insights on the penetration pathways after subconjunctival injection. Lee, TW; Robinson, JR, 2001)	0.31
" These differences in transport properties between the two lung cell models may modify the dose-response curve for Cd toxicity."	( Cadmium transport through type II alveolar cell monolayers: contribution of transcellular and paracellular pathways in the rat ATII and the human A549 cells. Jumarie, C, 2002)	0.31
"Micro-thermal analysis (microTA) by scanning thermal microscopy is being used increasingly for the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning thermal microscopy analysis of pharmaceutical materials. Allen, S; Bond, L; Davies, MC; Roberts, CJ; Shivji, AP; Tendler, SJ; Williams, PM; Zhang, J, 2002)	0.31
"3 ml/kg dosage before aortal clumping the blood circulation was better than in control group, witnessed by bigger value of glomerular filtration by 20."	( [Mannitol application in surgical treatment of the abdominal aorta aneurysm]. Sharapov, OV; Vlaĭkov, HH, 2002)	1.22
"A lyophilization process for a pharmaceutical unit dosage form was developed which comprised a container closed with an impermeable membrane pierced with one or more holes through which the material in the container can be lyophilized."	( Lyophilization of unit dose pharmaceutical dosage forms. Baillie, AJ; Stevens, HN; Thapa, P, 2003)	0.32
" These gelatin microparticles containing propolis would be useful for developing intermediary or eventual propolis dosage form without the PES' strong and unpleasant taste, aromatic odour, and presence of ethanol."	( Gelatin microparticles containing propolis obtained by spray-drying technique: preparation and characterization. Bruschi, ML; Cardoso, ML; Gremião, MP; Lucchesi, MB, 2003)	0.32
" At 30 years of age, lithium carbonate was added to arrest self-injurious behavior, at an initial dosage of 300 mg/day and a maintenance dosage of 900 mg/day."	( [Lithium intoxication in a patient with severe motor and intellectual disabilities]. Maruta, K, 2003)	0.32
"5 g/kg were supplied orally for 14 days in Gln group, and the same dosage of placebo were given for 14 days in B group."	( Effects of enteral supplementation with glutamine granules on intestinal mucosal barrier function in severe burned patients. Peng, X; Wang, P; Wang, S; Yan, H; You, Z, 2004)	0.32
" No generally accepted real-time in-line tools are available to gain insight into this process, and in practice, a highly experienced process formulator and operator are needed to develop a wet granulated solid dosage form."	( Use of in-line near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for improved understanding of pharmaceutical processes. Rantanen, J; Taylor, LS; Turner, R; Wikström, H, 2005)	0.33
" Therefore CoQ formulations should be made with an aim to target the duodenum to get maximum dosage effect."	( Regional permeability of coenzyme Q10 in isolated rat gastrointestinal tracts. Khan, MM; Palamakula, A; Soliman, M, 2005)	0.33
" The Montanide formulation was the most immunogenic, but undesirable reactogenicity in the form of sterile abscesses was associated with higher dosage levels of ICC--1132."	( Effect of adjuvant on reactogenicity and long-term immunogenicity of the malaria Vaccine ICC-1132 in macaques. Birkett, AJ; Calvo-Calle, JM; Dubovsky, F; Hensmann, M; Langermans, JA; Nardin, E; Schmidt, A; Thomas, AW; Thornton, GB; Vervenne, RA; Weiler, H, 2005)	0.33
"Orodispersible tablets, usually prepared using freeze-drying method, are becoming a popular drug formulation for patients who have difficulties swallowing solid dosage forms."	( The physical characteristics of lyophilized tablets containing a model drug in different chemical forms and concentrations. Klunder, M; Płaczek, M; Sznitowska, M, )	0.13
" In our study we compared myocardial protection in isolated coronary bypass with a short period of ischemia using low dosage HTK and cold crystalloid cardioplegia."	( Low-dose histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution for myocardial protection. Akay, T; Arslan, A; Aslamaci, S; Gultekin, B; Ozkan, S; Sezgin, A; Tasdelen, A; Uguz, E, 2005)	0.33
" Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the existence of three distinct categories of ABA dose-response patterns."	( Transcriptome analysis reveals specific modulation of abscisic acid signaling by ROP10 small GTPase in Arabidopsis. Xin, Z; Zhao, Y; Zheng, ZL, 2005)	0.33
" When compared to other fast disintegrating dosage forms (e."	( Modified conventional hard gelatin capsules as fast disintegrating dosage form in the oral cavity. Bodmeier, R; Ciper, M, 2006)	0.33
" The proposed decoupler effectively establishes hypothermic decompression, reduces the dosage of diuretic and improves ICP management."	( An integrated model of thermodynamic-hemodynamic-pharmacokinetic system and its application on decoupling control of intracranial temperature and pressure in brain hypothermia treatment. Gaohua, L; Kimura, H; Maekawa, T, 2006)	0.33
" While TA102 and TA104 strains exhibited the highest sensitivity against the Aligarh sample (AWW) in terms of the slope (m) of the dose-response curve in the plate incorporation assay, TA98 and TA97a were the most sensitive strains based on the induction factor, Mi(p)."	( Genotoxicity of industrial wastewaters obtained from two different pollution sources in northern India: a comparison of three bioassays. Ahmad, M; Fatima, RA, 2006)	0.33
" The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of this vaccine and to explore possible dosage levels for clinical evaluation."	( Preclinical evaluation of a chimeric malaria vaccine candidate in Montanide ISA 720: immunogenicity and safety in rhesus macaques. Dubovsk, F; Giersing, BK; Hensmann, M; Langermans, JA; Locke, E; Pan, W; Thomas, AW; van Gijlswiik, M; Wittes, J; Zhang, D, )	0.13
"To investigate the contribution of intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH) (2)D(3))-induced Ca action, we assessed parameters related to Ca metabolism after a single dosing of 1,25(OH)(2)D (3) in the total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution or 5% D-mannitol (MAN) solution treatment with rats."	( Contribution of intestinal calcium absorption to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced calcium action in the total parenteral nutrition rat. Asanuma, K; Chiba, S; Komatsu, S; Sakurai, T; Takai, R, 2006)	0.51
" Such flows occur at the entrance of powder compression units, and their characteristics are of great interest because any powder agglomeration or segregation can be detrimental to the quality of the final solid oral dosage form."	( Cohesive, multicomponent, dense powder flow characterization by NIR. Abatzoglou, N; Benedetti, C; Cartilier, L; Léonard, G; McDermott, L; Simard, JS, 2007)	0.34
" The final dosage form was also monitored following storage at 40 degrees C/75% RH for 6 months."	( X-ray powder diffractometry of intact film coated tablets--an approach to monitor the physical form of the active pharmaceutical ingredient during processing and storage. Suryanarayanan, R; Yamada, H, 2007)	0.34
"9%) were treated with katlex (with a median of total dosage of 400 mg) in old-aged group, 35 patients (100."	( [Comparative study of mannitol-induced acute kidney impairments in patients of different ages suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage]. Chen, CF; Jia, HY; Liu, XF; Meng, XZ, 2007)	0.65
" Higher dosing produced consistent opening measured 5-35 or 60-90 min post-infusion but was also toxic as shown by severe brain edema and cardio-respiratory failure."	( Graded reversible opening of the rat blood-brain barrier by intracarotid infusion of sodium caprate. Preston, E; Slinn, J; Stanimirovic, D; Vinokourov, I, 2008)	0.35
" Mannitol is the osmotic diuretic most commonly used in the intensive care unit; however, despite its clinical importance, treatment protocols vary from center to center, and the dose-response relationship is not understood."	( Dose-response relationship of mannitol and intracranial pressure: a metaanalysis. Manley, GT; Sorani, MD, 2008)	1.54
"The authors identified 18 studies that quantitatively characterized the dose-response relationship of mannitol and ICP."	( Dose-response relationship of mannitol and intracranial pressure: a metaanalysis. Manley, GT; Sorani, MD, 2008)	0.85
"Despite its clinical importance, the determination of the mannitol dose-response curve continues to be challenging for many reasons."	( Dose-response relationship of mannitol and intracranial pressure: a metaanalysis. Manley, GT; Sorani, MD, 2008)	0.88
"Although mannitol has been widely used in hospitals to treat patients with high intracranial pressure (ICP) secondary to intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), no universal agreement has been reached regarding the optimal dosage of this agent for achieving appropriate intracranial decompression."	( Formula for use of mannitol in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage and high intracranial pressure. Sun, S; Tan, G; Yuan, D; Zhou, J, 2008)	1.09
" When the ICP reached a fixed level, the dosage of mannitol was gradually reduced."	( Formula for use of mannitol in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage and high intracranial pressure. Sun, S; Tan, G; Yuan, D; Zhou, J, 2008)	0.93
"05) but not after the ICP had reached a fixed level; this limited effectiveness of mannitol when its dosage reaches a certain level was termed 'mannitol saturation dosage'."	( Formula for use of mannitol in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage and high intracranial pressure. Sun, S; Tan, G; Yuan, D; Zhou, J, 2008)	0.9
"The total mannitol dosage required for individual patients with ICH and elevated ICP can be calculated by considering the location of the haemorrhage, the volume of the haematoma and the pretreated ICP reading."	( Formula for use of mannitol in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage and high intracranial pressure. Sun, S; Tan, G; Yuan, D; Zhou, J, 2008)	1.08
" Repetitive once daily oral dosing (0."	( Backbone cyclic peptidomimetic melanocortin-4 receptor agonist as a novel orally administrated drug lead for treating obesity. Faier, A; Gabinet, Y; Gilon, C; Halbfinger, E; Haskell-Luevano, C; Hess, S; Hoffman, A; Lapidot, T; Linde, Y; Ovadia, O; Portillo, FP; Safrai, E; Shalev, DE; Swed, A; Winkler, I; Xiang, Z; Yarden, D, 2008)	0.35
"The objective of the present work was to improve the dissolution properties of the poorly water-soluble drug meloxicam by preparing solid dispersions with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and to develop a dosage form for geriatric population."	( Solid dispersion of meloxicam: factorially designed dosage form for geriatric population. Dahiya, S; Pathak, D; Pathak, K, 2008)	0.54
" The objective of this study was to retrospectively characterize the dose-response relationship between mannitol and ICP using data collected with a continuous high-frequency physiological data collection system."	( Characterizing the dose-response relationship between mannitol and intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury patients using a high-frequency physiological data collection system. Giacomini, KM; Manley, GT; Morabito, D; Rosenthal, G; Sorani, MD, 2008)	0.81
" Because of the accelerated temperature conditions during DSC experiments applied in this work, ATR-IR was undertaken to determine whether these results occurred at room temperature for the solid dosage form."	( Compatibility studies between mannitol and omeprazole sodium isomers. Agatonovic-Kustrin, S; Ginic-Markovic, M; Glass, BD; Mangan, M; Markovic, N, 2008)	0.63
" Upon addition to water, ITZ formed a colloidal dispersion suitable for nebulization, which demonstrated optimal aerodynamic properties for deep lung delivery and high lung and systemic levels when dosed to mice."	( High bioavailability from nebulized itraconazole nanoparticle dispersions with biocompatible stabilizers. Johnston, KP; McConville, JT; Miller, DA; Tam, J; Williams, RO; Yang, W; Zhou, J, 2008)	0.35
"The average saturation dosage of mannitol was 750-6000 (3504 +/- 1085) ml, the time from the hospitalization till the saturation dosage was 1-8 (4."	( [Most effective daily dose and use method of mannitol in patients with cerebral hemorrhage at acute stage]. Liao, Q; Liu, BW; Mao, YC; Tan, G; Zhou, JY, 2008)	0.89
"Although research gaps exist, particularly on optimal dosing and relative polyol efficacy, research evidence supports using polyol-containing chewing gum as part of normal oral hygiene to prevent dental caries."	( The impact of polyol-containing chewing gums on dental caries: a systematic review of original randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Deshpande, A; Jadad, AR, 2008)	0.35
" In order to improve technological characteristics of the pantoprazole-loaded microparticles, soft agglomerates were prepared viewing an oral delayed release and gastro-resistant solid dosage form."	( Agglomerates containing pantoprazole microparticles: modulating the drug release. Colombo, P; Guterres, SS; Jornada, DS; Pohlmann, AR; Raffin, RP; Rossi, A; Sonvico, F, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, dose-response analyses showed that the ED50 of L-KTP in Pept2-deficient animals was one-fifth of the value observed in Pept2-competent animals (4 vs."	( Enhanced antinociceptive response to intracerebroventricular kyotorphin in Pept2 null mice. Hu, Y; Jiang, H; Keep, RF; Smith, DE, 2009)	0.35
"Drug nanoparticles are often prepared in a liquid medium, and a drying method such as freeze drying is used to convert them to an oral solid dosage form."	( Cryoprotectants for freeze drying of drug nano-suspensions: effect of freezing rate. Kim, MY; Kim, S; Lee, J; Lee, MK, 2009)	0.35
" The appearance or disappearance of a crystalline form within a dosage form can have costly repercussions and lead to a dosage form being withdrawn."	( The characterization and comparison of spray-dried mannitol samples. Bonner, MC; Forbes, RT; Getrost, M; Hulse, WL, 2009)	0.6
"We used a (1)H NMR-based metabonomics approach to examine the physiological effects of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum in a mammalian model, assess the dosage level required to elicit a response in the urinary profile, and identify potential toxic effects."	( Dietary Ascophyllum nodosum increases urinary excretion of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in male Sprague-dawley rats. MacKinnon, SL; Nelson, CM; Purcell, SL; Simmons-Boyce, JL, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, for continuous perfusion preservation the dosage of the lipophilic chelator LK 614 should probably be lower than for static cold storage."	( Use of a new modified HTK solution for machine preservation of marginal liver grafts. Hirner, A; Minor, T; Rauen, U; Stegemann, J, 2010)	0.36
" Efficacy was determined by comparison of proportion of patients with any response and mean change in ICP after dosing with either agent."	( The use of 23.4% hypertonic saline for the management of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Kerwin, AJ; Muehlberger, M; Renfro, WH; Schinco, MA; Tepas, JJ; Vitarbo, EA, 2009)	0.35
" Therefore, we recommend preparing the tablets with XYL or SOR as a binder using the wet granule compression method to produce a compact dosage form of MC."	( Preparation and evaluation of medicinal carbon tablets with different saccharides as binders. Ito, A; Machida, Y; Yamamoto, K, 2009)	0.35
"0001), the dose-response slope (r=0."	( Mannitol challenge for assessment of airway responsiveness, airway inflammation and inflammatory phenotype in asthma. Gibson, PG; Powell, H; Wood, LG, 2010)	1.8
" In comparison analysis of the MSLI data, over a 5-800mg cumulative dosing range, indicated that the percentage of nominal dose recovered from the MSLI was within the +/-15% limits set in this study."	( Pharmacopeial methodologies for determining aerodynamic mass distributions of ultra-high dose inhaler medicines. Chan, HK; Crapper, J; Traini, D; Wong, W; Young, PM, 2010)	0.36
" The current weight-based dosing guidelines yielded greater than expected plasma drug concentrations in obese patients."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of bolus-administered mannitol in patients undergoing elective craniotomy. Baker, MT; Han, TH; Kaneda, K; Todd, MM; Weeks, JB, 2010)	0.61
" Indirect BCTs may be used to diagnose exercise-induced bronchoconstriction or AHR consistent with active asthma, to evaluate AHR that will respond to treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs and to determine the effectiveness and optimal dosing of such therapy."	( Current and future use of the mannitol bronchial challenge in everyday clinical practice. Backer, V; Joos, G; Kerstjens, HA; Porsbjerg, C; Rodriguez-Roisin, R, 2009)	0.64
" The aim of this study was to formulate 800 mg of Darunavir in a single unit dosage form, with suitable mechanical properties and dissolution behavior, using a corotating twin screw extruder."	( 800 mg Darunavir tablets prepared by hot melt extrusion. Baert, L; Rosier, J; Thommes, M, )	0.13
"This study was undertaken to evaluate whether significant alterations in serum osmolality, [Na+], and [K+] occur after the repeated dosing of mannitol and whether these imbalances increased accordingly with the progress of mannitol application."	( Alterations in serum osmolality, sodium, and potassium levels after repeated mannitol administration. Oh, H; Seo, W, 2010)	0.79
" RPTEC/TERT1 cells were cultured with either the dosing vehicle (DMSO) or with exposure to one of six compounds (nifedipine, potassium bromate, monuron, D-mannitol, ochratoxin A and sodium diclofenac), several of which are known to cause renal effects."	( Metabolic response to low-level toxicant exposure in a novel renal tubule epithelial cell system. Athersuch, TJ; Cavill, R; Ebbels, TM; Ellis, JK; Jennings, P; Keun, HC; McMorrow, T; Radford, R; Ryan, MP; Slattery, C, 2011)	0.57
" Therefore, we investigated gastrointestinal calcium transport of sheep as influenced by a dietary calcium restriction and/or a supraphysiological dosage of exogenous calcitriol."	( Gastrointestinal calcium absorption in sheep is mostly insensitive to an alimentary induced challenge of calcium homeostasis. Breves, G; Mrochen, N; Schröder, B; Wilkens, MR, 2011)	0.37
" The ability to optically monitor the BBB disruption in real-time could provide a feedback control for hypertonic disruption and/or facilitate dosage control for chemotherapeutic drugs that require such disruption."	( Inconsistent blood brain barrier disruption by intraarterial mannitol in rabbits: implications for chemotherapy. Bigio, IJ; Bruce, JN; Ergin, A; Joshi, S; Reif, R; Wang, M; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.61
" The authors hypothesized that clinical practice would reflect this heterogeneity with respect to choice of agent, dosing strategy, and methods for monitoring therapy."	( Osmotherapy: use among neurointensivists. Chalela, JA; Gay, S; Hays, AN; Lazaridis, C; Neyens, R; Nicholas, J, 2011)	0.37
" Preferred dosing regimens for both agents varied considerably, as did monitoring parameters."	( Osmotherapy: use among neurointensivists. Chalela, JA; Gay, S; Hays, AN; Lazaridis, C; Neyens, R; Nicholas, J, 2011)	0.37
" Both mannitol and hypertonic saline reduce cerebral edema in many clinical syndromes, yet there is controversy over agent selection, timing, and dosing regimens."	( Hypertonic saline and mannitol therapy in critical care neurology. Hinson, HE; Sheth, KN; Stein, D, )	0.93
" Forty-one children with asthma underwent two consecutive dose-response mannitol challenges (Phase 1); the second challenge proceeded after recovery (FEV(1) : 95% or more of baseline value) from the first."	( Airway refractoriness to inhaled mannitol after repeated challenge. Kim, JT; Koh, YY; Lee, JK; Suh, DI, 2011)	0.88
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
" So the dosage of manganese in AIM fMRI could be minimized by extending the stimulus."	( Effects of temporarily disrupting BBB on activity-induced manganese-dependent functional MRI. Chang, H; Fa, Z; Gao, D; Huang, F; Jiang, X; Li, P; Liu, Y; Wen, Z; Wu, Q; Yang, L; Zeng, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, P; Zhang, R; Zhu, S, 2011)	0.37
"In this study, we aimed to design orally disintegrating tablets by employing a formulation design approach that enables the production of such tablets in the same facilities used for the production of solid dosage forms on an industrial scale."	( Formulation study for orally disintegrating tablet using partly pregelatinized starch binder. Kanada, K; Mimura, K; Namiki, N; Uchida, S; Yamada, M, 2011)	0.37
" The selected excipients such as docusate sodium enhanced the stability and solubility of ATC in gastric media and tablet dosage form."	( Enhanced bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium from stabilized gastric resident formulation. Dehghan, MH; Khan, FN, 2011)	0.37
" Replacement of fructose by mannitol in the current clinical BPA formulation is, therefore, feasible with advantages of increased dosing and removal of issues related to fructose intolerance and calorific load."	( Physicochemical investigation of the influence of saccharide-based parenteral formulation excipients on L-p-boronphenylalanine solubilisation for boron neutron capture therapy. Dooley, N; Elliott, M; Ford, SJ; Halbert, GW; Schmidt, E, 2012)	0.67
" During preservation, in the periods of zero, 12, 18 and 24 hours, were conducted evaluating the degree of mucosal injury and dosage of malondialdehyde acid (MDA)."	( Effects of ischemic preconditioning associated to different preservation solutions in protecting the intestinal graft. Abrahão, Mde S; Gonzalez, AM; Montero, EF; Neves, Jde S; Salzedas Netto, AA, 2011)	0.37
"The goal was to make available a delayed-release dosage form of mesalazine to be dispersed in water to facilitate swallowing in adults and children."	( Layered lipid microcapsules for mesalazine delayed-release in children. Balducci, AG; Buttini, F; Cavallari, C; Colombo, G; Colombo, P; Corace, G; Rodriguez, L; Rossi, A, 2011)	0.37
" Nebulization of mannitol by vibrating mesh devices has recently been shown in vitro to impart similar dosing in a comparable or lesser treatment time."	( Delivery of high solubility polyols by vibrating mesh nebulizer to enhance mucociliary clearance. Chan, HK; Chan, JG; Kwok, PC; Traini, D; Young, PM, 2012)	0.72
"Twenty healthy female volunteers each received 600 mg aspirin or placebo in random sequence and were subsequently dosed with 10 g lactulose and 5 g mannitol, their urine collected every half hour for 6h."	( The effect of aspirin and smoking on urinary excretion profiles of lactulose and mannitol in young women: toward a dynamic, aspirin augmented, test of gut mucosal permeability. Hurst, RD; Kruger, MC; Lentle, RG; Sequeira, IR, 2012)	0.8
" Hence, variation in sampling period and in method of dosage are likely to influence the result and it is preferable to examine the patterns of absorption of component sugars separately with due regard to the method of dosage."	( The effect of aspirin and smoking on urinary excretion profiles of lactulose and mannitol in young women: toward a dynamic, aspirin augmented, test of gut mucosal permeability. Hurst, RD; Kruger, MC; Lentle, RG; Sequeira, IR, 2012)	0.61
" Dissolution/release rate could be tailored for rapid-release applications by selecting a suitable HPC polymer and altering the final dosage form."	( Klucel™ EF and ELF polymers for immediate-release oral dosage forms prepared by melt extrusion technology. Deng, W; Durig, T; Majumdar, S; Mohammed, NN; Murthy, NS; Pinto, E; Repka, MA; Singh, A; Tewari, D, 2012)	0.38
"This study investigated a sieve classification method for evaluating carrier materials and particle size fractions, which could be a valuable tool in the early development of pharmaceutical dosage forms containing low-dose interactive mixtures."	( Evaluation of a sieve classification method for characterization of low-dose interactive mixtures. Bredenberg, S; Dahlgren, A; Mattsson, S, )	0.13
"Silica-lipid-mannitol hybrid (SLMH) microparticles have been developed that were compressible into high quality tablets suitable for oral dosing and delivery of poorly soluble drugs."	( Tableting lipid-based formulations for oral drug delivery: a case study with silica nanoparticle-lipid-mannitol hybrid microparticles. Bremmell, KE; Martin, A; Prestidge, CA; Tan, A, 2013)	0.97
" However, a dose-response relationship has not yet been established."	( A comparison of two doses of mannitol on brain relaxation during supratentorial brain tumor craniotomy: a randomized trial. Bojanowski, M; Bouthilier, A; Charbonneau, S; Fournier-Gosselin, MP; Girard, F; Lallo, A; Moumdjian, R; Quentin, C; Ruel, M; Sylvestre, MP, 2013)	0.68
"Roll compaction is a continuous process for solid dosage form manufacturing increasingly popular within pharmaceutical industry."	( A quality by design approach to investigate the effect of mannitol and dicalcium phosphate qualities on roll compaction. Dumarey, M; Fransson, M; Josefson, M; Souihi, N; Svensson, O; Tajarobi, P; Trygg, J; Wikström, H, 2013)	0.63
"Various fillers/binders which are applied for the formulation of solid oral dosage forms are assessed for their benefits and drawbacks, including lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose and calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate."	( Why is mannitol becoming more and more popular as a pharmaceutical excipient in solid dosage forms? Kalivoda, A; Ognibene, R; Ohrem, HL; Schornick, E, 2014)	1.05
" The Orbital(®) dry powder device is designed to deliver high doses of drugs to the respiratory tract in a single dosing unit, via multiple inhalation maneuvers, overcoming the need to prime or insert multiple capsules."	( Overcoming dose limitations using the orbital(®) multi-breath dry powder inhaler. Chan, HK; Crapper, J; Philips, G; Sharma, K; Traini, D; Young, PM, 2014)	0.4
" The forms of these curves did not change significantly following dosing with aspirin."	( Differential trafficking of saccharidic probes following aspirin in clinical tests of intestinal permeability in young healthy women. Hurst, RD; Kruger, MC; Lentle, RG; Sequeira, IR, 2014)	0.4
" To sum up, dry powders formulation of liposome-encapsulated OP for inhalation was suitable for pulmonary administration, which offering the opportunity to reduce dosing frequency."	( Development and evaluation of a dry powder formulation of liposome-encapsulated oseltamivir phosphate for inhalation. Jiang, L; Liu, J; Lu, X; Tang, Y; Xi, X; Zhang, H; Zhu, J, 2015)	0.42
"Tablets are the most common form of solid oral dosage produced by pharmaceutical industries."	( Quantitative analysis of visible surface defect risk in tablets during film coating using terahertz pulsed imaging. Hiraishi, Y; Niwa, M, 2014)	0.4
" marked tensile strength and porosity), FCC promises to be suitable for the preparation of solid dosage forms."	( Compaction of functionalized calcium carbonate, a porous and crystalline microparticulate material with a lamellar surface. Alles, R; Atria, S; Gane, PA; Huwyler, J; Puchkov, M; Schoelkopf, J; Stirnimann, T, 2014)	0.4
" Measurement and estimation of serum osmolality during hyperosmolar agent infusion is of clinical importance to evaluate clinical efficacy, adjust dosage and avoid side effects."	( Correlation of measured and calculated serum osmolality during mannitol or hypertonic saline infusion in patients after craniotomy: a study protocol and statistical analysis plan for a randomised controlled trial. Li, Q; Xu, M; Zhou, JX, 2014)	0.64
" Half-hourly lactulose excretions were generally increased after dosage with aspirin whilst those of mannitol were unchanged as was the temporal pattern and period of lowest between subject standard error for both sugars."	( Standardising the lactulose mannitol test of gut permeability to minimise error and promote comparability. Hurst, RD; Kruger, MC; Lentle, RG; Sequeira, IR, 2014)	0.91
"4mm), the dosing chamber length (2."	( Low-dose capsule filling of inhalation products: critical material attributes and process parameters. Biserni, S; Calzolari, V; Faulhammer, E; Fink, M; Khinast, JG; Lawrence, SM; Llusa, M, 2014)	0.4
"The liquid self-emulsifying drug delivery system (L-SEDDS), commonly used to deliver effective but poorly water-soluble oleanolic acid (OA), has many limitations such as high manufacturing costs, few choices of dosage forms, risk of leakage from hard gelatin capsules, low stability, limited portability, incompatibility with capsule materials, and relatively restricted storage conditions."	( Formulation and in vitro characterization of a novel solid lipid-based drug delivery system. Chu, M; Fu, J; Itagaki, K; Ma, H; Sun, S; Wang, Y; Xin, P; Zhang, D; Zhou, X, 2014)	0.4
" The effects of administration of 600 mg aspirin alone, 500 mg ascorbic acid alone and simultaneous dosage of both agents were compared in a cross-over study in 28 healthy female volunteers."	( Ascorbic Acid may Exacerbate Aspirin-Induced Increase in Intestinal Permeability. Hurst, RD; Kruger, MC; Lentle, RG; Sequeira, IR, 2015)	0.42
" Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform-Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were used to characterize Cop-CM, in addition to characterization of its powder and ODT dosage form."	( Co-processed chitin-mannitol as a new excipient for Oro-dispersible tablets. Al Omari, MM; Badwan, AA; Chowdhry, BZ; Daraghmeh, N; Leharne, SA, 2015)	0.74
" A scaling factor for estimating the provoking dose to induce a 15% reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (PD15) was calculated using anatomical dimensions of the human respiratory tract at various ages combined with known dosing values from the adult BPT."	( An Apparatus to Deliver Mannitol Powder for Bronchial Provocation in Children Under Six Years Old. Anderson, SD; Brannan, JD; Carrigy, NB; Chan, HK; Devadason, S; Finlay, WH; Hor, E; Leung, SS; Ruzycki, CA; Samnick, K; Sly, PD; Tang, P, 2015)	0.72
" Fifteen subjects in each cohort, randomised in a ratio of 2:1 and meeting the protocol specific eligibility criteria, were vaccinated either with three doses (10 μg, 25 μg and 50 μg of each antigen) of JAIVAC-1 formulated with adjuvant Montanide ISA 720 or with standard dosage of Hepatitis B vaccine."	( Phase I Clinical Trial of a Recombinant Blood Stage Vaccine Candidate for Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Based on MSP1 and EBA175. Bharadwaj, R; Bhardwaj, R; Chauhan, VS; Chitnis, CE; Dhawan, S; Godbole, G; Gupta, PK; Hans, D; Imbault, N; Kumar, S; Leroy, O; Mazumdar, S; Mehta, S; Mohan, K; Mukherjee, P; Pandey, G; Parulekar, V; Shakri, AR; Shivyogi, P; Singh, B; Singh, K; Yazdani, SS, 2015)	0.42
" Dose-response relationship was observed between vaccine dose of PfF2 and antibody response."	( Phase I Clinical Trial of a Recombinant Blood Stage Vaccine Candidate for Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Based on MSP1 and EBA175. Bharadwaj, R; Bhardwaj, R; Chauhan, VS; Chitnis, CE; Dhawan, S; Godbole, G; Gupta, PK; Hans, D; Imbault, N; Kumar, S; Leroy, O; Mazumdar, S; Mehta, S; Mohan, K; Mukherjee, P; Pandey, G; Parulekar, V; Shakri, AR; Shivyogi, P; Singh, B; Singh, K; Yazdani, SS, 2015)	0.42
" One of the key device components is the "puck" (aerosol sample chamber) with precision-engineered outlet orifice(s) that control the dosing rate."	( Tuning aerosol performance using the multibreath Orbital® dry powder inhaler device: controlling delivery parameters and aerosol performance via modification of puck orifice geometry. Crapper, J; Flodin, C; Ong, HX; Phillips, G; Qiao, EL; Traini, D; Young, PM; Zhu, B, 2015)	0.42
"The importance of mannitol has increased recently as an emerging diluent for orodispersible dosage forms."	( A pragmatic approach for engineering porous mannitol and mechanistic evaluation of particle performance. Al-Khattawi, A; Kirby, D; Koner, J; Mohammed, AR; Perrie, Y; Rajabi-Siahboomi, A; Rue, P, 2015)	1.01
" The DPI was designed to implement a concept similar to a fluidized bed for aerosolization using small mixing balls made of polytetrafluoroethylene along with a larger, hollow dosing sphere filled with the powder."	( Characterization of a New High-Dose Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) Based on a Fluidized Bed Design. Farkas, DR; Hindle, M; Longest, PW, 2015)	0.42
" The authors analyzed mannitol dosing errors at peripheral hospitals prior to or during transport to tertiary care facilities for intracranial emergencies."	( Mannitol dosing error during interfacility transfer for intracranial emergencies. Elliott, CA; MacKenzie, M; O'Kelly, CJ, 2015)	2.17
" Overall, there was a 22% dosing error rate, which comprised an underdosing rate (<0."	( Mannitol dosing error during interfacility transfer for intracranial emergencies. Elliott, CA; MacKenzie, M; O'Kelly, CJ, 2015)	1.86
"Mannitol administration at peripheral hospitals is prone to dosing error."	( Mannitol dosing error during interfacility transfer for intracranial emergencies. Elliott, CA; MacKenzie, M; O'Kelly, CJ, 2015)	3.3
" In summary, the DPI formulation based on untreated lactose, especially by capsule filling using a dosing chamber to powder layer (compression) ratio of 1:2, proved to be superior in terms of the dosing accuracy (RSD<0."	( Carrier-based dry powder inhalation: Impact of carrier modification on capsule filling processability and in vitro aerodynamic performance. Faulhammer, E; Khinast, JG; Paudel, A; Wahl, V; Zellnitz, S, 2015)	0.42
"This study aimed to prepare and evaluate mucoadhesive sponges as dosage forms for delivering solid lipid nanoparticles."	( Lyophilized sponges loaded with curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles for buccal delivery: Development and characterization. Abdallah, OY; El-Massik, MA; Farid, RM; Hazzah, HA; Nasra, MM, 2015)	0.42
" Firstly, formulations of indomethacin and nicotinamide in varying weight ratios were studied since novel tablet dosage forms containing multi-drugs are of industrial interest."	( Comparison of pharmaceutical formulations: ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging to study drug-carrier interactions. Biggart, GD; Clarke, GS; Ewing, AV; Hale, CR; Kazarian, SG, 2015)	0.42
" Moreover, the use of these effervescent tablets in an orodispersible dosage form can improve oral drug bioavailability and act as an attractive pediatric dosage form."	( Novel levocetirizine HCl tablets with enhanced palatability: synergistic effect of combining taste modifiers and effervescence technique. Labib, GS, 2015)	0.42
" The design was employed to understand the influence of the critical excipient combinations on the production of OD-mini-tablets and thus guarantee the feasibility of obtaining products with dosage form uniformity."	( Risperidone oral disintegrating mini-tablets: A robust-product for pediatrics. Abdelbary, MF; Ahmed, TA; Ali, BE; Aljaeid, BM; El-Say, KM; Zidan, AS, 2015)	0.42
" This study defined the dosage of L-NAC, Mannitol, and Dex for the survival of 50% protection of hair cells in vitro."	( A novel combination of drug therapy to protect residual hearing post cochlear implant surgery. Bas, E; Bauer, B; Eshraghi, AA; Guardiola, M; Mittal, J; Rivera, I; Roell, J; Shaikh, N; Telischi, FF; Van De Water, T, 2016)	0.7
" As speed of drug liberation is the critical performance attribute for a solid dosage form designed to deliver drug in an emergency, a novel imaging based in vitro disintegration assay for buccal tablets was developed."	( Amorphous Formulation and in Vitro Performance Testing of Instantly Disintegrating Buccal Tablets for the Emergency Delivery of Naloxone. Ahmed, S; Allen, E; Alqurshi, A; Buanz, A; Cameron, P; Forbes, B; Holt, C; Kumar, Z; McDonald, R; Rickard, JA; Royall, PG; Sandhu, V; Stansfield, R; Strang, J; Taylor, D, 2016)	0.43
"Upon these findings, nCsAm prepared with the flash nano-precipitation technique could be a novel dosage form of CsA for inhalation therapy of airway inflammation with a better safety margin."	( Biopharmaceutical Evaluation of Novel Cyclosporine A Nano-matrix Particles for Inhalation. Chan, HK; Onoue, S; Prud'homme, RK; Sato, H; Seto, Y; Suzuki, H; Wong, J; Yakushiji, K, 2016)	0.43
"Mannitol is a pharmaceutical excipient that is receiving increased popularity in solid dosage forms."	( Influence of mannitol concentration on the physicochemical, mechanical and pharmaceutical properties of lyophilised mannitol. Kaialy, W; Khan, U; Mawlud, S, 2016)	2.25
" According to the Quality by Design (QbD) methodology and Risk Assessment (RA) thinking, a mannitol based co-spray dried formula was produced as a model dosage form with meloxicam as the model active agent."	( New aspects of developing a dry powder inhalation formulation applying the quality-by-design approach. Ambrus, R; Csóka, I; Karimi, K; Pallagi, E; Szabó-Révész, P, 2016)	0.65
"05), and a lower dosage (514 ± 246 g vs 840 ± 323 g, P < 0."	( Intraventricular intracranial pressure monitoring improves the outcome of older adults with severe traumatic brain injury: an observational, prospective study. Cao, J; Feng, J; Gao, G; Jiang, J; Lei, J; Mao, Q; Tang, Q; Wang, L; You, W, 2016)	0.43
" From these findings, the nano-matrix formulation appears to be an efficacious oral dosage form to enhance the biopharmaceutical properties of CsA."	( New nano-matrix oral formulation of nanoprecipitated cyclosporine A prepared with multi-inlet vortex mixer. Chan, HK; Hamao, S; Onoue, S; Prud'homme, RK; Sato, H; Seto, Y; Suzuki, H; Wong, J, 2017)	0.46
" The dosage required is lower and side effects were minimal and well tolerated."	( Durability of single dose intra-arterial bevacizumab after blood/brain barrier disruption for recurrent glioblastoma. Boockvar, JA; Burkhardt, JK; Chakraborty, S; Filippi, CG; Fralin, S; Langer, DJ; Ortiz, R; Ray, A; Wong, T, 2016)	0.43
"Dry granulation using roll compaction is a typical unit operation for producing solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry."	( Effect of roll compaction on granule size distribution of microcrystalline cellulose-mannitol mixtures: computational intelligence modeling and parametric analysis. Jachowicz, R; Kazemi, P; Khalid, MH; Kleinebudde, P; Mendyk, A; Pérez Gago, A; Szlęk, J, 2017)	0.68
"04) as well as significantly increasing the diuretic effect regardless of the dosage of HS (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0."	( Comparison of equiosmolar hypertonic saline and mannitol for brain relaxation during craniotomies: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. An, T; Cheng, G; Fang, J; Liu, Y; Wang, W; Yang, Y; Zou, M, 2018)	0.74
" The quality by design (QbD) approach for the development of pharmaceutical products ensured high quality of the dosage form and good understanding of the preparation process."	( Development of oral lyophilisates containing meloxicam nanocrystals using QbD approach. Ambrus, R; Bogdan, C; Chvatal, A; Iurian, S; Leucuța, SE; Moldovan, M; Szabó-Révész, P; Tomuță, I, 2017)	0.46
"Within this work, we develop vesicles incorporating sub-unit antigens as solid dosage forms suitable for the oral delivery of vaccines."	( Development of a solid dosage platform for the oral delivery of bilayer vesicles. Anderson, DE; Kirchmeier, M; McNeil, SE; Perrie, Y; Wilkhu, JS, 2017)	0.46
" However, efficient delivery systems and design of stable dosage forms are required for inhalation therapy, as well as cost-effective methods for manufacturing of the final product."	( Inhalable siRNA-loaded nano-embedded microparticles engineered using microfluidics and spray drying. Agnoletti, M; Boetker, JP; Bohr, A; Foged, C; Thanki, K; Wan, F; Yang, M; Zeng, X, 2017)	0.46
"Tablets and capsules are the most accepted and widely used solid dosage forms in the medical therapy."	( Application of Spray Drying Technique for Flowability enhancement of Divalproex Sodium. Asdagh, A; Ghanbarzadeh, S; Hamishehkar, H; Valizadeh, H; Yaqoubi, S, 2018)	0.48
"Continuous manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms is promising for increasing the efficiency and quality of pharmaceutical production and products."	( Provoking an end-to-end continuous direct compression line with raw materials prone to segregation. Abrahmsén-Alami, S; Ervasti, T; Folestad, S; Fransson, M; Karttunen, AP; Ketolainen, J; Korhonen, O; Lakio, S; Tajarobi, P; Wikström, H, 2017)	0.46
"Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) emerged as dosage forms recommended for special groups of patients like pediatrics or geriatrics, due to their multiple advantages."	( Assessment of oral formulation-dependent characteristics of orodispersible tablets using texture profiles and multivariate data analysis. Bogdan, C; Casian, T; Iurian, S; Moldovan, M; Tarta, D; Tomuta, I, 2018)	0.48
"To evaluate parameters about wettability, water absorption or swelling of excipients in forms of powders or dosage through various methods systematically and explore its correlation with tablet disintegration."	( Evaluation about wettability, water absorption or swelling of excipients through various methods and the correlation between these parameters and tablet disintegration. Li, S; Wang, Q; Wei, C; Yang, B; Yang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Any substance producing sensor bias that exceeded the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) document 15197:2013 limits was then tested using an in vitro dose-response method to determine whether the concentration producing a significant sensor bias was within physiologic/therapeutic concentration ranges."	( Interference Assessment of Various Endogenous and Exogenous Substances on the Performance of the Eversense Long-Term Implantable Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Lorenz, C; Mortellaro, M; Sandoval, W, 2018)	0.48
"Repeated dosing of osmotherapeutics at regular intervals may be a useful adjunct to reduce neuroinflammation following ICH."	( Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline Reduce Swelling and Modulate Inflammatory Markers in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Gerzanich, V; Hong, CM; Ivanova, S; Keledjian, K; Schreibman, DL; Simard, JM; Tsymbalyuk, S, 2018)	1.92
"Mannitol is commonly used as a pharmaceutical excipient for tablets; the most widely used oral dosage form for drug delivery."	( Deformation behavior of crystallized mannitol during compression using a rotary tablet press simulator. Aubert, A; Bataille, B; Baylac, G; Lefevre, P; Sanchez-Ballester, N; Sharkawi, T; Soulairol, I; Tarlier, N, 2018)	2.2
" In the past two decades, orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) have been prepared as popular solid dosage forms for elderly patients."	( Characterization of mannitol granules and powder: A comparative study using two flowability testers. Hiramura, Y; Kageyu, A; Kuroda, J; Tahara, K; Takeuchi, H; Takeuchi, Y; Tomita, T; Yonekura, C, 2018)	0.8
" The recommended dosing regimens have generally ranged from 3 to 5 injections."	( Efficacy of a Single Intra-Articular Injection of 2% Sodium Hyaluronate Plus 0.5% Mannitol in Patients with Symptomatic Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Preliminary Report. Lamsam, C; Lertwanich, P, 2016)	0.66
" In conclusion, these results may assist, in a mechanism-based, selection of suitable surfactants for formulating oral dosage forms to enhance the absorption of low bioavailable P-gp substrates."	( Nonionic surfactants increase digoxin absorption in Caco-2 and MDCKII MDR1 cells: Impact on P-glycoprotein inhibition, barrier function, and repeated cellular exposure. Al-Ali, AAA; Holm, R; Nielsen, CU; Steffansen, B, 2018)	0.48
"Co-amorphous mixtures have rarely been formulated as oral dosage forms, even though they have been shown to stabilize amorphous drugs in the solid state and enhance the dissolution properties of poorly soluble drugs."	( Preparation and characterization of multi-component tablets containing co-amorphous salts: Combining multimodal non-linear optical imaging with established analytical methods. Korhonen, O; Laitinen, R; Ojarinta, R; Saarinen, J; Strachan, CJ, 2018)	0.48
"Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) attract a great attention as this easy swallowing dosage form often improves patient compliance."	( Application of Texture Analysis Technique in Formulation Development of Lyophilized Orally Disintegrating Tablets Containing Mannitol, Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Amino Acids. Ermolina, I; Hackl, E, 2019)	0.72
" However, the optimal dosage for patients with midline shift undergoing supratentorial tumor resection remains unclear."	( Mannitol Improves Intraoperative Brain Relaxation in Patients With a Midline Shift Undergoing Supratentorial Tumor Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Dong, J; Han, R; Hao, S; Kan, Q; Li, S; Liu, X; Peng, Y; Ren, X; Sun, H; Wang, D; Zeng, M, 2020)	2
" Constant rate infusion at a conventional dosage of 1 mg/kg/min cannot maintain these effects in dogs with normal renal function, because mannitol concentration decreases rapidly."	( Sequential changes in urine production, glomerular filtration rate, and electrolyte excretion after mannitol administration. Cowgill, LD; Kirby, J; Segev, G; Stafford, C, 2019)	0.93
"With the recent approval of the first small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutic formulated as nanoparticles, there is increased incentive for establishing the factors of importance for the design of stable solid dosage forms of such complex nanomedicines."	( Identification of Factors of Importance for Spray Drying of Small Interfering RNA-Loaded Lipidoid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles for Inhalation. Cano-Garcia, G; Dormenval, C; Foged, C; Franzyk, H; Lokras, A; Rose, F; Thakur, A; Thanki, K; Wadhwa, A, 2019)	0.51
"The optimal solid dosage forms represent robust formulations suitable for higher scale-up manufacturing."	( Identification of Factors of Importance for Spray Drying of Small Interfering RNA-Loaded Lipidoid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles for Inhalation. Cano-Garcia, G; Dormenval, C; Foged, C; Franzyk, H; Lokras, A; Rose, F; Thakur, A; Thanki, K; Wadhwa, A, 2019)	0.51
"The development of orodispersible mini-tablets (ODMTs) for paediatric use has gained importance within recent years as European authorities set up regulations for developing suitable and palatable dosage forms for paediatric patients."	( New orodispersible mini-tablets for paediatric use - A comparison of isomalt with a mannitol based co-processed excipient. Breitkreutz, J; Luhn, O; Lura, A; Suarez Gonzales, J, 2019)	0.74
"73; n = 7) or the mannitol dose-response slope (P = ."	( The effect of deep inhalation on mannitol responsiveness. Blais, CM; Cockcroft, DW; Davis, BE, 2020)	1.17
" Physical carrier and blend characterisation regarding particle size, morphology, density, shear cell testing and dosing behaviour were performed."	( Particle engineered mannitol for carrier-based inhalation - A serious alternative? Birk, G; Hertel, N; Scherließ, R, 2020)	0.88
" As physical and chemical interactions affect the performance of the formulation, this study intended to unveil the drug and excipients interactions which would later help in development of a robust solid dosage form."	( Update on compatibility assessment of empagliflozin with the selected pharmaceutical excipients employed in solid dosage forms by thermal, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Kalia, K; Kate, AS; Niguram, P; Polaka, SN; Rathod, R, 2020)	0.56
" The fast-dissolving mannitol-based granules containing danazol nanocrystals and docusate sodium were compressed into a tablet dosage form."	( Role of wetting agents and disintegrants in development of danazol nanocrystalline tablets. Bowen, W; Gong, Y; Karki, S; Kumar, S; Meruva, S; Thool, P, 2020)	0.88
"A concise spherical granulation method is required to prepare extemporaneously granules remanufactured from oral dosage forms for administration to individuals who cannot swallow tablets or capsules."	( Small-Scale Spherical Granulation Using a Planetary Centrifugal Mixer. Eda, T; Kagawa, Y; Miyazaki, Y; Uchino, T, 2020)	0.56
" The objective of this study was to develop a tunable extruded 3D printing platform based on thermo-sensitive gelatin pastes to meet the needs of achieving different drug release characteristics with flexible dosing and design."	( A tunable extruded 3D printing platform using thermo-sensitive pastes. Ivone, R; Lin, X; Shen, J; Wang, X; Xie, L; Yang, G; Yang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Total bolus osmotherapy dosing was quantified by "osmolar load"."	( Osmotherapy for malignant cerebral edema in a phase 2 prospective, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of IV glibenclamide. Demchuk, A; Hinson, HE; Molyneaux, BJ; Romero, J; Sheth, KN; Sun, E; Taylor Kimberly, W; von Kummer, R, 2020)	0.56
" Blends were investigated regarding their in vitro aerodynamic performance, dosing behaviour and powder rheology."	( Performance tuning of particle engineered mannitol in dry powder inhalation formulations. Birk, G; Hertel, N; Scherließ, R, 2020)	0.82
"Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) manufactured by freeze-drying, also called oral lyophilizates, are a patient-centred dosage form."	( Application of polyvinyl acetate in an innovative formulation strategy for lyophilized orally disintegrating tablets. De Beer, T; Vanbillemont, B, 2020)	0.56
"To evaluate the efficacy of repeated bolus dosing of HTS and mannitol in similar osmotic burdens to treat intracranial hypertension (ICH) in patients with severe TBI."	( Equimolar doses of hypertonic agents (saline or mannitol) in the treatment of intracranial hypertension after severe traumatic brain injury. He, S; Huang, X; Wang, B; Yang, L; Ye, J, 2020)	1.06
" Adverse effects such as central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), severe fluctuations of serum sodium and plasma osmolality were assessed to evaluate the safety of repeated dosing of HTS and mannitol."	( Equimolar doses of hypertonic agents (saline or mannitol) in the treatment of intracranial hypertension after severe traumatic brain injury. He, S; Huang, X; Wang, B; Yang, L; Ye, J, 2020)	1
"Repeat bolus dosing of 10% HTS and 20% mannitol appears to be significantly and similarly effective for treating ICH in patients with severe TBI."	( Equimolar doses of hypertonic agents (saline or mannitol) in the treatment of intracranial hypertension after severe traumatic brain injury. He, S; Huang, X; Wang, B; Yang, L; Ye, J, 2020)	1.08
" The powdered drug can alter the specified dosage and it is also difficult to dispense the powdered formulation because of its bulky and sticky nature."	( Evaluation of Dantrolene Granules Extemporaneously Reformulated from Capsules in a Pharmacy. Aoshima, H; Kagawa, Y; Maruyama, S; Miyazaki, Y; Tsuboi, A; Uchino, T, 2020)	0.56
" We compared the effect of 3% hypertonic saline versus 20% mannitol (using common dosing strategies) on raised intracranial pressure in pediatric acute CNS infections."	( Randomized Clinical Trial of 20% Mannitol Versus 3% Hypertonic Saline in Children With Raised Intracranial Pressure Due to Acute CNS Infections. Bansal, A; Jayashree, M; Rameshkumar, R; Singhi, P; Singhi, S, 2020)	1.08
"Linear models provided a simple and reliable tool to aid optimal monitoring of IGF-I by predicting mean and peak IGF-I levels based on an IGF-I sample following dosing of somapacitan."	( Optimal Monitoring of Weekly IGF-I Levels During Growth Hormone Therapy With Once-Weekly Somapacitan. Agersø, H; Højby Rasmussen, M; Juul Kildemoes, R; Overgaard, RV, 2021)	0.62
"5%) patients with an average dosage of 650 g (250-950 g)."	( Acute kidney injury in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction undergoing hyperosmolar therapy with mannitol. Altarsha, E; Barlinn, J; Barlinn, K; Moustafa, H; Pallesen, LP; Passauer, J; Prakapenia, A; Puetz, V; Rahmig, J; Reichmann, H; Schneider, H; Schoene, D; Siepmann, T, 2021)	0.83
" However, parenteral administration has several limitations such as frequent dosing due to the short half-life of protein and peptide in blood, pain on administration, sterility requirement, and poor patient compliance."	( Spray-Dried Inhalable Powder Formulations of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides. Alabsi, W; Eedara, BB; Encinas-Basurto, D; Mansour, HM; Polt, R, 2021)	0.62
" Orodispersible tablets are oral solid dosage forms which rapidly disintegrate after contact with saliva, leaving a liquid dispersion, which can be easily swallowed."	( Evaluation of two novel co-processed excipients for direct compression of orodispersible tablets and mini-tablets. Breitkreutz, J; Kokott, M; Lura, A; Wiedey, R, 2021)	0.62
"Somapacitan is a growth hormone derivative approved for once-weekly treatment of growth hormone deficiency in adults and currently in clinical development for once-weekly dosing in children."	( Structure identification of circulating metabolites from somapacitan, a long-acting growth hormone derivative, and pharmacokinetics after single and multiple subcutaneous dosing in rats. Bjelke, M; Helleberg, H; Lindecrona, RH; Thygesen, P, 2022)	0.72
"In neonatal on-pump cardiac surgery patients, single-shot HD (>60 mL/kg) HTK perfusion had a comparable heart protection effect and short-term post-operative prognosis as standard dosage perfusion of 40 to 60 mL/kg."	( Comparable prognosis in different neonatal histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate dosage management. Bai, LT; Feng, ZY; Guo, SW; Jin, Y; Li, YX; Liu, JP; Tong, YY; Zhang, PY; Zhao, J, 2021)	0.62
"Increasing viral dosage within dry powder vaccines reduces the powder mass required to elicit an immune response through pulmonary delivery."	( Cryoprotective agents influence viral dosage and thermal stability of inhalable dry powder vaccines. Cranston, ED; Feng, X; Manser, M; Thompson, MR; Xing, Z, 2022)	0.72
" The aim of this study was to provide clinical guidance on dosing and titration of the novel long-acting GH derivative somapacitan based on analyses of somapacitan dose-insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) responses in AGHD patients."	( Dose-exposure-IGF-I response of once-weekly somapacitan in adults with GH deficiency. Biller, BMK; Hollensen, C; Johannsson, G; Kildemoes, RJ; Rasmussen, MH; Takahashi, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Analyses of dosing information, 4364 somapacitan concentration samples and 4880 IGF-I samples from 330 AGHD patients treated with somapacitan in three phase 3 trials."	( Dose-exposure-IGF-I response of once-weekly somapacitan in adults with GH deficiency. Biller, BMK; Hollensen, C; Johannsson, G; Kildemoes, RJ; Rasmussen, MH; Takahashi, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Simulations of IGF-I SDS profiles confirmed the appropriate time for IGF-I sampling to be 3-4 days after somapacitan dosing and supported somapacitan administration with up to 3 days delay in case of missed dosing."	( Dose-exposure-IGF-I response of once-weekly somapacitan in adults with GH deficiency. Biller, BMK; Hollensen, C; Johannsson, G; Kildemoes, RJ; Rasmussen, MH; Takahashi, Y, 2022)	0.72
"This study extends the knowledge of the somapacitan dose-IGF-I response and provides information on clinical dosing of once-weekly somapacitan in patients with AGHD."	( Dose-exposure-IGF-I response of once-weekly somapacitan in adults with GH deficiency. Biller, BMK; Hollensen, C; Johannsson, G; Kildemoes, RJ; Rasmussen, MH; Takahashi, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Insulin nanoparticles (NPs) with high loading content have found diverse applications in different dosage forms."	( Production of high loading insulin nanoparticles suitable for oral delivery by spray drying and freeze drying techniques. Baldelli, A; Fathordoobady, F; Guo, Y; Kitts, D; Pratap-Singh, A; Singh, A, 2022)	0.72
" amorphisation within the final dosage form by microwave irradiation."	( Development of a multiparticulate drug delivery system for in situ amorphisation. Berthelsen, R; Boyd, BJ; Holm, TP; Knopp, MM; Kokott, M; Löbmann, K; Quodbach, J, 2022)	0.72
"The influence of binder concentration, disintegrating agent dosage and ratio mannitol: cellulose on formability and disintegration time was investigated."	( Preparation of Loratadine Orally Disintegrating Tablets by Semi-solid Extrusion 3D Printing. Chen, L; Xie, J; Xu, F; Yi, S, 2023)	1.14
" Contemporary use of HTS has followed a circuitous path in regards to the practical aspects of dosing and formulation, with evidence mainly consisting of retrospective or observational data."	( Hypertonic saline use in neurocritical care for treating cerebral edema: A review of optimal formulation, dosing, safety, administration and storage. Cokley, JA; Cook, AM; Esordi, MS; Holden, DN; Kim, KS; Mucksavage, JJ; Tucker, NL, 2023)	0.91
"10 pigs were orally dosed with a solution of lactulose and mannitol mixture."	( Correlation of lactulose-to-mannitol ratios in plasma and urine for intestinal permeability assessment in pigs. Benner, CP; Fuller, TE; Hu, SX, 2023)	1.45
" Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT method after treatment with DEX or mannitol (MAN), and the dosage of DEX used in subsequent experimentation was determined."	( Dexmedetomidine ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting ferroptosis through the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. Hu, Z; Huang, Y; Li, F; Zhan, H, 2023)	1.14

Item	Process	Frequency
Snacks	core-ingredient	607
Confectioneries	core-ingredient	410
Sweet snacks	core-ingredient	410
Confiseries	core-ingredient	184
sucrés	core-ingredient	183
Chewing-gum	core-ingredient	176
Chewing-gum sans sucres	core-ingredient	147
Chewing gum	core-ingredient	140
Sugar-free chewing gum	core-ingredient	112
Bonbons	core-ingredient	9
en:Confectioneries	core-ingredient	9
Dietary supplements	core-ingredient	8
Suikervrije kauwgom	core-ingredient	8
Kauwgom	core-ingredient	8
Zoetwaren	core-ingredient	8
Zoete snacks	core-ingredient	8
en:sugar-free-chewing-gum	core-ingredient	7
Dulces	core-ingredient	6
Snacks dulces	core-ingredient	6
Botanas	core-ingredient	6
Candies	core-ingredient	6
en:Chewing gum	core-ingredient	6
Chicles	core-ingredient	5
Surgelés	core-ingredient	5
en:Sugar-free chewing gum	core-ingredient	5
Chicles sin azúcar	core-ingredient	4
Guma do żucia	core-ingredient	4
Słodkie przekąski	core-ingredient	4
Przekąski	core-ingredient	4
en:Sweet snacks	core-ingredient	4
Vitamins	core-ingredient	3
Compléments alimentaires	core-ingredient	3
Bezcukrowa guma do żucia	core-ingredient	3
en:Snacks	core-ingredient	3
en:Snacks sucrés	core-ingredient	3
en:Confiseries	core-ingredient	3
en:Chewing-gum sans sucres	core-ingredient	3
Dolci	core-ingredient	3
Beverages	core-ingredient	2
Additifs alimentaires	core-ingredient	2
Gum	core-ingredient	2
en:open-beauty-facts	core-ingredient	2
Zuckerfreie Kaugummis	core-ingredient	2
Kaugummis	core-ingredient	2
Süßwaren	core-ingredient	2
Süßer Snack	core-ingredient	2
Imbiss	core-ingredient	2
Édulcorants	core-ingredient	2
en:Vitamins	core-ingredient	2
Kosttillskott	core-ingredient	2
Chewing-gum à la menthe	core-ingredient	2
Gomme da masticare	core-ingredient	2
Chewing-gum sucré	core-ingredient	2
Xiclets	core-ingredient	2
Llaminadures	core-ingredient	2
Aperitius dolços	core-ingredient	2
Tea bags	core-ingredient	1
Teas	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based beverages	core-ingredient	1
Hot beverages	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based foods and beverages	core-ingredient	1
en:chewing-gum	core-ingredient	1
Mineral-supplements	core-ingredient	1
Iron-supplements	core-ingredient	1
Levures de bière	core-ingredient	1
Sugar free gum	core-ingredient	1
hu:rágógumi	core-ingredient	1
Facewash	core-ingredient	1
Nutritional Supplement	core-ingredient	1
Vitamin B12	core-ingredient	1
B12	core-ingredient	1
B-12	core-ingredient	1
Gum and mints	core-ingredient	1
Energy Gum	core-ingredient	1
Dehydrated beverages	core-ingredient	1
Dried products to be rehydrated	core-ingredient	1
Dried products	core-ingredient	1
en:Cough drop	core-ingredient	1
Édulcorants de table	core-ingredient	1
Succédanés du sucre	core-ingredient	1
Alimentation>Epicerie sucrée>Sucres et alternatives	core-ingredient	1
Spearmint-sugarfree-gum	core-ingredient	1
without sugar	core-ingredient	1
Chicle con azúcar	core-ingredient	1
en:gummi-candies	core-ingredient	1
Chewing	core-ingredient	1
good	core-ingredient	1
Chewing-gum-sans-sucres-gout-fraise	core-ingredient	1
Kkauwgom	core-ingredient	1
Žvýkačky	core-ingredient	1
en:dietary-supplements	core-ingredient	1
Boissons	core-ingredient	1
Worcestershire sauces	core-ingredient	1
Sauces	core-ingredient	1
Condiments	core-ingredient	1
Snack	core-ingredient	1
Snack dolci	core-ingredient	1
Caramels	core-ingredient	1
Chewing gum sans sucres	core-ingredient	1
fr:Chewing-gum à la chlorophylle	core-ingredient	1
Sladké svačiny	core-ingredient	1
Svačiny	core-ingredient	1
Friandise	core-ingredient	1
Bonbons-🍬	core-ingredient	1
Frais	core-ingredient	1
Atıştırmalıklar	core-ingredient	1
Konfekture	core-ingredient	1
Søde snacks	core-ingredient	1
Chewing gum in paper box	core-ingredient	1
fr:Bonbons dragéifiés	core-ingredient	1
Vitamine C	core-ingredient	1
Vitamine B6	core-ingredient	1
Vitamine B12	core-ingredient	1
Vitamines	core-ingredient	1
Chewing-gum Sugarfree	core-ingredient	1
Vitamin mineral combinations	core-ingredient	1
Sugarfree chewing gum	core-ingredient	1

Role	Description
compatible osmolytes	null
osmotic diuretic	Compound that increase urine volume by increasing the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine. It also increases the osmolarity of plasma.
sweetening agent	Substance that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc.
antiglaucoma drug	Any drug which can be used to prevent or alleviate glaucoma, a disease in which the optic nerve is damaged, resulting in progressive, irreversible loss of vision. It is often, though not always, associated with increased pressure of the fluid in the eye.
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
allergen	A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.
hapten	Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Examples include dinitrophenols; oligosaccharides; peptides; and heavy metals.
food bulking agent	A food additive that contributes to the bulk of a food without significantly contributing to its available energy value.
food anticaking agent	An anticaking agent that is used to reduced the tendency of particles of food to adhere to one another.
food humectant	A humectant that is used as a food additive to prevent foodstuffs from drying out.
food stabiliser	A food additive that is used to preserve the structure of food.
food thickening agent	A food additive that is used to increase the viscosity of foodstuffs.
Escherichia coli metabolite	Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
mannitol	A hexitol produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Glycolysis and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase	24	28
mannitol biosynthesis	1	10
mannitol degradation II	1	13
superpathway of microbial D-galacturonate and D-glucuronate degradation	35	92
trehalose degradation I (low osmolarity)	4	12
mannitol cycle	3	15
superpathway of u03B2-D-glucuronosides degradation	11	36
D-fructuronate degradation	8	29
superpathway of hexuronide and hexuronate degradation	8	38
mannitol degradation II	1	15

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
USP1 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	50.1187	0.0316	37.5844	354.8130	AID743255
GLI family zinc finger 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.6959	0.0007	14.5928	83.7951	AID1259369
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0038	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743042
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.4803	0.0006	57.9133	22,387.1992	AID1259377
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0631	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID588532
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	43.6412	0.0008	17.5051	59.3239	AID1159527; AID1159531
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	9.7674	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224841
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	38.1380	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID588513; AID743075
activating transcription factor 6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.6822	0.1434	27.6121	59.8106	AID1159516
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	0.0178	9.6374	44.6684	AID588834
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.7696	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID651741
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	0.0752	15.2253	39.8107	AID485360
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.2589	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624297
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	77.5854	0.0023	19.5956	74.0614	AID651631
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	1.7783	16.2081	35.4813	AID652104
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replication	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespan	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
viral process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behavior	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-C	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin D	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processing	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA processing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA splicing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcription	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane organization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
pre-mRNA intronic binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activity	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nuclear body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replication fork	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
PML body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand break	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
perichromatin fibrils	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speck	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
interchromatin granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID468629	Ratio of permeability from apical to basolateral side over basolateral to apical side in human Caco-2 cells	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 19, Issue:20	Phenylaminopyrimidines as inhibitors of Janus kinases (JAKs).
AID7591	Percent of compound in healthy individuals (Group D)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID592681	Apparent permeability across human Caco2 cell membrane after 2 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 19, Issue:8	QSAR-based permeability model for drug-like compounds.
AID236914	Permeability Coefficient in hexadecane membranes model	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 48, Issue:2	Exploring the role of different drug transport routes in permeability screening.
AID7587	Percent of compound in cirrhotic patients of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection after dosing with normal antibiotics and lactose	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID229575	Ratio of lactulose and mannitol in healthy individuals (Group D)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID624625	Apparent permeability (Papp) from basolateral to apical side determined in MDR1-MDCKII cells in the presence of inhibitor (2uM GF120919)	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 299, Issue:2	Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery.
AID229574	Ratio of lactulose and mannitol in cirrhotic patients of sterile ascitic fluid (Group C)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID7585	Percent of compound in cirrhotic patients of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection (Group A and B)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID624622	Apparent permeability (Papp) from apical to basolateral side determined in MDR1-MDCKII cells	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 299, Issue:2	Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery.
AID299831	Apparent permeability across human Caco-2 cells	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 15, Issue:14	Caco-2 cell permeability and stability of two d-glucopyranuronamide conjugates of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
AID567091	Drug absorption in human assessed as human intestinal absorption rate	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1	Prediction of drug intestinal absorption by new linear and non-linear QSPR.
AID377832	Antioxidant activity assessed as 3-morpholinosydnonimine-derived peroxynitrite free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2005	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Chemical constituents of the fruits of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) and their antioxidant activity.
AID18847	Percent of drug absorbed by human intestine after oral administration	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 43, Issue:20	Fast calculation of molecular polar surface area as a sum of fragment-based contributions and its application to the prediction of drug transport properties.
AID179367	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular tachycardia (VT), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, frequency, times at 100 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID29844	Fraction absorbed after oral administration in humans	2001	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-07, Volume: 44, Issue:12	Experimental and computational screening models for the prediction of intestinal drug absorption.
AID26811	Partition coefficient (logP)	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6	Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability.
AID7588	Percent of compound in cirrhotic patients of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection before dosing with normal antibiotics	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID588212	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID29845	Estimation of fraction absorbed (Fa) in the human intestine using biosensor technology.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11	SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction absorbed in humans.
AID625283	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID174764	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, duration at 100 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID1223318	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing rat ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 3 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID625284	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID156202	Binding to POPC (palmitoyl-oleolyl-phosphatidyl-choline) liposomes using biosensor system	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11	SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction absorbed in humans.
AID204317	Effect of compound at 0.4 M concentration on ABA accumulation in spinachleaf slices determined as fresh weight of leaves (Experiment 2)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-21, Volume: 14, Issue:12	A new lead compound for abscisic acid biosynthesis inhibitors targeting 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase.
AID183771	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, incidence at 100 mg/kg; 4/10	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID1223350	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing human ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 10 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID7812	In vitro rate of absorption observed as Caco-2 permeability in humans	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Graphical model for estimating oral bioavailability of drugs in humans and other species from their Caco-2 permeability and in vitro liver enzyme metabolic stability rates.
AID1223353	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing human ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 200 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID770339	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of hydroxyl radical generation at 200 ug/mL after 90 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 68	Hybrid benzofuran-bisindole derivatives: new prototypes with promising anti-hyperlipidemic activities.
AID625281	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID268372	Absorptive permeability across Caco-2 cell membrane	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 49, Issue:15	Design, synthesis, and evaluation of proline and pyrrolidine based melanocortin receptor agonists. A conformationally restricted dipeptide mimic approach.
AID1223319	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing rat ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 10 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID392227	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction in generation of hydroxyl radicals at 100 ug/mL measured as malondialdehyde formation by spectrophotometry relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 19, Issue:2	Syntheses and evaluation of glucosyl aryl thiosemicarbazide and glucosyl thiosemicarbazone derivatives as antioxidant and anti-dyslipidemic agents.
AID7586	Percent of compound in cirrhotic patients of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection after dosing with normal antibiotics	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID625289	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625290	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625292	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625282	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID323193	Protection against photoirradiation-induced lipid peroxidation damage in rat liver mitochondria at 100 mM	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6	Inhibitory property of the Piper betel phenolics against photosensitization-induced biological damages.
AID1223322	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing rat ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 200 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID489932	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition non-enzymatic reactants generated hydroxyl radical production at 100 ug/ml by spectrophotometry	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14	Novel coumarin derivatives as potential antidyslipidemic agents.
AID174772	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular tachycardia (VT), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, duration at 100 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID624629	Inhibition of Pgp expressed in MDR1-MDCKII cells measured by calcein-AM assay	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 299, Issue:2	Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery.
AID625286	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID311367	Permeability coefficient in human skin	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 15, Issue:22	Transdermal penetration behaviour of drugs: CART-clustering, QSPR and selection of model compounds.
AID588211	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID236916	Percentage of mass balance in hexadecane membranes model	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 48, Issue:2	Exploring the role of different drug transport routes in permeability screening.
AID497005	Antimicrobial activity against Pneumocystis carinii	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID496830	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID288201	Apparent permeability across human Caco-2 cells	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 15, Issue:12	Novel cationic lipophilic peptides for oligodeoxynucleotide delivery.
AID1223382	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells assessed as transport at 200 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID1223351	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing human ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 30 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID230100	Ratio of percent compound before dosing in cirrhotic patients of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID1143923	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl ion scavenging activity measured as MDA formation at 200 ug/ml after 90 mins by spectrophotometry relative to control	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 81	Design and synthesis of novel indole-chalcone fibrates as lipid lowering agents.
AID386623	Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19	Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID443185	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at 200 ug/ml	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines as novel antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID179360	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, frequency, times at 100 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID476929	Human intestinal absorption in po dosed human	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Neural computational prediction of oral drug absorption based on CODES 2D descriptors.
AID776228	Antioxidant activity assessed as decrease in hydroxyl radicals level by measuring formation of malondialdehyde at 200 ug/ml after 90 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69	Synthesis of new andrographolide derivatives and evaluation of their antidyslipidemic, LDL-oxidation and antioxidant activity.
AID588213	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID481288	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition non-enzymatic reactants generated hydroxyl radical production at 20 ug/ml after 90 mins by spectrophotometry	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 20, Issue:10	Synthesis of novel benzocoumarin derivatives as lipid lowering agents.
AID1223354	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing human ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 3 to 200 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID730251	Permeability across human Caco2 cells	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4	Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) attachment. 12. Structure-activity relationships associated with 4-fluoro-6-azaindole derivatives leading to the identification of 1-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl-1h-p
AID625280	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID496824	Antimicrobial activity against Toxoplasma gondii	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID624628	Drug-stimulated Pgp ATPase activity ratio determined in MDR1-Sf9 cell membranes with test compound at a concentration of 20uM	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 299, Issue:2	Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery.
AID396342	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of hydroxyl radical at 100 ug/mL	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 43, Issue:11	Novel keto-enamine Schiffs bases from 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-benzo[h] chromene-8,10-dicarbaldehyde as potential antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID230098	Ratio of percent compound after dosing in cirrhotic patients of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID15120	Percent of the drug absorbed after administration to humans was determined	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-20, Volume: 42, Issue:10	Molecular hashkeys: a novel method for molecular characterization and its application for predicting important pharmaceutical properties of molecules.
AID695938	Apparent permeability across human Caco2 cells st 200 uM measured over 150 mins by LC/MS analysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21	Synthesis, biological activity and structure-activity relationship of endomorphin-1/substance P derivatives.
AID303929	Permeability across artificial membrane by PAMPA model	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24	Effect of structural and conformation modifications, including backbone cyclization, of hydrophilic hexapeptides on their intestinal permeability and enzymatic stability.
AID496832	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID624626	Ratio of apparent permeability from basolateral to apical side over apical to basolateral side determined in MDR1-MDCKII cells	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 299, Issue:2	Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery.
AID377830	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2005	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Chemical constituents of the fruits of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) and their antioxidant activity.
AID496821	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1223492	Oral bioavailability in human	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 40, Issue:2	Predicting phenolic acid absorption in Caco-2 cells: a theoretical permeability model and mechanistic study.
AID496828	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania donovani	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1498729	Apparent permeability from apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 100 uM after 15 to 120 mins by LC-MS analysis	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14	An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID28399	Cellular permeability (Pc) (Caco-2 cell monolayer)	2001	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-07, Volume: 44, Issue:12	Experimental and computational screening models for the prediction of intestinal drug absorption.
AID268373	Exsorptive permeability across Caco-2 cell membrane	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 49, Issue:15	Design, synthesis, and evaluation of proline and pyrrolidine based melanocortin receptor agonists. A conformationally restricted dipeptide mimic approach.
AID7977	Percent recovery of 500 ug/mL compound after administration in cirrhotic patients	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID237585	Tested for fraction of oral dose absorbed orally in humans	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9	Calculating virtual log P in the alkane/water system (log P(N)(alk)) and its derived parameters deltalog P(N)(oct-alk) and log D(pH)(alk).
AID1223349	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing human ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 3 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID1223379	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells assessed as transport at 10 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID28406	Basolateral to apical fluxes across Caco-2 cell monolayers at 37 degree celsius was studied.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 43, Issue:20	A peptide prodrug approach for improving bisphosphonate oral absorption.
AID1223383	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells assessed as transport at 3 to 200 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID770338	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation at 200 ug/mL by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 68	Hybrid benzofuran-bisindole derivatives: new prototypes with promising anti-hyperlipidemic activities.
AID1474167	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID230099	Ratio of percent compound before and after dosing in cirrhotic patients of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID687693	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of hydroxyl radical generation at 200 ug/ml by spectrophotometry	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 57	Discovery of amide based fibrates as possible antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID624624	Apparent permeability (Papp) from apical to basolateral side determined in MDR1-MDCKII cells in the presence of inhibitor (2uM GF120919)	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 299, Issue:2	Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery.
AID496825	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania mexicana	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID377831	Antioxidant activity assessed as authentic peroxynitrite free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2005	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Chemical constituents of the fruits of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) and their antioxidant activity.
AID496820	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID28392	Apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) (Caco-2 cell monolayer)	2001	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-07, Volume: 44, Issue:12	Experimental and computational screening models for the prediction of intestinal drug absorption.
AID229573	Ratio of lactulose and mannitol in cirrhotic patients of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection (Group A and B)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID496827	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania amazonensis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID236912	Permeability Coefficient in 2/4/A1 cell model	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 48, Issue:2	Exploring the role of different drug transport routes in permeability screening.
AID249256	Partition coefficient (logP) of the compound	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 48, Issue:4	Extravascular transport of drugs in tumor tissue: effect of lipophilicity on diffusion of tirapazamine analogues in multicellular layer cultures.
AID1223321	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing rat ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 50 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID1223320	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing rat ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 30 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID386915	Antioxidant activity at pH 7.4 by hydroxyl radical scavenging assay	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 43, Issue:8	Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant activity and DNA-binding studies of two rare earth(III) complexes with naringenin-2-hydroxy benzoyl hydrazone ligand.
AID1218593	Apparent permeability from apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	In vitro and in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of BMS-562086, a potent and orally bioavailable corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonist.
AID1498732	Apparent permeability from basolateral to apical side in human Caco2 cells assessed as mass balance at 100 uM after 15 to 120 mins by LC-MS analysis	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14	An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID1223381	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells assessed as transport at 50 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID624627	Ratio of apparent permeability from basolateral to apical side over apical to basolateral side determined in MDR1-MDCKII cells in the presence of inhibitor (2uM GF120919)	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 299, Issue:2	Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery.
AID409942	Inhibition of human recombinant MAOA by fluorimetric method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21	Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID303796	Permeability across human Caco-2 cell monolayer	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24	Multiple N-methylation by a designed approach enhances receptor selectivity.
AID607704	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition non-enzymatic reactants generated hydroxyl radical production at 100 ug/ml after 90 mins by spectrophotometry	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 21, Issue:15	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of novel biscoumarin-chalcone hybrids.
AID1474166	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID443184	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines as novel antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID231333	Ratio of [(apical to basal)/(basal to apical)] (Caco-2 cell monolayer)	2001	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-07, Volume: 44, Issue:12	Experimental and computational screening models for the prediction of intestinal drug absorption.
AID1498733	Efflux ratio of apparent permeability from basolateral to apical over apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 100 uM after 15 to 120 mins by LC-MS analysis	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14	An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID625285	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1223352	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing human ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 50 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID303797	Permeability across artificial membrane by PAMPA	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24	Multiple N-methylation by a designed approach enhances receptor selectivity.
AID496826	Antimicrobial activity against Entamoeba histolytica	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID30433	Compound was tested for inhibition of Human acrosin by polyols	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 24, Issue:11	Inhibition of human acrosin by monosaccharides and related compounds: structure-activity relationships.
AID649225	Apparent permeability across human Caco2 cells after 30 to 150 mins	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-26, Volume: 55, Issue:2	Tailoring of integrin ligands: probing the charge capability of the metal ion-dependent adhesion site.
AID69151	Compound was tested for its ability to inhibit DNA strand scission induced by resveratrol and Cu2+, at concentration 50 mM	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-17, Volume: 8, Issue:22	Resveratrol as a new type of DNA-cleaving agent.
AID246375	Effective concentration required for scavenging of hydroxyl radical generation from the tentical protein of jellyfish	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-16, Volume: 15, Issue:10	Radical scavenging activity of protein from tentacles of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum.
AID156204	Binding to POPC/GMI liposomes using biosensor system	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11	SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction absorbed in humans.
AID624623	Apparent permeability (Papp) from basolateral to apical side determined in MDR1-MDCKII cells	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 299, Issue:2	Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery.
AID496831	Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID625288	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID45119	Apparent Permeability through Caco-2 cell monolayers (n = 4)	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-27, Volume: 46, Issue:7	Synthesis, structure elucidation, in vitro biological activity, toxicity, and Caco-2 cell permeability of lipophilic analogues of alpha-conotoxin MII.
AID204196	Effect of compound at 0.4 M concentration on ABA accumulation in spinachleaf slices determined as fresh weight of leaves (Experiment 1)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-21, Volume: 14, Issue:12	A new lead compound for abscisic acid biosynthesis inhibitors targeting 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase.
AID374049	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition non-enzymatic reactants generated hydroxyl radical production at 100 ug/ml by spectrophotometry	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 44, Issue:4	Antidyslipidemic and antioxidative activities of 8-hydroxyquinoline derived novel keto-enamine Schiffs bases.
AID7974	Metabolic stability observed at 30 min after administration in human liver microsomes	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Graphical model for estimating oral bioavailability of drugs in humans and other species from their Caco-2 permeability and in vitro liver enzyme metabolic stability rates.
AID1223380	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells assessed as transport at 30 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID625278	FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of no concern for DILI	2011	Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16	FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID236913	Permeability Coefficient in Caco-2 cell culture model	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 48, Issue:2	Exploring the role of different drug transport routes in permeability screening.
AID625291	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID7975	Percent recovery of 100 ug/mL compound after administration in cirrhotic patients	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID625279	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID21267	Apical to basolateral fluxes across Caco-2 cell monolayers at 37 degree celsius was studied.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 43, Issue:20	A peptide prodrug approach for improving bisphosphonate oral absorption.
AID625287	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID496819	Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID455986	Permeability across human Caco-2 cells	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 17, Issue:19	Computational modeling of novel inhibitors targeting the Akt pleckstrin homology domain.
AID496818	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID19262	Aqueous solubility	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-05, Volume: 10, Issue:11	Prediction of drug solubility from Monte Carlo simulations.
AID169997	Effect of AOS scavenger on premeture ventricular complexes PVCs, arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, duration at 100 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID1498730	Apparent permeability from apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells assessed as mass balance at 100 uM after 15 to 120 mins by LC-MS analysis	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14	An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID7589	Percent of compound in cirrhotic patients of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection before dosing with normal antibiotics and lactose	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID626111	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by measuring malondialdehyde formation at 200 mg/ml after 90 mins by thiobarbituric acid method	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21	Synthesis of novel N-(2-hydroxy-2-p-tolylethyl)-amide and N-(2-oxo-2-p-tolylethyl)-amide derivatives and their antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activity.
AID468628	Apparent permeability from basolateral to apical side in human Caco-2 cells	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 19, Issue:20	Phenylaminopyrimidines as inhibitors of Janus kinases (JAKs).
AID1223378	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells assessed as transport at 3 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID321772	Permeability across human Caco-2 cells	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 51, Issue:4	Backbone cyclic peptidomimetic melanocortin-4 receptor agonist as a novel orally administrated drug lead for treating obesity.
AID1223488	1-Octanol-water distribution coefficient, log D of the compound at pH 7.4	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 40, Issue:2	Predicting phenolic acid absorption in Caco-2 cells: a theoretical permeability model and mechanistic study.
AID1498731	Apparent permeability from basolateral to apical side in human Caco2 cells at 100 uM after 15 to 120 mins by LC-MS analysis	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14	An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID114585	Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by chemiluminescence technique in mouse thymus cells	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 14, Issue:7	Different hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of water-soluble beta-alanine C60 adducts.
AID468627	Apparent permeability from apical to basolateral side in human Caco-2 cells	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 19, Issue:20	Phenylaminopyrimidines as inhibitors of Janus kinases (JAKs).
AID1223490	Apparent permeability across human differentiated Caco2 cells	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 40, Issue:2	Predicting phenolic acid absorption in Caco-2 cells: a theoretical permeability model and mechanistic study.
AID303926	Apparent permeability across Caco-2 cells	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24	Effect of structural and conformation modifications, including backbone cyclization, of hydrophilic hexapeptides on their intestinal permeability and enzymatic stability.
AID409943	Inhibition of human recombinant MAOB by fluorimetric method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21	Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID7779	Oral bioavailability in human	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Graphical model for estimating oral bioavailability of drugs in humans and other species from their Caco-2 permeability and in vitro liver enzyme metabolic stability rates.
AID496817	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID236268	Fraction absorbed in human intestine after oral administration compound was measured	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 48, Issue:2	Exploring the role of different drug transport routes in permeability screening.
AID496829	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania infantum	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID204318	Effect of compound at 0.4 M concentration on ABA accumulation in spinachleaf slices determined as fresh weight of leaves (Experiment 3)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-21, Volume: 14, Issue:12	A new lead compound for abscisic acid biosynthesis inhibitors targeting 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase.
AID303925	Apparent permeability across rat small intestine	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24	Effect of structural and conformation modifications, including backbone cyclization, of hydrophilic hexapeptides on their intestinal permeability and enzymatic stability.
AID496823	Antimicrobial activity against Trichomonas vaginalis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID189629	The capillary permeability of radioligand was measured in Rat brain	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6	Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability.
AID681118	TP_TRANSPORTER: transepithelial transport in Caco-2 cells	2003	International journal of pharmaceutics, Sep-16, Volume: 263, Issue:1-2	Caco-2 permeability, P-glycoprotein transport ratios and brain penetration of heterocyclic drugs.
AID183783	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular tachycardia (VT), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, incidence at 100 mg/kg; 7/10	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID1223323	Permeability surface area of paracellular transport in MDCK2 cells expressing rat ABCG2 assessed as ABCG2-mediated transport at 3 to 200 uM after 0.5 to 1 hrs by HPLC method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5	Stereoselective interaction of pantoprazole with ABCG2. II. In vitro flux analysis.
AID7976	Percent recovery of 10 ug/mL compound after administration in cirrhotic patients	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID396343	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation at 100 ug/mL	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 43, Issue:11	Novel keto-enamine Schiffs bases from 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-benzo[h] chromene-8,10-dicarbaldehyde as potential antidyslipidemic and antioxidant agents.
AID7590	Percent of compound in cirrhotic patients of sterile ascitic fluid (Group C)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Studies on intestinal permeability of cirrhotic patients by analysis lactulose and mannitol in urine with HPLC/RID/MS.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	5117 (41.43)	18.7374
1990's	2076 (16.81)	18.2507
2000's	2347 (19.00)	29.6817
2010's	2285 (18.50)	24.3611
2020's	525 (4.25)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	685 (5.22%)	5.53%
Reviews	616 (4.70%)	6.00%
Case Studies	441 (3.36%)	4.05%
Observational	42 (0.32%)	0.25%
Other	11,330 (86.40%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Pilot Study to Investigate the Feasibility and Tolerability of Inhaling a High Dose of Dry Powder Mannitol (IDPM) Per Breath Administered Via a Dry Powder Inhaler Loaded With a Single Capsule in Subjects With Bronchiectasis [NCT01076491]	Phase 1/Phase 2	10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Completed
Hypertonic Saline vs. Mannitol for Elevated Intercranial Pressure [NCT01111682]	Phase 3	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Terminated(stopped due to A significant reduction in head injuries coupled with more frequent use of crainectomy reduced the number of potential subjects.)
Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate Supplementation and Physical Activity in Liver Cirrhosis: a Controlled Trial [NCT03892070]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Adalimumab in Patients With Psoriasis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT01181570]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Completed
A Prospective, Longitudinal Study to Investigate the Effect of Thermal Injury on Intestinal Permeability and Systemic Inflammation (HESTIA) [NCT03242434]	Phase 1	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-29	Terminated(stopped due to This trial was supporting the development of an asset which was terminated, thus the data from the study were no longer required.)
Anti-inflammatory Pulmonal Therapy of CF Patients With Amitriptyline and Placebo - a Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter, Cohort - Study [NCT01309178]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Recruiting
Mannitol-Induced Cough Challenge in Healthy Controls and Subjects With Mild Allergic Asthma [NCT03620422]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-11	Completed
A Cancer Research UK Pharmacokinetic Study of BPA in Patients With High Grade Glioma to Optimize Uptake Parameters for Clinical Trials of BNCT [NCT01233492]	Phase 1	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to Sponsor Decision)
Effect of Addition of 0.5 Mol/L Mannitol to 0.5% Bupivacaine on IANB Success and Post-endodontic Pain in Mandibular Molars With Irreversible Pulpitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03749408]	Phase 2/Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Completed
Parent-determined Oral Montelukast Therapy for Preschool Wheeze With Stratification for Arachidonate-5-Lipoxygenase (ALOX5) Promoter Genotype [NCT01142505]	Phase 3	1,358 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
Effects of Extra Corporeal Circuit Prime on Electrolytes Balance and Clinical Outcome Following Cardiac Surgery [NCT03302286]		110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-01	Completed
Gait Analysis Following Single-shot Hyaluronic Acid Supplementation: a Pilot Randomised Double-blinded Clinical Trial [NCT03636971]	Phase 2/Phase 3	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-01	Completed
Prostaglandin E2 as a Critical Mediator of Sex Disparities in Asthma [NCT03825302]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-12-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to No funding available.)
Volume Restoration of the Aging Midface With Sculptra Aesthetic [NCT01307865]	Phase 4	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Short Term Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations After Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection: the Effect of Pretreatment With Antiglaucoma Agents [NCT02140450]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
Influence of Caffeine on Heart Rate Variability and Exercise Performance in in Tetraplegic and Paraplegic Subjects Compared to Able-bodied Subjects [NCT02083328]		35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
Evaluation of the Performance of Two Neutral Oral Contrast Agents in CT Enterography (CTE) [NCT03495804]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-11-01	Recruiting
Mannitol Cream in the Treatment of Post-herpeticNeuralgia;a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study [NCT02484170]	Phase 1/Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Physiology of Cough in Asthma: Comparison of Sensory-Mechanical Responses to Mannitol and Methacholine Challenge Tests [NCT01064245]		29 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-01	Completed
Brain Relaxation Facilitated by Mannitol in Craniotomy: Insight Into the Optimized Operation Window [NCT03444519]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-01	Completed
Effect of Preoperative Mannitol Infusion on Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Patients' Recovery After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT02091180]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
The Effect of Intravenous Mannitol Plus Saline on the Prevention of Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT04251689]	Phase 2/Phase 3	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-01	Completed
A Comparative Bronchial Provocation Study With Mannitol and Methacolinie in a Korean Population [NCT02104284]		104 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
Clinical Effectiveness of Hypertonic Sodium Lactate Infusion for Intraoperative Brain Relaxation in Patients Undergoing Scheduled Craniotomy for Supratentorial Brain Tumor Resection: Study Protocol of a Single Center Double-blind Randomized Controlled Pha [NCT04488874]	Phase 3	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-29	Completed
Randomized Placebo Controlled Phase II Cross Over Study on the Influence of Triflusal on Cognitive Functions in Healthy Participants [NCT02321852]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Reference Ranges for the Cough Responsiveness to Inhaled Mannitol [NCT05034367]		140 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-17	Recruiting
A Randomized, Split-body Clinical Trial of Poly-L-lactic Acid (Sculptra Aesthetic) for the Treatment of Upper Knee Skin Laxity [NCT03487172]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-10	Completed
Effect of Isosmotic Doses of Mannitol 20% Versus Hypertonic Saline 7.5% in Brain Metabolism and Oxygenation in Supratentorial Craniotomies [NCT03573999]	Phase 4	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-29	Completed
Phase I/II Study of Carboplatin, Melphalan and Etoposide Phosphate in Conjunction With Osmotic Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Delayed Intravenous Sodium Thiosulfate Chemoprotection, in Previously Treated Subjects With Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [NCT00303849]	Phase 1/Phase 2	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-15	Completed
Phase 1-2, Randomized, Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Safety and Efficacy Study in Healthy Adults of Intranasal Norwalk Virus-like Particle Vaccine in Experimental Human Norwalk Virus Infection [NCT00973284]	Phase 1/Phase 2	98 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-04	Completed
Effect of Intravenous Administration of 20% Mannitol on the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter(ONSD) in Patients With Raised Intracranial Pressure [NCT04188353]		40 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-02-24	Completed
Double Blind Study of Hypertonic Saline vs Mannitol in the Management of Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP). [NCT01108744]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Timeline to consent prior to intervention start was unfeasible.)
A Randomized, Evaluator-blinded, Multi-center Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of Sculptra Aesthetic for Correction of Nasolabial Folds. [NCT03780244]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-18	Completed
Acute Effects of Cortisol on Alcohol Craving in Alcohol Dependence [NCT02196142]	Phase 3	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
Malaria Vaccine Phase IB Clinical Trial: Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Plasmodium Vivax CS Derived Synthetic Peptides Formulated in Two Adjuvants [NCT01081847]	Phase 1	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
Titrating Inhaled Steroid Dose Against Mannitol Hyper-responsiveness or BTS Outcomes: Comparative Effects on Asthma Exacerbations Over 1 Year [NCT01216579]		164 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-03-31	Completed
20% Mannitol vs 3% Hypertonic Saline in the Treatment of Intracranial Hypertension in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Double-blinded, Randomized Trial [NCT01215019]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding; not subjects enrolled)
Nyaditum Resae® (a Food Supplement) as a Co-adjuvant During First-line Treatment for Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Its Impact on the Gut Microbiota - a Pilot Double-blind Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT03851159]		48 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-05-10	Recruiting
A Controlled, Randomized, Within-subject, Multi-center Prospective Clinical Trial of DermaVeil (Injectable Poly-L-lactic Acid) Versus SCULPTRA® Aesthetic (Injectable Poly-L-lactic Acid) in the Treatment of Nasolabial Fold Wrinkles. [NCT02310490]		161 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Completed
A Study to Evaluate Injection-Site Pain of Two Formulations (Both Refrigerated and Room Temperature) Using an Autoinjector Device in Healthy Subjects [NCT05154968]	Phase 1	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-11-24	Completed
Physiological Responses to U-LABA/ICS With Emphasis on Exercise Performance in Well-Trained Individuals, Formoterol [NCT06105671]		24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-15	Not yet recruiting
A SINGLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED, MULTIPLE-PERIOD STUDY IN HEALTHY ADULT VOLUNTEERS TO INVESTIGATE THE PALATABILITY OF PROTOTYPE AGE APPROPRIATE ORAL FORMULATIONS OF BOSUTINIB FOR PEDIATRIC USE [NCT03747679]	Phase 1	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-22	Completed
Cough in Eastern and Central Finland [NCT03639727]		61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-01	Completed
Mannitol Versus Supportive Care in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: A Randomized Control Trial [NCT02570971]	Phase 3	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Phase I/II Trial of Super-selective Intra-arterial Repeated Infusion of Cetuximab for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma [NCT02861898]	Phase 1/Phase 2	33 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Recruiting
: A Phase III Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel Group, Controlled, Double Blind Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Inhaled Mannitol Over 12 Months in the Treatment of Bronchiectasis. [NCT00669331]	Phase 3	485 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Influence of Caffeine Consumption on the Human Circadian System: Neurobehavioral, Hormonal and Cerebral Mechanisms [NCT05409339]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-09	Completed
Can Mannitol Increments Provide More Brain Relaxation in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy for Supratentorial Brain Tumor Removal? [NCT02168075]		124 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Recruiting
A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel Group, Assessor-Blinded Study To Compare The Efficacy, Tolerability, And Safety Of Oral Sodium Picosulfate (PicoPrep®) Versus Oral Mannitol and Bisacodyl, For Colon Cleansing In Colonoscopy Preparation Of Adult Outpatien [NCT02386449]	Phase 4	184 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
Correlation of Measured and Calculated Serum Osmolality During Mannitol or Hypertonic Saline Infusion in Patients After Craniotomy [NCT02037815]	Phase 4	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Compared Effects of 2 Doses of Mannitol on Post Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension [NCT00795587]	Phase 4	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to evolution of patient's care allows no more recruitment)
Integrated Approaches to Food Allergen and Allergy Risk Management: iFAAM: The Impact of Proton-pump Inhibitors (Antacids) on Threshold Dose Distributions [NCT02552537]	Phase 4	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Comparison of Two Doses of Mannitol on Brain Relaxation During Supratentorial Craniotomy [NCT01048684]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
Mannitol Versus Hypertonic Saline to Treat Intracranial Hypertension After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury : a Comparative Study on the Effects on PtiO2 and Microdialysis Values [NCT01028339]	Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Terminated(stopped due to No patients enrolled during 2 years)
Effect of Stroke Volume Variation Guided Fluid Therapy on the Blood Loss and Postoperative Outcomes in Radical Cystectomy [NCT02373735]		64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Completed
"International, Multicentre, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Comparative, Randomized Study to Compare Efficacy and Safety of the Generic Drug BCD-063 (CJSC BIOCAD, Russia) and Copaxone®-Teva (Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Israel) in Patients W [NCT02753088]	Phase 3	158 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Completed
Effects of Acetaminophen Preemptive Analgesia on Anesthesia Recovery Time and Postoperative Cognitive Function in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery [NCT06004687]	Phase 1/Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-26	Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Dextran-based Priming (PrimECC), and Standard Crystalloid and Mannitol-based Priming Solution in Adult Cardiac Surgery [NCT02767154]	Phase 2	84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Completed
Comparison of Mannitol Alone Versus Different Doses of Mannitol in Combination With Furosemide on Brain Relaxation in Supratentorial Mass Resection Surgery [NCT02712476]		47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Completed
Asthma Exacerbations and Vascular Function [NCT02630511]		52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Completed
Effects of Glatiramer Acetate (Copaxone) in the Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Retinal Function in Diabetic Patients After Pan- Retinal Photocoagulation (PRP), a Double- Masked Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT00677664]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-07-31	Active, not recruiting
MAnnitol for Blood Pressure Stability in HemoDialysis (MAP-HD) [NCT04428372]	Phase 2/Phase 3	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-06	Recruiting
A Phase 1 Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Multiple Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerance, and Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of a New GMP Formulation of Intravenous Artesunate if Healthy Subjects [NCT00292942]	Phase 1	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-12	Completed
Bipolar Versus Monopolar Resection of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia: A Comparison of the Effects on Plasma Electrolytes, Osmolarity and Hemoglobin [NCT02681471]		53 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Completed
Performance of 13C Mannitol for in Vivo Measurement of Small Intestinal Permeability [NCT02603822]	Phase 1	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Completed
Measurement of Exhaled NO and Bronchial Provocation Test With Mannitol as a Predictor of Response to Inhaled Corticosteroids in Chronic Cough [NCT00916526]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
A Pilot Study to Investigate the Tolerability of Inhaled Dry Powder Mannitol (IDPM) Administered Via a Novel Dry Powder Inhaler Device in Healthy Individuals and Subjects With Bronchiectasis. [NCT00730977]	Phase 1/Phase 2	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Phase 1/2 Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial of ABELADRUG200 in Closed, Severe Head Injury [NCT00810940]	Phase 1/Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Recruiting
A Multi-center, Double-blind, Randomized, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Clinical Effect of Droxidopa in the Treatment of Symptomatic Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension in Patients With Parkinson's Disease [NCT01176240]	Phase 3	225 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Completed
A Single Center, Double-Blinded, Split-Body, Randomized Clinical Trial of Injectable Poly-L-Lactic Acid for Volumization and Adipogenesis of the Hip Dell [NCT05269654]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-04	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Red Blood Cell Transfusion on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients With Septic Shock [NCT01485315]	Phase 3	1,005 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Phase I/II Study of Intra-Arterial Melphalan Given With Intra-Arterial Carboplatin, Osmotic Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Delayed Otoprotective Sodium Thiosulfate for Patients With Recurrent or Progressive CNS Embryonal or Germ Cell Tumors [NCT00983398]	Phase 1/Phase 2	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-09	Active, not recruiting
Determination of the Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Mannitol After Single and Multiple Dosing in Cystic Fibrosis Patients [NCT00792714]	Phase 1	18 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-12-31	Completed
[NCT00446771]	Phase 1	18 participants	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: a Randomized Controlled Trial of Saline + Furosemide + Mannitol in High Risk Patients Undergoing Cardiac Angiography [NCT00175227]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	1996-05-31	Completed
Long Term Administration of Inhaled Mannitol in Cystic Fibrosis- A Safety and Efficacy Study [NCT00630812]	Phase 3	318 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
A Phase IIa, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study To Evaluate The Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, And Pharmacodynamic Effects Of GDC-6599 In Patients With Chronic Cough [NCT05660850]	Phase 2	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-22	Recruiting
Effects of Mannitol on Delayed Graft Function After Cadaveric Renal Transplantation [NCT02705573]	Phase 3	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Completed
A Randomised, Multicentre, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Trial Determining the Efficacy of Dry Powder Mannitol in Improving Lung Function in Subjects With Cystic Fibrosis Aged Six to Seventeen Years [NCT01883531]	Phase 2	95 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Completed
Repeatability and Response Study of Absorptive Clearance Scans [NCT01887197]	Phase 1	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Completed
Bronchial Response to Mannitol and Inflammation in Steroid Naive Asthmatics [NCT00206973]		40 participants	Observational	2005-08-31	Recruiting
A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Ascending Multiple-Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of CTX-4430 When Administered Orally to Cystic Fibrosis Patients for Fifteen Days [NCT01944735]	Phase 1	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Completed
Phase I Dose Escalation Study of N-Acetylcysteine Administered in Conjunction With Carboplatin, Cyclophosphamide, and Etoposide Phosphate BBBD, in Children With Malignant Brain Tumors [NCT00238173]	Phase 1	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-12-31	Terminated(stopped due to OHSU IRB closed study to further enrollment 2/17/2006)
Sodium-Lactate Versus Mannitol in the Treatment of Intracranial Hypertensive Episodes in Severe Traumatic Brain Injured Patients [NCT00319345]	Phase 2/Phase 3	34 participants	Interventional	2003-11-30	Terminated
Treatment of Brain Edema and Herniation Secondary to Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Stroke [NCT01954290]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Investigator is leaving the institution.)
Double-blind Trial of Mannitol Cream to Block the Effect of Capsaicin Cream [NCT01963910]		25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Completed
A Randomised Trial for the Treatment of Cardiac AMyloid Light-chain Amyloidosis With the Green Tea Compound Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (TAME-AL) [NCT02015312]	Phase 2	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
A Prospective, Open-Label, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Long-Term Safety of Sculptra®Aesthetic in Immuno-Competent Subjects Stratified by Fitzpatrick Skin Type I-VI) [NCT02425943]	Phase 4	867 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-21	Completed
"973 Project for Pathology of Traditional Chinese Medicine" [NCT00569088]	Phase 2	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-11-30	Recruiting
Mannitol Bronchoprovocation Challenge Ancillary Study Protocol to Best Adjustment Strategy for Asthma Over Long Term [NCT00585260]	Early Phase 1	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Completed
Mannitol and Methacholine Responsiveness: Effects of Deep Inhalations [NCT01642745]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
An Open-label, Single-center, Randomized, 4-way Crossover Study to Assess the Bioequivalence of R406 in Healthy Volunteers When 100 and 150mg of Fostamatinib Are Administered as the 13% Drug-loaded Tablet Versus the 38% Drug-loaded Tablet [NCT01645085]	Phase 1	88 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Completed
An Open-label, Single-center, 2-Part, Randomized Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of R406 in Healthy Subjects When Fostamatinib 150 mg is Administered Alone in Fed and Fasted State and in Combination With Ranitidine in Fasted State, and to Assess the [NCT01682408]	Phase 1	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
A Randomized, Open Label Clinical Trial of Sustained Hypernatremia for the Prevention and Treatment of Cerebral Edema in Traumatic Brain Injury [NCT01605357]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Never started.)
Evaluation of the Effect of Acetazolamide, Mannitol and N-acetylcysteine on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity [NCT02760901]	Phase 2	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
A Double Blind, Randomized Crossover Study of Efficacy and Safety of Topical Menthol, With and Without Mannitol, in the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy [NCT02728687]	Phase 1/Phase 2	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-15	Completed
High-Volume Plasma Exchange Versus Standard Medical Treatment in Patients With Acute Liver Failure-A Prospective Randomized Pilot Trial [NCT02718079]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-30	Completed
High Volume Plasma Exchange in Children With Acute Liver Failure and Acute on Chronic Liver Failure-A Prospective Pilot Study. [NCT02719210]		75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-01	Completed
Comparison of Continuous Infusion of 3% Hypertonic Saline, Bolus of 3% Hypertonic Saline and Mannitol on Brain Relaxation During Supratentorial Tumor Resection: A Prospective, Randomized, Clinical Study [NCT04314674]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Cerebrum and Cardiac Protection With Allopurinol in Neonates With Critical Congenital Heart Disease Requiring Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass [NCT04217421]	Phase 3	236 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-01-01	Recruiting
Effect of Edaravone on Radiation-induced Temporal Lobe Necrosis in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma After Radiotherapy [NCT01865201]	Phase 2	154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
A Pilot Safety Study of Inhaled Dry Powder Mannitol in Acute Exacerbations of COPD [NCT00446667]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Failed to recruit)
Equimolar Doses of Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline in the Treatment of Elevated Intracranial Pressure [NCT00447018]	Phase 4	20 participants	Interventional	2002-10-31	Completed
"Cross-over Randomized Placebo-controlled Pilot Study to Determine the Effect in Healthy Elderly Volunteers of the Anti-ageing Supplement Promanna™ on a Number of Biomarkers Associated With DNA-damage and Oxidative Stress (PromAge)" [NCT03272867]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Completed
A Phase II Single Center, Randomized, Double Blind and Placebo Controlled Study Assessing the Safety, Tolerability and Effects of Progressively Increased Dose of Oral Mannitol in Parkinson's Disease [NCT03823638]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-11-20	Recruiting
Robot Assisted Partial Nephrectomy (RAPN) in Selective Ischemia Versus Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy (LPN) in Total Ischemia: Prospective Randomized Study to Assess Oncological and Functional Outcomes [NCT02924922]		85 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Completed
A Phase IIa Randomised, Open Label, Dose Response Study to Determine the Optimum Dose of Dry Powder Mannitol Required to Generate Clinical Improvement In Patients With Cystic Fibrosis [NCT00251056]	Phase 2	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Completed
A Phase III Multicenter, Randomised, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Treatment With Bronchitol (Dry Powder Mannitol) in the Symptomatic Treatment of Bronchiectasis. [NCT00277537]	Phase 3	354 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Completed
Cerebral Hemodynamic Effects of Hypertonic Solutions in Severely Head-Injured Patients [NCT00125229]		10 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2005-08-31	Terminated(stopped due to Dr. Hladky died Sept 2006 prior to study completion)
A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blinded, Placebo Control Trial to Evaluate Efficacy of Intravenous Mannitol Use During Cadaveric Kidney Transplantation Prior to Kidney Reperfusion [NCT04705402]		32 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-28	Not yet recruiting
Long Term Administration of Inhaled Dry Powder Mannitol In Cystic Fibrosis - A Safety and Efficacy Study [NCT00446680]	Phase 3	340 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
A Phase II Study to Investigate Mannitol Challenge as a Tool to Predict Treatment Response to Inhaled Corticosteroids in COPD [NCT00117182]	Phase 2	140 participants	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
Sensory-Mechanical Responses to Eucapneic Voluntary Hyperventilation and Mannitol in Individuals With Cough Variant Asthma and Chronic Cough [NCT03105843]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-01	Recruiting
Effect of ALlopurinol in Addition to Hypothermia for Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury on Neurocognitive Outcome - a Blinded Randomized Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Multicenter Trial for Superiority (Phase III) [NCT03162653]	Phase 3	760 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-03-25	Recruiting
Randomized Placebo Controlled Phase II Cross Over Study on the Influence of Triflusal on Cognitive Functions in Subjects Under Chronic Stress [NCT02904109]	Phase 2	41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-13	Completed
A Multi-Centre, Open-Label, Randomised Study to Assess the Efficacy, Durability and Safety of Immediate Versus Deferred Injections of Poly-L-Lactic Acid for HIV Facial Lipoatrophy (FLASH) [NCT00126308]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-11-30	Terminated(stopped due to no change in primary endpoint at week 48)
[NCT00455130]	Phase 2	0 participants	Interventional	2004-03-31	Completed
A Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Severe Type of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease [NCT01554930]		230 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Prevention Of Nephrotoxicity Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation Using Urodilatin (Ularitide,Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) and Mannitol. [NCT00390624]	Phase 2	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2003-07-31	Completed
Effect of Mannitol as Adjunct Therapy on the Clinical Outcome of Childhood Cerebral Malaria in Mulago Hospital: A Randomised Clinical Trial [NCT00113854]	Phase 3	156 participants	Interventional	2004-10-31	Active, not recruiting
A Cross-Over Comparative Study of Inhaled Mannitol, Alone and in Combination With Daily rhDNase, in Children With Cystic Fibrosis [NCT00117208]	Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-11-30	Completed
Effect of Continuous Subcutaneous GHRP-3 Infusion at 2 Dose Levels on the Physiological Secretion of the GH-IGF-I System, Blood Pressure, Glucose, Inflammatory Markers and Endothelial Function in Subjects With Insulin Resistance [NCT00846872]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Inadequate subject recruitment)
Comparative Study Between Hydrocortisone and Mannitol in Treatment of Postdural Puncture Headache: a Randomized Double-blind Study [NCT02760862]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
#StayHome: Efficacy of Early Hydroxychloroquine in Outpatients to Reduce Secondary Hospitalisation and Household Transmission of COVID-19 in Switzerland: A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT04385264]	Phase 2/Phase 3	800 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-31	Suspended(stopped due to Sufficient number of subjects would probably not reach)
Does Antenatal Allopurinol Administration Reduce Post-hypoxic-ischemic Reperfusion Damage During Fetal Hypoxia in the Newborn? [NCT00189007]	Phase 3	222 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Active, not recruiting
Role of Hypertonic Saline Versus Mannitol in the Management of Raised Intracranial Pressure in Patients With ALF: A Randomized Open -Label Study [NCT02460510]		52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
Caffeine and Reward Learning: Characterizing Behavioral Expression of Adenosine-Dopamine Interaction [NCT05325502]		36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-05	Recruiting
Renal Graft Functional Enhancement During Donor Anesthesia: A Comparative Study of 3 Modalities [NCT03778944]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-20	Recruiting
Comparison of Equiosmolar Doses of Mannitol 20% Versus Hypertonic Saline 7.5% Infusion in the Reduction of Brain Bulk During Elective Craniotomies for Supratentorial Brain Tumor Resection [NCT00199511]		162 participants	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
A Single Center, Open-label, Parallel Arm, Phase 4 Study to Evaluate the Acceptability of a Prototype Flavor System With Ascending Levels of 2,4,6 Grams or Higher of Mannitol for PEG 3350 Laxative in Subjects Suffering With Occasional Constipation. [NCT04534465]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-13	Completed
A Phase I/II Study of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Treated With Methotrexate/BBBD, and Adding Rituximab (an Anti CD-20 Antibody) and Carboplatin, to the Treatment Regimen [NCT00293475]	Phase 1/Phase 2	81 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-10-14	Active, not recruiting
Individualized Volume of Oral Contrast Agent Based on the Clinical Risk Factor in CT Enterography: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03808649]		180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-20	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Nalmefene and Baclofen on Impulsivity in Subjects With Alcohol Use Disorder and Healthy Control Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT03034408]	Phase 2	37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-01	Completed
Allergen Induced Increase in Indirect Non-allergic Bronchial Reactivity [NCT01699594]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
Acute Effects of Cortisol on Heroin Craving in Opioid Dependence [NCT01718964]	Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy Between 20% Mannitol and 3% Hypertonic Saline, Given as a Bolus at the Beginning of Elective Supratentorial Craniotomy for Tumor Resection, in Favoring Cerebral Relaxation Evaluated by a Sub-dural Intracranial Pressure Measureme [NCT01745081]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Recruiting
A Phase I Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Ascending Single & Repeat-Dose Study of Safety, Tolerability & Pharmacokinetics of CTX-4430 When Administered Orally to Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT01748838]	Phase 1	96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Completed
Randomized Trial of Mannitol Cream for Pain Relief After a Long Run [NCT01843088]	Phase 1	170 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Monocenter, Phase II Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Calcium Dobesilate (CaD) vs. Placebo on SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load Amongst Outpatients With COVID-19. [NCT05305508]	Phase 2	74 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Phase 3 Trial of Intravenous Mannitol Use During Partial Nephrectomy Prior to Renal Ischemia and Impact on Renal Function Outcomes [NCT01606787]	Phase 3	210 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-22	Completed
Evaluation of Ureteral Patency in the Post-indigo Carmine Era [NCT02677623]	Phase 4	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Completed
An Open-label Single Site Single Dose Pilot Study Using Mannitol Challenge Test With the Purpose to Explore Treatment With Fixed Dose Combinations in Adult Subjects With Asthma in Primary Care in Sweden [NCT01449123]	Phase 4	97 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-09-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blinded, Split-face, Comparative Study to Evaluate the Synergistic Effects for Improving the Aging Midface When Pairing a Biostimulator With a Skincare Regimen [NCT05963204]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-07	Recruiting
Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trialto Compare Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline for Treatment of Increased Intracranial Pressure [NCT00359697]	Phase 1	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional		Not yet recruiting
Alternations of Multi-parameters Including Hemodynamic Concentration and Water Levels During Dehydration Therapy on Brain Edema Patients [NCT03828032]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-01	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Mannitol on Postreperfusion Syndrome During Living Donor Liver Transplant: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05277623]	Early Phase 1	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-04-04	Completed
Effect of AD128 on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity: a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Cross-over Study [NCT04394143]	Phase 2/Phase 3	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-10-20	Completed
Crosstalk Between Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and the Gut Microbiota and Mucosa in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Children [NCT05054361]		180 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-01-01	Recruiting
Effect of Bronchitol on Mucociliary Clearance in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)-Modulator Treated Patients With Cystic Fibrosis With Moderate to Severe Lung Disease [NCT05740618]	Phase 4	25 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-28	Recruiting
Effect of Mannitol on Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Patients Undergoing Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: a Prospective Observational Study [NCT03214055]		39 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2017-07-12	Completed
Pilot Study of Intravenous Mannitol During Hemodialysis Initiation to Reduce the Occurrence of Intra-dialytic Hypotension. [NCT01520207]	Phase 2	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
Effects of Caffeine and Sodium Citrate Ingestion in 1500m Wheelchair Racing Athletes [NCT01591226]		9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
Influence of Intervention With Lupin Protein-enriched Foods on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects [NCT01598649]		72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Mechanisms of Endotoxin-Tolerance of Human Monocytes After CABG-Sugery - Effects of Hemofiltration and Mannitol Treatment [NCT00426192]	Phase 4	52 participants	Interventional	2003-10-31	Active, not recruiting
A Multicenter Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial of the Efficacy of Sodium Thiosulfate and Mannitol in Reducing Ototoxicity in Adult Patients Receiving Cisplatin Chemotherapy [NCT05129748]	Phase 2	92 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-15	Recruiting
Biomarkers for Intestinal Permeability in Patients With Functional Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders Associated With Constipation. [NCT02246647]		39 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-09-30	Completed
Low-dose Intra-arterial Bevacizumab for Edema and Radiation Necrosis Therapeutic Intervention (LIBERTI) [NCT02819479]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-23	Completed
Retrograde Autologous Priming for Preserving Hemoglobin Peri-operatively With or Without Mannitol: A Pilot Study [NCT04870073]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-09-21	Withdrawn(stopped due to Financial support could not be obtained for the study)
A Single Center, Double-Blinded, Split-Body, Randomized Clinical Trial of Injectable Poly-L-Lactic Acid for the Treatment of Upper Inner Arm Skin Crepiness/Laxity [NCT05445661]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-20	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of a Mixture of 2.7% Sorbitol-0.54% Mannitol Solution on Blood Coagulation: In-vitro, Observational Healthy-volunteer Study Using Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) [NCT03105180]		12 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-03-10	Completed
A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single and Multiple Ascending Dose Study of MZE001 to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Subjects [NCT05249621]	Phase 1	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-02-07	Completed
The Effect of Mannitol on Intraoperative Serum Potassium in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy：an Observational Study [NCT03161977]		30 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-01-01	Completed
Effectiveness of 1L Mannitol Versus 1L Polyethylene Glycol Electrolyte Dispersion as a Salve for Patients With Inadequate Bowel Preparation: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT05912114]		134 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-10	Recruiting
The Effect of Deep Inhalation on Mannitol Responsiveness [NCT03505489]	Phase 3	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-01	Completed
Metabolic Potentiation of Aminoglycosides: a Novel Antimicrobial Strategy to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections (UROPOT TRIAL). [NCT05761405]	Early Phase 1	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-16	Not yet recruiting
A Clinical Study of Patients With Symptomatic Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension to Assess Sustained Effects of Droxidopa Therapy [NCT01927055]	Phase 3	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Terminated(stopped due to Due to potential competition with a post-marketing study requested by FDA)
Dantrolene in the Prevention and Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [NCT01024972]	Phase 1/Phase 2	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
Intestinal Permeability and Endometriosis [NCT03042923]		46 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-04-30	Completed
A Phase 0 Platform Study Exploring the Use of Challenge Agents in Healthy Volunteers [NCT04821323]	Early Phase 1	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-10	Completed
Evaluation of the Ulthera® System for Lifting and Tightening the Face and Neck Following Sculptra® Treatment [NCT01422538]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
Intestinal Permeability in Obesity of Intercellular Tight Junctions to Metabolic Complications [NCT02292121]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-02-24	Terminated(stopped due to lack of surgical controls)
A Novel Non-invasive Way to Measure Airway Epithelial Permeability in Human Subjects [NCT02306473]	Early Phase 1	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
Evaluation of Coagulation Activation in Patients With Intracranial Hypertension After Treatment With Mannitol or Hypertonic Saline Solution. [NCT03409237]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-12-03	Withdrawn(stopped due to No participant enrolled. The human resources to perform the study also due to the COBID emegency)
Phase II Trial of Super Selective Intra-arterial Repeated Infusion of Cetuximab (Erbitux) With Reirradiation for Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Glioblastoma Multiforme, Anaplastic Astrocytoma, and Anaplastic Oligoastrocytoma [NCT02800486]	Phase 2	37 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Recruiting
Study on the Optimal Dosage of Mannitol in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Craniotomy [NCT04135456]	Phase 1/Phase 2	99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-20	Active, not recruiting
A Prospective, Double Blind, Single Centre, RCT, Comparing the Effectiveness of Physiotherapy in Addition to One of 3 Types of Image Guided Injection of the Common Extensor Tendon, on Pain and Function in Patients With Tennis Elbow. [NCT03984955]		123 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-18	Recruiting
Long Term Administration of Inhaled Mannitol in Cystic Fibrosis - A Safety and Efficacy Trial in Adult Cystic Fibrosis Subjects [NCT02134353]	Phase 3	423 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT00292942 (8) [back to overview]	Tmax Assessment After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (hr)
NCT00292942 (8) [back to overview]	Range of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (ng*hr/mL)
NCT00292942 (8) [back to overview]	Range of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Artesunic Acid After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (ng/mL)
NCT00292942 (8) [back to overview]	Range of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Artesunic Acid After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (ng*hr/mL)
NCT00292942 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With AEs Occurring in Greater Frequency in the 2.0 mg/kg IV AS Group Then in the Placebo Group to Access Safety and Tolerability of AS
NCT00292942 (8) [back to overview]	Cmax Assessment After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (ng/mL)
NCT00292942 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With AEs
NCT00292942 (8) [back to overview]	Cardiovascular Responses: Number of Participants With Changes in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate After Infusion
NCT00630812 (6) [back to overview]	Change in FEV1 From Baseline Over 26 Weeks - Dornase Users
NCT00630812 (6) [back to overview]	Absolute Change in FEV1 Percent Predicted at 26 Weeks
NCT00630812 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline FEF25-75 (mL/s) Over 26 Weeks
NCT00630812 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Absolute FEV1 From Baseline Over 26 Weeks
NCT00630812 (6) [back to overview]	Sputum Weight at Baseline in Response to First Dose of Treatment
NCT00630812 (6) [back to overview]	Change in FVC (mL) Across 26 Weeks
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Time to First Graded Exacerbation
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Daytime Sleepiness Scores
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Rate of Graded Pulmonary Exacerbations
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Safety Profile - Clinical Chemistry
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Sputum Volume
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Quality of Life as Measured by the St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Total Score
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Lung Function - Change in FEV1/FVC
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	• (Exploratory) Number of Hospitalizations Due to Pulmonary Exacerbations
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Antibiotic Use Prescribed for Treated Pulmonary Exacerbations
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Duration of Graded Exacerbations
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Lung Function - Change in FEF25-75 (Forced Expiratory Flow Rate Averaged Over 25th -75th Percentile of FVC)
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Lung Function - Change in FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second)
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Safety Profile - Hematology
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Lung Function - Change in FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)
NCT00669331 (15) [back to overview]	Safety Profile - Sputum Microbiology
NCT01024972 (3) [back to overview]	Liver Toxicity
NCT01024972 (3) [back to overview]	Hyponatremia
NCT01024972 (3) [back to overview]	In-hospital Mortality
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	306B Efficacy: Rate of Patient Reported Falls
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	Study 306A: Change in Dizziness/Lightheadedness/Feeling Faint/Feeling Like You Might Black Out (OHSA Item 1) From Baseline to Week 1
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	306A Efficacy: Patient Reported Falls
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	306A Efficacy: Change in Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire Score (OHQ)
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	306B Efficacy: Change in Dizziness/Lightheadedness/Feeling Faint/Feeling Like You Might Black Out (OHSA Item 1)
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	306B Efficacy: Change in OHSA Item 1 From Baseline to Week 2 (Visit 5)
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	306B Efficacy: Change in OHSA Item 1 From Baseline to Week 4 (Visit 6)
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	306B Efficacy: Change in OHSA Item 1 From Baseline to Week 8 (Visit 7)
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	306B Efficacy: Change in Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire Score (OHQ)
NCT01176240 (10) [back to overview]	306B Efficacy: Change in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Measurements Post Standing From Baseline to Week 1
NCT01422538 (6) [back to overview]	Subject's Assessment of Pain
NCT01422538 (6) [back to overview]	Overall Aesthetic Improvement at 90 Days Post-treatment
NCT01422538 (6) [back to overview]	Overall Aesthetic Improvement at 180 Days Post-treatment
NCT01422538 (6) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction at 90 Days Post-treatment
NCT01422538 (6) [back to overview]	Lifting and Tightening of Skin as Determined by Masked Assessment of Pre- and Post-treatment Photographs.
NCT01422538 (6) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction at 180 Days Post-treatment
NCT01520207 (1) [back to overview]	Efficacy of Mannitol Administration in Reducing the Frequency of Intra-dialytic Hypotension (Decline in Systolic Blood Pressure) During the First Three Hemodialysis Initiation Sessions.
NCT01606787 (2) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) From Baseline to 6 Months
NCT01606787 (2) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) From Baseline to 6 Weeks
NCT01927055 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Dizziness/ Lightheadedness/ Feeling Faint/ or Feeling Like You Might Blackout (OHSA Item 1)
NCT02134353 (8) [back to overview]	Absolute Change in Forced Expiratory Flow From 25% to 75% of Vital Capacity (FEF25-75) Over the 26-week Treatment Period.
NCT02134353 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Over 26 Weeks in CFQ-R Respiratory Domain Score
NCT02134353 (8) [back to overview]	Mean Change From Baseline FVC (mL) Over the 26-week Treatment Period
NCT02134353 (8) [back to overview]	Mean Change From Baseline in Ease of Expectoration Measured Using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Over 26 Weeks
NCT02134353 (8) [back to overview]	Mean Change in FEV1 (mL) From Baseline (Visit 1) Over the 26-week Treatment Period (to Visit 4).
NCT02134353 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Days on Antibiotics (Oral, Inhaled or IV) Due to Pulmonary Exacerbation
NCT02134353 (8) [back to overview]	The Incidence of Pulmonary Exacerbations
NCT02134353 (8) [back to overview]	Time to First Pulmonary Exacerbation Over the 26-week Treatment Period
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Duodenal Impedance
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Lactose:C13 Mannitol Excretion Ratio 0-2hours
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Lactulose:C13 Mannitol Excretion Ratio 8-24hrs.
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Mean Serum Endotoxin (Bacterial LPS) Levels
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Rate of E.Coli Bio- Particle K12 Flux Across Colonic Mucosa
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Rate of E.Coli Bio- Particle K12 Flux Across Duodenal Mucosa
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Rate of FITC-Dextran (4kDa) Flux Across Duodenal Mucosa
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Rate of FITC-Dextran (4kDa) Flux Across Colonic Mucosa
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Baseline Transmucosal Resistance (TMR) of Colonic Mucosa
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Baseline Transmucosal Resistance (TMR) of Duodenal Mucosa
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Cumulative E.Coli Bio- Particle K12 Concentration Across Colonic Mucosa
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Cumulative E.Coli Bio- Particle K12 Concentration Across Duodenal Mucosa
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Cumulative FITC-Dextran (4kDa) Concentration Across Colonic Mucosa
NCT02246647 (14) [back to overview]	Cumulative FITC-Dextran (4kDa) Concentration Across Duodenal Mucosa
NCT02425943 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Improved Versus Not Improved on Participant Assessment of Facial Appearance Using Global Assessment Scale
NCT02425943 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Improved Versus Not Improved on Investigator Assessment of Facial Appearance Using Global Assessment Scale
NCT02425943 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Any Adverse Events of Interest (AEIs)
NCT02425943 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Nasolabial Folds (NLF) Wrinkle Assessment Score (WAS) at Months 6, 13, and Years 2, 3, 4, and 5
NCT02425943 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Marionette Lines Wrinkle Assessment Score (WAS) at Months 6, 13, and Years 2, 3, 4, and 5
NCT02425943 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Chin Crease Wrinkle Assessment Score (WAS) at Months 6, 13, and Years 2, 3, 4, and 5
NCT02425943 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Cheek Folds Wrinkle Assessment Score (WAS) at Months 6, 13, and Years 2, 3, 4, and 5
NCT02425943 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Any Injection Site Nodule and/or Papule
NCT02677623 (1) [back to overview]	Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
NCT02760862 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Patients (in Digits) Got Earlier Relief of PDPH (in Hours) After Use of Hydrocortisone or Mannitol.
NCT02819479 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Headache Associated Morbidity Measured With MIDAS PAIN LEVEL After a Single Treatment of Low Dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab) Will be Measured.
NCT02819479 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Headache Associated Morbidity Measured With MIDAS TOTAL SCORE After a Single Treatment of Low Dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab) Will be Measured.
NCT02819479 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Radiation Necrosis and Cerebral Edema After a Single Treatment of Low Dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab)
NCT02819479 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Steroid Usage After a Single Treatment of Low Dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab)
NCT02819479 (8) [back to overview]	Post-operative Neurocognitive Change After Intra-arterial Bevacizumab
NCT02819479 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Headache Measured With Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) After a Single Treatment of Low Dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab)
NCT02819479 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Functional Status After a Single Treatment of Low Dose Intra-arterial Bevacizumab
NCT02819479 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Headache Associated Morbidity Measured With MIDAS DAYS of HEADACHE After a Single Treatment of Low Dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab) Will be Measured.
NCT03242434 (3) [back to overview]	Change From 0 to 5 Hours, and 0 to 24 Hours in the Ratio of Lactulose/Mannitol Over Time for Thermal Injury Participants
NCT03242434 (3) [back to overview]	Change From 0 to 5 Hours, and 0 to 24 Hours in the Ratio of Lactulose/Mannitol Over Time for Healthy Participants
NCT03242434 (3) [back to overview]	Change From 0 to 5 Hours, and 0 to 24 Hours in the Ratio of Lactulose/Mannitol on Day 1
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Change in Wrinkle Assessment Scale (WAS) Score
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Change in Wrinkle Assessment Scale (WAS) Score
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Earliest Time the Subject Reported Feeling Comfortable Returning to Social Engagement Based on Subject Diary Reporting
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	FACE-Q Appraisal of Lines Rasch Transformed Total Scores: NLF Questionnaire
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Would You Say the Subtle Treatment Results Over Time Was Worth it?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Would You Say the Treatment Results Are Natural Looking?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Would You Recommend the Treatment to a Friend?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Would You do the Treatment Again?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Does the Treatment Make You Look/Feel More Confident in Your Life?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Does the Treatment Make You Look the Way You Feel?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Does the Treatment Improve Your Self-confidence?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Does the Treatment Improve Your Facial Symmetry/Balance?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Does the Treatment Improve Your Attractiveness?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment: Does the Treatment Improve Overall Satisfaction With Your Appearance?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Subject Satisfaction With Treatment; Does the Treatment Make You Feel Better About Yourself?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Satisfaction With Treatment: Does the Treatment Make You Look Younger?
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Responder Rate Based on the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, Treating Investigator Assessment
NCT03780244 (18) [back to overview]	Responder Rate Based on Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, Subject Assessment
NCT04534465 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Event
NCT04534465 (5) [back to overview]	Time to First Successful Bowel Movement (In Hours)
NCT04534465 (5) [back to overview]	Time to First Bowel Movement (In Hours)
NCT04534465 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With no Successful Bowel Movement
NCT04534465 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With no Bowel Movement

Intervention	hr (Mean)
	Tmax 1 (hr)	Tmax 2 (hr)	Tmax 3 (hr)
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	0.244	0.167	0.122
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	0.208	0.208	0.292
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	0.208	0.181	0.250

Intervention	ng*hr/mL (Mean)
	AUC24 1	AUC24 2	AUC24 3	AUC last 1	AUC last 2	AUC last 3	AUC oo TOTAL
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	1982	1865	2204	1954	1847	2171	6051
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	4122	3509	3748	4065	3394	3701	11379
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	8992	8122	8571	8842	8011	8405	25685

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	C0 1	C0 2	C0 3
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	14840	11992	10408
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	29056	17265	23417
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	53503	66380	54674

Intervention	ng*hr/mL (Mean)
	AUC24 1 (ng.hr/mL)	AUC24 2 (ng.hr/mL)	AUC24 3 (ng.hr/mL)	AUC last 1 (ng.hr/mL)	AUC last 2 (ng.hr/mL)	AUC last 3 (ng.hr/mL)	AUC last TOTAL (ng.hr/mL)
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	1368	978	935	1162	932	933	3027
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	2325	1746	1880	2421	1636	1627	5683
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	5766	5272	4379	4631	5728	4374	14733

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Dysguesia	Dizziness	Headache	Parethesia	Parosmia	Erythema	Pruritus Generalized	Tenderness	Venipuncture Site Inflammation	Eye Pain	Back Pain	Muscle Strain
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	4	1	3	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Placebo	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	Cmax 1	Cmax 2	Cmax 3
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	1735	1710	2358
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	3015	2923	2933
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	6057	5943	5762

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	All AEs72445700	All AEs72445701	All AEs72445702	All AEs72445703	Drug Related AEs72445700	Drug Related AEs72445701	Drug Related AEs72445702	Drug Related AEs72445703
	No AEs	Subjects with 1 AE	Subjects with 2 AEs	Subjects with ≥3 AEs
Placebo	0
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	0
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	0
Placebo	3
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	3
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	0
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	1
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	4
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	3
Placebo	2
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	2
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	1
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	2
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	1
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	2
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	3

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Systolic BP change of at least 20mmHg72445700	Systolic BP change of at least 20mmHg72445701	Systolic BP change of at least 20mmHg72445702	Systolic BP change of at least 20mmHg72445703	Heart Rate change of at least 15bpm72445701	Heart Rate change of at least 15bpm72445702	Heart Rate change of at least 15bpm72445703	Heart Rate change of at least 15bpm72445700
	Increase	Decrease	No significant change
Placebo	1
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	1
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	1
Placebo	5
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	5
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	6
Placebo	4
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	4
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	6
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	3
Placebo	0
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	0
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	0
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	0
Placebo	2
2 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	2
4 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	1
8 mg/kg Intravenous Artesunate	4

Intervention	mL (Least Squares Mean)
Mannitol 400mg	78.60
Control	35.11

Intervention	% of predicted (Least Squares Mean)
Mannitol 400mg	3.14
Control	0.72

Intervention	mL/s (Least Squares Mean)
Mannitol 400mg	84.65
Control	50.31

Intervention	mL (Least Squares Mean)
Mannitol 400mg	106.53
Control	52.38

Intervention	g (Mean)
Mannitol 400mg	4.9
Control	3.5

Intervention	mL (Least Squares Mean)
Mannitol 400mg	136.33
Control	64.98

Intervention	months (Median)
Mannitol	5.4
Control	4.1

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 6	Week 16	Week 28	Week 40	Week 52
Control	6.89	6.87	6.50	6.57	6.33	6.34
Mannitol	7.23	6.07	6.21	6.05	6.32	6.09

Intervention	GPE events per year (Number)
	Raw rate	Rate from negative binomial model
Control	2.10	1.84
Mannitol	1.95	1.69

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Subjects with Clin sig liver funtion tests at wk52	Subjects with clin sig urea/electrolyte test wk52
Control	0	0
Mannitol	2	3

Intervention	g (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 6	Week 16	Week 28	Week 40	Week 52
Control	28.96	22.82	20.25	18.88	18.17	18.33
Mannitol	28.88	24.97	23.69	22.92	21.56	20.54

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 6	Week 16	Week 28	Week 40	Week 52
Control	52.22	44.55	44.23	43.46	43.51	42.25
Mannitol	52.98	44.09	40.67	41.45	40.39	41.43

Intervention	ratio (expressed as a %) (Least Squares Mean)
Mannitol	-0.08
Control	0.09

Intervention	hospitalisations/year (Mean)
Mannitol	0.12
Control	0.20

Intervention	events/year (Number)
Mannitol	1.9
Control	2.1

Intervention	Days with GPE (Mean)
Mannitol	31.49
Control	35.74

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.43	2	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.69	3	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
2-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-phosphoglyceric acid : A monophosphoglyceric acid having the phospho group at the 2-position.	1.97	1	0	monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	4.53	24	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.42	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	5.7	19	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	3.65	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.46	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.68	3	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.15	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.93	4	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	5.71	25	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.7	3	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.71	3	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetoin [no description available]	4.35	6	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	8.98	14	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	11.86	148	11	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	2.1	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	2.42	2	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	3.27	6	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	7.52	51	3	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.41	2	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.39	7	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.93	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.42	2	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	3.36	7	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.9	36	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.21	5	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	10.87	18	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	5.24	17	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	3.15	5	0	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	4.09	15	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.93	4	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	4.15	5	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	4.18	5	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	9.42	22	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2.05	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	9.9	11	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.67	3	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	4.59	8	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.68	3	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	2.02	1	0	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
choline [no description available]	11.5	62	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	7.92	36	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	13.3	264	4	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	5.87	24	1	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.74	3	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.02	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	11.21	32	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3-cresol 3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	3.58	2	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	3.1	5	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.98	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	3.23	6	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
n-methylnicotinium N-methylnicotinium: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer	1.98	1	0
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.91	4	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.27	5	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sorbitol [no description available]	4.43	7	0	hexitol
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.37	2	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	3.05	5	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.	2.37	2	0	omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid
trimetaphosphoric acid trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.	1.95	1	0	cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; inorganic heterocyclic compound; phosphorus oxoacid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	3.28	6	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen selenide hydrogen selenide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; selenium hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.51	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.5	2	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	4.85	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2	1	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	2.46	2	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine [no description available]	7.53	40	4	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion	fundamental metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	16.4	189	14	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	3.39	7	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone [no description available]	3.1	5	0	ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dimethylbenzimidazole	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	11.88	89	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.6	9	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.	2.7	3	0	monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	algal metabolite; fundamental metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.42	2	0	chlorocyclohexane
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.41	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	12.78	108	8	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.87	4	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	15.04	391	8	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	3.38	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	14.22	215	4	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.55	7	0
histamine [no description available]	15.19	36	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	10.37	87	6	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	3.24	6	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.05	1	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.72	3	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.29	6	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	3.83	12	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.37	2	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.06	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.4	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.01	4	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	4.76	31	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	5.79	91	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	10.19	15	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.42	2	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	7.4	2	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	8.93	13	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.06	15	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	4.9	11	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	8.47	63	2	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.05	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.41	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.65	26	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	11.18	10	1	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.02	1	0	dimethylaniline; tertiary amine
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.07	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.68	3	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	3.55	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	3.24	6	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.49	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.43	2	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.52	2	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.37	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	7.49	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	10.44	20	3	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	1.98	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	6.35	31	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	3.13	5	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	1.98	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	2.03	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	4.22	5	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.07	5	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.92	4	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	2.65	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.43	2	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.28	6	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	4.37	6	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazinoic acid pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.	2.02	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid	antitubercular agent; drug metabolite
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.65	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.44	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.73	3	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	4.88	6	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.36	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	5.66	25	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.42	2	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	4.54	8	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.34	2	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.38	2	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2	1	0	selenium oxoacid
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.66	3	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	4.47	7	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sorbose [no description available]	1.96	1	0
spermidine [no description available]	2.91	4	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	3.25	6	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	4.22	17	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	7.17	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
taurine [no description available]	4.34	20	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiophane [no description available]	2.02	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; tetrahydrothiophenes
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	4.85	11	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	3.21	6	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	1.98	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	7.44	2	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	3.61	9	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	10.4	58	2	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	15.32	512	5	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.04	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	4.18	17	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	3.1	1	0	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
catechin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
bremazocine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	2.88	4	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	2.04	1	0	catecholamine
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	9.06	3	1	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	3.09	5	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	1.99	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets	1.98	1	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.1	1	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	5.52	22	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.04	1	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
hoe 33342 BXI-72: structure in first source	2	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	fluorochrome
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	1.98	1	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.73	3	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	3.68	10	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.47	8	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
zopolrestat zopolrestat: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.77	3	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	3.11	5	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.38	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
cgp 52411 4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.	2	1	0	phthalimides	geroprotector; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2.68	3	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.76	3	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	3.23	6	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	8.57	39	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	1.98	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	3.11	5	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.75	3	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.7	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.67	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.06	1	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	1.99	1	0	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	4.76	9	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	9.36	42	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	12.57	118	3	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	2.45	2	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.86	3	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	2.02	1	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
adiphenine adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94	1.94	1	0	diarylmethane
alaproclate alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	3.59	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole [no description available]	6.56	5	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	8.41	37	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	4.39	6	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alminoprofen alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.	2.06	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.	3.23	1	0	imidazoles; pyridoindole	antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	3.86	3	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	3.82	11	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	3.86	3	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.05	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	4.39	6	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	3.23	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	3.59	2	0	aromatic amine
ametantrone ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
amfenac amfenac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. amfenac : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is benzophenone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group and a carboxymethyl group at position 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding carboxamide, nepafenac, is a prodrug of amfenac and is used for the treatment of pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.	2.06	1	0	amino acid; benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	6.46	35	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	6.39	7	1	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2.74	3	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	3.1	5	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	10.94	35	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	8.02	55	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	4.27	5	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	4.58	8	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	4.08	4	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	3.21	6	0	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.43	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	3.23	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.45	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	3.59	2	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.05	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	5.9	32	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aprindine Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.05	1	0	indanes
arcaine arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.	2.04	1	0	guanidines
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	15.85	52	4	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.45	2	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	5.79	28	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	7.72	15	4	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.42	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azosemide azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide; tetrazoles; thiophenes	loop diuretic
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	9.14	3	1
baclofen [no description available]	4.4	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	4.35	6	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.	3.87	3	0	indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	3.75	3	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.06	1	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.42	2	0	benzamides
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	4.09	4	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.91	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	2.02	1	0	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.44	2	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.07	1	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	1.97	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betaxolol [no description available]	4.08	4	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	3.84	3	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	4.09	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.43	2	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	3.59	2	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	7.71	10	6	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.39	2	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.69	3	0
ro 31-7549 Ro 31-7549: structure	1.98	1	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	4.26	5	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bretylium bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.43	2	0	organic molecular entity
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	2.97	4	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bromisovalum Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.	2.05	1	0	N-acylurea; organobromine compound
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
bumetanide [no description available]	5.95	34	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.45	2	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	4.08	4	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	10.35	52	4	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital	3.23	1	0	barbiturates
butalbital butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	analgesic; sedative
caffeine [no description available]	12.32	33	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	7.72	50	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
metrizoate Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.	1.95	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	radioopaque medium
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.05	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.58	2	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	10.76	16	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.	3.59	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
carbazilquinone Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	3.86	3	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmofur [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	6.27	11	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	8.13	5	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	2.45	2	0	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	4.26	5	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.67	3	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	7.21	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	9.67	8	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	2.25	1	0
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	5.06	7	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.36	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	3.48	1	1	hexadecanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	algal metabolite; flavouring agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.41	2	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	5.78	12	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	4.02	4	0	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	3.87	3	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.9	11	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	7.92	38	1	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.45	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	9.37	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	11.4	33	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	4.26	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	4.32	6	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	4.08	4	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cilostazol [no description available]	3.59	2	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	11.98	23	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.05	1	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	5.6	22	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.96	4	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	4.08	4	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.45	2	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.74	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	10.49	12	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	3.59	2	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	3.86	3	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	3.5	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	5.15	14	0	clonidine; imidazoline
chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.	3.59	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
clotiazepam clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
clotrimazole [no description available]	4.27	5	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2.42	2	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cromolyn cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.	2.06	1	0	chromones; dicarboxylic acid	anti-asthmatic drug; calcium channel blocker
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol	vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	3.23	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.	3.59	2	0	organic molecular entity
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.04	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	3.82	3	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate: structure	2.6	1	0	diester; methyl ester
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	2.45	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	8.23	6	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.41	2	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	4.08	4	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	2.45	2	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.14	5	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	1.98	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	12	59	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	5.06	13	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	3.41	7	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	4.2	5	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	3.26	6	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	6.57	38	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	5.05	13	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	1.94	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.43	2	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	8.73	20	3	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.43	2	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	4.16	5	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	3.58	2	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.38	2	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.74	3	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	6.22	27	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diphenidol diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	benzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiemetic
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	4.08	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	5.3	7	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethadione Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.	2.37	2	0	oxazolidinone
dinitolmide Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.04	1	0	dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	9.61	8	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	9.92	11	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dipyrone metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.	2.04	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; pyrazoles	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	4.07	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	4.41	6	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.68	3	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	5.48	11	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	1.98	1	0
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	3.17	5	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	3.48	2	0	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.58	2	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	3.59	2	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	3.23	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	4.51	4	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	3.23	1	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.11	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	3.23	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	2	1	0
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.42	2	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	7.9	4	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.05	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
epinastine epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.	2.02	1	0	benzazepine; guanidines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; ophthalmology drug
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	5.75	28	0
estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.	3.59	2	0	triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	11.19	108	3	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethenzamide ethenzamide: structure	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethinamate ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.	2.04	1	0	carbamate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	sedative
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	3.86	3	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.	3.23	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
ethoxyresorufin ethoxyresorufin: structure	2.39	2	0	phenoxazine
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	3.59	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	4.25	5	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810 [no description available]	4.08	4	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	3.22	6	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	4.27	5	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	4.93	11	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	2.17	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fenbufen fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; biphenyls	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	10.06	12	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	7.48	8	1	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	3.87	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.97	4	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.98	13	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	11.14	5	1	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level	3.59	2	0	benzodioxoles
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	3.59	2	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	4.26	5	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	2.46	2	0	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	4.66	8	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	9.22	5	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	3.1	5	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	4.07	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	3.87	3	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2.02	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	3.23	1	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	14.06	26	2	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	4.25	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	3.23	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	4.94	11	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	4.55	7	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	3.59	2	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	4.72	9	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	19.52	362	33	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	6.04	8	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	7.05	1	0	benzoate ester
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	1.98	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil [no description available]	5.24	15	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	5.56	17	1
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	1.96	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	3.87	3	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.76	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	3.59	2	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.58	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	3.25	6	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	4.76	10	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	6.81	19	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzenes
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.44	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
go 6976 [no description available]	2	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.7	3	0
granisetron [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	2.05	1	0	sesquiterpene
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	13.18	31	5	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	4.57	8	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	3.23	1	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	4.63	8	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.59	9	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	9.53	7	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	4.16	17	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.36	2	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.41	2	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.73	3	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	3.11	5	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)	2.05	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.44	2	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.37	2	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	4.59	8	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	7.37	36	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	3.23	1	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	3.23	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	8.27	20	1	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	4.25	5	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	12.32	31	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	4.08	4	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	10.49	53	8	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
alverine alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug
idebenone [no description available]	2.42	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide [no description available]	3.87	3	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	10.39	19	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	4.26	5	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	4.08	4	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	11.19	69	3	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
indoprofen Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.	2	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	6.25	13	1	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide [no description available]	1.95	1	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	6.22	33	1	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iomeprol iomeprol: structure given in first source. iomeprol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	3.85	4	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	3.52	8	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	6.27	19	0	organic molecular entity
iotrolan iotrolan: nonionic, isotonic contrast medium designed for intrathecal use; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; DL-3-117 refers to stereoisomer; structure given in first source	4.41	8	0	organic molecular entity
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.	2.38	2	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide	radioopaque medium
iotroxic acid iotroxic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
ioversol [no description available]	5.14	5	0	amidobenzoic acid
ioxaglate Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	8.59	9	0	benzenedicarboxamide; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iproniazid [no description available]	4.34	6	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	4.3	5	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.5	8	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	3.87	3	0	benzenes
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	5.32	13	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	6.15	9	1	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	4.22	18	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	13.26	38	1	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	3.59	2	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	3.59	2	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	3.84	3	0	piperazines
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.05	1	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.9	11	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	4.51	7	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	11.31	18	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	4.41	6	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.68	3	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.42	2	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kojic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.07	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzylsuccinic acid benzylsuccinic acid: inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A. 2-benzylsuccinic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of succinic acid carrying a 2-benzyl substituent.	1.97	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	4.94	11	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	4.53	7	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.05	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	1.97	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	3.87	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	3.23	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	2	1	0	indoles
lithium hydroxide lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH	2.05	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	3.83	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
lomustine [no description available]	4.22	5	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	11.8	7	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	7.2	9	2	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	4.87	6	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	9.84	10	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	3.23	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	2.06	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2.44	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.47	2	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	isopropyl ester
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	3.87	3	0	anthracenes
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	4.06	4	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	3.48	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	6.05	40	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	4.08	4	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.17	5	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	2.37	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	9.04	4	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.	2.05	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol
memantine [no description available]	3.58	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.37	2	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mepenzolate mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	3.85	3	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	4.08	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	3.86	3	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	4.45	7	0	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	4.24	5	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	3.23	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	4.37	6	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	5.17	8	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	4.47	7	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	1.95	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	4.67	5	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.17	1	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	organooxygen compound
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	3.87	3	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	1.96	1	0	organochlorine insecticide
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	8.58	9	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)	3.58	2	0	benzothiadiazine
nocodazole [no description available]	2.42	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.45	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	4.68	9	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
methyprylon methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	7	13	2	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	4.84	10	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	5.65	24	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	13.31	16	4	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	3.87	3	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	9.43	6	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.97	4	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	4.53	7	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	8.58	2	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone [no description available]	3.52	2	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	4.66	8	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	3.59	2	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	3.59	2	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	4.65	8	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	3.86	4	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.04	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.4	2	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	4.22	5	0	monoterpenoid
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	2.04	1	0	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	4.1	16	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	1.97	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	3.74	3	0	purine nucleoside
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	3.86	3	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nadolol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetralins
nalidixic acid [no description available]	5.43	4	1	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	4.27	5	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.65	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.54	7	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	3.87	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	5.27	6	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niceritrol Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.15	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	5.75	27	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.69	3	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilutamide [no description available]	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	3.87	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	6.28	11	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	3.86	3	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	3.74	10	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	9.05	33	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nizatidine [no description available]	4.08	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist
nizofenone nizofenone: protects experimental mice & rats against cerebral anoxia	1.96	1	0	benzophenones
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	3.87	3	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	2.44	2	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	4.08	4	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	4.34	6	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.41	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	4.38	6	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
olprinone olprinone: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	bipyridines
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	9.73	9	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	4.54	7	0	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	3.86	3	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	1.97	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.59	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	2.46	2	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	4.83	10	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxethazaine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid amide
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.68	10	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	4.03	14	0	aromatic ether
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.05	1	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.86	3	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	4.07	3	1	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	4.08	4	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pamidronate [no description available]	5.77	6	1	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	4.42	6	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	6.01	22	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	2.42	2	0	monochlorophenol
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.65	3	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.69	3	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.25	6	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	3.87	3	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	4.08	4	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	6.61	29	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.99	7	0	oxopurine
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.	2.05	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	3.59	2	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	4.36	6	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure	2.04	1	0	acetamides
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	3.26	6	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	5.05	3	1	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	7.19	30	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	4.51	2	0	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	8.23	6	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	5.54	23	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	4.08	4	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.4	2	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	3.37	7	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	4.76	10	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
phthalylsulfathiazole phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.75	3	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.73	3	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	4.83	10	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	8.93	3	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	2.05	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pipobroman Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.	3.47	2	0	N-acylpiperazine; organobromine compound; tertiary carboxamide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	5.44	4	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure	2.46	2	0	pyridines
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.46	2	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
polythiazide [no description available]	3.58	2	0	benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	19.51	634	48	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.92	4	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.63	9	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents	3.23	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0	chromones
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	pyridochromene
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	3.86	3	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	11.21	10	1	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	4.38	6	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	4.21	5	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.38	2	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	5.6	24	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.71	3	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	5.02	13	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	19.2	515	43	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	6.92	13	1	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	3.86	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	3.59	2	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2.42	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	4.77	10	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	3.58	2	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	3.59	2	0	xanthenes
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.92	4	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	12.23	11	1	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	7.16	70	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	1.98	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	3.23	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	7.39	2	0	pyridines
pyridostigmine [no description available]	3.55	2	0	pyridinium ion
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.03	4	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	benzodiazepine
quetiapine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	3.59	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	3.23	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine [no description available]	3.75	10	0	aralkylamine
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	2.05	1	0	secondary carboxamide
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.44	2	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	4.04	4	0	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	3.23	1	0	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	4.25	5	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	3.23	1	0	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.05	1	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole [no description available]	3.23	1	0	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	6.4	13	1	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	3.23	1	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	3.98	4	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
sennoside a&b [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	4.51	5	1	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	3.59	2	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	4.02	4	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.4	2	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.9	4	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	1.97	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	3.87	3	0	pyridines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	4.41	6	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug
ponalrestat [no description available]	1.97	1	0	phthalazines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	4.54	22	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
imatinib [no description available]	3.58	2	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	3.59	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	4.76	10	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.45	2	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic	antiinfective agent
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfameter Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; leprostatic drug; renal agent
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.75	3	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	3.59	2	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.74	3	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.04	1	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.66	3	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.05	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.45	2	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	5.07	13	0
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	4.05	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	2.05	1	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.04	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	3.34	7	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	5.08	3	1	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulfoxone sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available]	3.87	3	0	alkylbenzene
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	3.9	12	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	salicylamides
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	4.23	5	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.42	2	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tegafur [no description available]	2.92	4	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	3.59	2	0	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	4.47	6	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	3.86	3	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	11.81	19	1	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	6.02	8	1	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	3.48	8	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.64	9	0	quaternary ammonium ion
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	4.43	7	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	3.84	3	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	3.44	2	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	4.24	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,2'-thiodiethanol 2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom	2.04	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; diol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; solvent
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	4.06	4	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	4.67	5	0	aziridines
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	5.19	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	3.58	2	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	4.7	5	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tipepidine tipepidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	piperidines
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	3.59	2	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.68	3	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.86	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	3.75	3	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	9.91	11	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	3.52	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.	4.25	5	0	aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	6.23	10	1	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	2.46	2	0	triazolopyrimidines
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	3.87	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	10.92	14	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	3.59	2	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	2.04	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine 2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
triclosan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	4.5	7	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.43	2	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.43	1	1	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	3.58	2	0	amine
trimebutine Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.	2.05	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	4.08	4	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.	3.23	1	0	benzamides; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	4.76	9	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	3.58	2	0
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	3.58	2	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.	1.99	1	0	psoralens	dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	4.08	4	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tyramine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.23	1	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.	2.1	1	0	undecenoic acid	antifungal drug; plant metabolite
urapidil [no description available]	2.46	2	0	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	3.7	10	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.	4.08	4	0	cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	piperidines
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
vigabatrin [no description available]	3.86	3	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.91	4	0
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.75	3	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	3.87	3	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	3.23	1	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
cn 100 CN 100: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.98	4	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	3.59	2	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.05	1	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
guanidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt	protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.	3.59	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	4.62	8	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	4	14	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	7.41	22	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	2.73	3	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	4.77	10	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.38	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	5.88	19	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	17.06	485	18	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	8.82	12	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	10.37	23	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.45	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
triethylenemelamine Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.	2.87	4	0	1,3,5-triazines	alkylating agent; insect sterilant
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	2.05	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.	2.05	1	0
dichloroisoproterenol dichloroisoproterenol: was heading 1968-94; was DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1963-76; DCI was see DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1975-94; use ISOPROTERENOL to search DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1968-94 & DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1966-67	1.94	1	0
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.9	4	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.	2.05	1	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	4.5	7	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	3.86	3	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	9.27	19	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	6.99	33	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	2.31	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative	2.45	2	0	barbiturates
aldosterone [no description available]	7.71	29	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
allobarbital allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects	2.45	2	0	barbiturates
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	1.94	1	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	5.55	13	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	1.94	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
cysteine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	7.41	21	2	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	4.51	7	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paramethasone Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)	2.45	2	0	fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	3.87	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nad [no description available]	2.05	1	0	NAD	geroprotector
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	1.99	1	0
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	1.94	1	0	indoles
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	2.04	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	5.21	16	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	3.73	11	0	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	6.28	19	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	1.97	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	4.47	7	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	7.41	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
pheniprazine pheniprazine: was heading 1963-94; use HYDRAZINES to search PHENIPRAZINE 1966-94	1.94	1	0	amphetamines
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	1.94	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	1.93	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	7.86	57	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	3.67	10	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	7.34	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.38	2	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	5.8	30	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	9.66	28	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	12.3	45	14	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	6.08	40	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.	2.46	2	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	detergent; surfactant
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	4.47	24	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	tertiary alcohol
vincristine [no description available]	4.21	5	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	4.68	9	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	16.98	581	15	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.92	4	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.05	1	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	3.05	5	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	4.36	6	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	3.63	9	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	3.59	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
dromostanolone dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	3.59	2	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	6.25	35	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	8.22	6	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.38	2	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	6.85	14	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	4.78	10	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	7.89	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	6.26	148	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.22	5	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	5.41	24	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.9	12	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	10.8	116	4	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	1.98	1	0	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.17	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	5.98	26	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	9.2	5	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.	3.23	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
phlorhizin [no description available]	6.55	65	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.	3.59	2	0	phenothiazines
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	3.45	2	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	9.91	19	3	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	8.57	9	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	2.45	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	9.01	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	4.01	14	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.05	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.6	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	2.04	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	10.42	61	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	14.93	51	16	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	2.71	3	0	anilines; primary arylamine
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	3.23	1	0	calcium salt	chelator
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	2.9	4	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	1.95	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.04	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.07	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cytidine diphosphate Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.	2.07	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.42	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	12.79	210	4	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	7.19	30	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.41	2	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	7.3	33	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	8.75	11	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	6.67	30	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	1.94	1	0
cytidine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.07	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
mebanazine mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.59	2	0	benzenes
strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.	2	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde
uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.	3.48	2	0	aminouracil; nitrogen mustard
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	4.96	12	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.7	30	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	4.43	22	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	6.19	10	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.06	5	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	sulfone
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.45	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.97	4	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.04	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	2.45	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	2.05	1	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	9.36	6	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.	2.87	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)	3.87	3	0	aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.03	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	5.03	13	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cytarabine [no description available]	7.39	21	1	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	1.99	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	8.75	11	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	8.76	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-toluenesulfonamide 4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	sulfonamide
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	16.91	275	19	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.5	2	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.42	2	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	2.45	2	0	organic sodium salt	dye
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.22	6	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.49	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	2.38	2	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	3.04	1	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
trypan blue VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.	2.05	1	0
cordycepin [no description available]	8.73	9	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	5.19	48	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	4.19	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	2.67	3	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	13.32	56	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	1.96	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	8.42	7	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.65	3	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.66	3	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.55	2	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.42	2	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.03	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.66	3	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2.38	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	3.54	8	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
dichlorodimethylsilane [no description available]	2.05	1	0
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	3.49	8	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
methyl sulfate methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.39	2	0	alkyl sulfate; one-carbon compound
dalapon dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	carboxylic acid; organohalogen compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.94	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.17	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	3.23	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.92	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	3.23	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
bromthymol blue Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.	2.4	2	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; polyphenol; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.	1.95	1	0	benzofurans
mepenzolate bromide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
allylpropymal allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	3.14	5	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	3.13	5	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
butobarbital butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)	2.45	2	0	barbiturates
methsuximide methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
methylpentynol methylpentynol: structure	2.04	1	0	ynone
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	13.81	67	1	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.38	2	0
pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.	4.24	4	1	pentaerythritol nitrate	explosive; vasodilator agent
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	1.96	1	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.39	2	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.42	2	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.71	3	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.48	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	3.13	5	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	2.42	2	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
nitroethane nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.68	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.39	2	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
camphene camphene : A monoterpene with a bicyclic skeleton that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2 and a methylidene group at position 3. It is a widespread natural product found in many essential oils.	2	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monoterpene	fragrance; plant metabolite
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.67	3	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	4.59	6	1	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	5.85	23	1	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	9.21	56	2	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.48	8	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
acetrizoic acid Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.	3.73	3	0	aminobenzoic acid
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	1.99	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.23	1	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluorene [no description available]	2	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	4.22	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	7.26	19	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
2,6-dichlorophenol 2,6-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,6-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol with the chloro substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.02	1	0	dichlorophenol
D-arabinopyranose D-arabinopyranose : D-Arabinose in its pyranose form.	1.96	1	0	D-arabinose
hexamethylbenzene hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2	1	0	methylbenzene
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	10.84	95	2
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	7.17	69	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-tert-butylphenol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	alkylbenzene
2-isopropylphenol 2-isopropylphenol: structure given in first source. 2-isopropylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an isopropyl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	phenols
2-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.02	1	0
2-nitrophenol nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.	2.02	1	0	2-nitrophenols
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.68	3	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.02	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	1.98	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.08	1	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	3.86	3	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; tertiary amine	appetite depressant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.72	3	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.42	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.03	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	1.94	1	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.42	2	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.93	4	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	3.06	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	2	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2.42	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
fenoprop fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	phenoxy herbicide
synephrine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	4.71	9	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
butylparaben [no description available]	2.39	2	0	organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.41	2	0	carbonyl compound
nicotinic acid benzyl ester nicotinic acid benzyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6344. benzyl nicotinate : A benzyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a rubefacient.	2.03	1	0	benzyl ester	vasodilator agent
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-toluidine 2-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.	2.02	1	0	aminotoluene	carcinogenic agent
2-bromophenol bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.	2.02	1	0	bromophenol	marine metabolite
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.02	1	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
3,4-dimethylphenol 3,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.	2.43	2	0	phenols
2,5-xylenol 2,5-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.02	1	0	phenols	animal metabolite; volatile oil component
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.48	2	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	7.45	2	0	phosphonic ester
lactobionic acid [no description available]	3.11	5	0	disaccharide	antioxidant
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	1.97	1	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.57	2	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
benzotrifluoride alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: structure in first source. (trifluoromethyl)benzene : A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; fluorohydrocarbon	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	2.42	2	0	phenols	allergen
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.46	2	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.42	2	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.42	2	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
3-nitroaniline 3-nitroaniline: used as a sole source of nitrogen , carbon and energy	2.02	1	0
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	9.97	154	1	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dicloran 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.	2.04	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dichlorobenzene; nitroaniline	antifungal agrochemical
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	1.96	1	0
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.72	3	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.02	1	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
4-anisic acid 4-methoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid substituted with a methoxy group at position C-4.	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.17	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.03	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.02	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.42	2	0	benzenes; nitrile
methylaniline methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.	2.02	1	0	methylaniline; phenylalkylamine; secondary amine
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2.71	3	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
methylphenylsulfide thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzenes
phenylmethanesulfonic acid phenylmethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	4.31	6	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
dyrene dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine pesticide; secondary amino compound; triazines	antifungal agrochemical
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	1.94	1	0	pyridinium salt
ethyl phenylacetate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	benzenes
boric acid [no description available]	3.5	8	0	boric acids	astringent
2-phenylethyl acetate phenethyl acetate : The acetate ester of 2-phenylethanol.	2.17	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzonatate benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.	3.59	2	0	benzoate ester; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anaesthetic; antitussive
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.41	2	0	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
2,4-dimethylphenol 2,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 4.	2.02	1	0	aromatic fungicide; phenols	disinfectant; volatile oil component
4-bromophenol 4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.	2.02	1	0	bromophenol	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; persistent organic pollutant; rat metabolite
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.42	2	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.02	1	0	aminotoluene
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.03	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
acrolein [no description available]	2.04	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
propylamine propylamine : A member of the class of alkylamines that is propane substituted by an amino group at C-1.	2.02	1	0	alkylamines
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	2	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.65	3	0	alkanesulfonic acid	human metabolite
dimethyldioctadecylammonium dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.47	2	0
2-pentanone pentanone : Any ketone that is pentane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.	2.02	1	0	methyl ketone; pentanone	plant metabolite
1,3-butylene glycol 1,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-1,3-diol : A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions.	1.99	1	0	butanediol; glycol
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-chloroaniline 3-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
3-chlorophenol 3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.	2.02	1	0	monochlorophenol
3,5-xylenol 3,5-xylenol: RN given refers to 3,5-isomer. 3,5-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.02	1	0	phenols	xenobiotic metabolite
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.25	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene [no description available]	2.42	2	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.42	2	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	3.46	1	1	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
n-butyl n-butyrate n-butyl n-butyrate: structure. butyl butanoate : A butanoate ester of butan-1-ol.	2.6	1	0	butyrate ester	metabolite
propyl acetate propyl acetate: affects aggression without affecting motor activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. propyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of acetic acid with propanol.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester	fragrance; plant metabolite
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.68	3	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.02	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
dimethoxymethane dimethoxymethane : An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.	2	1	0	acetal; diether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	4.52	5	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.4	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.43	2	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	3.11	5	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
ethyl sebacate ethyl sebacate: causes contact dermatitis	2.04	1	0	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).	2.08	1	0	butanediol; glycol	neurotoxin; prodrug; protic solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	3.53	2	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	3.53	2	0	cycloalkene
morpholine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexylamine hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.04	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.38	2	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.47	2	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-butoxyethanol n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.	2.03	1	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.46	2	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
tetraethylenepentamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	polyazaalkane	copper chelator
1-octadecene octadec-1-ene : An octadecene with unsaturation at C-1.. octadecene : An alkene that is octadecane containing one double bond at unspecified position.	2.1	1	0	octadecene
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	2.74	3	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.23	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	2.72	3	0	bromide salt
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.46	2	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	2.41	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant
bromphenol blue Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.	2.36	2	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.27	6	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.05	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.05	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	7.87	20	2	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.43	2	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2	1	0	tertiary amine
4-sulfanilic acid 4-sulfanilic acid: minor descriptor (75-82); online search SULFANILIC ACIDS; Index Medicus search BENZENESULFONATES. 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid : An aminobenzenesulfonic acid that is aniline sulfonated at the para-position.	1.97	1	0	aminobenzenesulfonic acid	allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
3-nitrobenzoic acid 3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.05	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	2.68	3	0
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	4.97	9	1	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.59	9	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94	3.87	3	0	quinolines
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	5.16	9	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.	2.13	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	1.95	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
amiben Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.1	5	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
dextrothyroxine Dextrothyroxine: The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.. D-thyroxine : The D-enantiomer of thyroxine.	1.95	1	0	D-tyrosine derivative; thyroxine
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.65	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrosodimethylaniline 4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.	2.39	2	0	dimethylaniline; nitroso compound; tertiary amino compound
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	2.89	4	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.47	2	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
diphenylcarbazide Diphenylcarbazide: Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.	2.1	1	0	phenylhydrazines
monuron monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.	2.46	2	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sterogenol hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.	2.05	1	0	bromide salt; pyridinium salt	antiseptic drug; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; surfactant
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.73	3	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.02	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	2.04	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2.38	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.43	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	3.23	6	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	7.31	40	1	D-aldohexose derivative
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	1.98	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	3.54	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
pentoxyl Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidone
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.23	6	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
2-vanillin ortho-vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2	1	0	benzaldehydes; guaiacols	antimutagen; plant metabolite
tetritol butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol : A tetritol that is butane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 4.	2.03	1	0	tetritol
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.27	6	0	organic molecular entity
3-hydroxyanisole 3-hydroxyanisole: structure in first source. 3-methoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol having a methoxy-substituent at the 3-position.	2.02	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols
merphos merphos: structure	1.96	1	0
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.38	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	3.82	3	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	2.05	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	2.05	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
dydrogesterone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	1.98	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	1.95	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
phenetidine Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	drug metabolite
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.03	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	2.99	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.42	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.22	6	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.74	3	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	1.99	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	2.39	2	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.98	13	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.9	4	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.74	7	1	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	4.73	29	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.48	8	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	3.47	8	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.94	4	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	2.88	4	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	3.06	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	4.23	5	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.85	11	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.85	4	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.05	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
methylpentynol carbamate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
mechlorethamine n-oxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nitrogen mustard
edrophonium bromide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	2.64	3	0
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	11.83	33	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	7.48	17	1	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	4.07	4	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	2.4	2	0	ether
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	2.68	3	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
5-fluorotryptophan 5-fluorotryptophan: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. 5-fluorotryptophan : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is tryptophan in which the hydrogen at position 5 on the indole ring is replaced by a fluoro group.	7.46	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; organofluorine compound; tryptophan derivative
fluocinonide Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	3.23	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.59	2	0	steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.48	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	1.95	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; butanamides; butyrate ester	agonist; cardiotonic drug; vasodilator agent
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylbenzidine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
2-fluorophenol fluorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded fluorine atoms.	2.02	1	0
3-fluorophenol 3-fluorophenol: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	6.82	8	2	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	10.21	16	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	1.96	1	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2.43	2	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	1.95	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.37	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.38	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.42	2	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
n-pentyl nitrite Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.	2.35	2	0	nitrite esters	vasodilator agent
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	4.18	5	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	4.19	5	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	6.42	13	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.37	7	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	3.59	9	0
rhein [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.04	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.72	3	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	2.42	2	0	phthalazines
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	2.39	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	1.98	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	8.22	6	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
fructose-1,6-diphosphate beta-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	1.96	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate	mouse metabolite
pamaquine pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.44	2	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	1.98	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.01	1	0	butenolide
isomaltose [no description available]	2.41	2	0
dixanthogen [no description available]	1.93	1	0	thiocarbonyl compound
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.23	1	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
azetidine [no description available]	7.07	1	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
formoguanamine [no description available]	1.93	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.39	2	0
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	2.17	1	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.39	2	0	thiazolidine
suberic acid suberic acid: used in plastics industry; inhibits activity of some enzymes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. suberic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,6-dicarboxy derivative of hexane.	2.01	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.04	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	1.99	1	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.59	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	4.09	4	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
echothiophate iodide Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.	1.94	1	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antiglaucoma drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	4.27	3	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.99	4	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	3.86	3	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	3.23	6	0
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	6.08	3	1	diarylmethane
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.1	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	10.49	21	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	6.81	50	0	organic molecular entity
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	5.81	36	0	cellobiose	epitope
apronalide apronalide: structure	2.04	1	0	N-acylurea
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.38	2	0	thiazoles
hydroxyhydroquinone benzene-1,2,4-triol : A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.39	2	0	benzenetriol	mouse metabolite
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
evernic acid evernic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0	carbonyl compound
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	4.04	4	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
nitrophenide nitrophenide: Structure in first source	8.5	2	0
diphenylcarbazone diphenylcarbazone: sensitive reagent for Hg, for which it gives blue color; structure	2.1	1	0
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	1.95	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
4-chloroacetanilide 4-chloroacetanilide : Acetamide substituted on nitrogen by a para-chlorophenyl group.	2	1	0	acetamides; monochlorobenzenes
cetyl palmitate palmityl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of palmitic acid with palmityl alcohol. It is used as a thickener and emollient in cosmetics.	1.99	1	0	hexadecanoate ester	metabolite
1-chloropropane 1-chloropropane: structure in first source	2	1	0
levocarnitine (R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.	3.59	2	0	carnitine	antilipemic drug; nootropic agent; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	13.99	65	4	dialdehyde	biomarker
sulfanilylurea sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure	3.59	2	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.04	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.43	2	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.04	1	0	phenoxazine
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	1.95	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.9	4	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.02	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	5.18	3	1	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	2.67	3	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
3-nitrophenol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	3-nitrophenols
glycylglycine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	1.97	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
diepoxybutane diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0	epoxide	mutagen
metahexamide metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
lactulose [no description available]	10.07	13	0	glycosylfructose	gastrointestinal drug; laxative
2,3-dichlorophenol dichlorophenol : Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.	2	1	0
2,6-xylenol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	hydroxytoluene
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	3.38	7	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.17	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
2-methoxybenzoic acid O-methylsalicylic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid that is the methyl ether of salicylic acid.	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid	flavouring agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrosobenzene [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzenes; nitroso compound	xenobiotic metabolite
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	2	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
3,5-dichlorophenol 3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.	2.02	1	0	dichlorophenol
iodobenzene iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.02	1	0
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	2.17	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
methyl n-butyl ketone Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.	2.02	1	0	ketone
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	1.97	1	0	organic sulfide
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.74	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
methylurea N-methyl urea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by a methyl group at one of the nitrogen atoms.	7.35	2	0	ureas
1,1-dimethylurea [no description available]	2.37	2	0
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
pamabrom [no description available]	3.23	1	0
toyocamycin Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
galactitol [no description available]	6.32	30	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-cyanophenol 2-cyanophenol: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
2-pyrrolidone 2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	1.98	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	metabolite; polar solvent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	13.4	39	4	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
methyl butyrate [no description available]	2	1	0	fatty acid ester
2,5-dimethylfuran 2,5-dimethylfuran: metabolite of n-hexane. 2,5-dimethylfuran : A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	furans	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel; fumigant; human urinary metabolite; Maillard reaction product; plant metabolite
n-tetradecane tetradecane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.	2	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea: structure. 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 1, 3 and 3 respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	1.96	1	0	ureas	human metabolite
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.64	3	0
brilliant green brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.	7	1	0	organic hydrogensulfate salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; poison
clopamide Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	3.73	2	1	sulfonamide
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	5.33	18	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
isosorbide Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.	4.17	5	0	organic molecular entity
mannoheptulose Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.	1.99	1	0	D-manno-heptulose
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	3.35	7	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hadacidin hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.	2.4	2	0	aldehyde; monocarboxylic acid; N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
dodecanedioic acid dodecanedioic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is dodecane in which the methyl groups have been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acids.	2.01	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human metabolite
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.37	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
4-cyanophenol 4-cyanophenol: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor	2.02	1	0	phenols	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
carbophenothion carbophenothion: structure	2.04	1	0	organic sulfide
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	3.59	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	2.04	1	0
calcium lactate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
tempidon 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source	2	1	0	piperidones
lormetazepam lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	sedative
vinblastine [no description available]	2.95	4	0
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	2	1	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	3.23	1	0	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
amaranth dye Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0
3,4-epoxy-1-butene 3,4-epoxy-1-butene: RN given refers to monomer	2.03	1	0
4-phenylpyridine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	phenylpyridine
diphenyl sulfoxide diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase	2.02	1	0	sulfoxide
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	1.95	1	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
azure a Azure A: RN given refers to chloride. azure A : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining.	1.97	1	0
testolactone Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.	2.04	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; seco-androstane
canrenone Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.	3.46	1	1	steroid lactone
estradiol valerate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	4.11	3	1	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.45	2	0
2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine: see also 2,4,6-triaminopyridinium (cation). 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine core carries amino substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.41	2	0	aminopyrimidine
ammonium bicarbonate ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)	2.54	2	0	organooxygen compound
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	4.26	5	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylhydroquinone phenylhydroquinone: major metabolite of o-phenylphenol; cleaves DNA; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	2.04	1	0	methylpyridines
n-nitrosodiethanolamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	nitroso compound
methyl phenyl sulfoxide (methylsulfinyl)benzene : A sulfoxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the sulfur atom of thioanisole.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; sulfoxide
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	6.48	12	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.36	7	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium peroxide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	4.18	3	1
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.84	3	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.	2.01	1	0	inorganic hydroxy compound	food acidity regulator
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	5.73	15	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346 sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue	protein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	5.11	5	2	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	10.67	74	2	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.94	4	0
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	1.97	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
isonicotinamide isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.	2.17	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
guanazole Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
selenocystine selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.4	2	0	diselenide; selenoamino acid
ibufenac ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
phenylphosphonic acid phenylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM same as N1	2	1	0	benzenes
azaperone Azaperone: A butyrophenone used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. azaperone : An N-arylpiperazine that is 2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(4-fluobenzoyl)propyl group. Used mainly as a tranquiliser for pigs and elephants.	1.95	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
meturedepa meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031	2.04	1	0	phosphoramide
metaxalone [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether
ioxynil ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	iodophenol; nitrile	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
bromoxynil bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	dibromobenzene; hydroxynitrile; phenols	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	3.23	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	4.28	19	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
picloram Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.	2.04	1	0	aminopyridine; chloropyridine; organochlorine pesticide; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	herbicide; synthetic auxin
ethoglucid Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.	2.37	2	0	epoxide
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	4.54	4	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	1.96	1	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	7.72	68	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
decachlorobiphenyl decachlorobiphenyl: structure. decachlorobiphenyl : A polychlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2	1	0	pentachlorobenzenes; polychlorobiphenyl
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	3.87	3	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
decyltrimethylammonium decyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one decyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage	3.16	5	0	benzodioxine
azaribine azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.	2.04	1	0	acetate ester; N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antipsoriatic; prodrug
peroxyacetyl nitrate peroxyacetyl nitrate: important air pollutant; structure	2	1	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	6.56	18	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	3.06	5	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.08	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
dexbrompheniramine dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.23	1	0	brompheniramine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	8.96	14	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.46	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione [no description available]	2.04	1	0
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
acadesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acetophenazine acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.	2.45	2	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; phenothiazines	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
uridine diphosphate galactose Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.	1.95	1	0	UDP-D-galactose	mouse metabolite
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	4.25	5	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.45	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	3.58	2	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	4.56	7	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	4.59	25	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
nickel carbonate [no description available]	2	1	0
benzolamide Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.	1.95	1	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	4.75	7	1	thujene	plant metabolite
improsan improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	organosulfonic ester
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	7.52	104	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	4	14	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
iproclozide iproclozide: structure	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	3.23	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin [no description available]	5.26	17	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	3.66	10	0	carbon oxoanion
piperacetazine piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines
azatadine azatadine: indulian (UD 21;71k) is dimaleate; do not confuse with AZACITIDINE. azatadine : A benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine having a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group at the 11-position.	2.02	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
cladribine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone [no description available]	2.45	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug
pyrodifenium bromide pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	4	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; pyridoisoquinoline	antileishmanial agent; antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug
benorilate benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin	2.05	1	0	carbonyl compound
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	2.44	2	0	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.38	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2.74	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
clomacran clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.59	2	0	acridines
pentaquine pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
dimethindene Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.	2.02	1	0	indene
methenamine hippurate methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action	3.23	1	0	N-acylglycine
maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.	1.98	1	0	pyridazinone
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	1.98	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	4.74	9	0	azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
chlorphenamidine Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.	1.95	1	0
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.39	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.02	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	2.44	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
tert-nitrosobutane [no description available]	2.4	2	0
tiadenol tiadenol: structure	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide
trimethaphan Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.	3.19	6	0	sulfonium compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antihypertensive agent; nicotinic antagonist; vasodilator agent
methylglucamine metrizoate methylglucamine metrizoate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
hepes [no description available]	2.91	4	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	3.68	10	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	3.59	1	1	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	5.37	23	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	3.9	13	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	3.34	7	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.9	4	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	3.08	5	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.42	2	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.97	4	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	1.95	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.67	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	5.3	18	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.53	8	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.68	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.47	2	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
arsine arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.	1.99	1	0	arsanes; arsine; mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.59	9	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.38	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	3.87	12	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	1.97	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.09	15	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.28	6	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	7.65	3	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	4.24	4	1	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.9	4	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	3.56	9	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	1.94	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.1	1	0	titanium group element atom
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.14	5	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	8.3	30	2	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	8.8	11	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	10.55	13	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
meladrazine nitrosoproline: RN given refers to 1-nitroso-L-proline	2.01	1	0
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	7.88	4	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	5.26	12	1	sodium phosphate
perchloric acid [no description available]	2.34	2	0	chlorine oxoacid
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	1.97	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	3.48	8	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	7.94	4	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	3.07	5	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	1.98	1	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	3.23	6	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	3.37	1	1	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.13	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	9.09	38	4	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	7.07	14	7	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
monoethylglycinexylidide monoethylglycinexylidide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; metabolite of xylocaine; structure. monoethylglycinexylidide : Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.	2.02	1	0	amino acid amide	drug metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	4.39	1	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	3.1	5	0	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	4.01	13	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.01	1	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	6.24	26	0	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.08	5	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	3.1	5	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
tungstate [no description available]	2.39	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	1.95	1	0
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.08	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	4.49	4	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	3.25	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
potassium sulfate potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4	2.41	2	0	inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.13	16	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.2	6	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	5.59	29	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.38	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
lead arsenate lead arsenate : An inorganic lead salt composed from lead(2+) and arsenate dianion. It was widely used in the United States in the 1950's as an insecticide to control pests in fruit orchards, specifically apples and cherries.	1.97	1	0	inorganic lead salt	insecticide; plant growth regulator; rodenticide
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	2.42	2	0	metal sulfate	allergen
potassium chromate(vi) potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2	1	0	potassium salt	carcinogenic agent; oxidising agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	3.39	7	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.44	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
butylated hydroxyanisole [no description available]	2.02	1	0
sulfur trioxide sulfur trioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	sulfur oxide
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.47	2	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
desmedipham desmedipham: structure. desmedipham : A carbamate ester that is phenylcarbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.	2	1	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	12.52	74	0
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.39	2	0	epoxide
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	3.66	10	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	1.98	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	2.41	2	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	5.95	9	1	aluminium sulfate
ammonium ferric sulfate ammonium ferrous sulfate: supplies nutritional iron. ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.	2.4	2	0	ammonium salt; iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	ferroptosis inducer
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	3.28	6	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
tellurous acid tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.36	2	0	tellurium oxoacid
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.92	4	0	cadmium coordination entity
calcium nitrate calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.	2.08	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	fertilizer
ancitabine Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.	2.04	1	0	diol; organic heterotricyclic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
amopyroquine amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.92	4	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
chlormerodrin Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.	4.29	6	0	organomercury compound; ureas	diagnostic agent; diuretic
magnesium nitrate magnesium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of magnesium.	1.96	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; magnesium salt	fertilizer
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.02	3	1
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
ferric nitrate ferric nitrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3) salt	1.99	1	0
phenacid phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
rhamnose [no description available]	7.08	32	3	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.93	4	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chloramine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	halide
chrysotile Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)	2.4	2	0
ammonium fluoride ammonium fluoride : A fluoride salt having ammonium (NH4+) as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	ammonium salt; fluoride salt
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	9.67	29	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
reproterol reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.46	2	0	oxopurine
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	1.96	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	3.4	7	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	1.95	1	0
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure	1.95	1	0
menthone menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).	2	1	0	menthone
myrmicacin myrmicacin: found in secretions of South American leaf-cutting ant; inhibitor for mitotic progression after metaphase. 3-hydroxydecanoic acid : A medium-chain fatty acid that is decanoic acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2	1	0	3-hydroxy fatty acid; medium-chain fatty acid	antimitotic; Escherichia coli metabolite
xipamide Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.	2.74	3	0	benzamides
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	3.86	3	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.13	5	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	3.86	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	2.05	1	0	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	4.74	9	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	8.05	15	4	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	2.45	2	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	1.98	1	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	5.12	45	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.5	2	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	3.36	1	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
fluorides [no description available]	5.6	18	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
calusterone calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	4.67	8	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.72	3	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	3.59	2	0
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
etoprine etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP	2.39	2	0
mecysteine mecysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer. methyl L-cysteinate : An L-cysteinyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-cysteine with methanol. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough.	1.97	1	0	L-cysteinyl ester; primary amino compound; thiol	mucolytic
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane [no description available]	3.85	3	0
oryzalin oryzalin: a dinitroaniline; preemergence herbicide; structure. oryzalin : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by nitro groups and at position 4 by a dipropylamino group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; antimitotic; herbicide
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	5.04	13	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mercaptomerin mercaptomerin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5700	6.94	1	0
iodine [no description available]	5	13	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	4.7	9	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.04	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	3.58	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
demethylchlordimeform demethylchlordimeform: RN given refers to parent cpd.	1.95	1	0
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.69	3	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
alclofenac alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.05	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
formetanate formetanate: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0	carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	4.39	6	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	10.64	81	6	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.07	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	1.98	1	0	beta-diketone
paraldehyde Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.34	2	0	trioxane	sedative
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.14	5	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin [no description available]	3.87	3	0	indoles
azetepa [no description available]	2.04	1	0	phosphoramide
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: flame retardant	1.93	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.43	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	3.97	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	8.82	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
butylated hydroxytoluene 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.02	1	0	phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; food additive; geroprotector
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
halazepam halazepam: structure	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	3.9	4	0
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	1.95	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.08	5	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.06	5	0
rose bengal b disodium salt [no description available]	2.05	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	2.93	4	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	6.99	1	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	6.85	35	2	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	3.59	2	0	chlorphenamine
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	1.95	1	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
clometacin clometacin: structure	3.59	2	0	N-acylindole
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	6.56	8	2	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
ripazepam [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzenes
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	5.69	31	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.77	32	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	1.99	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	10.08	13	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	12.95	24	1	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
carfecillin Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.	2.05	1	0	penicillin
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2.6	1	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
norflurazone norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	2.41	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyridazinone; secondary amino compound	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide
almitrine Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.	7.41	2	0	piperazines; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	central nervous system stimulant
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2.05	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	3.06	5	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
enterobactin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	catechols; crown compound; macrotriolide; polyphenol	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.59	2	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	3.23	1	0	catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
prednimustine Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
ioxitalamic acid ioxitalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; Telebrix 38 contains both sodium ioxitalamate & meglumine ioxitalamate; structure. iooxitalamic acid : An organoiodine compound that is 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3 and a (2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl group at position 5. It is used as a contrast medium.	3.32	2	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines	anti-arrhythmia drug
amygdalin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyanogenic glycoside; disaccharide derivative; gentiobioside	plant metabolite
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.02	1	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.	4.26	5	0	amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	5.08	13	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
7-ethoxycoumarin 7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; coumarins
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.05	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure	3.87	3	0	pyrroline
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	9.74	9	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	5.89	18	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
u 40481 U 40481: RN given refers to parent cpd. N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-methylformamidine : A member of the class of formamidines that is N-methylimidoformamide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom has been replaced by a 2,4-dimethylphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the insecticide amitraz.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; formamidines	marine xenobiotic metabolite
etoposide [no description available]	11.59	15	1	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	4.86	4	2	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	1.97	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	5.99	8	1	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	2.46	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	2.05	1	0	phenanthrenes
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	3.85	3	0	ethanolamines
etidocaine Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide	local anaesthetic
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.29	5	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	4.1	4	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	3.08	5	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.02	1	0	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbidopa [no description available]	2.06	1	0	catechols; hydrate; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	3.83	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
hydroxymaprotilin hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	3.87	3	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	4.97	12	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	3.55	8	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	4.82	10	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.44	2	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	5.53	9	2	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.93	4	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
vecuronium vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; androstane; quaternary ammonium ion	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	4.09	15	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	3.87	3	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
thidiazuron [no description available]	2.1	1	0	ureas
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
pinazepam pinazepam: structure	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine
exifone [no description available]	3.84	3	0	benzophenones
moniliformin moniliformin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with plant product, moniliformin	1.99	1	0
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.05	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	3.8	11	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
mefloquine (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.23	1	0	[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol	antimalarial
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	2.02	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	2.39	2	0	dichlorobenzene
butibufen butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	3.23	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.82	3	0	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
acarbose [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetrasaccharide derivative	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	3.59	2	0	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	6.18	3	1	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
spiromustine [no description available]	2.39	2	0
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	2.7	3	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0
diaziquone diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines; carbamate ester; enamine	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	3.58	2	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
fluridone [no description available]	2.45	2	0	phenylpyridine	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.92	4	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefonicid Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	10.42	4	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	4.08	4	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	5.41	19	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	3.59	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
staurosporine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.44	2	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antiviral drug
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	5.22	3	1	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	2.45	2	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	3.26	6	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	2.04	1	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	3.23	1	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	4.19	17	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4.53	7	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	thiazoles
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	4.66	3	2	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine [no description available]	3.59	2	0
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4.08	4	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
bucindolol bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative	2.04	1	0
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	5.9	7	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.88	4	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	3.59	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	8.39	7	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	3.59	2	0
recainam recainam: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	4.37	6	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	3.87	3	0	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
dazmegrel [no description available]	1.98	1	0
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
bm 13505 daltroban: thromboxane antagonist	1.99	1	0
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.74	3	0
castanospermine castanospermine: indolizidine alkaloid from seeds of Australian legume, Castanospermum australe. castanospermine : A tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer).	2.66	3	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	9.44	6	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.	3.23	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	4.77	9	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.23	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
caracemide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	2.45	2	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.86	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
alpidem [no description available]	3.59	2	0	imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.02	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
cicletanine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organochlorine compound
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	3.59	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone piroximone: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil 5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV	2.46	2	0
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	8.79	10	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	1.99	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
temelastine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	pyrimidone
dopexamine dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	catecholamine
iopentol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
cilazapril, anhydrous Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; pyridazinodiazepine	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source	3.23	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.45	2	0	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	3.09	5	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	3.23	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	5.24	2	1	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
mk 458 MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.	2.42	2	0	hydrochloride	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	3.87	3	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
aromasil [no description available]	3.23	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	3.87	3	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	5.05	4	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	3.87	3	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	3.59	2	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	3.16	5	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	3.23	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer	2.75	3	0
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	3.87	3	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	3.83	3	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	3.23	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
technetium tc 99m mertiatide Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.	2	1	0
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	3.23	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	9.29	5	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
befloxatone befloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.06	1	0
lamivudine [no description available]	4.55	7	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	duloxetine
irinotecan [no description available]	3.92	3	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	3.87	3	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.59	2	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	4.09	4	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.77	3	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	3.23	1	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
simendan Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.	2.49	2	0
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.05	1	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	3.23	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mifobate mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties	2.05	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source	3.59	2	0	biphenyls
tiludronic acid tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	organochlorine compound
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	3.6	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	16.92	285	26	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	1.97	1	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2.4	2	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
nitrogen trioxide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	nitrogen oxide
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.1	5	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	1.99	1	0
edda EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.	1.98	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; ethylenediamine derivative; glycine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; chelator
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.68	3	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
morzid morzid: structure	2.04	1	0	morpholines
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.43	2	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	3.08	5	0
halofuginone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinazolines
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.83	31	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
ortho-cept ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne	2.05	1	0
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	4.27	5	0
cefprozil [no description available]	3.59	2	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
febrifugine febrifugine: antimalarials; structure	2.04	1	0	quinazolines
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.08	4	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	9.25	5	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
rolofylline rolofylline: selective antagonist for adenosine receptors; a cardiovascular agent	2	1	0	oxopurine
doxapram hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	central nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	4.69	28	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	6.97	1	0
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.04	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	7.69	3	0	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.41	7	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
3-methylhistidine 3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.	2	1	0	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	7.43	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	3.23	1	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	3.84	3	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	9.1	4	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
thymine arabinoside thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus	2.04	1	0	N-glycosyl compound
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.4	2	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
cholesteryl sulfate cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.	2.41	2	0	steroid sulfate	human metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
psicofuranine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	psicose derivative; purine nucleoside
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.39	2	0
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.48	2	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2	1	0
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	3.65	10	0	iodine oxoacid
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
nojirimycin nojirimycin: from Streptomyces ficellus; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0	amino monosaccharide; hydroxypiperidine
fructose-1-phosphate fructose-1-phosphate: RN in Chemline for alpha-D-fructopyranose-cpd:126-25-0; RN given refers to (D)-isomer. D-fructose 1-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of fructose 1-phosphate.. keto-D-fructose 1-phosphate : The open chain form of D-fructose 1-phosphate.	2.42	2	0	D-fructose 1-phosphate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.01	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	3.93	13	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	3.5	8	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
baccatin iii [no description available]	6.99	1	0	acetate ester; benzoate ester; tetracyclic diterpenoid	plant metabolite
fenclofenac fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	aromatic ether
triciribine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	2.41	2	0	purine nucleoside
sinefungin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	6.43	16	1	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
histamine phosphate histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.	3.23	1	0	phosphate salt	histamine agonist
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	3.09	5	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
tilbroquinol [no description available]	3.59	2	0	organohalogen compound; quinolines
bendamustine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	benzimidazoles
erdosteine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
droxicam droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.	3.87	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; pyridines	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug
dicarbine dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
trofosfamide trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure	2.04	1	0	ifosfamides
iomeglamic acid iomeglamic acid: structure	6.96	1	0	anilide
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside 4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.04	1	0
etofibrate etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
fotrin fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure	2.04	1	0
sufosfamide sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure	2.04	1	0
ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector	3.59	2	0	sulfonamide
mizolastine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles
intoplicine intoplicine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	pyridoindole
repaglinide [no description available]	3.58	2	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	4.26	5	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
propatyl nitrate propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	2.74	3	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	2.37	2	0
cetiedil cetiedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	azepanes
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.76	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.02	1	0
fast blue b Fast Blue B: reagent for marijuana detection; RN given refers to parent cpd. fast blue salt B : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,3'-dimethoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-bis(diazonium), zinc and chloride ions in a ratio of 1:1:4. Used for detection of marijuana metabolites in urine.. fast blue B : The aromatic diazonium ion formed from diazotisation of 3,3'-dimethoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine.	1.98	1	0	aromatic diazonium ion	histological dye
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	7.47	2	0	boronic acids
sulfamidochrysoidine sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.	2.04	1	0
laurosept Laurosept: RN given refers to bromide	2.01	1	0
synthalin a synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.	2.05	1	0	guanidines	hepatotoxic agent; hypoglycemic agent; nephrotoxin
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.49	8	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3	4	0	1,2,3-triazole
guanidinopropionic acid guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure. 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels	1.98	1	0	guanidines; zwitterion	hypoglycemic agent
4-trifluoromethylphenol 4-trifluoromethylphenol: metabolite of fluoxetine; structure in first source. 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is p-cresol in which the methyl group is perfluorinated. It is a metabolite of the drug fluoxetine.	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; phenols	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
orsellinic acid orsellinic acid: from the Sonoran desert endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum; structure in first source. o-orsellinic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.31	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite; metabolite
phenylacetylglycine phenylacetylglycine : A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group.	3.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	1.95	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	2.45	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate: structure	3.38	7	0
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.05	1	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	4.4	2	2	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	4.09	4	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	5.56	6	3	aryl sulfate; pyridines
pumitepa pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.04	1	0
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	2.55	2	0	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ibuproxam ibuproxam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6312. ibuproxam : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ibuprofen with the amino group of hydroxylamine. Used for treatment of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders.	2.06	1	0	hydroxamic acid	iron chelator; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	5.23	3	1	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
talinolol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	ureas
pirlindole pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812	2.05	1	0	carbazoles
elmustine elmustine: structure	2.04	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.15	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.25	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dienogest [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
forphenicinol [no description available]	2.04	1	0
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.05	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
methyl levulinate methyl levulinate: structure in first source	7.41	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
resorufin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	phenoxazine
ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.	4.62	8	0	D-fructose 6-phosphate
morphazinamide morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index	2.05	1	0	morpholines; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide
2-hydroxychavicol 2-hydroxychavicol: antimutagen from betel leaf; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.	1.97	1	0	MOPS; morpholines; organosulfonic acid
chlorosulfonyl isocyanate chlorosulfonyl isocyanate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	2.04	1	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
pafenolol pafenolol: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	3.59	2	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
isaxonine isaxonine: promotes nerve growth	3.59	2	0	aminopyrimidine
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.71	3	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.02	1	0
nicaraven nicaraven: an antivasospastic substance	1.98	1	0
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
tiracizine tiracizine: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	dibenzooxazepine
nebivolol 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.	3.23	1	0	chromanes; diol; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
uk 68798 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	3.59	2	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.87	4	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.02	4	0	tocol
fenoxypropazine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	6.94	8	1	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	4.36	5	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
inproquone inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)	2.04	1	0
rexigen clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0
ranimustine ranimustine: RN given refers to (alpha)-(D)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
aceclofenac [no description available]	3.87	3	0	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0
nitrefazole [no description available]	3.59	2	0	imidazoles
pro-diazepam pro-diazepam: diazepam prodrug	2.25	1	0	peptide
tebuquine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fluparoxan fluparoxan: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
cyclobutyrol cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	bile therapy drug
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
tolmesoxide tolmesoxide: structure	2.05	1	0
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.03	1	0
hesperetin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
honokiol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
isoflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	isoflavones
clevudine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dmp 323 (4R,5S,6S,7R)-4,7-dibenzyl-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-bis[4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl]-1,3-diazepan-2-one : A 1,3-diazepanone ring with two 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl groups as substituents at positions N-1 and N-4, two benzyl groups at C-4 and C-7, and two hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-6 respectively.	1.99	1	0	diazepanone; ureas	anti-HIV agent; metabolite
teleocidin b-4 teleocidins: structure; RN given refers to teleocidin	1.97	1	0
3-hydroxy naphthoic acid hydrazide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
neplanocin a neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase	2.42	2	0
serpentine (alkaloid) serpentine (alkaloid): do not confuse with mineral serpentine; RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure	2	1	0	carboxylic ester; iminium betaine; indole alkaloid; quinolizines; zwitterion
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.05	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
nodakenin nodakenin: RN given for (R)-isomer; has anti-inflammatory properties	2.07	1	0	furanocoumarin
bes 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.21	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; amino sulfonic acid; BES
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	3.23	1	0	carbapenems
2,5-anhydromannitol 2,5-anhydromannitol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants	7.05	62	0
sodium selenide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	poison; reducing agent
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.59	2	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
n-acetylhistidine N-acetylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetylhistidine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens of the alpha-amino group is substituted by an acetyl group.. N-acetyl-L-histidine : A histidine derivative that is L-histidine having an acetyl substituent on the alpha-nitrogen.	2.75	3	0	L-histidine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylhistidine	animal metabolite
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.	2.89	4	0	alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	human urinary metabolite
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.91	4	0	monocarboxylic acid
1-ethoxysilatrane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan [no description available]	3.23	1	0	carbazoles
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	3.55	2	0	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
erucin [no description available]	4.48	1	1	isothiocyanate
5-hydroxymethyluracil [no description available]	1.97	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidone	human metabolite
tricine N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.	2	1	0	tricine
fluorescein dilaurate fluorescein dilaurate: used in pancreatic function test	2.39	2	0
cryptolepine cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.47	2	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
bexarotene [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	2.41	1	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.21	1	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	1.98	1	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	1.98	1	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	3.84	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
asperuloside asperuloside : A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; beta-D-glucoside; gamma-lactone; iridoid monoterpenoid; monosaccharide derivative	metabolite
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.06	1	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
phenylalanylphenylalanylamide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
tetramethylene glutaric acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0
cp 102 CP 102: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
dibromosulphthalein dibromosulphthalein: RN refers to 3H-labeled parent compound	1.96	1	0
3',5-dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid 3',5-dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	3.05	5	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
d-glucitol, 6-o-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-, mixture with 1-o-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-d-mannitol Palatinit: mixture of 1,6-mannitol glucopyranoside & 1,6-sorbitol glucopyranoside that affects de- and remineralization; non-cariogenic. 1-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol : A 1-O-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol that has alpha configuration at the anomeric centre.	6.28	11	1	(2xi)-6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-arabino-hexitol; 1-O-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol
tretazicar tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)	2.04	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	9.09	15	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.04	1	0
cinchonine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	5.31	13	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
1-o-pentylglycerol 1-O-pentylglycerol: an alkylglycerol, increases the transfer of ErPC into the brain	2.01	1	0
moexipril [no description available]	3.59	2	0	peptide
streptovitacin a streptovitacin A: structure	2.04	1	0
2-tyrosine 2-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. o-tyrosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of D- and L-o-tyrosine.. 2-hydroxyphenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 2 on the benzene ring.	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenols; phenylalanine derivative
6-phosphogluconic acid gluconic acid-6-phosphate: structure. 6-phospho-D-gluconate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid.. 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid phosphate having the phosphate group at the 6-position. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.	2.01	1	0	gluconic acid phosphate	fundamental metabolite
2-pinene oxide alpha-pinene oxide : An epoxide of alpha-pinene.	2.04	1	0	epoxide; pinane monoterpenoid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fragrance; human metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylglucoside [no description available]	3.85	12	0
delta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food antioxidant; plant metabolite
phospho-l-arginine phospho-L-arginine: inhibits pyruvate kinase. N(omega)-phospho-L-arginine : An arginine derivative that is L-arginine substituted by a phosphono group at N(omega)-position.	2.17	1	0	L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	animal metabolite
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cb 10375 trimelamol: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
melanotan-ii melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
mci 9038 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
melezitose melezitose: structure. melezitose : A trisaccharide produced by insects such as aphids.	1.96	1	0	trisaccharide	animal metabolite
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate: a monoglyceride of capric acid. 1-monodecanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has decanoyl (capryl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monodecanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-decanoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-decanoyl-sn-glycerol.	2.01	1	0	rac-1-monoacylglycerol
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.96	4	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	3.12	5	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
carbenicillin indanyl carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)	2.04	1	0	penicillin
4-desacetylvinblastine-3-carboxhydrazide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
arabitol arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.	6.02	36	0	arabinitol
isomaltitol 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of alpha-D-glucopyranose and D-glucitol residues joined in sequence by a (1->6)-glycosidic bond.	1.96	1	0	glycosyl alditol; O-acyl carbohydrate
lactamide lactamide: used in 2M solution as hyperosmotic agent on ciliary epithelium. lactamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lactic acid in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding carboxamide.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; secondary alcohol
cortisol octanoate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	1.97	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	5.47	19	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
cb 1837 CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid 1-phenazinecarboxylic acid: from Streptomyces cinnamonensis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. phenazine-1-carboxylic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carboxy group.	2.04	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; phenazines	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
desethylchloroquine desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine	2.05	1	0	aminoquinoline
2,2-dimethyl-beta-alanine [no description available]	2.47	2	0
hexaphosphamide hexaphosphamide: structure	2.04	1	0
dipin dipin: structure	2.04	1	0
phosphazine phosphazine: structure	2.04	1	0
phellopterin phellopterin: a naturally occurring furanocoumarin found in roots of Angelica dahurica; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	psoralens
diiodobenzotepa diiodobenzotepa: structure	2.04	1	0
poly-o-acetylserine O-acetylserine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. O-acetyl-L-serine : An acetyl-L-serine where the acetyl group is attached to the side-chain oxygen. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid cysteine in bacteria.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; acetyl-L-serine; amino acid zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-ketofructose 5-dehydro-D-fructose : A hexose obtained by selective dehydration at the 5-position of D-fructose.	2.25	1	0	hexose
s-2-aminoethyl cysteine S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.	1.96	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lecanoric acid lecanoric acid: from a strain of Pyricularia (deuteromycetes); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.31	1	0	benzoate ester
1,4-3,6-dianhydromannitol 1,4-3,6-dianhydromannitol: structure in first source	2.35	2	0
icig 1163 ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
wr 159412 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
amiprophos methyl amiprophos methyl: structure	2	1	0
bimolane bimolane: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
thiodipin thiodipin: structure	2.04	1	0
fluoxydine fluoxydine: structure	2.04	1	0
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.05	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
imiphos imiphos: structure	2.04	1	0
benzyloxyamine benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
phenglutarimide phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	piperidines
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	8.85	12	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	3.23	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	1.98	1	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.92	4	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
tritium oxide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	tritiated compound; water
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	2.03	1	0
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.94	4	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	2.99	4	0	calcium salt; hydrate
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.95	4	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.69	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	2.97	4	0
sr141716 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	2.03	1	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	4.26	5	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
u 74006f tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox	2.69	3	0	corticosteroid hormone
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.98	4	0
u 74389f U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source	2.4	2	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.13	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.07	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
fructose 2,6-diphosphate fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.37	2	0	D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; selenomethionine	plant metabolite
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.67	3	0
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	1.98	1	0
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
indobufen indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist	2.06	1	0	isoindoles
eudragit-e Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker	3.56	1	1
aminomethyltrioxsalen [no description available]	1.99	1	0
aldophosphamide aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide	2.04	1	0	nitrogen mustard
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminoquinoline
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	3.12	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	4.1	4	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
geniposide [no description available]	2.41	2	0	terpene glycoside
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.43	2	0	proanthocyanidin
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	2.02	1	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.1	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
2'-5'-oligoadenylate trimer 2',5'-oligoadenylate: inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free systems	2.34	2	0
fingolimod fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.	2.05	1	0	aminodiol; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; CB1 receptor antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
nopaline nopaline: utilized by virulent strains of Agrobacterium; metabolites of crown-gall tumors; isonopaline refers to (R-isomer) of nopaline; structure. D-nopaline : An amino acid opine resulting from the formal reductive condensation of the amino group of L-arginine with the keto group of 2-oxopentanedioic acid.	3.12	5	0	amino acid opine; D-glutamic acid derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; secondary amino compound; tricarboxylic acid
n-chlorotaurine N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase	2	1	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	1.99	1	0
benzamil [no description available]	2.02	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.07	5	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
octopine D-octopine : The (1R)-1-carboxyethyl derivative of L-arginine. It is a metabolite released by plant tumours.	3.24	6	0	amino acid opine; amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; D-arginine derivative; guanidines; secondary amino compound	animal metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	12.77	65	1
tadalafil [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	1.97	1	0	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.04	1	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	1.94	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
oxymatrine oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	alkaloid; tertiary amine oxide
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.	2.76	3	0	disaccharide derivative; glycoside	detergent
benzoylphenylalanyl-alanyl-proline benzoylphenylalanyl-alanyl-proline: synthetic angiotensin converting enzyme substrate	1.96	1	0
fe(ii)-edta Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	iron coordination entity
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.72	3	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
paliperidone 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine; secondary alcohol
n-phthaloylglutamic acid N-phthaloylglutamic acid: hydrolytic metabolite of thalidomide; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.04	1	0
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	monoterpenoid
nitisinone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
tafenoquine tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; primary amino compound; secondary amino compound
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
3-mercaptopicolinic acid 3-mercaptopicolinic acid: gluconeogenesis inhibitor; may also inhibit ATP-dependentphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase	1.96	1	0
clofarabine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol: has gastric antisecretory activity; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.37	2	0
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.59	3	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,1,2-trichloroethanol 1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene	2.04	1	0
1-hydroxyethyl radical ethoxide : An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.	1.97	1	0	organic anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-formylnorleucyl-leucyl-4-phenylalanine N-formylnorleucyl-leucyl-4-phenylalanine: used to demonstrate the specific binding of chemotactic peptides to receptors in rabbit neutrophils	1.97	1	0
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	3.23	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
valdecoxib [no description available]	3.56	2	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	2.25	1	0
mannopine mannopine: mannityl opine analog; RN given refers to (S)-isomer. mannopine : A hexitol derivative that is D-mannitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is replaced by the alpha-amino group of L-glutamine. It is produced in crown gall tumours induced in a wide range of dicotyledenous plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.	4.99	39	0	amino acid opine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; hexitol derivative; L-glutamine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	plant metabolite
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
agropine agropine: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.19	17	0
desethylamodiaquine desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine	2.05	1	0
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt	2.01	1	0
magnesium pyrophosphate magnesium pyrophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd (2:1)	1.97	1	0
vasotocin, 1-(beta-mercapto-(beta, beta-cyclopentamethylene)propionic acid)-tyr(om3)(2)-orn(8)- [no description available]	1.98	1	0
glucitollysine glucitollysine: glycosylated amino acid elevated in proteins from diabetics; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
erythrose 4-phosphate erythrose 4-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,R))-isomer. D-erythrose 4-phosphate : An erythrose phosphate that is D-erythrose carrying a phosphate group at position 4. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and Calvin cycle.	2.01	1	0	erythrose phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-iminomannitol 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-iminomannitol: inhibits glycoprotein processing; structure given in first source	3.27	6	0
n,n-dideethylchloroquine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
quinapyramine quinapyramine: RN given refers to hydride; structure	7.17	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.93	4	0	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.33	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.01	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.46	2	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	3.59	2	0	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
gefitinib [no description available]	3.89	3	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
anisodine anisodine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
deltorphin ii, ala(2)- deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors	2.01	1	0
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	1.99	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
kyotorphin kyotorphin: morphine-like dipeptide from bovine brain; RN given refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr)-isomer. Tyr-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-tyrosine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.46	2	0	dipeptide
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
citrate phosphate dextrose citrate phosphate dextrose: anticoagulant used in blood preservation	3.93	12	0
hoe 694 3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger	2.4	2	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
phosphohistidine phosphohistidine: RN given refers to N-phosphono-L-histidine	6.97	1	0
glycylglutamine glycylglutamine: inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite; protective agent
indo-1 pentaacetoxymethyl ester Indo-1 pentaacetoxymethyl ester: calcium-specific chelating agent; calcium ion fluorescent probe	1.97	1	0
alanylglutamine alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues.	3.51	1	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
subecholine subecholine: dicholinic ester of suberic acid; structure	1.96	1	0
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	6.5	4	2	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
2,5-dihydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine 2,5-dihydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine: structure given in first source	5.7	26	0	dihydroxypyrrolidine
2-pyrazinoylguanidine 2-pyrazinoylguanidine: inhibits secretion of urea by kidney tubules	1.97	1	0
solutol hs 15 Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1	2.05	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
desvenlafaxine O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.	3.23	1	0	cyclohexanols; phenols; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.31	1	0
ectoine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	osmolyte
7-goniofufurone 7-goniofufurone: from Goniothalamus giganteus; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
iremycin iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer	2.04	1	0
mannopinic acid mannopinic acid: mannityl opine analog; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	3.6	9	0
methotrexate [no description available]	9.69	63	3	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
n-(3-oxo-octanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone N-(beta-oxooctan-1-oyl)homoserine lactone: involved in conjugation and tra gene regulation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens; structure in first source	2	1	0
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
hainanensine hainanensine: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
ne 58051 NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
methyl-beta-d-fructoside methylfructoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.02	1	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	8.93	3	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
antiprimod azaspirane: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
n-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide: accumulated during osmotic stress in Rhizobium meliloti	2.4	2	0	dipeptide
2,3-dihydro-5h-oxazolo(3,2-a)thieno(3,2-d)pyrimidin-5-one 2,3-dihydro-5H-oxazolo(3,2-a)thieno(3,2-d)pyrimidin-5-one: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.05	1	0	penicillanic acids
mannitol-1-phosphate [no description available]	3.67	10	0	alditol 1-phosphate; hexitol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	3.59	2	0	biphenyls
org 9935 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
histidyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-leucine histidyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-leucine: HDEL intracellular distribution is characteristic of plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	2	1	0
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	3.23	1	0	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide	prodrug
cp-166,572 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	3.51	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
wr 242511 WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
butyryl-n-trihexylcitrate [no description available]	7.44	2	0
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	3.23	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
aspartame [no description available]	5.38	4	1	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
diphloretin phosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	9.85	110	1	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	3.06	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
ritrosulfan ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R,S)-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	6.7	43	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(2+) ion: RN given refers to (Cu+2) cation	1.97	1	0
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	3.23	1	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.61	2	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	3.59	2	0	carbohydrazide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	4.06	4	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
pneumocandin a(0) pneumocandin A(0): structure in first source; isolated from Zalerion aboricola	1.98	1	0
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	3.59	2	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
4-boronophenylalanine 4-boronophenylalanine: neutron absorbing (10)B-cpd used in thermal neutron capturetherapy of malignant melanoma; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.49	5	1
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	3.23	1	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
quebrachitol quebrachitol: RN given refers to (D-chiro)-isomer	6.97	1	0	cyclohexanols
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	3.59	2	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).	3.23	1	0	benzazepine	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.13	5	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
oleanolic acid 3-acetate oleanolic acid 3-acetate: from Gardenia jasminoides; RN given for (3beta)-isomer	2.38	2	0
ribulose ribulose: 5-carbon keto sugar; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PENTOSES (75-85); RN given refers to (erythro)-isomer	2.67	3	0	ribulose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
altritol altritol: structure given in first source. D-altritol : A hexitol that is hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having (2R,3R,4S,5R) configuration; the D-enantiomer of altritol.	3.79	3	0	hexitol	algal metabolite; marine metabolite
copper bis(histidinate) copper bis(histidinate): RN given refers to N,N(3),O(L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
damvar damvar: structure	2.04	1	0
sorbitol 6-phosphate D-glucitol 6-phosphate : The 6-O-phospho derivative of D-glucitol.	6.93	1	0	alditol 6-phosphate; glucitol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
pralnacasan pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source	3.59	2	0
clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	dihydropyridine
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
gw420867x GW420867X: structure in first source	2.41	2	0
solifenacin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.	3.23	1	0	methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate	adrenergic agent
10-deacetylbaccatine iii 10-deacetylbaccatine III: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.67	3	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	5.54	21	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	7.49	122	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lactitol lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.	4.21	5	0	glycosyl alditol	cathartic; excipient; laxative
lubiprostone [no description available]	5.47	4	1
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	2	1	0	camphor
telbivudine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.04	1	0	glycoside
adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate adenosine 3',5'-bismonophosphate : An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.	2.21	1	0	adenosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
homonojirimycin homonojirimycin: inhibits alpha-glucosidase; RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure in first source	2.51	2	0
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	2.05	1	0	pyrrolidines
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	3.5	1	1	imidazoquinoline
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.8	11	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
fidarestat fidarestat: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	3.38	7	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.46	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
cellobiotol cellobiotol: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. cellobiotol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-glucopyranose and D-glucitol residues joined in sequence by a (1->4) glycosidic bond.	2.38	2	0	glycosyl alditol
oxypeucadanin oxypeucadanin: furanocoumarin from W. Afr. medicinal plant Clausena anisata; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. oxypeucedanin : A furanocoumarin that is 7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one substituted by a [(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]methoxy group at position 4.	2.07	1	0	psoralens
orotidylic acid orotidylic acid: structure. orotidine 5'-phosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having 6-carboxyuracil as the nucleobase.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzo-tepa benzo-tepa: structure	2.04	1	0
tevenel tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.17	1	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
tac 278 TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.04	1	0
atx 70 ATX 70: structure given in first source; a gallium-porphyrin complex	1.98	1	0
monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate: monoisoamyl ester of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid	2.01	1	0
methylinositol methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol.	2.72	3	0
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.43	2	0
gulonolactone gulonolactone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0	gamma-lactone
cytidine diphosphate ribitol cytidine diphosphate ribitol: serves as the donor of ribitol residues for teichoic acid biosynthesis; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATE SUGARS (75-83). CDP-ribitol : A nucleotide-alditol having cytosine as the nucleobase and ribitol as the alditol portion.	6.93	1	0	nucleotide-alditol
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	3.87	3	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
2-aminomethyl-4-tert-butyl-6-propionylphenol 2-aminomethyl-4-tert-butyl-6-propionylphenol: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	3.23	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	3.6	9	0
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.63	3	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
procaine amide ethobromide procaine amide ethobromide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.36	2	0
threitol threitol: RN given refers to (R,R)-isomer. D-threitol : The D-enantiomer of threitol.	1.96	1	0	threitol	human metabolite
grandisol grandisol: major component of the four synergistic cpds of male boll weevil pheromone	2.41	2	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.37	2	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	3.23	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
bathocuproine disulfonate bathocuproine sulfonate: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd. bathocuproine disulfonic acid : A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.. copper chelator : A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.	1.98	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; phenanthrolines	chelator
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	3.23	1	0
terics terics: medicated blocks used for control of cattle bloat; RN given is for teric N; nonylphenol ethoxylate is resistant to environmental breakdown so EPA discourages use	2.02	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	4.59	8	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	6.53	47	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
fiduxosin fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source	3.59	2	0
agropinic acid agropinic acid: mannityl opine analog; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	3.38	7	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	6.5	36	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	7.96	4	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	3.39	7	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib [no description available]	3.58	2	0	aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	3.46	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2	1	0
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	3.91	2	1	very long-chain fatty acid
melagatran [no description available]	2.04	1	0	azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	1.96	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
allantoxanamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	2.45	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
maltotriose Porcelite: a light-cured composite resin. alpha-maltotriose : A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose ring form and has alpha configuration at the anomeric carbon atom..	1.95	1	0	maltotriose trisaccharide	human metabolite
hexestrol diphosphate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.04	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
etravirine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
n,n,n',n'-tetracyclohexyl-3-oxapentanediamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
difructose anhydride iii difructose anhydride III: a non-reducing derivative of inulobiose	2.05	1	0	sugar dianhydride
gossypolone gossypolone: structure given in first source	2	1	0
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.66	3	0	iron coordination entity
olpadronic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.41	2	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	3.23	1	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	3.59	2	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	3.23	1	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	3.87	3	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.59	2	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	4	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
regadenoson [no description available]	3.23	1	0	purine nucleoside
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.04	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.42	2	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol [no description available]	8.47	101	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	5.71	20	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	10.15	15	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	4.1	3	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.5	2	0
propargylamine propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0
vincaleukoblastine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	1.99	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.01	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.08	5	0
benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure	3.87	3	0	1-benzofurans
nsc-89199 estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.	2.04	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid phosphate
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	4.08	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
lupeol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
calendula Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.	7.17	1	0
acetylstrophanthidin acetylstrophanthidin: structure. acetylstrophanthidin : An acetate ester that is strophanidin acetylated at the 3beta-hydroxy group.	2	1	0	acetate ester	anti-arrhythmia drug
fusicoccin fusicoccin: phytotoxic glycoside from Fusicoccum amydali; structure	2.01	1	0
phenethicillin phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.	2.04	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
indicine-n-oxide indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R,3S),7abeta))-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
wortmannin [no description available]	3.12	5	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.	2.39	2	0	azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.42	2	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	1.96	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	9.35	5	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
neocryptolepine neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.17	1	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.06	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	2.21	1	0
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cimadronate cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
nexavar [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	3.79	2	1
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.4	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	3.36	1	1
secalonic acid secalonic acid: consists of 4 acids (A,C,D,E) differing only in their stereochemistry; RN given is for parent cpd; structure	2.21	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.7	3	0
carboplatin [no description available]	5.72	6	1
rimiterol rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol	2.46	2	0	catechols
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.93	4	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	4.85	35	0
sorbose sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.	4.47	24	0	L-sorbose; sorbopyranose
arabinose [no description available]	11.67	74	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.44	2	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.95	4	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	6.03	22	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	3.49	2	0
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	6.74	33	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2.05	1	0	D-galacturonic acid
elastin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	3.41	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	1.95	1	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	16.57	299	26	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.44	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
cytidine diphosphate glycerol cytidine diphosphate glycerol: acts as a donor of glycerol residues for teichoic acid synthesis; acyl derivatives are involved in phospholipid synthesis; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line Index Medicus search NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATE SUGARS (75-83); RN given refers to (S)-isomer. CDP-glycerol : A nucleotide-alditol having cytidine-5'-diphosphate and glycerol as the nucleotide and alditol components respectively.	6.93	1	0	nucleotide-alditol
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	5.61	5	1
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	1.93	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	5.59	24	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	3.11	1	0
d-tagatose D-tagatopyranose : The pyranose form of D-tagatose.	3.78	3	0	D-tagatose
dithioerythritol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
galactose beta-D-galactose : A D-galactopyranose having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.. beta-D-galactoside : Any D-galactoside having beta-configuration at its anomeric centre.	1.96	1	0	D-galactopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
galactose alpha-D-galactoside : Any D-galactoside having alpha-configuration at its anomeric centre.	1.96	1	0	D-galactopyranose	mouse metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.41	2	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.13	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	5.87	99	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
amastatin amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence	2.05	1	0	tetrapeptide	EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor; protease inhibitor
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	2.73	3	0
puromycin [no description available]	2.37	2	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
isomaltulose 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose : A glycosylfructose that is D-fructofuranose attached to a alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It is found in honey and sugarcane.	2.41	2	0	glycosylfructose	animal metabolite; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.43	2	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
alpha-aminobutyric acid alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.	1.99	1	0	alpha-aminobutyric acid; D-alpha-amino acid
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	3.58	2	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
n-formylmethionine N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.	1.95	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-formyl amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.1	5	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
mannosamine mannosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. D-mannosamine : The D-enantiomer of mannosamine.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose : A D-mannosamine in cyclic pyranose form.	7.35	2	0	D-mannosamine
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	8.04	8	5
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.4	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	2.38	2	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	2.68	3	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene (4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.	2	1	0	limonene	plant metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.71	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	3.87	3	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.4	2	0	cellotriose
gulose gulose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gulopyranose : The pyranose form of gulose.. gulose : An aldohexose that is the C-3 epimer of galactose.	2.37	2	0	D-aldohexose; D-gulose; gulopyranose
psicose, (d)-isomer [no description available]	2.4	2	0	monosaccharide
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	2.36	2	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	4.92	11	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	4.11	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	5.39	18	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
actinorhodin actinorhodin: structure. actinorhodin : A member of the class of benzoisochromanequinone that is produced by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and exhibits antibiotic activity.	2.1	1	0
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	3.09	5	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	6.67	9	2	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	3.24	6	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	4.65	8	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	4.84	6	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.86	3	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.74	3	0
trimethaphan camsylate trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.	2.05	1	0
miglitol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	piperidines
metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.	3.59	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
erythromycin estolate Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt; erythromycin derivative	enzyme inhibitor
bacampicillin bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.	2.04	1	0	penicillanic acid ester	prodrug
linezolid [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
perseitol perseitol: RN given refers to (D-glycero-D-galacto)-isomer. perseitol : A heptitol that is heptane-1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptol that has R-configuration at positions 2, 3, 4 and 5, and S-configuration at position 6.	2.39	2	0
canaline canaline: structure	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.9	4	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
cucumopine cucumopine: an opine from Agrobacterium vitis; RN given refers to cucumopine (4S-trans)-isomer; mikimopine is (4R-cis)-isomer	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
indican [no description available]	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.	2.01	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	2.52	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
angustibalin angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure	2.04	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.06	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
lentiginosine lentiginosine: from Astragalus lentiginosus	2.01	1	0	indolizines
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	3.51	1	1	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.05	1	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	7.03	1	0
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	2.01	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.1	1	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	3.93	13	0	tripeptide
geniposidic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	terpene glycoside
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.7	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
clindamycin phosphate [no description available]	3.23	1	0
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	2.05	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.93	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
tolterodine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	anthracycline
metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.	2.88	4	0	amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.33	2	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.39	20	0	cyclodextrin
acarbose [no description available]	2.97	4	0	amino cyclitol; glycoside
dephosphocoenzyme a 3'-dephospho-CoA : An adenosine 5'-phosphate that is coenzyme A in which the phosphate group at position 3' has been replaced by a hydrogen atom. It is an intermediate metabolite in pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis.	1.96	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	4.18	5	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.13	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	3.26	6	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.21	5	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	5.2	19	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.77	3	0	cyclodextrin
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.81	3	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
desthiobiotin desthiobiotin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (4R,5S)-dethiobiotin : The (4R,5S)-isomer of dethiobiotin.	1.98	1	0	dethiobiotin
2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-d-glucitol 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-glucitol: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.15	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	9.05	18	3	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.	2.05	1	0	docosahexaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	8.8	11	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	6.41	7	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.07	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	7.2	12	2	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	3.59	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.87	11	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	5.45	5	1	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.26	6	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	4.23	5	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	4.22	5	0
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	2.36	2	0
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	2.06	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.51	2	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	4.26	5	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	5.69	5	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
formycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	formycin	antineoplastic agent
drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma	2.05	1	0
epothilone b [no description available]	3.48	1	1	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.74	3	0	aromatic amide
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	5	3	1	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	8.59	9	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
octreotide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	3.48	1	1	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
eptifibatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.05	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2	1	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071 GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.	2.11	1	0	acetate ester; amino acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.68	3	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	2.47	2	0	oligopeptide
decitabine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide [no description available]	4.03	4	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
texas red Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source	2.71	3	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	3.28	6	0
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	4.13	4	0
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.05	1	0	purvalanol
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	5.58	24	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	3.1	5	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	2.45	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	1.96	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
atranol atranol: an oak moss allergen	2.31	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.37	2	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.68	9	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	1.97	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.42	2	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	3.87	3	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
euscaphic acid euscaphic acid: isolated from medicinal plant, Euscaphis japonica Pax.; structure; RN given refers to 2alpha,3alpha-isomer. euscaphic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 19 respectively (the 2alpha,3alpha-stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2.04	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	plant metabolite
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	3.59	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	5.41	11	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
maltitol maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.	6.31	11	1	alpha-D-glucoside; glycosyl alditol	laxative; metabolite; sweetening agent
bms-488043 BMS-488043: anti-HIV agent	2.08	1	0
sodium thiocyanate sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.	6.93	1	0	organic sodium salt
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	1.94	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	10.26	50	3	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.69	3	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.78	3	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium carbonate ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt)	2.17	1	0
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.67	3	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
arsenic trioxide Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.	3.23	1	0	arsenic oxide	antineoplastic agent; insecticide
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.	2	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidones	radical scavenger
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.74	3	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
ditiocarb sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
Tetrahydropiperine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
chavibetol chavibetol: isolated from essential oil of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus leaf; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
aceglatone aceglatone: structure in Merck	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
sr 90107 fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.	3.23	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid
carbenoxolone [no description available]	2.74	3	0
meglumine iodipamide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organoammonium salt	radioopaque medium
varitriol varitriol: from marine-derived strain of the fungus Emericella variecolor; structure in first source	7.05	1	0
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	1.98	1	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	2	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	4.87	36	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.22	18	0	isomethyleugenol
crotonyl alcohol crotonyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. crotyl alcohol : A primary alcohol in which the hydroxy function is bonded to a CH3CH=CHCH2- (crotyl) group.	2.07	1	0	primary alcohol
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.54	2	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.47	2	0	stilbene
thyrotropin-releasing hormone PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.	3.57	2	0	peptide hormone; tripeptide	human metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.39	2	0
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	3.45	1	1	penicillinate anion
ilepcimide ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.42	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
discodermolide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	diterpenoid
ricinoleic acid ricinoleic acid: RN given refers to (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8005. ricinoleic acid : A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration..	2.36	2	0	(9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	2.05	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	2.36	2	0	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	12.5	41	1	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	5.55	5	1	diphosphate ion
etorphine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alcohol; morphinane alkaloid	opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; sedative
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.17	1	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dodecylphosphocholine dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine	2	1	0	phosphocholines	detergent
mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.06	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
amygdalin (R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.	2.46	2	0	amygdalin	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
canrenoic acid Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.	1.95	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid
iothalamate meglumine Iothalamate Meglumine: A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins.	4.86	8	1	amidobenzoic acid
mitobronitol Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.	8.07	17	3	alcohol; organobromine compound
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.03	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.4	2	0	S-glycosyl compound
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.45	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.	2.45	2	0
fludarabine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	4.67	8	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous [no description available]	2.05	1	0
methylatropine nitrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	2.05	1	0	pyridines
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.01	1	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	2.04	1	0	chlorprothixene
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	4.36	3	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	5.86	13	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbital thiobarbital: structure	1.97	1	0
sb 366791 N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	2.71	3	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.46	2	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	3.23	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.	2.41	2	0	methoxycinnamic acid
isoferulic acid isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.	1.98	1	0	ferulic acids	antioxidant; biomarker; metabolite
alpha-naphthyl thiourea alpha-naphthyl thiourea: structure	1.95	1	0	naphthalenes
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.17	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
thiothixene [no description available]	3.23	1	0	N-methylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	3.23	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	1.95	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.61	7	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	2.07	1	0
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.39	2	0	thiazolidinone
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	3.59	2	0	diarylmethane
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.04	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	4.62	8	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	4.32	1	1	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	4.84	10	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	7.99	13	3	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
levocetirizine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	diarylmethane
terbinafine [no description available]	3.87	3	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	4.07	3	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	4.35	6	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.69	3	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	4.38	21	0
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	6.5	73	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	4.45	1	1
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	13.41	318	2	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	1.95	1	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.7	3	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
brij-58 Cetomacrogol: Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.	1.96	1	0
4-maleimido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl 4-maleimido-TEMPO : A member of the class of piperidines that is TEMPO carrying a maleimido group at position 4.	1.96	1	0	aminoxyls; dicarboximide; maleimides; piperidines	radical scavenger; spin label
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	3.8	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	6.25	27	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
6-thioguanosine 6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	purine nucleoside
streptozocin [no description available]	4.26	5	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.48	2	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.43	2	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.42	2	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	4.26	5	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.89	4	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
tetraoctylammonium bromide tetraoctylammonium bromide: a phase transfer reagent	2.1	1	0
nadp [no description available]	6.67	43	0
galactal galactal: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.1	1	0	anhydrohexose; glycal
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.13	1	0
hc-067047 HC-067047: a TRPA1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	4.08	4	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone: structure in first source. 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone : A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	quinolone	signalling molecule
cancidas [no description available]	3.23	1	0
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.37	2	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
artemotil artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	artemisinin derivative
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	4.21	5	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	3.66	10	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	13	27	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.8	3	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	5.43	4	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
aplaviroc aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source	3.59	2	0
thiocarlide thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent	2.04	1	0	thioureas
hmr 3647 [no description available]	3.59	2	0
tak 456 TAK 456: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
maraviroc [no description available]	3.59	2	0	tropane alkaloid
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	4.08	4	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).	3.23	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.02	1	0
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	3.04	1	0
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	2.49	2	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol: structure in first source. phytantriol : A triol that consists of 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecane bearing three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.57	2	0	triol
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	11.39	41	1	alkali metal atom
thiamylal Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.	2	1	0	barbiturates; organosulfur compound	sedative
thiobutabarbital thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.39	2	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	2.89	4	0	nitrogen oxide
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	3.77	3	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.64	3	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
droloxifene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	2.06	1	0	salicylamides
dolasetron [no description available]	3.23	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; nitrile; pyridazinone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mannomustine Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.	5.81	31	0	amino alcohol
rgh 0205 RGH 0205: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2	1	0	oligopeptide
thymocartin [no description available]	2	1	0
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	2.74	3	0	steroid	estrogen
glucametacin glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure	2.45	2	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	3.87	3	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	5.81	12	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.05	1	0
indium oxine indium oxine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric indication for indium	1.98	1	0
glycodeoxycholic acid Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.	2	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
peptidoglycan pentapeptide-mdap3 peptidoglycan pentapeptide-mDap3: peptide portion of peptidoglycan-mDap3 in Gram-negative bacteria	2.03	1	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.42	2	0
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea 1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
cystine [no description available]	3.36	7	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
3,3'-diallyldiethylstilbestrol 3,3'-diallyldiethylstilbestrol: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/89	1.97	1	0
fospropofol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
rasagiline [no description available]	3.23	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
deracoxib SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.	2.02	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	3.58	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
a 65186 A 65186: type A CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; A-70104 is the dicyclohexylammonium salt of A-65186	2	1	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
s-phosphocysteine S-phosphocysteine: intermediate in phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent mannitol transport catalyzed by E coli. S-phospho-L-cysteine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of L-cysteine carrying an S-phospho substituent.	6.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate; phosphoamino acid; S-substituted L-cysteine
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	1.98	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	3.69	10	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.8	3	0
silybin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
alatrofloxacin alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin	2.06	1	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	1.98	1	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	4.33	19	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	4.79	31	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	naphthoic acid
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	6.98	1	0	oligosaccharide
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.7	3	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.69	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.17	1	0
alizarin red s Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	histological dye
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.86	4	0
lonomycin lonomycin: polyether antibiotic ionophore, polycyclic; lonomycin B is stereoisomer of lonomycin A; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	1.94	1	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.67	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.04	1	0
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	3.23	1	0	triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.38	2	0
icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.	2.4	2	0
flosequinan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinolines
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.99	4	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	3.87	3	0	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.11	1	0
alsterpaullone alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; caprolactams; organic heterotetracyclic compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.37	2	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
fraxin fraxin: found in Fraxinus excelsior leaves; structure given in first source. fraxin : A beta-D-glucoside that is fraxetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is a natural product isolated from the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	anti-inflammatory agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
fraxetin fraxetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; apoptosis inhibitor; Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.38	2	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	8.53	8	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	7.76	25	3	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	4.55	25	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.69	10	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.41	2	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.39	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.4	7	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	5.22	16	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.66	9	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	5.08	10	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.39	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.42	2	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	2.67	3	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
alpha-isopropylmalate alpha-isopropylmalate: structure. (2S)-2-isopropylmalic acid : An optically active form of 2-isopropylmalic acid having S-configuration.. 2-isopropylmalate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-isopropylmalic acid.	2.02	1	0	2-isopropylmalic acid
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.41	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.97	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
15-keto-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-keto-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/88. 15-oxo-ETE : An oxoicosatetraenoic acid having (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E) double bond stereochemistry, and an oxo group in position 15.	2.03	1	0	oxoicosatetraenoic acid	human metabolite
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.97	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alprostadil [no description available]	4.68	6	1	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.79	3	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.39	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.38	2	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	3.58	9	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.42	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	4.06	4	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.39	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid omega-9 hydroperoxide 12-HPETE: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; 12-HPETE may be used inconsistently in literature as synonym for cpds with various tetraene-locants; caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries. 12(S)-HPETE : The (S)-enantiomer of 12-HPETE.	1.97	1	0	HPETE	mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.91	4	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.39	2	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	8.26	6	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	8.59	33	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.46	2	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	9.28	24	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	3.87	3	0
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.23	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	8.22	11	5	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.	3.23	1	0	isoquinolines
olopatadine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
hemabate carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.	3.23	1	0
ethchlorvynol Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.	1.94	1	0
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.59	2	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	3.59	2	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	3.37	6	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.48	2	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
azafrin azafrin: constituent of Centranthera grandiflora	1.96	1	0	sesterterpenoid
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	2.15	1	0	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	2.08	1	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
usambarensine usambarensine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	harmala alkaloid
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.04	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
esculin [no description available]	3.07	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	7.66	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
baicalein [no description available]	2.11	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
diosmetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
diosmin [no description available]	4.16	3	1	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	1.98	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent	2.74	3	0	alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
echinacoside echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity	2.45	2	0	oligosaccharide
forsythiaside forsythiaside: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source; from the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (qinglianquiao)	2.05	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	2.11	1	0	stilbenoid
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	3.51	1	1	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	2.72	3	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.17	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	2.04	1	0	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.05	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.69	3	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	2.17	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
sorivudine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
xanthoxin xanthoxin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis; structure	2.01	1	0	apo carotenoid sesquiterpenoid; enal	plant growth retardant; plant metabolite
travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.05	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	3.58	2	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	3.23	6	0	stilbenoid
4-hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.	2.01	1	0	4-hydroxy steroid	metabolite
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	2.05	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	3.87	3	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	4.33	4	1
epoprostenol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	prostaglandins I	mouse metabolite
indocyanine green [no description available]	3.23	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.42	2	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	3.59	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	3.59	2	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
ethamolin monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma	3.23	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate [no description available]	3.59	2	0
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E: RN given refers to (11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer	1.96	1	0	prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	2.89	4	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	3.23	6	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.	2.38	2	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.43	2	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.05	1	0
codeine [no description available]	4.73	9	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	4.65	8	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
mitolactol Mitolactol: Alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs.	6.05	5	1	alcohol; organobromine compound
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	3.66	10	0	hydrochloride
natamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	3.87	3	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
acrivastine acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.	2.46	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	2.04	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.74	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.46	2	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dothiepin
erythrityl tetranitrate Erythrityl Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1020). erythrityl tetranitrate : Erythritol in which each of the hydroxy groups has been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to nitroglycerin. It is usually used diluted with lactose or other suitable inert excipients, in order to minimise the risk of explosion; undiluted erythrityl tetranitrate can be exploded by percussion or excessive heat.	4.58	6	1	nitrate ester	explosive; vasodilator agent
estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients	3.23	1	0	piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	3.57	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
iodopyracet Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.	3.73	3	0
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	4.4	3	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	4.39	6	0	carbacephem; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.23	1	0
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	2.05	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	11.44	14	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	3.59	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	3.59	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	3.23	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
proscillaridin Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	4.21	5	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	9.07	4	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.23	1	0
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.7	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	5.68	26	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	2.04	1	0
pyoverdin pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined	2.04	1	0
demycarosylturimycin h [no description available]	2.05	1	0
xylulose [no description available]	7.7	3	0	xylulose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
a 192621 A 192621: ET(B) receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
anthramycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	3.59	2	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	2.06	1	0	prostanoid
denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	4.49	7	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	8.97	3	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.07	1	0	oligopeptide
endomorphin 2 endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain	2.17	1	0
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	11.17	6	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2.4	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	1.94	1	0	peptide
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.71	3	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	1.99	1	0	benzodiazepine
lacidipine [no description available]	4.14	3	1	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.06	1	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
enprostil Enprostil: A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.	1.97	1	0
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.67	3	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	4.59	26	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	3.23	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.61	2	0	phenylalanine derivative
ciguatoxins Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.	6.27	12	0	ciguatoxin	metabolite
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	1.99	1	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
vinorelbine [no description available]	4.24	5	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	indolecarboxamide
biliverdine [no description available]	2.15	1	0
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
irisquinone irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.04	1	0
andrographolide [no description available]	2.78	3	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.	2.02	1	0	disaccharide derivative; kaempferol O-glucoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	chalcones
furazolidone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.05	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.05	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	2.04	1	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	7.46	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
stilbamidine stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	4.15	5	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	9.66	9	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	1.98	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.81	2	1
brevetoxin t17 brevetoxin T17: from Florida red tide organism Ptychodiscus brevis; neuromuscular blocking action; structure given in first source	2	1	0
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	4.09	4	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.02	1	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
molsidomine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	1.97	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	4.31	6	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.57	9	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	5.45	21	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.68	3	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	3.23	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	3.2	6	0	alkaline earth metal atom
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	1.95	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.	2.03	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	1.94	1	0	boron group element atom
triethyltin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.23	12	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.86	4	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	4.08	4	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	9.04	4	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	1.95	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	3.34	1	1	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	3.23	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
cefodizime cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
cefixime [no description available]	3.86	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.27	5	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	3.59	2	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	4.28	5	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
verteporfin (2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.	3.23	1	0
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	4.24	5	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	4.66	9	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
methyl oleate [no description available]	2.25	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	3.59	2	0	styrenes
piperic acid piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; benzodioxoles	plant metabolite
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.05	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
enalapril maleate enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.	2.06	1	0	maleate salt	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	9.95	11	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.45	2	0
trientine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.23	1	0
catharanthine [no description available]	2	1	0	alkaloid ester; bridged compound; methyl ester; monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound
cytochalasin e cytochalasin E: structure	1.99	1	0	cytochalasan alkaloid	metabolite
n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.	3.23	1	0
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.01	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	4.06	15	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iditol iditol: RN refers to L-isomer. L-iditol : The L-enantiomer of iditol.	7.9	4	0	iditol	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.98	14	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin [no description available]	3.8	3	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	5.03	41	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	7.36	2	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
n-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylmuramic acid: RN given refers to D-Glucopyranose, (R)-isomer. N-acetyl-D-muramic acid : The pyranose form of N-acetylmuramic acid.	2.6	1	0	N-acetylmuramic acid
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	4.26	19	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3.26	6	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	7.66	3	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	4.05	4	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan 1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan: structure given in first source	2	1	0
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	3.87	3	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime [no description available]	4.26	5	0	3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether	drug allergen
ceftriaxone [no description available]	4.66	8	0	1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.23	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
pafuramidine pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine	3.59	2	0
ceftazidime [no description available]	3.58	2	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
narcissin flavonol narcissin flavonol: flavanol glycoside from Strumpfia maritima; do not confuse with other narcissin in Chemline, an alkaloid (lycorine (NM))	2.02	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.87	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	1.95	1	0
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	7.37	2	0
talaporfin Talaporfin: effective tumor localizer that brings about the selective degradation of tumor tissue following light exposure; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer	1.97	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.54	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain	3.23	1	0	peptide
uroguanylin uroguanylin: amino acid sequence given in first source; stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase; GenBank Z83746 (pig)	2	1	0
oxyfedrine Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone
chlorin p6 chlorin p6: structure given in first source; a new photosensitizer for treatment of glioma tumors	2.03	1	0
guanylin guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)	2	1	0
h 1356 H 1356: an insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-I) analog; inhibits autophosphorylation of IGF-I receptor	2.01	1	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
guanabenz acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene	geroprotector
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.3	6	0	dichlorobenzene
famotidine [no description available]	4.41	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	6.08	111	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.73	3	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
lyoniside daucosterol : A steroid saponin that is sitosterol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has bee isolated from Panax japonicus var. major and Breynia fruticosa.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; steroid saponin	plant metabolite
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	11.29	6	2	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
aztreonam [no description available]	4.08	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.42	2	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	1.95	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
magnesium citrate magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.	2.01	1	0	magnesium salt	laxative
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	4.85	13	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.46	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cephalosporin
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
mastoparan [no description available]	1.98	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
ro 42-5892 remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	2.75	3	0	cyclopropanes; diol; L-histidine derivative; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor; peptidomimetic; vasodilator agent
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	2.36	2	0	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	5.08	14	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	3.68	10	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	3.34	7	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
ceftiofur [no description available]	2.04	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	5.02	13	0
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	1.99	1	0	organic anion
cefpodoxime [no description available]	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	3.23	1	0	azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.01	1	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
epoprostenol sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
diacetylmonoxime diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.	3.25	6	0
cefatrizine Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.	2.75	3	0	amino acid amide; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; phenols; semisynthetic derivative; triazoles	antibacterial drug; EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
raubasine raubasine: RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure	2	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.4	2	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.88	4	0	amidobenzoic acid
zoniporide zoniporide: inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1)	3	1	0
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	6.47	3	3
bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.	1.99	1	0	ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid	apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin
tiacrilast tiacrilast: structure given in first source	2.75	3	0
cilastatin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
rifaximin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative	antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.93	4	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	2.9	4	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
sibiromycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; hemiaminal; phenols; pyrrolobenzodiazepine	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
oxonol v oxonol V: fluorescent probe; see also record for oxonol dyes (isoxazole); structure	1.95	1	0
13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/88	2.31	1	0
1-geranylazacycloheptan-2-one 1-geranylazacycloheptan-2-one: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one: antineoplastic, non-toxic fungal steroid. ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one : An ergostanoid that is (22E)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.	2.44	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; ergostanoid	fungal metabolite
everolimus [no description available]	3.54	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
fk 352 FK 352: a pyrazolopyridine derivative; adenosine-1 receptor antagonist	3.38	1	1
ixabepilone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
diadinoxanthin diadinoxanthin: RN given refers to (beta,beta)-(3S,3'R,5R,6S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0	triterpenoid
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	2.07	1	0
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	1.95	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
nifuroxime 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source	2.71	3	0
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2.74	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.06	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
ceftizoxime [no description available]	3.86	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
glucoerucin glucoerucin: structure in first source. glucoerucin : A thia-alkylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 5-(methylsulfanyl)-N-(sulfooxy)pentanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	4.48	1	1	organic sulfide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available]	4.08	4	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide	serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	2.07	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	3.37	7	0
glucoraphanin glucoraphanin: precursor of sulforaphane. glucoraphanin : A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.	4.48	1	1	sulfoxide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	3.09	5	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.	2.05	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	9.7	9	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
suloctidil Suloctidil: A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	1.96	1	0
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	2.46	2	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2.45	2	0
beta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.53	2	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food component; plant metabolite
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	4.03	14	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	3.04	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
carboxyl radical [no description available]	2.39	2	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	1.99	1	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.37	7	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
8-bromo-beta-phenyl-1,n(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate 8-bromo-beta-phenyl-1,N(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate: RN refers to (S)-isomer; protein kinase G inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
dantrolene [no description available]	3.59	2	0
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.	2.46	2	0	roxithromycin	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefdinir [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cephalosporin; ketoxime	antibacterial drug
fumagillin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.68	3	0
etonogestrel [no description available]	3.23	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.46	2	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	1.97	1	0
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	2.05	1	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
lanreotide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	5.81	2	2	organic molecular entity
rmp 7 RMP 7: a synthetic bradykinin analog; selectively increases uptake of molecular tracers in RG2 glial tumors	2.01	1	0
temsirolimus [no description available]	3.23	1	0	macrolide lactam
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	3.87	3	0	diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001	3.59	2	0	substituted aniline
vildagliptin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	amino acid amide
fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.82	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
3-tyrosine 3-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. L-m-tyrosine : A hydroxyphenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine with a substituent hydroxy group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; phenols	plant metabolite
7-azatryptophan 7-azatryptophan: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0
acetylcarnitine O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.	2.05	1	0	O-acetylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	4.07	15	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	1.94	1	0
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	5.66	19	1	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.06	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.7	3	0
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	2.04	1	0
chlorproguanil chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
nifurtoinol nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	3.23	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.	3.23	1	0	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
fosinopril [no description available]	3.59	2	0
armodafinil armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.	3.23	1	0	2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide	central nervous system stimulant; eugeroic
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	2.03	1	0
disilver oxide [no description available]	2.08	1	0
3-O-feruloyl-D-quinic acid 3-O-feruloyl-D-quinic acid : A quinic acid that is the 3-O-feruloyl derivative of D-quinic acid.	2.07	1	0	enoate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
eflucimibe eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor	2.05	1	0
niravoline niravoline: a kappa-opioid agonist	1.99	1	0
(2s,3s)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine (2S,3S)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	2.41	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	2.7	3	0
zd 7155 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
nikkomycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	1.98	1	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	3.23	1	0	oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source	2.66	3	0
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
etomoxir [no description available]	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	3.8	3	0	organic molecular entity
flag peptide FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.	2.03	1	0	peptide
tetraborate tetraborate: RN given refers to ion(2-). borate ion : Any inorganic anion that is formally derived from boric acid. The term includes polymeric anions containing chains of BO3 structural units sharing one oxygen atom (e.g. di-, tri-, and tetraborates) as well as chains or rings sharing two oxygen atoms (e.g. metaborates).	2.04	1	0
ogt2378 sinbaglustat: an antineopl agent; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ibuprofen arginine ibuprofen arginine: trade name Spedifen	2.17	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	6.6	27	2	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	2.21	1	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.44	2	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
treosulfan treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer	2.04	1	0	methanesulfonate ester
pexacerfont [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
mart-1 antigen MART-1 Antigen: A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.	4.88	4	2
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	2.74	3	0
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
nkp 608 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.13	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	2.05	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source	2.77	3	0	piperazines; pyridines
rhodamine 123 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
zeolites [no description available]	2.01	1	0
ganu GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure	2.04	1	0
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	7.07	1	0
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	3.88	3	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
cerebroside d cerebroside D: isolated from the fungus Lactarium volemus; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	3.23	1	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.72	3	0
noradrenochrome noradrenochrome: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	indoles
apixaban [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
denufosol tetrasodium denufosol tetrasodium: for treatment of cystic fibrosis	6.01	5	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.05	1	0
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.08	1	0
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	2.34	2	0	peptide
substance p [no description available]	2.17	1	0
boronolide boronolide: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
acetyl-histidyl-phenylalanyl-arginyl-tryptophanamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.73	3	0
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
brevetoxin a Brevetoxin A: structure given in first source; from dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve. brevetoxin A : A ciguatoxin comprising a linear sequence of ten trans-fused five-, six-, eight- and nine-membered rings.	2	1	0	ciguatoxin
baci-im [no description available]	3.87	3	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	3.24	6	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	4.55	26	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	8.06	74	1	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	20.44	433	86
metamelfalan [no description available]	2.04	1	0
palytoxin palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.	1.97	1	0	polyol	toxin
trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate: an analog of cord factor	2.47	2	0	fatty acid derivative; O-acyl carbohydrate
bms-585248 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.06	1	0
bms 477118 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
rh 414 RH 414: voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye	2	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	4.58	8	0	nystatins
linoleic acid hydroperoxide linoleic acid hydroperoxide: RN refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleic acid hydroperoxide : A HPODE that is a mono-hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid	2	1	0
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	2.15	1	0	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.05	1	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	2.02	1	0
milnacipran [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetamides
14-deoxyandrographolide 14-deoxyandrographolide: from Andrographis paniculata; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
vindesine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	6.4	7	0
meralluride [no description available]	1.93	1	0
n-acetylmannosamine N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent	1.94	1	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	2.91	4	0	O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	3.4	1	1
diflucortolone Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.	2.45	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.23	18	0	benzoxazole
dihydroouabain dihydroouabain: RN given refers to (1beta,3beta,5beta,11alpha,20xi)-isomer. dihydroouabain : A cardenolide glycoside that is ouabain in which the double bond in the lactone ring has been reduced to a single bond. It is a cardiac glycoside and a derivative of ouabain which is used as a sodium pump antagonist and exhibits ionotropic effects.	1.97	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.48	2	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	5.12	5	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	5.47	12	0
methylamphotericin b methylamphotericin B: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	macrolide; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; metabolite
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	10.25	127	2
podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.	1.95	1	0
pf 03491390 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	1.96	1	0
atropine sulfate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	3.43	1	1
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ro 6-4563 glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	4.15	17	0
ammonium citrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ammonium salt; citrate salt	buffer; food emulsifier
deoxoartemisinin deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
hypocrellin a hypocrellin A: isolated from fungus Hypocrella bambusae sacc	2.03	1	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	3.27	6	0
hmr 1098 HMR 1098: KATP channel blocker; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	7.22	76	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dianhydrogalactitol Dianhydrogalactitol: One of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that alkylates and cross-links DNA via an epoxide group during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in a disruption of DNA function and cell cycle arrest. It has antineoplastic activity and also causes bone marrow toxicity.	4.85	2	1
radicamine b radicamine B: structure in first source	7.1	1	0
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.43	2	0
calcitonin [no description available]	3.14	5	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	2.92	1	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.72	3	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	4.6	6	1
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	3.42	1	1
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	3.23	1	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	10.27	35	4	polypeptide
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	2.05	1	0	tannin
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	3.23	1	0
cecropin p1-li cecropin P1-LI: antibacterial peptide isolated from porcine intestine; has immunoreactivity in epithelial cells of duodenum & glucagon cells of the pancreas	2.1	1	0
ganirelix [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
glycoprotein e2, hepatitis c virus glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus: RN refers to quasispecies 4E; amino acid sequence known; caution: HCV also stands for hog cholera virus	2.02	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	5.61	10	2
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.65	3	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	8.62	30	3	peptide hormone
big gastrin big gastrin: isolated from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinomas & hog antral mucosa; have encountered tetratricontapeptide & nonadecapeptide gastrin; big-big gastrin significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers; big gastrin refers gastrin which has a longer peptide chain than the normal heptadecapeptide gastrin	2.01	1	0
ceca1 protein, drosophila [no description available]	2.1	1	0
teriparatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
ularitide Ularitide: a 32-amino acid peptide derived from (95-126 residues) of ANP PROHORMONE (1-126 residues); not biologically inactivated by a peptidase from dog kidney cortex membranes	3.1	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.42	2	0
salmon calcitonin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone; polypeptide	bone density conservation agent; metabolite
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	1.96	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	4.48	5	1
ly-146032 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.71	3	0
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
alx-0600 ALX-0600: glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analog. teduglutide : A 33-membered polypeptide consisting of His, Gly, Asp, Gly, Ser, Phe, Ser, Asp, Glu, Met, Asn, Thr, Ile, Leu, Asp, Asn, Leu, Ala, Ala, Arg, Asp, Phe, Ile, Asn, Trp, Leu, Ile, Gln, Thr, Lys, Ile, Thr and Asp residues joined in sequence. A glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome.	4.94	2	1	polypeptide	antioxidant; glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist; metabolite; protective agent
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- [no description available]	2.04	1	0	polypeptide	dermatologic drug
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	4.34	4	1
exenatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2	1	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	1.97	1	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	14.85	157	8	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	3.28	6	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.2	17	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	1.99	1	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	3.1	4	0	21-hydroxy steroid
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	3.64	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	4.38	20	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
phenylmercuric acetate Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.	2.01	1	0	arylmercury compound; benzenes
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate 4-aminophenylmercuriacetate: covalently linked to agarose for purification of FAD & COA with chromatography	2.01	1	0
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	1.99	1	0	organotin acaricide
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.67	3	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.39	2	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.69	3	0	organic molecular entity
valproate sodium Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt	geroprotector
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	3.24	6	0
aminoindanol aminoindanol: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
flucloronide flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
k-strophanthin-beta strophanthin K: induces arrhythmias; see also K-strophanthin-beta	1.96	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid aldehyde
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	8.37	2	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	7.95	4	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
4-borono-2-fluorophenylalanine 4-borono-2-fluorophenylalanine: used as a target cpd for boron neutron capture therapy; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer 18F-labeled cpd; RN for unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/92	2.02	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	5.15	44	0
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	1.99	1	0
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol bis(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)pentamethine oxonol: a bis-oxonol dye	1.99	1	0
bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	2.02	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.03	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	5.53	4	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.46	2	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	4.85	11	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; statin (synthetic)
sodium stearyl fumarate sodium stearyl fumarate: an excipient	2.15	1	0
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	1.95	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt [no description available]	2.04	1	0	bile salt
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	8.18	5	2	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
monensin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium iothalamate [no description available]	3.59	2	0
oxacillin sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
urografin 76 urovision: urovision contains a mixture of sodium & meglumine salts of diatrizoic acid in the ratio of 50:18 in aqueous solution used in urography	2	1	0
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sarkosyl sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
sodium diatrizoate histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	2.06	1	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	1.99	1	0
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.39	2	0
sodium iodate sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	1.95	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
saprisartan potassium saprisartan potassium: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	6.37	7	1
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	2.68	3	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	2	1	0
phenolphthalein glucuronide phenolphthalein glucuronide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	3.37	1	1
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	3.32	6	0
liriodendrin liriodendrin: 573-33-4 is liriodendrin; from bark of Plumeria rubra; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.37	2	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	6.95	1	0
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	3.45	7	0	glycoside
candidin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.11	1	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	2	1	0
pervanadate pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide	2.01	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.02	1	0
n-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide: a Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2 inhibitor; structure in first source. momelotinib : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl}benzoic acid with the primary amino group of aminoacetonitrile. It is an ATP-competitive JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 11 nM and 18 nM, respectively. Used for the treatment of patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis.	2.05	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; morpholines; nitrile; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-anaemic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	4.58	8	0
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	1.97	1	0
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	3.23	1	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.39	2	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	1.96	1	0
hainanolide hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis	2.04	1	0
mannans [no description available]	12.11	10	1
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	2.88	4	0
gliocladic acid gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	3.83	12	0
bacillithiol bacillithiol: antioxidant produced by several bacterial species; structure in first source. bacillithiol : A thiol that is the alpha-anomeric glycoside of L-cysteinyl-D-glucosamine with L-malic acid.	2.11	1	0	glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; thiol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
glycolipids [no description available]	3.61	9	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	5.24	12	1
pht 427 4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	2.41	2	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	5.85	8	1
cleistanthin cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.	2.04	1	0	cleistanthins; xylose derivative	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	8.75	3	0
mycalamide a mycalamide A: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,2(S(S)),5beta,6beta))-isomer; isolated from marine sponges	2.71	3	0	disaccharide
mycalamide b mycalamide B: structure given in first source; isolated from marine sponges; ChemLine lists mycalamide B incorrectly under RN 122752-21-0	2	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; oxacycle
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	1.94	1	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	4.59	8	0
technetium tc 99m gluceptate [no description available]	2	1	0
nimorazole [no description available]	2.04	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	6.87	35	2
butyrolactone i butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	butenolide
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.7	10	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	4.32	3	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	3.58	9	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.35	2	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.67	3	0
lanthanide nitrate [no description available]	2.42	2	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	11.47	117	3	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
raltegravir [no description available]	3.23	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; dicarboxylic acid amide; hydroxypyrimidine; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidone; secondary carboxamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	3.66	10	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	10.5	22	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.45	2	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	4.51	7	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.26	5	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	7.08	27	1	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.05	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	5	12	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
bactobolin bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	5.41	18	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	3.13	5	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.05	1	0	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	5.59	23	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	3.58	2	0
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	2.05	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	3.59	2	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
antimycin [no description available]	2.39	2	0
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	2.46	2	0
sudoxicam sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)	2.05	1	0
tigecycline [no description available]	3.23	1	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.46	2	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
hexaminecobalt (iii) trichloride hexaminecobalt (III) trichloride: structure	1.97	1	0
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.77	2	1
dorzolamide-timolol combination dorzolamide-timolol combination: for glaucoma/ocular hypertensive patients; a fixed combination of timolol (Adrenergic beta-Antagonists) and dorzolamide (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor)	2.06	1	0
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	2	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	7.47	18	3
pf 3512676 ProMune: an anticancer adjuvant and immunostimulant	5.61	3	2
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	3.42	1	1
plasmalyte a Plasmalyte A: resuscitation fluid; contains sodium, potassium, chlorides, calcium, magnesium & bicarbonates	2.05	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.38	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.61	9	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.08	1	0
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	3.08	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	7.02	1	0	ketal
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ajmaline [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cv 3611 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	3.47	1	1	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	5.41	62	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	2.43	2	0
glutaminase [no description available]	2.65	3	0
alcohol oxidase [no description available]	2.44	2	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	7.28	15	3
fertinex [no description available]	3.23	1	0
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.	6.38	3	3
ciguatoxin 2 ciguatoxin 2: ciguatoxin -2 is a diastereomer of ciguatoxin-3; differs only in stereochemistry at carbon 52; structure given in first source	2	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	3.19	6	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	1.97	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
duramycin duramycin: from Streptomyces cinnamoneus; contains rare amino acids such as lanthionine & lysinoarginine. lancovutide : A 19-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide that is isolated from Streptoverticillium cinnamoneus. It exhibits antiproliferative properties and induces apoptosis in tumour cells and has been used for treatment of cystic fibrosis.	3.18	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).	4.43	2	2	alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide	mouse metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.43	2	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.86	4	0
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d3 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer; formulated in ointment at a concentration of 4 microg/g, for treatment of mild psoriasis	1.97	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	7.04	6	3
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.36	2	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
ascophyllum Ascophyllum: A BROWN ALGAE closely related to FUCUS. It is found attached to rocks and boulders on the middle shore, primarily in the North Atlantic basin.	7.5	2	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	6.54	21	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	7.01	1	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	2.08	1	0
desferrithiocin desferrithiocin: a siderophore; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
alpha-viniferin alpha-viniferin: from Caragana chamlagu root; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
carboxyatractyloside carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.17	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	3.75	10	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	1.99	1	0
nor 4 NOR 4: a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing agent	2.13	1	0
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate) copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate): copper is intricate part of molecule; not copper salt; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methylethyl moieties	2.39	2	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	1.96	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	4.94	12	0
humulin s Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.	2.1	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	2.4	2	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2	1	0
lysergic acid lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.	1.96	1	0
psma-617 PSMA-617: inhibits prostate-specific membrane antigen; structure in first source	3.59	1	1
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	6.01	26	1
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	1.95	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	3.09	5	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.36	2	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.4	2	0
2,5-diaziridinyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,5-diaziridinyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
nnc0195-0092 NNC0195-0092: consists of mutated human growth hormone linked to a fatty acid that promotes binding to serum albumin	10.03	9	3
asbestos, amosite Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	1.99	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	8.41	19	3
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	1.98	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	1.94	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	6.24	34	1
cord factors Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.	1.99	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	3.38	7	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.07	1	0
echinocandin b echinocandin B: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity; inhibits beta-1,3-glucan synthesis. echinocandin B : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity.	2.25	1	0
plicamycin mithramycin A: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
dodecyl polyoxyethylene sulfuric acid, sodium salt sodium laureth sulfate: do not confuse with sodium lauryl sulfate, which is also known by this name	2.04	1	0
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	3.59	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	5.34	17	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.07	5	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	5.56	17	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	6.43	13	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.95	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.88	4	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2.88	4	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	4.4	20	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	4.52	9	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	3.47	8	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	8.26	20	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.96	4	0
neopterin [no description available]	2.97	4	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	7.1	15	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	4.26	5	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	4.57	7	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	4.38	6	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	4.85	10	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	4.06	4	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	4.06	4	0	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	3.59	2	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	2.05	1	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	3.11	5	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed [no description available]	2.05	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.	3.23	1	0	imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	17.21	358	28	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	2.04	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
citrovorum factor [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.	3.59	2	0	formyltetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	1.99	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
phenylamil phenylamil: irreversible inhibitor of sodium channels in the toad urinary bladder	2.41	2	0	guanidines; pyrazines
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	3.23	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
noc 18 NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
alanosine [no description available]	2.45	2	0
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenetriol
bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.	3.59	2	0	imidazoquinazoline	anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine 7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
cytarabine Guanosine Diphosphate Fucose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar formed from GDPmannose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls, and for blood group substances and other glycoproteins.	2	1	0	GDP-fucose
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.44	2	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
lobucavir lobucavir: inhibits the replication of HIV virus in T cells, monocytes & macrophages in vitro by inhibiting DNA polymerase and viral DNA synthesis	2.02	1	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.63	2	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	3.23	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; phosphoramide; triazoles	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; prodrug
da 8159 udenafil: a pyrazolo-pyrimidinone similar to sildenafil; phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor;	2.15	1	0	sulfonamide
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	2.04	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
rifabutin [no description available]	3.59	2	0
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.67	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	1.97	1	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	3.23	6	0
n(10)-methylfolate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	folic acids
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	3.34	7	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid 5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	5.17	11	0	guanosines	biomarker
arsenazo iii Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.	1.97	1	0
formycin b formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	1.99	1	0	formycin
amg531 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	2.05	1	0
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	1.99	1	0
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	2.03	1	0
fr 167653 FR 167653: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
ninopterin ninopterin: structure	2.04	1	0
phosphocreatinine phosphocreatinine: cyclic deriv of phosphocreatine; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine: also referred to as CpG	2.03	1	0	(3'->5')-dinucleotide
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
levomefolate calcium levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.23	1	0	organic calcium salt	antidepressant
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	2.38	2	0
molybdenum cofactor molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.	2.11	1	0	Mo-molybdopterin cofactor; organophosphate oxoanion
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2	1	0
trehazolin trehazolin: from Micromonospora strain SANK 62390; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
gamma-actinorhodin gamma-actinorhodin: the lactone form of actinorhodin; minor component of blue pigments from Streptomyces coelicolor; predominant pigment when bacteria grow at neutral pH; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	3.04	1	0
eye [no description available]	4.94	12	0
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	7.49	2	0	oligosaccharide
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	3.44	7	0
n-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide N-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide: influenza A virus receptor which mediates the adsorption-fusion process of viral infection. N-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide : A sialotriaosylceramide in which the triaosyl group is 3,5-dideoxy-5-(2-hydroxyacetamido)-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranonosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide. A tumour antigen found in solid tumors such as breast carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and melanoma, but not usually detected in normal human cells.	4.43	2	2	sialotriaosylceramide	tumour antigen
moli1901 Moli1901: a 19 amino acid polycyclic peptide; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.94	4	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.35	7	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.01	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.44	2	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	3.79	3	0
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.91	4	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	3.22	6	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	3.29	6	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.47	2	0
pneumocandin b(0) pneumocandin B(0): structure given in first source; isolated from Zalerion arboricola	1.98	1	0
callipeltoside a callipeltoside A: isolated from the sponge Callipelta; structure in first source	2	1	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.49	2	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	8.63	29	4
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	8.63	29	4
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	10.14	118	2
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	15.14	118	2
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	11.56	62	7
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	11.56	62	7
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	5.91	9	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	5.91	9	1
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	2.74	3	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	6.61	11	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	6.61	11	1
Parasite Infections [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	13.21	57	11
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	13.21	57	11
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	7.12	11	2
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	7.12	11	2
Anasarca [description not available]	0	10.73	73	2
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	10.73	73	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	12.16	217	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.72	2	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	0	20.36	229	39
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	13.97	56	7
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	20.37	459	31
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	13.97	56	7
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	1	22.37	459	31
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	1	22.36	229	39
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	6.56	17	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	18.46	411	20
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	6.56	17	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	1	20.46	411	20
Indigestion [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	0	2.96	4	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	0	7.76	5	2
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	0	7.76	5	2
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	11.63	25	20
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	19.38	158	58
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	19.38	158	58
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	13.59	38	19
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	22.01	84	31
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	5.43	6	2
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	16.93	257	34
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	5.43	6	2
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	18.34	329	29
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	16.93	257	34
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	1	19.45	65	28
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	7.27	21	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	7.27	21	2
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	12.47	140	4
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	20.24	151	22
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	1	22.24	151	22
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	0	13.57	72	4
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	0	13.57	72	4
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	6.06	6	1
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	6.06	6	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	16.43	161	25
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	11.09	45	3
Agitated Emergence [description not available]	0	4.28	2	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	1	18.43	161	25
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	0	4.52	4	1
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	0	2.42	2	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	7.06	26	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	5.91	9	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	10.17	45	5
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	0	14.76	76	15
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	12.2	52	7
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	0	14.76	76	15
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	17.2	52	7
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	2.69	3	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	0	2.55	2	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	0	8.44	52	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	14.58	144	13
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	14.58	144	13
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	3.49	8	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	3.49	8	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	6.94	5	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	9.48	26	4
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	12.74	184	3
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	1	11.48	26	4
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	6.94	5	1
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	4.47	2	2
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	6.79	8	3
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	0	4.86	2	1
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	1	11.86	2	1
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	0	6.74	12	2
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	6.74	12	2
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	3.94	4	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	3.94	4	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	6.26	13	1
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	1	9.41	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	1	8.26	13	1
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	0	2.41	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	11.55	36	7
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	2.9	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	9.72	18	5
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	13.63	31	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	9.72	18	5
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	2.41	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	9.51	52	2
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	0	11.66	47	2
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	0	11.66	47	2
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	8.22	90	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	12.43	98	5
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	9.54	42	4
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	7.35	14	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	17.43	98	5
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	14.54	42	4
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	7.35	14	1
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	0	4.36	4	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	3.52	8	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	5.48	15	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	3.52	8	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	5.48	15	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	6.87	5	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	7.22	69	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	12.22	69	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	6.87	5	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	7.61	28	6
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	7.61	28	6
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	5.36	13	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	12.6	72	5
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	5.36	13	1
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	12.6	72	5
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	2.41	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	4.41	4	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	7.21	12	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	4.41	4	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	6.29	7	2
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	5.7	20	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	6.29	7	2
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	10.7	20	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	8.09	5	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.47	2	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	2.58	2	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	7.81	3	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	0	3.33	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	5.18	11	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	0	3.33	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	5.18	11	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	10.79	30	5
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	0	6.04	8	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	0	11.04	8	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	1	12.79	30	5
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	4.97	12	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	0	4.02	9	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	0	3.98	13	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	4.02	9	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	0	3.98	13	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	1	6.97	12	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	20.21	261	30
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	1	27.21	261	30
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	4.51	8	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	14.79	102	14
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	14.79	102	14
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	0	4.51	8	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	15.14	71	19
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	9.13	46	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	15.14	71	19
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	9.13	46	1
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	9.87	12	4
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	6.85	15	1
Palsy [description not available]	0	3.59	9	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	3.59	9	0
Central European Encephalitis [description not available]	0	4.35	3	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	9.82	23	5
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	11.64	113	5
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	5.54	6	1
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.6	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	5.54	6	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	5.45	64	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	5.45	64	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	5.06	17	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	0	2.6	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	5.67	7	1
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	0	2.6	1	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	6.51	6	3
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	11.24	64	4
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	9.98	33	2
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	11.24	64	4
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	9.98	33	2
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	0	3.39	2	0
Alogia [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	10.17	59	2
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	11.97	69	5
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	13.23	56	9
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	0	2.4	2	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	10.17	59	2
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	11.97	69	5
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	13.23	56	9
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	5.23	4	1
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	0	5.58	9	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	0	11.02	25	3
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	1	13.02	25	3
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	21.39	119	28
MODS [description not available]	0	7.21	12	2
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	7.46	16	2
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	7.21	12	2
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	7.46	16	2
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	0	5.49	5	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1	7.49	5	1
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	8.26	26	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	8.73	51	1
Cake Kidney Congenital fusion of the embryonic kidneys forming a single renal parenchymal mass.	0	2.25	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	3.76	11	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.21	16	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	8.76	51	1
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	10.62	78	1
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	13.76	51	1
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	3.12	5	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	7.81	3	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	7.05	32	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	7.05	32	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	15.67	25	11
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	9.35	15	6
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	15.67	25	11
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	9.35	15	6
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	6.05	10	1
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	9.32	79	1
Diathesis [description not available]	0	4.03	5	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	0	3.88	2	1
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	0	3.88	2	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	15.28	128	15
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	0	5.33	2	2
Avulsed Tooth [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	6.9	15	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	0	9.57	21	4
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	6.9	15	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	11.55	22	6
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	8.41	17	2
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	8.34	41	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	8.41	17	2
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	8.34	41	1
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Transposition of Great Vessels A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.	0	2.58	2	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	0	3.36	7	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	0	3.36	7	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	10.16	52	3
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	10.16	52	3
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	7.49	49	1
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	4.76	7	1
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	0	3.64	3	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	0	4.76	7	1
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	0	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	7.42	25	2
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	7.42	25	2
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.72	3	0
Asthma, Occupational Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.	0	3.92	2	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	16.32	65	2
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	6.5	17	1
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	6.5	17	1
Cellulite Skin lumpiness or skin surface dimpling often seen on the thighs, buttocks and abdomen. It is due to protrusion of SUBCUTANEOUS FAT into the DERMIS layer of skin.	0	4.07	2	1
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	8.41	23	4
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	0	4.02	5	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	8.41	23	4
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	0	4.02	5	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	3.33	6	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	2.25	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	10.24	27	4
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	2.25	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	7.84	26	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	7.84	26	1
Brucella Infection [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	0	2.25	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	0	3.84	4	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	0	3.84	4	0
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	0	5.36	4	3
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	0	5.36	4	3
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	3.05	5	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	0	3.43	7	0
Meningitis, Viral Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)	0	3.58	3	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	0	2.25	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	4.61	10	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.61	10	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	10.93	18	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	10.93	18	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	0	2.25	1	0
Ciliary Dyskinesia [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Bronchiolitis, Viral An acute inflammatory disease of the lower RESPIRATORY TRACT, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE 3; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.	0	3.17	1	0
Ciliary Motility Disorders Conditions caused by abnormal CILIA movement in the body, usually causing KARTAGENER SYNDROME, chronic respiratory disorders, chronic SINUSITIS, and chronic OTITIS. Abnormal ciliary beating is likely due to defects in any of the 200 plus ciliary proteins, such as missing motor enzyme DYNEIN arms.	0	3.17	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	12.23	40	11
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	0	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	5.9	5	5
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	5.9	5	5
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	0	7.41	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	7.24	14	1
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	7.47	7	0
Central Nervous System Infection [description not available]	0	4.04	2	1
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	8.19	18	4
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	8.19	18	4
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	7.35	5	2
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	7.35	5	2
Infarct [description not available]	0	7.88	4	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	7.16	7	1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	0	5.76	7	1
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	2.42	2	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	1	7.76	7	1
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	5.02	5	2
Fractures, Closed Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.	0	3.7	1	1
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	0	7.02	18	1
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	5.02	5	2
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	10.32	20	2
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	10.32	20	2
Brain Emboli [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	5.3	7	2
Air Embolism [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	5.3	7	2
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	9.28	4	1
Segond Fracture [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	0	2.66	3	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	11.83	8	2
Black Fever [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	0	2.5	2	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	0	2.5	2	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.61	7	2
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	9.12	28	1
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	9.12	28	1
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	4.38	4	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	6.66	12	5
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	4.38	4	1
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	11.27	26	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	5.26	5	2
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	4.14	3	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	4.14	3	1
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	4.76	7	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	4.76	7	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	12.47	16	2
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	7.47	16	2
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	0	2.41	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	0	4.29	3	1
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	0	2.77	3	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	11.35	45	1
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	6.12	22	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	0	16.35	45	1
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	0	4.34	4	1
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	0	2.47	2	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	4.34	4	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	4.3	4	1
Cranial Airocele [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	4.3	4	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	0	9.39	7	5
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	8.56	8	5
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	8.56	8	5
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	15.34	64	19
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	15.34	64	19
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	7.22	23	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	8.2	47	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	12.22	23	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	5.46	15	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	1	7.46	15	1
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	0	11.59	27	11
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	4.95	5	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	1	11.95	5	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	0	16.59	27	11
Grippe [description not available]	0	7.67	5	4
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	7.67	5	4
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	8.38	10	3
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	8.38	10	3
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	0	3.98	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	6.94	10	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	6.94	10	1
Asystole [description not available]	0	6.05	46	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	6.05	46	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	8.93	25	4
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	13.93	25	4
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.49	2	0
Ciguatera [description not available]	0	8.51	28	1
Dysesthesia [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Ciguatera Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.	1	15.51	28	1
Joint Pain [description not available]	0	4.45	1	1
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	6.05	3	3
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	0	4.45	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	6.05	3	3
Boils [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	0	2.15	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	16.57	150	22
Fibroid [description not available]	0	5.01	3	1
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	0	4.68	2	1
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	5.2	4	1
Uterine Prolapse Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.	0	4.68	2	1
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	0	5.01	3	1
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	0	4.69	2	1
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	0	4.68	2	1
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	5.2	4	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	8.21	13	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	0	2.93	4	0
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	0	7.58	2	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	9.49	21	4
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	9.49	21	4
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	7.17	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	5.46	25	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.17	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	10.46	25	0
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.	0	2.17	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	7.68	3	0
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	0	3.53	1	1
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	0	3.53	1	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	8.81	19	4
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	8.81	19	4
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	2.54	2	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	3.53	1	1
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	0	4.66	3	2
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	0	4.66	3	2
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	3.53	1	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	11.93	20	14
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	11.93	20	14
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Alternariosis Opportunistic fungal infection by a member of ALTERNARIA genus.	0	2.15	1	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	4.39	4	1
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	0	3.74	3	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	0	5.21	19	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	0	10.21	19	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	4.92	37	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	0	8.86	2	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	7.56	12	3
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	7.56	12	3
Bleeding [description not available]	0	13.3	51	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	8.3	51	1
Acute Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Bell Palsy A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)	0	2.57	2	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	2.94	4	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	5.38	14	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	5.38	14	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	6.58	19	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	6.58	19	1
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	5.91	18	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	3.67	10	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	0	7.18	13	1
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.91	18	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	8.67	10	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	0	2.72	3	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	0	7.18	13	1
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	0	2.17	1	0
Infection [description not available]	0	5.54	12	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	5.54	12	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	0	3.39	7	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	6.35	22	0
Dental Diseases [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	6.35	22	0
Pneumoperitoneum A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.	0	7.39	2	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	4.38	8	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	0	2.17	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	4.38	8	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	0	5.82	8	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	0	2.49	2	0
Aseptic Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Meningitis, Aseptic A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)	0	2.53	2	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	0	2.75	3	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	13.56	76	17
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	2.17	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	13.56	76	17
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	9.48	11	4
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	1	11.48	11	4
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	4.96	15	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	10.08	57	4
Listeria Cerebritis [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	5.74	4	1
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	5.74	4	1
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	0	2.43	2	0
Post-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	0	2.17	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	5.96	5	1
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	5.96	5	1
Acquired Encephalocele [description not available]	0	6.23	13	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	5.99	17	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	7.21	8	3
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	4.36	7	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	13.31	75	10
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	4.36	7	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	6.43	16	1
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	6.43	16	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	3.13	5	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	2.99	4	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	8.72	10	0
Piriformis Muscle Syndrome A chronic PELVIC PAIN characterized by pain deep in the buttock that may radiate to posterior aspects of the leg. It is caused by the piriformis muscle compressing or irritating the SCIATIC NERVE due to trauma, hypertrophy, inflammation or anatomic variations.	0	3.59	1	1
Lateral Sinus Thrombophlebitis [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	5.25	20	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	5.25	20	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.21	1	0
Lens Diseases Diseases involving the CRYSTALLINE LENS.	0	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	4.47	5	1
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	4.47	5	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	0	4.84	8	1
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	0	4.84	8	1
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	0	3.59	1	1
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	0	3.59	1	1
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	2.46	2	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	0	2.44	2	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	0	2.57	2	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	0	2.25	1	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	2.41	2	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	0	4.59	3	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	0	2.21	1	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	3.51	8	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	8.51	8	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	0	5.66	7	0
Cerebral Cryptococcosis [description not available]	0	3.15	5	0
Meningitis, Cryptococcal Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)	0	3.15	5	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	3.07	5	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	0	9.52	20	4
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	0	3.83	12	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	11.54	62	5
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	1	13.54	62	5
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	11.08	82	10
Amputation, Traumatic Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.	0	2.21	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	5.34	57	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	0	10.73	50	3
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	0	3.61	3	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	6.26	13	1
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	11.26	13	1
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	5.31	13	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	5.31	13	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	0	7.98	13	7
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	0	3.85	2	1
Hemorrhagic Stroke Stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES; CEREBELLUM; SUBARACHNOID SPACE).	0	3.17	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	7.13	18	2
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.61	11	2
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	7.13	18	2
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	0	7.61	11	2
Acne [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	3.39	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Putaminal [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	0	3.61	9	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	0	3.61	9	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	0	2.08	1	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	0	2.08	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	4.44	2	2
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	4.44	2	2
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	0	4.33	7	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	4.68	29	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	4.68	29	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	6.32	4	2
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	6.32	4	2
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	3.85	4	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	8.85	4	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	0	6.61	20	1
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	0	4.02	5	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	0	6.61	20	1
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	3.66	10	0
B cepacia Infection [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	3.66	10	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Apple Peel Small Bowel Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	1	4.08	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	8.52	8	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	3.52	8	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	0	6.07	11	1
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	0	6.07	11	1
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	5.81	8	1
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	5.43	15	1
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	0	2.08	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	5.81	8	1
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	5.43	15	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	2.69	3	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	0	9.81	22	1
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	0	9.81	22	1
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Choledocholithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.	0	3.47	1	1
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	0	3.76	2	1
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.08	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Marasmus [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	7.96	7	4
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	2.91	4	0
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	0	8.41	8	5
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	7.96	7	4
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	6.31	5	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	6.31	5	1
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	4.8	4	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	0	2.76	3	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	4.8	4	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	0	2.1	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	3.49	8	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.76	8	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	0	5.76	8	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	2.1	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	3.83	2	1
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	2.67	3	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	2.51	2	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	10.24	12	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	0	4.16	3	1
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	0	4.16	3	1
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	0	6.17	6	2
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	0	6.17	6	2
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	0	2.88	4	0
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	0	5.09	6	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	5.09	6	0
Lock Jaw [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	0	4.4	1	1
Environmental Hypersensitivities [description not available]	0	4.4	1	1
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	3.47	8	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	2.1	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	6.71	8	3
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	0	5.41	5	1
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	0	5.41	5	1
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	0	7.16	13	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	5.97	27	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	0	2.91	4	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	2.48	2	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	2.1	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	2.96	4	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	2.49	2	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	7.1	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	5.29	13	1
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	0	2.51	2	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	5.29	13	1
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	0	3.01	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Neurocysticercosis Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)	0	2.74	3	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	5.14	11	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	6.14	12	3
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	5.52	6	1
Dysphagia [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Itching [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	7.69	53	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	6.92	15	2
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	5.52	6	1
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	3.01	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	3.01	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	7.69	53	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	6.92	15	2
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	6.84	8	1
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	6.65	15	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	0	4.78	2	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	0	3.48	1	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	0	3.48	1	1
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	0	4.31	7	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	5.68	7	1
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	0	2.44	2	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	5.68	7	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	6.58	7	1
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	8.16	5	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	8.16	5	0
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	0	2.4	2	0
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.	0	2.11	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	5.79	8	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	5.79	8	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	0	3.23	6	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	0	3.95	13	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	0	3.9	4	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	0	2.11	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	3.7	3	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	8.7	3	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	0	2.38	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	5.26	12	1
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	3.67	3	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	3.67	3	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	6.56	11	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	6.56	11	1
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	3.85	12	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	3.85	12	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	0	9.73	9	9
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	4.49	5	1
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	4.84	8	1
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	0	2.72	3	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	2.11	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	0	4.74	2	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	6.27	8	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	4.74	2	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	6.27	8	1
ADDH [description not available]	0	3.51	1	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	3.51	1	1
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	8.19	21	1
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	0	10.28	37	3
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	0	2.13	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	0	3.3	2	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	10.31	7	2
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	5.31	7	2
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	8.22	6	0
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage [description not available]	0	7.13	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	3.77	11	0
Bends [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	13.36	16	2
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	5.17	8	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	5.17	8	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	0	2.13	1	0
Hyperlactatemia Increase in blood LACTATE concentration often associated with SEPTIC SHOCK; LUNG INJURY; SEPSIS; and DRUG TOXICITY. When hyperlactatemia is associated with low body pH (acidosis) it is LACTIC ACIDOSIS.	0	3.04	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	15.62	62	1
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	0	7.96	10	2
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	15.62	62	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	11.21	50	8
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	11.21	50	8
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	5.92	14	2
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	10.92	14	2
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	0	2.48	2	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	4.03	5	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	4.03	5	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	0	7.97	28	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.97	28	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	0	3.04	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	0	3.06	1	0
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	0	5.31	7	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	9.2	28	2
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	1	11.2	28	2
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	0	2.47	2	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	0	2.13	1	0
Laryngeal Spasm [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Exercise-Induced Vocal Cord Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Laryngismus A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.	0	2.15	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	5.13	11	1
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	5.13	11	1
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	0	2.42	2	0
Hemorrhage, Retrobulbar [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Crush Syndrome Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.	0	6.22	9	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	0	2.15	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.	0	2.15	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	5.77	8	1
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	5.77	8	1
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	0	2.39	2	0
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.13	1	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	2.7	3	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	0	2.15	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	0	2.76	3	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	6.16	12	1
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	11.16	12	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	2.95	4	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	0	2.15	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	0	5.29	12	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	3.27	6	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	1	5.27	6	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	0	2.04	1	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	0	2.04	1	0
Pouch Ileitis [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	5.46	15	1
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	0	2.7	3	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	5.46	15	1
Pouchitis Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).	0	3.12	5	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	0	2.41	2	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	0	10.56	23	5
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	0	10.56	23	5
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	0	2.96	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	2.88	4	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	2.88	4	0
Facial Hemiatrophy A syndrome characterized by slowly progressive unilateral atrophy of facial subcutaneous fat, muscle tissue, skin, cartilage, and bone. The condition typically progresses over a period of 2-10 years and then stabilizes.	0	2.04	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	0	3.57	9	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	0	3.57	9	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	0	2.04	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	6.34	11	4
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Aura [description not available]	0	5.98	10	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	10.98	10	1
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	0	2.04	1	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Effusion, Subdural [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Benign Hypothalamic Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
CADASILM A subvariety of CADASIL characterized by the high frequency of MIGRAINE. The acronym stands for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts, Leukoencephalopathy, and Migraine.	0	2.05	1	0
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.05	1	0
CADASIL A familial, cerebral arteriopathy mapped to chromosome 19q12, and characterized by the presence of granular deposits in small CEREBRAL ARTERIES producing ischemic STROKE; PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY; and multiple subcortical infarcts (CEREBRAL INFARCTION). CADASIL is an acronym for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. CADASIL differs from BINSWANGER DISEASE by the presence of MIGRAINE WITH AURA and usually by the lack of history of arterial HYPERTENSION. (From Bradley et al, Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2000, p1146)	0	2.05	1	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	0	3.35	2	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	0	3.43	1	1
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	0	2.05	1	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	0	2.04	1	0
Hemorrhage, Intracranial, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Embolic Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	0	2.04	1	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	0	8.78	25	1
Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia [description not available]	0	4.34	4	0
Dyspareunia Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.	0	2.05	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	3.48	8	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	0	7.73	3	0
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	0	2.05	1	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	0	7.73	3	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	2.96	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	2.96	1	0
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	0	2.05	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	5.21	12	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	5.21	12	1
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	0	3.07	5	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	4.67	11	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	5.54	9	2
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	5.54	9	2
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	2.43	2	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	2.05	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	0	2.39	2	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	5.9	9	1
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	5.22	12	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	5.22	12	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	2.05	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	0	2.68	3	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.05	5	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	4.04	3	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	4.04	3	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2.05	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	3.38	7	0
Acetyl-CoA:alpha-Glucosaminide N-Acetyltransferase Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis III Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by heparitin sulfate in the urine, progressive mental retardation, mild dwarfism, and other skeletal disorders. There are four clinically indistinguishable but biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.	0	2.05	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	3.07	5	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	0	2.46	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.75	3	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	0	3.66	10	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	0	3.66	10	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	3.99	5	0
Envenomation, Scorpion [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	0	2.66	3	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	0	2.66	3	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	7.19	12	2
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	4.12	6	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	7.19	12	2
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	4.12	6	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	0	2.66	3	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	0	2.05	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	0	6.7	9	1
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	3.43	1	1
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.41	2	2
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	0	4.41	2	2
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.83	9	3
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	0	6.83	9	3
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	3.76	11	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	3.76	11	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	0	3.08	5	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	0	4.71	4	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	6.47	12	4
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	2.05	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	0	3.82	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	0	3.81	2	1
Abscess, Psoas [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	7.05	1	0
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	0	4.26	7	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	0	3.8	4	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	0	4.26	7	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	0	4.37	1	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	0	4.37	1	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.71	3	0
Leanness [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	0	3.88	4	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	0	3.45	1	1
Avian Flu [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	3.1	5	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	0	2.06	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.18	6	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	0	2.97	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	6.92	17	1
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	5.24	4	1
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	5.24	4	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	3.06	5	0
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	0	2.05	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	3.34	7	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	1	5.34	7	0
Escherichia coli Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	0	2.06	1	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	0	3.84	2	1
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	0	2.45	2	0
Choroid Hemorrhage Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.	0	3.35	2	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	0	9.36	7	3
Hematoma, Subdural, Cranial [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.	0	3.37	2	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	0	2.06	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	0	2.06	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	3.39	7	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.06	1	0
6th Nerve Palsy [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	4.63	6	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	0	4.81	13	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	0	2.45	2	0
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	0	2.45	2	0
Microscopic Colitis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Colitis, Microscopic A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.	0	2.06	1	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	0	2.06	1	0
Enterocele An intestinal HERNIA.	0	3.84	4	0
Lens Dislocation [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Afferent Pupillary Defect [description not available]	0	4.74	2	1
Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.	0	3.84	4	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	4.1	3	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	8.91	15	4
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	0	4.41	2	2
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	0	4.41	2	2
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	2.07	1	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	0	2.07	1	0
Chondromalacia of Trachea and Bronchi [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	0	2.07	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	8.47	8	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	2.06	1	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)	0	3.32	2	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	0	2.07	1	0
Bruise [description not available]	0	3.82	4	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	0	3.82	4	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	0	2.07	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	3.58	9	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	3.58	9	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	6.14	12	1
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	0	2.71	3	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	0	2.74	3	0
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	0	2.07	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	3.61	3	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	0	3.33	7	0
Pyuria The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.	0	2.07	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	0	6.1	22	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Asialia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	2.08	1	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	0	2.08	1	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	0	2.37	2	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	0	6.68	9	1
Ascites, Gelatinous [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei A peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of MUCUS in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. Mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the APPENDIX (NCI Thesaurus).	0	2.07	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	0	2.08	1	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	4.29	4	1
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	0	3.46	1	1
Paraphimosis A condition in which the FORESKIN, once retracted, cannot return to its original position. If this condition persists, it can lead to painful constriction of GLANS PENIS, swelling, and impaired blood flow to the penis.	0	7.08	1	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	0	1.97	1	0
Serum Sickness Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.	0	2.08	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	0	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	0	4.39	1	1
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	4.74	2	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	4.74	2	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	3.48	8	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	0	2.42	2	0
Ethmoid Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the ETHMOID SINUS. It may present itself as an acute (infectious) or chronic (allergic) condition.	0	2.08	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	3.48	8	0
Child Malnutrition Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	0	3.84	2	1
Axonal Injury, Diffuse [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	0	2.01	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	13.24	81	7
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	1	15.24	81	7
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	0	2.42	2	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	8.68	10	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	0	2	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	8.39	44	2
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	2.01	1	0
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	0	4.27	4	1
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	0	4.27	4	1
Bacterial Conjunctivitides [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Viral Conjunctivitis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.	0	2.01	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Viral Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.	0	2.01	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	0	2.4	2	0
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	0	2.01	1	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	0	2.01	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	5.29	13	1
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	5.29	13	1
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	0	2.9	4	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	3.45	8	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	3.45	8	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	2.41	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	6.74	23	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	6.74	23	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	0	2.71	3	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	6.04	11	3
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	0	3.39	1	1
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	0	3.56	9	0
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	0	8.56	9	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	2.65	3	0
Adult Sandhoff Disease [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Sandhoff Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in neurons and other tissues. It is caused by mutation in the common beta subunit of HEXOSAMINIDASE A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B. Thus this disease is also known as the O variant since both hexosaminidase A and B are missing. Clinically, it is indistinguishable from TAY-SACHS DISEASE.	0	2.01	1	0
Alactasia [description not available]	0	4.13	6	0
Lactose Intolerance The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.	0	4.13	6	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	2.64	3	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	0	6.93	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	3.45	8	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	8.45	8	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	4.42	5	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	4.8	13	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	4.42	5	1
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	4.8	13	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	0	3.95	5	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Akinetic Autism [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	0	2.01	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	1	4.43	2	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	4.25	7	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	0	9.25	7	0
Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.	0	8.04	25	1
Adipocere [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	0	10.13	102	2
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	10.15	8	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	14.8	45	5
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	9.8	45	5
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	8.27	39	1
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	0	2.63	3	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	0	8.27	39	1
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	6.29	27	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	6.29	27	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	2.36	2	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	0	4.94	9	1
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	3.96	5	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Shock, Surgical A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.	0	4.65	11	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	0	8.19	6	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.45	8	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.45	8	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	0	5.35	5	1
Leriche Syndrome A condition caused by occlusion of terminal aorta, the primary branches of the ABDOMINAL AORTA, as in aortoiliac obstruction. Leriche syndrome usually occurs in males and is characterized by IMPOTENCE, absence of a pulse in the femoral arteries, weakness and numbness in the lower back, buttocks, hips, and lower limbs.	0	1.93	1	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	0	3.19	6	0
Endarteritis Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.	0	1.93	1	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	0	7.65	3	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.6	10	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	0	2.34	2	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	0	1.93	1	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	4.6	10	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	0	2.36	2	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	0	2.86	4	0
Sun Stroke [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	0	3.78	4	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	0	2.64	3	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	7.95	23	1
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	7.52	32	1
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	12.52	32	1
Icterus [description not available]	0	4.36	8	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	0	4.36	8	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	1.93	1	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	0	6.38	16	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	6.91	17	1
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	6.91	17	1
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	0	2.37	2	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	0	1.94	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	0	3.55	9	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	0	3.55	9	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	2.64	3	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	0	10.53	17	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	2.66	3	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.85	4	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	2.85	4	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	2.34	2	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	2.63	3	0
Abortion, Septic Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.	0	2.85	4	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	4.72	7	1
Adenitis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	4.72	7	1
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	11.76	44	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	2.63	3	0
Embolus [description not available]	0	4.03	3	1
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	5.82	23	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	6.48	21	0
Placental Abruption [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	2.63	3	0
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	0	2.34	2	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	4.03	3	1
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	5.82	23	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	1	8.48	21	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	2.34	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	9.37	8	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	3.65	10	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	0	3.55	9	0
Sarcoma 37 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.63	3	0
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)	0	1.94	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	4.02	3	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	4.02	3	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	1.94	1	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	3.78	4	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	4.03	3	1
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	0	1.94	1	0
Embolism, Fat Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.	0	2.63	3	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	0	3.82	12	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.86	4	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	2.63	3	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	0	4.81	13	0
Kidney Papillary Necrosis A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	2.63	3	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	0	4.03	15	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	0	2.34	2	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	2.36	2	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	0	3.89	13	0
Central Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).	0	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	0	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Factor 7 [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Factor VII Deficiency An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.	0	1.94	1	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	0	1.94	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	9.71	7	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	8.21	6	0
Mastoiditis Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.	0	1.94	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	3.21	6	0
Abnormalities, Urogenital [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	0	3.04	5	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	1.94	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	2.34	2	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	1.94	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.05	5	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	0	2.35	2	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	1.93	1	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	0	6.93	1	0
Focal Infection An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.	0	6.93	1	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	0	1.93	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	3.56	3	0
Sprains [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	0	1.93	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	2.01	1	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	0	2.01	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Athetoid Movements [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	0	3.59	3	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	0	2.93	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	5.74	15	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	5.74	15	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	3.48	8	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	5.16	11	1
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	3.48	8	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	5.16	11	1
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	2.02	1	0
Epulides, Giant Cell [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	0	2.43	2	0
Granuloma, Giant Cell A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.	0	2.02	1	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	0	2.43	2	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	4.09	3	1
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	4.09	3	1
Amentia [description not available]	0	4.06	3	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	4.06	3	0
Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	11.39	9	1
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	0	4.69	2	1
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	0	9.8	14	6
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	0	9.8	14	6
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	0	2.4	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	2.7	3	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral, Traumatic [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	2.9	4	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	3.06	5	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	0	4.68	2	1
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	0	4.32	1	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	0	4.68	2	1
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	7.62	14	2
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	7.62	14	2
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	2.02	1	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	0	2.02	1	0
Neuromuscular Blockade The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.	0	2.93	1	0
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.02	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.02	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	0	2.02	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	2.42	2	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	5.08	6	0
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Citrullinemia A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)	0	2.02	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	0	5.54	3	2
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Altidudinal Hemianopia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
HELLP Syndrome A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.	0	2.02	1	0
Congenital Fissure of the Abdominal Cavity [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Intestinal Volvulus A twisting in the intestine (INTESTINES) that can cause INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.	0	3.41	1	1
Gastroschisis A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.	0	3.41	1	1
Flatus [description not available]	0	4.98	3	1
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	0	4.98	3	1
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	4.47	5	1
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Anal Fistula [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	2.03	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	0	3.41	1	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	2.02	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	0	5.36	23	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	2.42	2	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	2.02	1	0
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	0	2.03	1	0
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	0	2.02	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	6.22	13	1
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	0	2.65	3	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Equinus Contracture [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	6.22	13	1
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	0	2.69	3	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	0	2.65	3	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	1	4.03	1	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	0	3.3	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	0	2.03	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	0	2.03	1	0
Endolymphatic Hydrops An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.	0	3.8	2	1
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	0	2.43	2	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	0	2.03	1	0
Collagenous Colitis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Colitis, Collagenous A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.	0	2.03	1	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	0	2.94	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	2.44	2	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	0	2.03	1	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cranial Nerve III Diseases [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Anisocoria Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.	0	2.03	1	0
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.65	3	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.03	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.95	1	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	0	4.21	2	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	0	4.49	3	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	4.07	3	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	9.07	3	1
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	0	2.03	1	0
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	0	4.76	7	1
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	0	4.76	7	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	4.13	6	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	4.13	6	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	2.37	2	0
Food Poisoning, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	2.03	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	4.6	10	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	0	2.04	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	0	2.37	2	0
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	0	2.42	2	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	0	2.03	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.83	2	1
Myelopathy [description not available]	0	4.05	3	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	0	4.05	3	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	0	3.8	2	1
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	0	2.04	1	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	0	3.43	1	1
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	0	2.04	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	0	2.37	2	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	0	3.09	5	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)	0	3.31	2	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	0	5.52	6	1
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	0	3.43	1	1
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal Subdural hematoma of the SPINAL CANAL.	0	2.96	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	2.96	1	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	0	2.03	1	0
Autism [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	0	2.41	2	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	0	2.03	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	1.94	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.36	2	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Diseases of Nasopharynx [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	0	2.86	4	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	3.33	7	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	3.45	8	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	3.45	8	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	0	1.94	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	0	2.35	2	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	0	3.77	4	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	0	3.77	4	0
Adenoma, Chromophobe A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.	0	1.94	1	0
Hemoperitoneum Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.	0	1.94	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.78	4	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	0	3.78	4	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	0	1.96	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	0	3.2	6	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	0	3.2	6	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	0	1.96	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	4.06	3	1
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2.35	2	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	5.41	15	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	5.41	15	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	4.74	12	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	9.74	12	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	0	3.05	5	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.	0	2.37	2	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	0	1.96	1	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	0	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	0	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	2.67	3	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	8.21	18	3
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	13.21	18	3
Blastomycosis, North American [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Blastomycosis A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.	0	1.96	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, IgA [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	1.96	1	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	0	2.87	4	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	0	2.67	3	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	0	3.75	2	1
Erythremia [description not available]	0	6.44	17	1
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	0	6.44	17	1
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	0	1.96	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	0	1.96	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	0	4.59	6	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	0	4.59	6	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	0	2.64	3	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	3.56	3	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	0	2.65	3	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)	0	1.96	1	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	0	1.96	1	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	0	2.87	4	0
Brown Lung [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	0	3.56	3	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.87	4	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	6.73	27	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	2.88	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	2.65	3	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	2.87	4	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	3.96	5	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	8.05	5	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	0	4.13	6	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	0	4.13	6	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	0	1.95	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	1.95	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	1.95	1	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	0	2.88	4	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	2.87	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	3.97	5	0
Bejel [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Aphakia, Postcataract Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.	0	1.96	1	0
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.	0	1.96	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	2.86	4	0
Cockayne Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.	0	1.96	1	0
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	0	8.76	11	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	0	2.64	3	0
Cramp [description not available]	0	11.43	6	3
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	0	6.43	6	3
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Diabetic Coma A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.	0	5.86	9	1
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	0	1.96	1	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	0	1.96	1	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	1.96	1	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	0	2.38	2	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	5.05	7	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	1.96	1	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	0	2.35	2	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Sinoatrial Block Disturbance in the atrial activation that is caused by transient failure of impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE to the HEART ATRIA. It is characterized by a delayed in heartbeat and pauses between P waves in an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM.	0	1.96	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.89	4	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	3.97	5	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Acatalasemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Bulbar Palsy [description not available]	0	2.9	1	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	0	1.98	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	0	2.65	3	0
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	2.4	2	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	0	1.98	1	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	3.76	2	1
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	3.79	4	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	0	3.79	4	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	0	1.98	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	3.97	5	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	0	3.59	3	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	0	1.98	1	0
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.	0	1.98	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Tumour Lysis Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	0	1.98	1	0
Tumor Lysis Syndrome A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.	0	1.98	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	1.98	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.65	3	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	0	2.87	4	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	0	1.98	1	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	0	1.98	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	3.78	2	1
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	0	2.64	3	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	11.05	11	1
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	3.31	2	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	1.98	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	3.29	2	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	3.37	1	1
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	0	1.98	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	0	2.9	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	0	2.9	1	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	0	1.98	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	1.98	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	1.99	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	4.46	5	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	4.46	5	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	1.99	1	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	0	1.98	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	0	1.98	1	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	0	2.36	2	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	0	3.75	2	1
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	0	1.99	1	0
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	0	1.99	1	0
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	0	1.99	1	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	0	12.43	16	2
Anemia Neonatorum [description not available]	0	4.34	2	2
Anemia, Neonatal The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.	0	4.34	2	2
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	1.99	1	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	0	2.38	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	8.17	15	3
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	8.17	15	3
Chylopericardium [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	0	2.4	2	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	0	2.37	2	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	0	2.4	2	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	0	3.37	1	1
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	0	1.98	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	0	3.78	2	1
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Cochlear Diseases Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).	0	3.38	1	1
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	0	3.38	1	1
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	0	4.67	11	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	0	2.37	2	0
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	1.99	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	4.08	3	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	0	3.32	2	0
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	0	1.99	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	3.76	2	1
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	0	2.37	2	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	0	2.65	3	0
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Elliptocytosis, Hereditary An intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape.	0	2	1	0
Bruxism A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.	0	2	1	0
Birth Injuries Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.	0	3.29	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	2	1	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	0	2	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	2	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	0	2.65	3	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	0	2	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	2	1	0
Brain Injury, Chronic Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.	0	2	1	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	0	2	1	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	0	2	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	2	1	0
beta-Glucuronidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by excessive dermatan and heparan sulfates in the urine and Hurler-like features. It is caused by a deficiency of beta-glucuronidase.	0	2	1	0
Anterior Compartment Syndrome Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive PHYSICAL EXERTION.	0	1.99	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.	0	2	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	1	4.92	1	0
E chaffeensis Infection [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome HYPOVENTILATION syndrome in very obese persons with excessive ADIPOSE TISSUE around the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM. It is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic HYPOXIA; HYPERCAPNIA; POLYCYTHEMIA; and long periods of sleep during day and night (HYPERSOMNOLENCE). It is a condition often related to OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA but can occur separately.	0	2	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	3.39	1	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	0	2.41	2	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	0	2	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	2	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	5.03	5	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	5.03	5	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	0	2	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage, Hypertensive [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	2	1	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	0	2.92	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	3.05	5	0
Central Nervous System Lupus [description not available]	0	7	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	0	2.38	2	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	3.76	2	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	2	1	0
As If Personality [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	2	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	2	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	0	2	1	0
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	0	2	1	0
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	0	3.29	2	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	0	2	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	0	3.31	2	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	2.37	2	0
BCKD Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Maple Syrup Urine Disease An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)	0	2.01	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	0	2.36	2	0
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	0	1.95	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidoses Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.	0	2.64	3	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	3.56	3	0
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	0	1.95	1	0
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	0	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	2.37	2	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	0	1.95	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	0	4.25	4	1
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	3.26	2	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	0	2.86	1	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	3.26	2	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Jaundice, Spirochetal [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	2.64	3	0
Suffocation [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	2.35	2	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	0	3.74	2	1
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	3.74	2	1
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	0	2.87	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	0	3.27	2	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	0	5	5	2
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	0	3.74	2	1
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	0	4.67	2	1
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	0	5	5	2
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	0	3.74	2	1
Aneurysm, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	0	4.47	9	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	0	2.87	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	0	3.55	3	0
Hemoglobin C Disease A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.	0	1.95	1	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	0	2.36	2	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	0	1.95	1	0
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.35	2	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	0	1.95	1	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	0	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	1.95	1	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	0	4.25	4	1
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	0	3.96	5	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	0	4.25	4	1
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	0	1.95	1	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.36	2	0
Otospongiosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Otosclerosis Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	0	3.27	2	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	0	2.35	2	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	0	2.36	2	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	3.04	5	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	0	2.35	2	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	0	3.04	5	0
Polyploid [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	0	3.74	2	1
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	0	3.74	2	1
Chicken Pox [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	0	2.35	2	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	0	4.12	6	0
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	0	1.95	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	3.27	2	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	0	1.95	1	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Near Drowning Non-fatal immersion or submersion in water. The subject is resuscitable.	0	1.95	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	0	1.95	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	0	1.95	1	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	0	1.95	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	0	2.35	2	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	0	5.64	4	1
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	1.95	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	2.64	3	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	2.66	3	0
Hydrothorax A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	6.98	1	0
Acrodermatitis Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.	0	3.36	1	1
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	0	1.98	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	0	1.98	1	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	1	4.37	2	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	0	1.98	1	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	0	1.98	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	0	1.97	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	2.36	2	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	1.97	1	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	0	1.97	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Krebs 2 A transplantable neoplasm of mice.	0	1.97	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	0	1.97	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	0	1.97	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	0	1.97	1	0
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.	0	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	1.97	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	0	2.38	2	0
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	0	2.38	2	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	0	2.38	2	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	0	2.64	3	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	2.86	4	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	0	1.97	1	0
Measles, German [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Blow Out Fracture [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	0	1.97	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	0	1.97	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	0	1.96	1	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	0	3.28	2	0
Ganglioside Storage Diseases [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Gangliosidoses A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway.	0	1.96	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	1.96	1	0
Alveolalgia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	0	1.97	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	0	2.35	2	0
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	0	6.97	1	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	0	1.97	1	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	0	7.37	2	0
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.	0	2.36	2	0
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Tuberculosis, Bovine An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.	0	1.96	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	1.96	1	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	3.35	1	1
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	0	1.94	1	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	0	1.95	1	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	3.26	2	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	0	1.94	1	0
Pus [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	0	1.94	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	1.95	1	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Neuroses [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	0	1.94	1	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Electric Injuries Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.	0	2.64	3	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Burns, Electric Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.	0	2.64	3	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	0	2.35	2	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	0	1.95	1	0
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bigfoot Disease [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	0	1.95	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	1.95	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	0	1.95	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	0	1.95	1	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	0	2.86	1	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	0	1.95	1	0
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Osteosclerosis An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.	0	1.94	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	0	6.94	1	0
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	0	1.94	1	0
Cancer of the Ureter [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Ureteral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.	0	2.35	2	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	1.95	1	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	0	1.95	1	0
Injuries, Maxillofacial [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	0	1.95	1	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	0	1.95	1	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	0	1.95	1	0
Splanchnoptosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)	0	2.86	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.86	1	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	0	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Tuberculosis, Urogenital A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	0	3.33	1	1
Tuberculosis, Renal Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	4.02	3	1
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	0	2.86	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.	0	1.94	1	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	0	1.94	1	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	0	2.63	3	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	1.94	1	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	1.94	1	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	0	1.94	1	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	0	1.94	1	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	0	1.94	1	0
Chloasma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	0	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	1.94	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	0	1.94	1	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	0	1.94	1	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	0	1.94	1	0
Urethral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.	0	1.94	1	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	0	1.94	1	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	0	1.94	1	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	0	1.94	1	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	0	1.94	1	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	0	1.94	1	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.63	3	0
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	0	1.94	1	0
Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.	0	1.94	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	2.63	3	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.63	3	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	0	1.94	1	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0

Intervention	percentage of participants improved (Number)
	PGAIS - Improved to Very Much Improved	SGAIS - Improved to Very Much Improved
Group A	50	70
Group B	60	60
Group C	67	56

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Placebo Group: (0.9% Normal Saline)	19
Intervention: Intravenous Mannitol (20%)	15

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	At Month 6 : Improved	At Month 6 : Not Improved	At Month 13 : Improved	At Month 13 : Not Improved	At Year 2 : Improved	At Year 2: Not Improved	At Year 3 : Improved	At Year 3: Not Improved	At Year 4 : Improved	At Year 4 : Not Improved	At Year 5 : Improved	At Year 5: Not Improved
Fitzpatrick Skin Type IV-VI	97.8	2.2	97.4	2.6	92.9	7.1	88.0	12.0	76.8	23.2	66.3	33.8
Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-III	97.2	2.8	97.4	2.6	91.0	9.0	85.6	14.4	73.0	27.0	66.3	33.7

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Month 6 : Improved	Month 6 : Not Improved	Month 13 : Improved	Month 13 : Not Improved	Year 2 : Improved	Year 2 : Not Improved	Year 3 : Improved	Year 3 : Not Improved	Year 4 : Improved	Year 4 : Not Improved	Year 5 : Improved	Year 5 : Not Improved
Fitzpatrick Skin Type IV-VI	99.6	0.4	99.6	0.4	96.0	4.0	92.3	7.7	82.9	17.1	67.5	32.5
Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-III	99.4	0.6	99.2	0.8	96.6	3.4	90.6	9.4	80.6	19.4	69.6	30.4

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-III	30.9
Fitzpatrick Skin Type IV-VI	25.8

Intervention	Score on a scale (Mean)
	At Month 6	At Month 13	At Year 2	At Year 3	At Year 4	At Year 5
Fitzpatrick Skin Type IV-VI	-1.82	-1.70	-1.63	-1.25	-0.95	-0.62
Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-III	-1.73	-1.74	-1.60	-1.16	-0.80	-0.47

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-III	30.52
Fitzpatrick Skin Type IV-VI	24.84

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
A- Pyridium	48
B- Sodium Fluorescein	20
C- Mannitol	0
Control- Normal Saline	28

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	MIDAS PAIN LEVEL at Baseline	MIDAS PAIN LEVEL at 6 weeks	MIDAS PAIN LEVEL at 3 months	MIDAS PAIN LEVEL at 6 months	MIDAS PAIN LEVEL at 9 months	MIDAS PAIN LEVEL at 12 months
Low-dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab)	6.9	6.4	4.7	5.0	4.8	4.8

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	MIDAS TOTAL at Baseline	MIDAS TOTAL at 6 weeks	MIDAS TOTAL at 3 months	MIDAS TOTAL at 6 months	MIDAS TOTAL at 9 months	MIDAS TOTAL at 12 months
Low-dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab)	81.7	49.7	22.1	28.3	24.4	15.6

Intervention	cm^3 (Mean)
	Vol EDEMA at Baseline	Vol EDEMA at 3 months	Vol EDEMA at 12 months	Vol Radiation Necrosis at Baseline	Vol Radiation Necrosis at 3 months	Vol Radiation Necrosis at 12 months
Low-dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab)	86.8	38.6	32.6	14.5	6.6	3.2

Intervention	Days (Median)
	12 months PRIOR to IA bevacizumab	12 months AFTER IA bevacizumab
Low-dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab)	61.5	13.0

Intervention	T score where mean T=50, SD=10 (Mean)
	Digits Forward at Baseline	Digits Forward at 3 months	Digits Forward at 12 months	Digits Backward at Baseline	Digits Backward at 3 months	Digits Backward at 12 months	Numbers & Letters SPEED at Baseline	Numbers & Letters SPEED at 3 months	Numbers & Letters SPEED at 12 months	Numbers & Letters Errors at BASELINE	Numbers & Letters Errors at 3 months	Numbers & Letters Errors at 12 months	Numbers & Letters EFFICIENCY at Baseline	Numbers & Letters EFFICIENCY at 3 Months	Numbers & Letters EFFICIENCY at 12 months	Naming at BASELINE	Naming at 3 months	Naming at 12 months	List Learning List Immediate Recall at BASELINE	List Learning List Immediate Recall at 3 months	List Learning List Immediate Recall at 12 months	List Learning List Long Delayed Recall at BASELINE	List Learning List Long Delayed Recall at 3 months	List Learning List Long Delayed Recall at 12 months	Shape Learning Immediate Recognition at BASELINE	Shape Learning Immediate Recognition at 3 months	Shape Learning Immediate Recognition at 12 months	Shape Learning Delayed Recognition at BASELINE	Shape Learning Delayed Recognition at 3 months	Shape Learning Delayed Recognition at 12 months	Story Learning Phrase Unit Immediate Recall at BASELINE	Story Learning Phrase Unit Immediate Recall at 3 months	Story Learning Phrase Unit Immediate Recall at 12 months	Story Learning Phrase Unit Delayed Recall at BASELINE	Story Learning Phrase Unit Delayed Recall at 3 months	Story Learning Phrase Unit Delayed Recall at 12 months	Design Construction at BASELINE	Design Construction at 3 months	Design Construction at 12 months	Mazes at BASELINE	Mazes at 3 months	Mazes at 12 months	Categories at BASELINE	Categories at 3 months	Categories at 12 months	Word Generation at BASELINE	Word Generation at 3 months	Word Generation at 12 months
Low-dose Intra-arterial Bevacizumab	41.1	44.1	42.3	44.9	44.9	40.3	38.2	36.7	36.8	44.6	47.4	52.9	41.0	36.6	36.6	47.6	49.9	49.1	44.6	44.2	46.4	44.6	42.6	51.3	42.9	48.6	50.0	41.3	46.0	47.3	43.2	47.1	49.6	43.7	48.5	47.1	41.4	41.6	45.8	39.8	43.3	43.0	41.8	44.5	39.9	45.0	45.6	49.0

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Headache Impact Test-6, Baseline	Headache Impact Test-6, 6 Weeks	Headache Impact Test-6, 3 months	Headache Impact Test-6, 6 months	Headache Impact Test-6, 9 months	Headache Impact Test-6, 12 months
Low-dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab)	62.4	54.5	52.3	53.3	53.2	52.1

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Karnofsky at Baseline	Karnofsky at Day 1	Karnofsky at Month 3	Karnofsky at Month 12
Low-dose Intra-arterial Bevacizumab	79.0	81.0	83.0	86.3

Intervention	Days (Mean)
	MIDAS DAYS of HEADACHE at Baseline	MIDAS DAYS of HEADACHE at 6 weeks	MIDAS DAYS of HEADACHE at 3 months	MIDAS DAYS of HEADACHE at 6 months	MIDAS DAYS of HEADACHE at 9 months	MIDAS DAYS of HEADACHE at 12 months
Low-dose Intra-arterial Avastin (Bevacizumab)	33.3	25.8	9.0	14.6	12.4	11.5

Intervention	Ratio (Mean)
	Day 3, (0-5 hours), n= 3	Day 5, (0-5 hours), n= 3	Day 7, (0-5 hours), n= 2	Day 11, (0-5 hours), n= 1	Day 13, (0-5 hours), n= 1	Day 3, (0-24 hours), n= 3	Day 5, (0-24 hours), n= 3	Day 7, (0-24 hours), n= 2	Day 9, (0-24 hours), n= 2	Day 11, (0-24 hours), n= 2	Day 13, (0-24 hours), n= 1
Thermally Injured Participants	-0.0037	-0.0213	0.0566	-0.1044	-0.0043	0.0111	-0.0046	0.0178	-0.0327	-0.0218	-0.0634

Intervention	Ratio (Mean)
	Day 8 (0-5 hours)	Day 15 (0-5 hours)	Day 8 (0-24 hours)	Day 15 (0-24 hours)
Healthy Participants	0.0132	0.0016	0.0092	0.0090

Intervention	Ratio (Mean)
	Day 1, 0 to 5 hours	Day 1, 0 to 24 hours
Healthy Participants	0.0078	0.0093
Thermally Injured Participants	0.0415	0.0296

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Week 16- Left NLF	Week 16- Right NLF	Week 24- Left NLF	Week 24- Right NFL	Week 32- Left NLF	Week 32- Right NLF	Week 40- Left NLF	Week 40- Right NLF
Investigational Study Product	-1.3	-1.1	-1.2	-1.1	-1.2	-1.1	-1.3	-1.2
Reference Product	-1.5	-1.5	-1.4	-1.5	-1.2	-1.3	-1.4	-1.4

mannitol

Cross-References

Synonyms (214)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (117 Items)

Roles (13)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (9)

Protein Targets (16)

Potency Measurements

Biological Processes (140)

Molecular Functions (39)

Ceullar Components (24)

Bioassays (214)

Research

Studies (12,350)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 95.94

Study Types

Clinical Trials (177)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Tmax Assessment After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (hr)

Range of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (ng*hr/mL)

Range of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Artesunic Acid After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (ng/mL)

Range of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Artesunic Acid After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (ng*hr/mL)

Number of Participants With AEs Occurring in Greater Frequency in the 2.0 mg/kg IV AS Group Then in the Placebo Group to Access Safety and Tolerability of AS

Cmax Assessment After Single 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Dose of Artesunate Daily for 3 Days (ng/mL)

Number of Participants With AEs

Cardiovascular Responses: Number of Participants With Changes in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate After Infusion

Change in FEV1 From Baseline Over 26 Weeks - Dornase Users

Absolute Change in FEV1 Percent Predicted at 26 Weeks

Change From Baseline FEF25-75 (mL/s) Over 26 Weeks

Change in Absolute FEV1 From Baseline Over 26 Weeks

Sputum Weight at Baseline in Response to First Dose of Treatment

Change in FVC (mL) Across 26 Weeks

Time to First Graded Exacerbation

Daytime Sleepiness Scores

Rate of Graded Pulmonary Exacerbations

Safety Profile - Clinical Chemistry

Sputum Volume

Quality of Life as Measured by the St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Total Score

Lung Function - Change in FEV1/FVC

• (Exploratory) Number of Hospitalizations Due to Pulmonary Exacerbations

Antibiotic Use Prescribed for Treated Pulmonary Exacerbations

Duration of Graded Exacerbations

Lung Function - Change in FEF25-75 (Forced Expiratory Flow Rate Averaged Over 25th -75th Percentile of FVC)

Lung Function - Change in FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second)

Safety Profile - Hematology

Lung Function - Change in FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)

Safety Profile - Sputum Microbiology

Liver Toxicity

Hyponatremia

In-hospital Mortality

306B Efficacy: Rate of Patient Reported Falls

Study 306A: Change in Dizziness/Lightheadedness/Feeling Faint/Feeling Like You Might Black Out (OHSA Item 1) From Baseline to Week 1

306A Efficacy: Patient Reported Falls

306A Efficacy: Change in Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire Score (OHQ)

306B Efficacy: Change in Dizziness/Lightheadedness/Feeling Faint/Feeling Like You Might Black Out (OHSA Item 1)

306B Efficacy: Change in OHSA Item 1 From Baseline to Week 2 (Visit 5)

306B Efficacy: Change in OHSA Item 1 From Baseline to Week 4 (Visit 6)

306B Efficacy: Change in OHSA Item 1 From Baseline to Week 8 (Visit 7)

306B Efficacy: Change in Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire Score (OHQ)

306B Efficacy: Change in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Measurements Post Standing From Baseline to Week 1

Subject's Assessment of Pain

Overall Aesthetic Improvement at 90 Days Post-treatment

Overall Aesthetic Improvement at 180 Days Post-treatment

Subject Satisfaction at 90 Days Post-treatment

Lifting and Tightening of Skin as Determined by Masked Assessment of Pre- and Post-treatment Photographs.

Subject Satisfaction at 180 Days Post-treatment

Efficacy of Mannitol Administration in Reducing the Frequency of Intra-dialytic Hypotension (Decline in Systolic Blood Pressure) During the First Three Hemodialysis Initiation Sessions.

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Left NLF	Right NLF
Investigational Study Product	-1.3	-1.2
Reference Product	-1.3	-1.3

Intervention	time in hours (Median)
	After treatment 1	After treatment 2	After treatment 3	After treatment 4
Investigational Study Product	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.5
Reference Product	2	1	1.5	1.0

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 24	Week 32	Week 40	Week 48
Investigational Study Product	37.8	75.3	72.4	71.3	74.3
Reference Product	39.4	81.2	73.2	77.2	79.9

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Week 1672465566					Week 1672465567	Week 2472465566	Week 2472465567	Week 3272465566	Week 3272465567	Week 4072465567	Week 4072465566	Week 4872465566	Week 4872465567
	Strongly Disagree	Strongly Agree	Agree	Neither agree or disagree	Disagree
Investigational Study Product	37
Reference Product	17
Investigational Study Product	14
Investigational Study Product	2
Reference Product	0
Investigational Study Product	34
Reference Product	14
Reference Product	6
Investigational Study Product	4
Investigational Study Product	31
Investigational Study Product	15
Investigational Study Product	7
Reference Product	13
Investigational Study Product	16
Reference Product	5
Investigational Study Product	8
Reference Product	2
Investigational Study Product	1
Reference Product	1
Investigational Study Product	3
Reference Product	15
Reference Product	4

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Serious Adverse Event	Adverse Event
Dosiing Arm 3	0	4
Dosing Arm 1	0	6
Dosing Arm 2	0	3
Dosing Arm 4	0	7
Dosing Arm 5	0	6

Intervention	Hours (Mean)
Dosing Arm 1	4.311
Dosing Arm 2	9.967
Dosiing Arm 3	8.462
Dosing Arm 4	3.587
Dosing Arm 5	4.683

Intervention	Hours (Mean)
Dosing Arm 1	6.672
Dosing Arm 2	5.444
Dosiing Arm 3	5.117
Dosing Arm 4	2.470
Dosing Arm 5	4.543