Compounds > jasmonic acid
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jasmonic acid

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Description

jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals; [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5281166
CHEMBL ID449572
CHEBI ID18292
SCHEMBL ID114054
MeSH IDM0056978

Synonyms (58)

Synonym
(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-(pent-2z-enyl)-cyclopentaneacetic acid
{(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-[(2z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}acetic acid
CHEBI:18292 ,
2-{(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-[(z)-pent-2-enyl]cyclopentyl}acetate
tnp00291 ,
NCGC00017349-01
LMFA02020001
(3r,7r)-jasmonic acid
cmc_13965
cyclopentaneacetic acid, 3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)-, (z)-trans- (8ci)
cyclopentaneacetic acid, 3-oxo-2-(2z)-2-pentenyl-, (1r,2r)- (9ci)
3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)cyclopentaneacetic acid
(-)-1alpha,2beta-3-oxo-2-(cis-2-pentenyl)cyclopentaneacetic acid
cyclopentaneacetic acid, 3-oxo-2-[(2z)-2-pentenyl]-, (1r,2r)-
cyclopentaneacetic acid, 3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)-, [1r-[1alpha,2beta(z)]]-
cmc_7387
{(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-[(z)pent-2-enyl]cyclopent-2-enyl}acetic acid
jasmonic acid
C08491
jasmonate
6894-38-8
NCGC00142527-01
cyclopentaneacetic acid, 3-oxo-2-(2z)-2-pentenyl-, (1r,2r)-
ja
(3r,7r)-(?)-jasmonic acid
E9BF63E8-55FE-4051-AE00-04B002D8CE1F
()-jasmonic acid
(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-(2z)-2-penten-ylcyclopentanacetic acid
BMSE000525
()-1alpha,2beta-3-oxo-2-(cis-2-pentenyl)cyclopentaneacetic acid
CHEMBL449572 ,
2-[(1r,2r)-2-((2z)pent-2-enyl)-3-oxocyclopentyl]acetic acid
2-[(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-[(z)-pent-2-enyl]cyclopentyl]acetic acid
NCGC00017349-02
bdbm50396691
6ri5n05oww ,
unii-6ri5n05oww
trans-jasmonic acid
SCHEMBL114054
jasmonic acid [mi]
(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-(z)-pent-2-enylcyclopentylacetic acid
(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-(2z)-2-pentenylcyclopentaneacetic acid
(z)-2-(2-(but-2-en-1-yl)-4-oxocyclopentyl)-acetic acid
J-502581
3-oxo-2r-(2z)2-penten-1r-ylcyclopentaneacetic acid
DTXSID4037665
AKOS027323977
(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-(2z)-2-pentenyl-cyclopentaneacetic acid
Q415311
A14333
2-((1r,2r)-2-((z)-but-2-en-1-yl)-4-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid
3-oxo-2r-(2z)2-penten-1r-yl-cyclopentaneacetic acid
trans-jasmonic acid (1 g/ 10 ml ethanol)
trans-jasmonicacid
2-[(1r,2r)-3-oxo-2-[(2z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl]acetic acid
HY-122464A
CS-0135945
cyclopentaneacetic acid, 3-oxo-2-[(2z)-2-penten-1-yl]-, (1r,2r)-

Research Excerpts

Overview

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a vital plant hormone that performs a variety of critical functions for plants. It is a key regulator of plant defense responses and helps plants defend against biological and abiotic stresses.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a crucial hormone in plant antiviral immunity. "( Turnip mosaic virus P1 suppresses JA biosynthesis by degrading cpSRP54 that delivers AOCs onto the thylakoid membrane to facilitate viral infection.
Chen, B; Chen, J; Cui, W; Han, K; Ji, M; Lu, Y; Peng, J; Rao, S; Wu, G; Wu, X; Yan, F; Zhao, J; Zheng, H, 2021)		2.06
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone involved in regulating developmental and growth controls as well as photosynthesis. "( High production of jasmonic acid by Lasiodiplodia iranensis using solid-state fermentation: Optimization and understanding.
Chen, P; Li, R; Shen, Z; Sun, X; Wu, D; Zheng, P, 2022)		2.49
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a key regulator of plant defense responses. "( The jasmonate-induced bHLH gene SlJIG functions in terpene biosynthesis and resistance to insects and fungus.
Cao, Y; Gao, M; Guo, YD; Liu, L; Lv, H; Ma, K; Ren, S; Wang, W; Wang, X; Zhang, N; Zhang, X, 2022)		2.16
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an endogenous growth regulator which helps plants defend against biological and abiotic stresses."( Jasmonic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity through regulating the antioxidant response and enhancing the chelation of cadmium in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Bao, Q; Chu, Y; Huang, Y; Li, Y; Sun, H; Zhang, S, 2022)		2.89
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important hormone that functions in plant defense. "( CALMODULIN1 and WRKY53 Function in Plant Defense by Negatively Regulating the Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway in Arabidopsis.
Gong, J; Guo, Z; Jiao, C; Li, K; Shen, Y; Zuo, Y, 2022)		2.39
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a vital plant hormone that performs a variety of critical functions for plants. "( Identification and Characterization of Jasmonic Acid Biosynthetic Genes in
Cao, X; Hu, S; Li, L; Li, R; Li, W; Niu, J; Wang, D; Wang, Z; Xue, X; Zhang, C, 2022)		2.43
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an oxylipin-derived phytohormone that modulates the plasticity of plant responses against fluctuating environmental cues."( Role of jasmonate signaling in the regulation of plant responses to nutrient deficiency.
Jakhar, P; Satbhai, SB; Shikha, D, 2023)		1.63
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a phytohormone that influences plant response to abiotic stimuli such as salt stress."( Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis identifies candidate genes involved in jasmonic acid-mediated salt tolerance of alfalfa.
Chen, C; Gao, T; Tian, M; Wang, C; Wang, X; Yang, T; Yang, W, 2023)		1.86
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a well-known phytohormone that limits plant growth, which has been confirmed in several species."( Jasmonic Acid Effect on
Janicka, M; Kabała, K; Mroczko, E; Reda, M; Wdowikowska, A, 2023)		3.07
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that regulates a plethora of physiological processes including immunity and development and is perceived by the F-Box protein, Coronatine-insensitive protein 1 (COI1). "( ITPK1 Regulates Jasmonate-Controlled Root Development in
Laha, D; Pullagurla, NJ; Shome, S; Yadav, R, 2023)		2.35
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important plant hormone for the stable growth and development of higher plants."( The overexpression of OsSRO1a, which encodes an OsNINJA1- and OsMYC2-interacting protein, negatively affects OsMYC2-mediated jasmonate signaling in rice.
Akimitsu, K; Gomi, K; Kashihara, K; Onohata, T; Tanaka, S; Yariuchi, R, 2020)		1.28
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important phytohormone, which among others may be involved in the regulation of plant accumulating heavy metal. "( Exogenous jasmonic acid decreased Cu accumulation by alfalfa and improved its photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant system.
Dai, H; Jia, G; Krzyżak, J; Pogrzeba, M; Rusinowski, S; Wei, S, 2020)		2.4
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an endogenous growth-regulating substance, initially identified as a stress-related hormone in higher plants. "( Functions of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Regulation and Response to Abiotic Stress.
Gong, X; Li, M; Song, L; Wang, J; Xu, J, 2020)		2.37
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone under strict regulation by various transcription factors (TFs) that acts as a signaling compound in the regulation of plant defense responses and development."( Overexpression of jasmonate-responsive OsbHLH034 in rice results in the induction of bacterial blight resistance via an increase in lignin biosynthesis.
Gomi, K; Onohata, T, 2020)		1.28
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a hormone related to plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress."( Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of jasmonate ZIM domain gene family in tuber mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida).
Cai, Z; Chen, Y; Liao, J; Wang, D, 2020)		1.28
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a critical hormonal regulator of plant growth and defense. "( Architecture and Dynamics of the Jasmonic Acid Gene Regulatory Network.
Caarls, L; De Vries, M; Denby, K; Hickman, R; Jironkin, A; Mendes, MP; Pieterse, CMJ; Rhodes, J; Schuurink, RC; Steenbergen, M; Talbot, A; Van der Nagel, I; Van Dijken, AJH; Van Verk, MC; Van Wees, SCM; Vroegop-Vos, IA; Wesselink, GJ, 2017)		2.18
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an alleviator against different stresses such as salinity and drought."( Role of jasmonic acid in improving tolerance of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) to Cd toxicity.
Ali, E; Hussain, N; Jabeen, Z; Jiang, LX; Shamsi, IH; Siddiqui, MH, )		1.29
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is known to be an important phytohormone that orchestrates plant defence mechanisms against a range of herbivores and pathogens. "( Identification and functional characterisation of an allene oxide synthase from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. Sauvignon blanc).
Dumin, W; Rostas, M; Winefield, C, 2018)		1.92
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a phytohormone involved in plant development and defense. "( Modulation of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by jasmonic acid.
Casarrubias-Castillo, K; Délano-Frier, JP; Martínez-Gallardo, N; Montero-Vargas, JM; Ordaz-Ortiz, JJ; Winkler, R, 2018)		2.15
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that plays an important role in the defense response and stable growth of rice. "( Jasmonic Acid-Induced VQ-Motif-Containing Protein OsVQ13 Influences the OsWRKY45 Signaling Pathway and Grain Size by Associating with OsMPK6 in Rice.
Akimitsu, K; Gomi, K; Kashihara, K; Kiyama, H; Mochizuki, S; Uji, Y, 2019)		3.4
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important phytohormone associated in defense responses against stress. "( Jasmonic acid application triggers detoxification of lead (Pb) toxicity in tomato through the modifications of secondary metabolites and gene expression.
Ahmad, P; Al-Huqail, AA; Ali, HM; Bali, S; Bhalla, V; Bhardwaj, R; Gandhi, SG; Jamwal, VL; Kaur, P; Kohli, SK; Ohri, P; Siddiqui, MH; Tejpal, R, 2019)		3.4
"Jasmonic acid is an important regulator of plant growth, development and defense. "( A jasmonate ZIM-domain protein NaJAZd regulates floral jasmonic acid levels and counteracts flower abscission in Nicotiana attenuata plants.
Baldwin, IT; Galis, I; Oh, Y, 2013)		2.08
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that mediates a wide variety of plant developmental processes and defense responses. "( Functional analysis of jasmonic acid-responsive secondary metabolite transporters.
Shitan, N; Sugiyama, A; Yazaki, K, 2013)		2.14
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important plant hormone involved in rice-pathogen interactions."( Isolation of jasmonate-induced sesquiterpene synthase of rice: product of which has an antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae.
Akimitsu, K; Gomi, K; Miyoshi, S; Tamaoki, D; Tanaka, K; Tanaka, S; Taniguchi, S; Uji, Y; Yamada, S, 2014)		1.12
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a natural plant hormone ubiquitously distributed in plants and centrally involved in the induction of direct and indirect plant defenses. "( Jasmonic acid enhances plant cyanogenesis and resistance to herbivory in lima bean.
Ballhorn, DJ; Kautz, S; Trisel, JA, 2014)		3.29
"The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway is a plausible candidate to play such a role because of its involvement in many plant responses to environmental and developmental cues."( A stable JAZ protein from peach mediates the transition from outcrossing to self-pollination.
El-Sharkawy, I; Jayasankar, S; Kumar, P; Mathur, J; Paliyath, G; Ravindran, P; Sherif, S, 2015)		0.9
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an essential hormone in plant development and defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. "( Linking Jasmonic Acid Signaling, Root Exudates, and Rhizosphere Microbiomes.
Badri, DV; Carvalhais, LC; Dennis, PG; Kidd, BN; Schenk, PM; Vivanco, JM, 2015)		2.29
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important plant hormone involved in regulation of many aspects of plant growth and development including secondary metabolism and JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins are key components in JA signal processes. "( Methyl jasmonate induction of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots is mediated by JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN repressor proteins.
Huang, S; Kai, G; Shi, M; Wang, H; Zhang, J; Zhou, W, 2016)		1.88
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a well-characterized molecule that mediates a plant's defense response and secondary metabolism."( Jasmonic acid is a crucial signal transducer in heat shock induced sesquiterpene formation in Aquilaria sinensis.
Gao, ZH; Liao, YC; Liu, J; Sui, C; Sun, PW; Wei, JH; Xu, YH; Zhang, Z, 2016)		2.6
"Jasmonic acid is a plant hormone that can be produced by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae via submerged fermentation. "( Optimized Jasmonic Acid Production by Lasiodiplodia theobromae Reveals Formation of Valuable Plant Secondary Metabolites.
Brodhun, F; Eng, F; Feussner, I; Feussner, K; Haroth, S; Ischebeck, T; Meldau, D; Rekhter, D, 2016)		2.28
"Jasmonic acid is a native plant growth regulator produced by algae, microorganisms and higher plants. "( [Studies on the effects of carbon:nitrogen ratio, inoculum type and yeast extract addition on jasmonic acid production by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. strain RC1].
Eng Sánchez, F; Favela-Torres, E; Gutiérrez-Rojas, M, 2008)		2.01
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that plays important roles in a large number of processes in stress adaptation and development in flowering plants. "( Cloning and functional analysis of an allene oxide synthase in Physcomitrella patens.
Bandara, PK; Matsuura, H; Nabeta, K; Sato, M; Takahashi, K, 2009)		1.8
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a crucial plant defence signalling substance that has recently been shown to mediate herbivory-induced root growth reduction in the ecological model species Nicotiana attenuata. "( Jasmonic acid does not mediate root growth responses to wounding in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Hummel, GM; Schmidt, L; Schöttner, M; Schurr, U; Walter, A, 2010)		3.25
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a fatty acid-derived signaling molecule that regulates a broad range of plant defense responses against herbivores and some microbial pathogens. "( The Arabidopsis P450 protein CYP82C2 modulates jasmonate-induced root growth inhibition, defense gene expression and indole glucosinolate biosynthesis.
Chen, WP; Cohen, JD; Jiang, H; Li, C; Liang, W; Liu, F; Sun, B; Sun, J; Wang, Q; Xu, Y; Ye, S, 2010)		1.8
"Jasmonic acid is known to be a critical signaling molecule for defense against these enemies."( Plant immune system incompatibility and the distribution of enemies in natural hybrid zones.
Bergelson, J; Traw, MB, 2010)		1.08
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that plays an important role in a wide variety of plant physiological processes. "( Biosynthesis of jasmonic acid in a plant pathogenic fungus, Lasiodiplodia theobromae.
Nabeta, K; Takahashi, K; Tsukada, K, 2010)		2.15
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant signalling compound that has been implicated in the regulation of mutualistic symbioses. "( Jasmonate biosynthesis in legume and actinorhizal nodules.
Demchenko, K; Feussner, I; Göbel, C; Grzeganek, P; Hause, B; Heumann, J; Mrosk, C; Pawlowski, K; Zdyb, A, 2011)		1.81
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant-signaling hormone involved in defenses against insects and pathogens as well as the regulation of nutrient partitioning. "( Chestnut species and jasmonic acid treatment influence development and community interactions of galls produced by the Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus.
Cooper, WR; Rieske, LK, 2011)		2.13
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an essential plant hormone involved in plant development and defense system. "( Simultaneous determination of jasmonic acid epimers as phytohormones by chiral liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and their epimerization study.
Bai, Y; Han, Y; Lei, R; Liu, H; Nie, H; Wu, H; Zhou, Z, 2012)		2.11
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a well-characterized signaling molecule in plant defense responses. "( Jasmonic acid is involved in the signaling pathway for fungal endophyte-induced volatile oil accumulation of Atractylodes lancea plantlets.
Dai, CC; Ren, CG, 2012)		3.26
"Jasmonic acid acts as a downstream signaling molecule in NO- and H2O2-mediated volatile oil accumulation induced by endophytic fungus and has a complementary interaction with the SA signaling pathway."( Jasmonic acid is involved in the signaling pathway for fungal endophyte-induced volatile oil accumulation of Atractylodes lancea plantlets.
Dai, CC; Ren, CG, 2012)		3.26
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a fatty acid-derived signaling molecule that regulates a broad range of plant defense responses against herbivores and some microbial pathogens. "( The tomato homolog of CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 is required for the maternal control of seed maturation, jasmonate-signaled defense responses, and glandular trichome development.
Howe, GA; Li, L; McCaig, BC; Pichersky, E; Wang, J; Whalon, ME; Wingerd, BA; Zhao, Y, 2004)		1.77
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a lipid-derived signal that regulates plant defense responses to biotic stress. "( Role of beta-oxidation in jasmonate biosynthesis and systemic wound signaling in tomato.
Giovannoni, JJ; Howe, GA; Jayanty, S; Kobayashi, Y; Lee, GI; Li, C; Liu, G; Sageman, C; Schilmiller, AL; Vrebalov, J; Yagi, K, 2005)		1.77
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a naturally occurred growth regulator found in higher plants and a main signal molecule carrying information about injury. "( [Effects of exogenous jasmonic acid-induced plant responses on development and growth of Plutella xylostella].
Liu, S; Lu, Y, 2005)		2.09
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a key molecule initiating plant defensive responses to attack by pathogens and herbivores. "( Jasmonate in lepidopteran eggs and neonates.
De Moraes, CM; Tooker, JF, 2005)		1.77
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a signalling compound with a key role in both stress and development in plants, and is reported to elicit the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). "( Dynamics of the enhanced emissions of monoterpenes and methyl salicylate, and decreased uptake of formaldehyde, by Quercus ilex leaves after application of jasmonic acid.
Filella, I; Llusià, J; Peñuelas, J, 2006)		1.97
"Jasmonic acid is an oxylipin signaling molecule derived from linolenic acid. "( Jasmonate: an oxylipin signal with many roles in plants.
Browse, J, 2005)		1.77
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a key molecule initiating plant defensive responses to herbivory. "( Jasmonate in lepidopteran larvae.
De Moraes, CM; Tooker, JF, 2006)		1.78
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a lipid-derived signal that regulates a wide variety of developmental and defense-related processes in higher plants. "( Identification of a peroxisomal acyl-activating enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid in Arabidopsis.
Chung, HS; Howe, GA; Kobayashi, Y; Koo, AJ, 2006)		2
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a key hormone involved in plant defense responses. "( Jasmonic acid-induced changes in Brassica oleracea affect oviposition preference of two specialist herbivores.
Bruinsma, M; Dicke, M; Van Dam, NM; Van Loon, JJ, 2007)		3.23
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is a well-known defence hormone, but its biological function and mechanism in rice root development are less understood. "( RNAi knockdown of Oryza sativa root meander curling gene led to altered root development and coiling which were mediated by jasmonic acid signalling in rice.
Bai, Y; Chong, K; Han, Y; Jiang, J; Li, J; Lou, Y; Xu, Y; Xu, Z; Zhou, G, 2007)		1.99
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important regulator of plant development and stress responses. "( Jasmonate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana requires peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes--additional proof by properties of pex6 and aim1.
Delker, C; Miersch, O; Wasternack, C; Zolman, BK, 2007)		1.78
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an essential long-distance signaling compound."( [Effects of wounding on jasmonic acid distribution in vicia faba leaves].
Jia, WS; Liu, X; Lou, CH; Wang, YQ; Zhang, SQ, 2007)		1.37
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important negative regulator of light-regulated coleoptile elongation in rice. "( Rice JASMONATE RESISTANT 1 is involved in phytochrome and jasmonate signalling.
Riemann, M; Takano, M, 2008)		1.79
"Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important phytohormone that regulates plant defense responses against herbivore attack, pathogen infection and mechanical wounding. "( Role of the Arabidopsis thaliana NAC transcription factors ANAC019 and ANAC055 in regulating jasmonic acid-signaled defense responses.
Bu, Q; Jiang, H; Li, C; Li, CB; Sun, J; Wu, X; Xie, Q; Zhai, Q; Zhang, J, 2008)		2.01
"Jasmonic acid was found to be a unique elicitor leading to an enhancement in flux to several branches in the indole alkaloid pathway."( Effect of elicitor dosage and exposure time on biosynthesis of indole alkaloids by Catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures.
Rijhwani, SK; Shanks, JV, )		0.85

Effects

Jasmonic acid (JA) has long been hypothesized to be an important regulator of insect-induced volatile emission. It has been shown to be a signaling compound which elicits the production of secondary metabolites including phytoalexins in plants.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Jasmonic acid (JA) has been mostly studied in responses to biotic stresses, such as herbivore attack and pathogenic infection. "( Enhanced oxidative stress in the jasmonic acid-deficient tomato mutant def-1 exposed to NaCl stress.
Abouelsaad, I; Renault, S, 2018)		2.2
"Jasmonic acid (JA) has long been hypothesized to be an important regulator of insect-induced volatile emission; however, current models are based primarily on circumstantial evidence derived from pharmacological studies. "( Quantitative relationships between induced jasmonic acid levels and volatile emission in Zea mays during Spodoptera exigua herbivory.
Alborn, HT; Banchio, E; Schmelz, EA; Tumlinson, JH, 2003)		2.02
"Jasmonic acid (JA) has been known to induce the stomatal closure."( [Calcium involved in the signaling pathway of jasmonic acid induced stomatal closure of Vicia faba L].
Liu, X; Lou, CH; Shi, WL; Zhang, SQ, 2005)		1.31
"Jasmonic acid (JA) has been shown to be a signaling compound which elicits the production of secondary metabolites including phytoalexins in plants. "( Phytoalexin production elicited by exogenously applied jasmonic acid in rice leaves (Oryza sativa L.) is under the control of cytokinins and ascorbic acid.
Kodama, O; Rakwal, R; Tamogami, S, 1997)		1.99
"Jasmonic acid has properties of a plant hormone, including the induction of specific genes associated with plant defense. "( Jasmonate signaling mutants of Arabidopsis are susceptible to the soil fungus Pythium irregulare.
Lehman, CC; Staswick, PE; Yuen, GY, 1998)		1.74

Actions

Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a crucial role in various biological processes including development, signal transduction and stress response. The underlying molecular mechanism of JA involvement in B-deficiency-induced root growth inhibition is yet to be explored.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a key role in plant-entomopathogenic fungi-herbivore interaction."( Seed Myco-priming improves crop yield and herbivory induced defenses in maize by coordinating antioxidants and Jasmonic acid pathway.
Ahmed, MA; Bai, S; Batool, R; Chen, J; Guo, J; He, K; Shabbir, MZ; Umer, MJ; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, T, 2022)		1.65
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays an important role in regulating plant growth and defence responses. "( SlBBX20 attenuates JA signalling and regulates resistance to Botrytis cinerea by inhibiting SlMED25 in tomato.
Cai, J; Hu, G; Larkin, RM; Luo, D; Sun, W; Wang, T; Yang, C; Ye, Z; Zhang, D; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2023)		2.35
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a critical role in plant defenses against insects and necrotrophic fungi. "( MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 function additively in wounding-induced jasmonic acid biosynthesis and catabolism.
Lei, Y; Lu, C; Wang, L; Wu, J; Zhang, C, 2020)		2.24
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a crucial role in various biological processes including development, signal transduction and stress response. "( Characterization of
Chang, Y; Li, F; Li, Z; Lian, X; Liu, L; Lü, B; Lu, X; Ma, X; Tang, C; Tang, M; Xie, S; Xiong, J; Zhou, T, 2020)		2
"The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway plays crucial roles in plant defence against pathogens and herbivores. "( Rice stripe virus coat protein induces the accumulation of jasmonic acid, activating plant defence against the virus while also attracting its vector to feed.
Chen, J; Cui, W; Han, K; Huang, H; Ji, M; Li, J; Lin, L; Lou, Y; Lu, Y; Peng, J; Rao, S; Song, X; Sun, Z; Wu, G; Yan, F; Yuan, Q; Zhang, C; Zhang, H; Zheng, H, 2020)		1.36
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays pivotal roles in plant growth, but the underlying molecular mechanism of JA involvement in B-deficiency-induced root growth inhibition is yet to be explored."( JASMONATE RESISTANT 1 negatively regulates root growth under boron deficiency in Arabidopsis.
Huang, Y; Shi, L; Wang, S; Xu, F, 2021)		1.34
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays an essential role in stamen filament elongation."( The chromatin remodeling complex imitation of switch controls stamen filament elongation by promoting jasmonic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
Chu, J; Jiang, T; Li, L; Liu, C; Yang, T; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y; Zheng, B, 2021)		1.56
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays central roles in various events in plants, especially defence against pathogens and insects. "( OsMYC2 mediates numerous defence-related transcriptional changes via jasmonic acid signalling in rice.
Kawahara-Miki, R; Miyamoto, K; Nojiri, H; Ogawa, S; Okada, K; Tsujii, Y; Yamane, H, 2017)		2.13
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a central role in induced plant defence e.g. "( Synergism in the effect of prior jasmonic acid application on herbivore-induced volatile emission by Lima bean plants: transcription of a monoterpene synthase gene and volatile emission.
Boland, W; David, A; Dicke, M; Gols, R; Menzel, TR; van Loon, JJ; Weldegergis, BT, 2014)		2.13
"As jasmonic acid (JA) plays antagonistic role to GA in the tassel florets, here we propose a model to explain this antagonism effect on the regulation of the stamen and pistil organ development in the tassel florets in maize."( New insight in the Gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction.
Chen, Y; Tan, BC, 2015)		0.93
"The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway plays a central role in plant defense responses against insects. "( Silencing OsHI-LOX makes rice more susceptible to chewing herbivores, but enhances resistance to a phloem feeder.
Cheng, J; Erb, M; Lou, Y; Mao, B; Qi, J; Ren, N; Zhou, G, 2009)		0.91
"Jasmonic acid levels in flower buds decreased by 80% from stage I to II, but did not differ between age groups."( Loss of flower bud vigour in the Mediterranean shrub, Cistus albidus L. at advanced developmental stages.
Munné-Bosch, S; Oñate, M, 2010)		1.08
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a crucial role in plant fertility and defense responses. "( Jasmonic acid prevents the accumulation of cyclin B1;1 and CDK-B in synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells.
Azmi, A; Inzé, D; Stals, H; Swiatek, A; Van Onckelen, H, 2004)		3.21
"Jasmonic acid (JA) plays pivotal roles in diverse plant biological processes, including wound response. "( Cooperation and functional diversification of two closely related galactolipase genes for jasmonate biosynthesis.
Choi, S; Hwang, HJ; Hyun, Y; Kang, H; Kim, EY; Kim, WT; Ko, J; Lee, I; Lee, YH; Nam, SJ; Park, JY; Ryu, SB; Seo, YS; Yu, J, 2008)		1.79

Treatment

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a signaling molecule in plant defense responses. Treatment with JA changed the level of protein accumulation for 5 of the 20 proteins. Leaves emit a blend that consists almost exclusively of terpenoids.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Jasmonic acid treatment reduced the severity of internal flesh browning and did not inhibit fruit softening over a 35 d storage period."( Jasmonic acid treatment alleviates chilling injury in peach fruit by promoting sugar and ethylene metabolism.
Brummell, DA; Duan, Y; Lin, Q; Qi, S; Song, C; Zhao, Y, 2021)		2.79
"Jasmonic acid (JA) treatment resulted in increases in PPO activity, and the effect of JA was dose dependent."( Regurgitant derived from the tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua suppresses wound-induced polyphenol oxidases activity in tea plants.
Chen, ZM; Duan, XN; Jin, S; Li, XW; Ren, BZ; Sun, XL; Yang, ZW, 2013)		1.11
"Jasmonic acid treatment delayed the induction of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance by approx."( Dynamics of the enhanced emissions of monoterpenes and methyl salicylate, and decreased uptake of formaldehyde, by Quercus ilex leaves after application of jasmonic acid.
Filella, I; Llusià, J; Peñuelas, J, 2006)		1.25
"Jasmonic acid treatment for 24h, however, increased lipoxygenase and allene oxide cyclase protein levels in both developmental stages analyzed."( Cytochemical immuno-localization of allene oxide cyclase, a jasmonic acid biosynthetic enzyme, in developing potato stolons.
Abdala, G; Cenzano, A; Hause, B, 2007)		1.3
"Jasmonic acid treatment increased mRNA levels and the capacity for glutathione synthesis but did not alter the glutathione content in unstressed plants, which supports the idea that the glutathione concentration is controlled at multiple levels."( Glutathione metabolic genes coordinately respond to heavy metals and jasmonic acid in Arabidopsis.
Oliver, DJ; Xiang, C, 1998)		1.26
"Pretreatment with jasmonic acid (JA) dramatically reversed Hpa Noco2 resistance in the glk1 glk2 double mutant, but only marginally affected the 35S:AtGLK1 plants."( Arabidopsis GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors activate jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent disease susceptibility to the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, as well as JA-independent plant immunity against the necrotrophic pathogen Botryti
Allard, G; Desveaux, D; Murmu, J; Pandeya, R; Singh, J; Subramaniam, R; Wilton, M, 2014)		0.97
"Treatment with jasmonic acid (JA) or methyl jasmonic acid, end products of the octadecanoid pathway, inhibited the elicitor-induced accumulation of PAL mRNA in pea."( Expression of the 12-oxophytodienoic acid 10,11-reductase gene in the compatible interaction between pea and fungal pathogen.
Funato, A; Ichinose, Y; Ishiga, Y; Shiraishi, T; Tachiki, T; Toyoda, K; Yamada, T, 2002)		0.65
"Treatment with jasmonic acid (JA), a signaling molecule in plant defense responses, changed the level of protein accumulation for 5 of the 20 proteins."( Proteomic analysis of bacterial-blight defense-responsive proteins in rice leaf blades.
Jan, A; Kakishima, M; Komatsu, S; Mahmood, T, 2006)		0.67
"When treated with jasmonic acid, leaves emit a blend that consists almost exclusively of terpenoids."( Analysis of volatiles induced by oviposition of elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola on Ulmus minor.
Hadwich, K; Hilker, M; Meiners, T; Schulz, S; Wegener, R, 2001)		0.63

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Transgenic mustard plants ( Brassica juncea ) expressing non-allergenic and biologically safe RiD peptide show higher tolerance against Lipaphis erysimi."( Overexpression of biologically safe Rorippa indica defensin enhances aphid tolerance in Brassica juncea.
Jana, K; Sarkar, P; Sikdar, SR, 2017)		0.46
"Aluminium (Al) is one of the most abundant metals in earth crust, which becomes toxic to the plants growing in acidic soil."( Phytohormone signalling and cross-talk to alleviate aluminium toxicity in plants.
Bishi, SK; Lal, SK; Ranjan, A; Singh, AK; Sinha, R, 2021)		0.62

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Percutaneous absorption assays of molecules for pharmaceutical and cosmetology purposes are important to determine the bioavailability of new compounds, once topically applied."( A Microfluidic Diffusion Cell for Fast and Easy Percutaneous Absorption Assays.
Fujii, T; Grégoire, S; Nicolas, A; Provin, C, 2015)		0.42

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The dose-response to JA parallels previous reports on alkaloid induction in cell cultures."( Herbivore-induced volatiles: the emission of acyclic homoterpenes from leaves of Phaseolus lunatus and Zea mays can be triggered by a beta-glucosidase and jasmonic acid.
Blechert, S; Boland, W; Donath, J; Hopke, J, 1994)		0.49
" Jasmonic acid addition caused an increase in the specific yields of ajmalicine (80%), serpentine (60%), lochnericine (150%), and hörhammericine (500%) in dosage studies."( Effect of elicitor dosage and exposure time on biosynthesis of indole alkaloids by Catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures.
Rijhwani, SK; Shanks, JV, )		1.04
" Quantitative dose-response relations were found between the increase in nectar production and both the intensity of leaf damage and the amounts of exogenously applied JA."( Extrafloral nectar production of the ant-associated plant, Macaranga tanarius, is an induced, indirect, defensive response elicited by jasmonic acid.
Boland, W; Fiala, B; Heil, M; Hilpert, A; Koch, T; Linsenmair, K, 2001)		0.51
" Exogenous JA did not adversely affect productivity, and in the absence of drought stress, the higher dosage enhanced grain yield."( The effect of exogenous jasmonic acid on induced resistance and productivity in amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) is influenced by environmental conditions.
Barbosa-Jaramillo, ER; Borodanenko, A; Délano-Frier, JP; Martínez-de la Vega, O; Martínez-Gallardo, NA; Salas-Araiza, MD; Torres, A; Vargas, P, 2004)		0.63
" arf6 and arf8 single mutants and sesquimutants (homozygous for one mutation and heterozygous for the other) had delayed stamen development and decreased fecundity, indicating that ARF6 and ARF8 gene dosage affects timing of flower maturation quantitatively."( Auxin response factors ARF6 and ARF8 promote jasmonic acid production and flower maturation.
Alonso, JM; Barkawi, LS; Cohen, JD; Ecker, JR; Ellis, CM; Farmer, EE; Guilfoyle, TJ; Hagen, G; Nagpal, P; Ploense, SE; Reed, JW; Weber, H, 2005)		0.59
" Specific VIGS of only MPK1 or MPK2 resulted in the same reduction of defense gene expression as cosilencing of MPK1 and MPK2, indicating that gene dosage effects may be important for MPK signaling."( Tomato MAPKs LeMPK1, LeMPK2, and LeMPK3 function in the systemin-mediated defense response against herbivorous insects.
Howe, GA; Jayanty, S; Kandoth, PK; Lincoln, DE; Miller, W; Pancholi, SS; Ranf, S; Stratmann, JW; Walla, MD, 2007)		0.34
" In addition, fall armyworm larvae show a preference for Tx601 whorl tissue over Mp708 tissue, and the dosage of Tx601 whorl with (E)-beta-caryophyllene repels the fall armyworm."( A maize line resistant to herbivory constitutively releases (E) -beta-caryophyllene.
Brown, AE; Luthe, DS; Sandoya, GV; Shivaji, R; Smith, CL; Smith, WE; Sparks, DL; Williams, WP, 2012)		0.38
" • We found that the response of roots was more distinct when the dosage was varied, whereas that of shoots was more distinct when the treatment time was varied."( Comparative transcriptome analysis of transporters, phytohormone and lipid metabolism pathways in response to arsenic stress in rice (Oryza sativa).
Chen, L; Hu, SN; Li, JT; Liao, B; Luo, YF; Shu, WS; Xiao, S; Xie, LJ; Yu, LJ, 2012)		0.38
"The effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) dosage on terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus are correlated with the relative levels of specific MJ-responsive transcription factors."( Jasmonate-dependent alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus Roseus hairy root cultures is correlated with the relative expression of Orca and Zct transcription factors.
Cram, EJ; Goklany, S; Lee-Parsons, CW; Loring, RH; Rizvi, NF, )		0.13
" We report on temporal and dosage effects of such crosstalk on host preference and oviposition-site selection behaviour of the herbivorous spider mite Tetranychus urticae towards Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) plants, including underlying mechanisms."( Reciprocal crosstalk between jasmonate and salicylate defence-signalling pathways modulates plant volatile emission and herbivore host-selection behaviour.
Dicke, M; Gols, R; Kang, L; Li, N; Menzel, TR; van Loon, JJ; Wei, J, 2014)		0.4
" Therefore, the use of nanotechnology could be a good option for improving the quality of wines from an aromatic point of view, while reducing the necessary dosage of agrochemicals, in line with more sustainable agricultural practices."( Effects of Methyl Jasmonate and Nano-Methyl Jasmonate Treatments on Monastrell Wine Volatile Composition.
Bleda-Sánchez, JA; Delgado-López, JM; Fernández-Fernández, JI; Gil-Muñoz, R; Giménez-Bañón, MJ; Moreno-Olivares, JD; Paladines-Quezada, DF; Parra-Torrejón, B, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
jasmonatesThe jasmonates (JAs) are a group of plant hormones which help regulate plant growth and development.
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
oxo monocarboxylic acidAny monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (2)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis933
Jasmonate biosynthesis216

Protein Targets (4)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)Ki37.00000.00590.54812.8000AID703407
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)Ki93.00000.00590.70913.1000AID1645767; AID703408
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)Ki18.00000.00590.37312.8000AID703409
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)Ki106.00000.00590.56752.8000AID703410
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (40)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
retinoid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
androgen metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to jasmonic acid stimulusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
progesterone metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
retinoid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
male gonad developmentAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to starvationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
farnesol catabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cyclooxygenase pathwayAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
keratinocyte differentiationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
progesterone metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
retinal metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
macromolecule metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathwayAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
renal absorptionAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to calcium ionAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to prostaglandin stimulusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to corticosteroid stimulusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to jasmonic acid stimulusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to prostaglandin D stimulusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of retinoic acid biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of testosterone biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
digestionAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
progesterone metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to jasmonic acid stimulusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to prostaglandin D stimulusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
retinoid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
digestionAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
intestinal cholesterol absorptionAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
progesterone metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
retinal metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
response to organophosphorusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to jasmonic acid stimulusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (35)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
retinal dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptorAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
dihydrotestosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
androsterone dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
chlordecone reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
ketosteroid monooxygenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
retinal dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptorAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
phenanthrene 9,10-monooxygenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
dihydrotestosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin H2 endoperoxidase reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin D2 11-ketoreductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
geranylgeranyl reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
ketoreductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin-F synthase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
androsterone dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
ketosteroid monooxygenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
Delta4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptorAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
phenanthrene 9,10-monooxygenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
ketosteroid monooxygenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
indanol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
androsterone dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptorAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
phenanthrene 9,10-monooxygenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
3beta-hydroxy-5beta-steroid dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptorAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
dihydrotestosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
17-alpha,20-alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
androsterone dehydrogenase (B-specific) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
ketosteroid monooxygenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
indanol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
androsterone dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytoplasmAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (7)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID703410Inhibition of human recombinant AKR1C1 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using phenanthrenequinone as substrate by spectrophotometric analysis2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic Acids: highly potent and selective inhibitors of the type 5 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase AKR1C3.
AID1645767Inhibition of recombinant full-length human N-terminal His6-tagged AKR1C3 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using phenanthrenequinone as substrate in presence of NADPH generating system2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-11, Volume: 62, Issue:7
Potent and Highly Selective Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) Inhibitors Act as Chemotherapeutic Potentiators in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
AID703408Inhibition of human recombinant AKR1C3 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using phenanthrenequinone as substrate by spectrophotometric analysis2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic Acids: highly potent and selective inhibitors of the type 5 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase AKR1C3.
AID703409Inhibition of human recombinant AKR1C2 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using phenanthrenequinone as substrate by spectrophotometric analysis2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic Acids: highly potent and selective inhibitors of the type 5 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase AKR1C3.
AID703407Inhibition of human recombinant AKR1C4 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using phenanthrenequinone as substrate by spectrophotometric analysis2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic Acids: highly potent and selective inhibitors of the type 5 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase AKR1C3.
AID377833Inhibition of Lepidium sativum cress root growth at 5X10'-5 mol/L after 40 hrs2005Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4
Oxylipins arabidopsides C and D from Arabidopsis thaliana.
AID1099264Phytohormonal activity against Oryza sativa (rice) seedlings assessed as growth inhibition of second leaf sheath at 1 to 300 uM after 5 days relative to control1999Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, , Volume: 63, Issue:2
Easy Preparation of Methyl 7-epi-Jasmonate and Four Stereoisomers of Methyl Cucurbate, and Assessment of the Stereogenic Effect of Jasmonate on Phytohormonal Activities.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (3,756)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902 (0.05)18.7374
1990's90 (2.40)18.2507
2000's946 (25.19)29.6817
2010's2007 (53.43)24.3611
2020's711 (18.93)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 58.98

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index58.98 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.25 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index98.60 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (58.98)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials2 (0.05%)5.53%
Reviews305 (8.00%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (0.05%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other3,505 (91.90%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
alpha-ketobutyric acid
alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.		2.03102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
short-chain fatty acid
2-methyl-butan-1,2,3,4-tetraol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate
2-methyl-butan-1,2,3,4-tetraol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate: structure given in first source		2.5720
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.2150amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.6320monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.6104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.7620monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.5320ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.7306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.8130guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.1310imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.4520azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
anthranilic acid
anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.		2.0610aminobenzoic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.5820benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.1510benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.6920amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
2,3-butylene glycol
2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.		2.0410butanediol;
glycol;
secondary alcohol
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.4420carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.1510alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		2.0210cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.5120tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.2110halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.110coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		13.19950monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		2.7330benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.5920trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		4.9250gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
nornicotine
nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure		2.1310
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.08102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.		5.68240amino acid zwitterion;
monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		ethylene releasers;
plant metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.0710hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.25102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		3.0340sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		7.0310aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.0610alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.2510alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		2.110hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.5320carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
indole
[no description available]		3.4670indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		10.71740indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
pipecolic acid
pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.		3.9330piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.21102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.7730alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		2.0610inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.8130cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		5100acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		7.8930metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.2650monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		3.0240alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		2.01102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		human metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		2.1310purine
putrescine
[no description available]		3.79100alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		2.6620selenium oxoacid
spermidine
[no description available]		2.8530polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		9.5970polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.0410sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
tryptamine
[no description available]		3.2710aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.1510isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0410p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		4.9100aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		3.1750chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.0310dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.0110aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).		2.4420long-chain fatty acid
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.1350benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atrazine
[no description available]		2.3110chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		4.140alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
berberine
[no description available]		2.4220alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one
2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one: from maize extracts; structure given in first source. DIMBOA : A lactol that is DIBOA in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the maize plants.		2.4820aromatic ether;
benzoxazine;
cyclic hydroxamic acid;
lactol		allelochemical;
plant metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		7.1310purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		2.0310hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.1710
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		2.0410aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		2.110cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.5220dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
dichlobanil
2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.		2.1110dichlorobenzene;
nitrile		agrochemical;
cellulose synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		3.1450organic cation
endothall
endothall: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS (72-82)		2.730
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.4620
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.6920ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.0710aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.0710fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.2110aromatic etherantilipemic drug
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.		2.3110dihydroxybenzoic acidEC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
MALDI matrix material;
mouse metabolite
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		7.7830
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.4120barbiturates
beta-thujaplicin
beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.		2.0210cyclic ketone;
enol;
monoterpenoid		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiplasmodial drug;
plant metabolite
hypericin
[no description available]		7.4220
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.7930monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.0710aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
indolepropionic acid
indolepropionic acid: structure in third source. 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid : An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.		2.110indol-3-yl carboxylic acidauxin;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
kinetin
Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.		3.54806-aminopurines;
furans		cytokinin;
geroprotector
mimosine
Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.		2.2110alpha-amino acid
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		7.7530medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0710aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.2110aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.01101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		5.02120benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
n-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.1710aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
sanguinarine
benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.		2.7730alkaloid antibiotic;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		3.2660long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		7.1310isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
tyramine
[no description available]		2.2510monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.1310
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.4170glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		2.0710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		3.56204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid
3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid: structure given in first source. 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid : A chlorobenzoic acid carrying chloro substituents at positions 3 and 4.		2.0710chlorobenzoic acid
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		4.5170cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.4520alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.8630aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		5.2690amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		3.2350aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.0610pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		9.36180glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
benzoxazolone
benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.		2.0710benzoxazoleallelochemical;
phytoalexin
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.7930benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		3.4170amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.0810amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.0810adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		8.3160amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		2.7130methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
2-aminoisobutyric acid
2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.		2.11102,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion;
2,2-dialkylglycine
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2860aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.570amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		2.0110alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.96130antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.5220diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
mannitol
[no description available]		3.3760mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.110pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.5520L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		7.4420amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.3260erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		8.961250aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid
4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.		2.0710monochlorobenzoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.0210arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		12.285190alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.1510alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		7.08410C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.1510
linalool
linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.		8.87110monoterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		3.1950alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
camphene
camphene : A monoterpene with a bicyclic skeleton that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2 and a methylidene group at position 3. It is a widespread natural product found in many essential oils.		2.1110carbobicyclic compound;
monoterpene		fragrance;
plant metabolite
alpha-pinene
[no description available]		2.1110pineneplant metabolite
1-naphthaleneacetic acid
1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.		3.0140naphthylacetic acidsynthetic auxin
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid: inhibitor of auxin transport; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3 and 5 are replaced by iodine atoms. It is an auxin polar transport inhibitor.		2.520benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		antiauxins
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		2.2510monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
3,3'-diaminobenzidine
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.		2.0110biphenyls;
substituted aniline		histological dye
phenidone
phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.5780
methyleugenol
methyleugenol: structure		2.1310phenylpropanoid
1-phenylpropanol
1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source		4.7280organic molecular entity
methyl benzoate
methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.		2.4820benzoate ester;
methyl ester		insect attractant;
metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.6320benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
cyclopentanol
[no description available]		3.0810cyclopentanols
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.520butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		3.3550trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gamma-terpinene
gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.		2.1310cyclohexadiene;
monoterpene		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
acrolein
[no description available]		2.4320enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		2.4720
isoamylamine
isoamylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. isopentylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butan-1-amine carrying a methyl substituent at position 3.		2.3110primary aliphatic aminebacterial metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.1710cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
cyclohexanone
[no description available]		1.9910cyclohexanoneshuman xenobiotic metabolite
vinyl ether
vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)		2.0610ether
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		3.2650hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
isoquinoline
[no description available]		210azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
cyclopentanone
[no description available]		2.4620cyclopentanonesMaillard reaction product
2,5-norbornadiene
[no description available]		2.0110
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.		2.4420carboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide		herbicide
indolebutyric acid
indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.		340indol-3-yl carboxylic acidauxin;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		7.5920alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.5220acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid
hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		840medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hexadecylamine
[no description available]		7.3110alkylamine
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.5220dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		7.8630catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.4220ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.07101,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		18.253,6271cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
thiazoles
[no description available]		5.094101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		1.9610azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		2.0310diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.0810benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		3.1610imidazolidine-2,4-dione
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.3110hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate
Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.		7.0510acyl sulfate;
adenosine bisphosphate;
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
indole-3-carbaldehyde
indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.		2.0610heteroarenecarbaldehyde;
indole alkaloid;
indoles		bacterial metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		2.1710carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4920phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.8830hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
tropolone
Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.		2.0210alpha-hydroxy ketone;
cyclic ketone;
enol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
toxin
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		7.0710carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
tert-butyl acetate
[no description available]		210
3-aminobutyric acid
3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.		3.77100amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		4.41190dialdehydebiomarker
3-hexen-1-ol
3-hexen-1-ol: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a green odor chemical. hex-3-en-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hex-3-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.5320alkenyl alcohol;
homoallylic alcohol;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		2.0310arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		2.3110terpineol;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.4720flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
anatabine
anatabine: alkaloid found in tobacco; structure		2.0410bipyridines
1-methylcyclopropane
1-methylcyclopropane: do not confuse with MCP cpd (1-methylcyclopropene)		2.4120
chorismic acid
Chorismic Acid: A cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derived from SHIKIMIC ACID and a precursor for the biosynthesis of UBIQUINONE and the AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS.. chorismic acid : The (3R,4R)-stereoisomer of 5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid.		2.31105-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
homoserine
homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.		7.520amino acid zwitterion;
homoserine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diphenyliodonium
diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined		2.1510
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		2.311017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cyclopentenone
2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.		2.7530alicyclic ketone;
enone		Hsp70 inducer
2-cyclohexen-1-one
2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.		1.9910cyclohexenone
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.1310zinc molecular entity
beta-pinene
beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.		2.5420pineneplant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.04130alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		3.3160
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		2.4110aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		3.4170organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.0810aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		2.0510benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
hexadecyldimethylamine
hexadecyldimethylamine: has antifungal activity; isolated from Arthrobacter agilis; structure in first source		2.5820
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol: produced by Pseudomonas aurantiaca. 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol : A benzenetriol that is phloroglucinol in which two of the ring hydrogens are replaced by acetyl groups.		2.0110aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
diketone;
methyl ketone		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite
chloroflurenol-methyl
[no description available]		2.0310
benzyl acetone
benzyl acetone: a dominant floral attractant		2.5320ketone
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		3.5980primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.1310fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.7430D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
phenoxyacetic acid
phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.		2.1310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant growth retardant
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.1710carbon oxoanion
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.0110diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.9940cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
sodium metasilicate
sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.		2.0610inorganic sodium salt
lanthanum
[no description available]		7.7630f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.1710elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.1710chromium group element atommicronutrient
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		210copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		2.1510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		4.6230cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.3110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		7.5920chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.9840f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		2.0810elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.4120copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		3.5880N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.0610calcium phosphate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.7530metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		2.7130inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4		2.0710inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		8.1550dihydrogen
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.0510
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		7.14290elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0410inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
menthone
menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).		2.0410menthone
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		1.9910
ethephon
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.		4.43210phosphonic acidsplant growth regulator
fluorides
[no description available]		2.1510halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
ochracin
ochracin: produced by Aspergillus alutaceus; structure in first source		2.1510isochromanes
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		7.3110chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		10.622170benzenes;
phenyl acetates
myrcene
myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		210monoterpeneanabolic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
alkenes
[no description available]		4.09140
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.2350glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
norflurazone
norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.		2.3110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
organochlorine compound;
pyridazinone;
secondary amino compound		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
herbicide
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0810organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC		2.110
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.7890taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
isoproturon
isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		7.17103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureaagrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
oxyfluorofen
oxyfluorofen: structure		2.0110aromatic etherEC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.1710alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.0710ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		2.8530cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
fluridone
[no description available]		2.0710phenylpyridinecarotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
acifluorfen
[no description available]		2.0110aromatic ether;
benzoic acids;
C-nitro compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.0710delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
myrtenal
myrtenal: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.1710
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		2.4620gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.0210trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
benzylaminopurine
benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.		3.18506-aminopurinescytokinin;
plant metabolite
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		6.54580D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4420
baicalin
[no description available]		7.0710dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.1110flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
salicylhydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.7630hydroxamic acid;
phenols		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole
[no description available]		4.3180
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.45701,2,3-triazole
isocoumarins
Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.		2.1510isocoumarins
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.11102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		5.58110organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
1-triacontanol
1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.7430fatty alcohol 30:0;
ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol
phenylpropiolic acid
phenylpropiolic acid: structure. phenylpropiolic acid : An acetylenic compound that is propynoic acid in which the acetylenic hydrogen is replaced by a phenyl group.		3.5820acetylenic compound;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		2.7730nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		2.0310
alkannin
alkannin: a naphthazarin used to promote wound healing, from the plant Alkanna tinctoria; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure		2.4110hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
sakuranetin
sakuranetin: major rice phytoalexin; RN given for ((S)-(-))-isomer; structure in first source. sakuranetin : A flavonoid phytoalexin that is (S)-naringenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.		3.4370(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
flavonoid phytoalexin;
monomethoxyflavanone		antimycobacterial drug;
plant metabolite
isoxaben
isoxaben : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.		2.0110benzamides;
isoxazoles		cellulose synthesis inhibitor;
herbicide
octadecyl palmitate
octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.		2.4110hexadecanoate ester;
wax ester		coral metabolite;
cosmetic
isopiperitenone
isopiperitenone: structure given in first source		6.9910p-menthadien-3-one
asperuloside
asperuloside : A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.		2.0510acetate ester;
beta-D-glucoside;
gamma-lactone;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
monosaccharide derivative		metabolite
s-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate
S-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate: induces system acquired resistance in wheat; structure in first source. acibenzolar-S-methyl : A benzothiadiazole that is the S-methyl thioester derivative of acibenzolar. A profungicide (by hydrolysis of the thioester group to give the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as a fungicide and plant activator on a variety of crops, including cotton, chili peppers, lettuce, onions, spinach, tobacco, and tomatoes.		3.4370benzothiadiazole;
thioester		antifungal agrochemical;
plant activator;
profungicide
alpha-bergamotene
alpha-bergamotene: RR (13434-59-4) refers to the (trans)-isomer. alpha-bergamotene : A sesquiterpene consisting of a bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene skeleton substituted at positions 2 and 6 by methyl groups and at position 6 by a 4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl group.		3.1150bridged compound;
polycyclic olefin;
sesquiterpene		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
gentiopicroside
gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings		2.1310glycoside
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		6.925103-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		2.0810
oryzemate
oryzemate: induces disease resistance against rice blast fungus in rice; structure in first source. probenazole : A member of the class of 1,2-benzothiazoles that is 1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide substituted at position 3 by an allyloxy group. A fungicide used to control rice blast.		2.93401,2-benzisothiazole;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazole fungicide;
sulfone		antifungal agrochemical;
plant activator
coronatine
coronatine: consists of a coronafacic acid joined by an amide bond to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase; phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4(1R*,2R*),6beta,7alpha))-isomer;		7.4580N-acyl-amino acid
ac 263,222
imazapic: imidazolinone herbicide. imazapic : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapic. It is a selective imidazolinone herbicide for pre- and post-emergent control of some annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. It kills plants by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS).. 5-methyl-2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is 5-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups, respectively.		2.1310imidazolines;
imidazolone;
methylpyridines;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
taraxerol
taraxerol: structure. taraxerol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15.		2.610pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		metabolite
n(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine
N(6)-dimethylallyladenine : A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group.		2.52206-isopentenylaminopurinecytokinin
gamma-tocopherol
gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.		2.0610tocopherol;
vitamin E		algal metabolite;
food antioxidant;
plant metabolite
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.0510
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		1.9910
dansyl hydrazine
[no description available]		1.9610
2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid
2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid: an ascorbate peroxidase antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid : A member of the class of pyridines that is isonicotinic acid which is substituted by chlorine at positions 2 and 6.		2.4320monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines		EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid: from Streptomyces cinnamonensis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. phenazine-1-carboxylic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carboxy group.		2.110aromatic carboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenazines		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
diosgenin
[no description available]		2.41103beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
loliolide
loliolide: RN given refers to (6S-cis)-isomer		2.610benzofuransmetabolite
2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid
2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid: structure in first source		2.0810
4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene
4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene: structure in first source		3.0240
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.5420cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.		2.0710nitrosamine;
pyridines;
secondary alcohol		biomarker;
carcinogenic agent;
human urinary metabolite
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.4420glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		2.1310
tabtoxin
tabtoxin: dipeptide containing tabtoxinine-beta-lactam with threonine; structure. tabtoxin : A monobactam phytotoxic dipeptide produced by Pseudomonas syringae, that causes wildfire disease in tobacco.		3.1610dipeptide;
L-threonine derivative;
monobactam;
secondary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
toxin
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.8130proanthocyanidin
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		2.4920phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.13107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
proanthocyanidin
proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.		2.1110
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.0210
monochlorobimane
monochlorobimane: marker for glutathione		2.0110organochlorine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		3.5570abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
coronafacic acid
coronafacic acid: a polyketide that is coupled to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase to form coronatine; structure given in first source; RN refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,6beta,7aalpha))-isomer		2.7830ketone
brassinolide
brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source		10.7515022-hydroxy steroid;
23-hydroxy steroid;
2alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
brassinosteroid		plant growth stimulator;
plant hormone
taraxasterol
taraxasterol: from Cirsium segetum. taraxasterol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is taraxastane with a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.610pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
metabolite
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.9540fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
florox reagent
Florox Reagent: reagent for analysis of ketosteroids; structure		2.0310
dammarenediol
dammarenediol: RN refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.1510
n(omega)-hydroxyarginine
N(omega)-hydroxyarginine: can cause vasorelaxation of bovine intrapulmonary artery; structure given in first source. N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine : An N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine in which the double bond has Z-configuration.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
N(5)-[(E)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine;
N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine
gamma-glutamylcysteine
L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.		2.4920gamma-glutamylcysteineEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydantocidin
hydantocidin: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces hydroscopicus		3.1610
1-amino-2-ethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-amino-2-ethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid: an ethylcyclopropyl amino-acid derived from isoleucine; it may be coupled to coronafacic acid by coronafacate ligase to form coronatine; substrate of malonyltransferase & inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid malonyltransferase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310amino monocarboxylic acid
castasterone
castasterone: a brassinosteroid; RN refers to ((2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.211022-hydroxy steroid;
23-hydroxy steroid;
2alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
6-oxo steroid;
brassinosteroid		plant growth stimulator
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.1110D-xylose
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		3.7890amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hexadecynoic acid
2-hexadecynoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.5110long-chain fatty acid
1-methylcyclopropene
1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.		2.9840cycloalkene;
cyclopropenes		agrochemical;
plant growth regulator
ribulose
ribulose: 5-carbon keto sugar; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PENTOSES (75-85); RN given refers to (erythro)-isomer		2.0810ribuloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
beta-phenylisoserine
beta-phenylisoserine: structure in first source		2.0310
salicylic acid glucoside
salicylic acid glucoside: structure given in first source; induces pathogenesis-related protein expression in tobacco; involved in systemic acquired resistance. 2-(D-glucosyloxy)benzoic acid : A monosaccharide derivative that is salicylic acid in which the phenolic hydrogen is replaced by a D-glucosyl residue.		2.4420benzoic acids;
D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		2.0710methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		5.55120chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
dhurrin
dhurrin: cyanogenic glucoside from plant Sorghum; (R)-epimer is taxiphyllin; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside consisting of (S)-prunasin carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.0810beta-D-glucoside;
cyanogenic glycoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
nitrile
capsidiol
capsidiol: isolated from cultured cells of Nicotiana silvestris; structure given in first source. capsidiol : An eremophilane sesquiterpenoid that is (+)-5-epi-aristolochene bearing additional 1beta- and 3alpha-hydroxy substituents. It is a phytoalexin produced in Nicotiana and Capsicum plant species in response to pathogen attack.		2.0610eremophilane sesquiterpenoid;
octahydronaphthalenes;
sesquiterpene phytoalexin		antifungal agent;
plant metabolite
momilactone a
momilactone A: RN given for (3aR-(3aalpha,5aalpha,8beta,10abeta,10bbeta,10calpha))-isomer		9.2350diterpene lactone;
pimarane diterpenoid
glyceollin
glyceollin: found in plants; structure		2.0110organic heteropentacyclic compound
2-hydroxy-3-methylvaleric acid
2-hydroxy-3-methylvaleric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid : A branched-chain fatty acid that is 3-methylpentanoic acid carrying a hydroxy substitutent at position 2.		2.06102-hydroxy fatty acid;
branched-chain fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid
fungitetraose
nistose: structure in first source		2.2510oligosaccharide
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.7330biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		6.21390
2'-hydroxyflavanone
[no description available]		2.5220
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.7530divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		2.2110
botrydial
botrydial: is produced in plant tissues infected by Botrytis cinerea; structure in first source. botrydial : A cytotoxic fungal metabolite isolated from plant tissues infected by phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea.		7.0610dialdehydemycotoxin
4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene
4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene: released by lima bean plants upon predation by T. urticae		2.4520
n-acetylchitooctaose
N-acetylchitooctaose: induces phytoalexin production in rice cells		2.0710
erythritol 4-phosphate
D-erythritol 4-phosphate : A tetritol phosphate consisting of D-erythritol having the phosphate at the 4-position.		2.2110alditol 4-phosphate;
tetritol phosphate
thermospermine
thermospermine: polyamine extracted from an extreme thermopile, Thermus thermophilus; structure. thermospermine : Propane-1,3-diamine in which a hydrogen attached to one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-aminoprop-1-yl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 4-aminobut-1-yl group. A polyamine natural product, its name arises from its similarity to spermine and the fact that it was first isolated from the extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus.		2.1510polyazaalkane;
tetramine
erythritol
[no description available]		7.7930butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.0440
withaferin a
withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		2.151027-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
enone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
withanolide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
withanolides
Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.		2.5820
germine
germine: alkamine; present in many polyester alkaloids which occur in Veratrum & Zydadenus species; may be used medically as an antihypertensive agent; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search CEVANES (75-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.8330
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		2.4420
arabinose
[no description available]		2.1110L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.1310N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0810D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid
galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.		2.0410D-galacturonic acid
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		3.01403,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.0510raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.5420(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.110
theanine
theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.		2.2110amino acid zwitterion;
N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine		geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.0410myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
scopolin
[no description available]		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
coumarins;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
homoglutathione
[no description available]		2.0410gamma-glutamylcysteine
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		3.2860cellotriose
ginsenoside rg1
[no description available]		2.211012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		neuroprotective agent;
pro-angiogenic agent
patchouli alcohol
patchouli alcohol: major component of the essential oil of patchouli; perfumery raw material. patchouli alcohol : A carbotricyclic compound and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohol that is tricyclo[5.3.1.0(3,8)]undecan-3-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 2, 6 and 8 by methyl groups (the 1R,3R,6S,7S,8S-diastereoisomer).		2.2110
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		2.1110isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.4110
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate
2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source		2.0410tetritol phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite
validamycin a
validamycin A : A member of the class of validamycins that is (1R,2S,3S,4S,6R)-4-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 has been converted to its beta-D-glucoside and in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a (1R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl group. It is the major validamycin produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		7.2510antibiotic fungicide;
polyol;
secondary amino compound;
validamycins		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 2.4.1.231 [alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase (configuration-retaining)] inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.64 (alpha,alpha-trehalose phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.28 (alpha,alpha-trehalase) inhibitor
malvidin-3-glucoside
malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : An anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.		2.0110anthocyanin cation;
aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside		metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.0310acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.4520cinnamic acidplant metabolite
ergosterol
[no description available]		2.77303beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		4.5770icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.1850resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
palmitoleic acid
hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.1310hexadec-9-enoic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		7.0610octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.0310ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		4.88100D-galactopyranuronic acid
lycopene
[no description available]		2.0710acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		2.0710epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.		2.0810geranylgeranyl diphosphatemouse metabolite
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.4820prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
zeatin
Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)		3.8100zeatinplant metabolite
laminaran
laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan		2.110
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		2.0810actinomycinmutagen
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.01103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		2.0210tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.4420amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.4110hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		7.7430flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.5320organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		2.0610acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
tolfenamic acid
tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.		2.2110aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
artemisin
[no description available]		2.1510
camalexin
camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.		4.993701,3-thiazoles;
indole phytoalexin		metabolite
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.6104-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
geraniol
[no description available]		2.76303,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycosides
[no description available]		10.38170
sinapinic acid
sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.		2.5520sinapic acidMALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		2.5820triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.5980stilbene
3-hexenal
3-hexenal: induced by the Gastrophysa polygoni herbivory on Rumex confertus. 3-hexenal : A hexenal carrying an unsaturation at position 3.		2.8330
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		2.0410flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.610diphosphate ion
dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate
dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*))-isomer. sphinganine 1-phosphate : A sphingoid 1-phosphate that is the monophosphorylated derivative of sphinganine.		2.1110sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite
glucobrassicin
glucobrassicin: isolated from Brussels sprouts; structure given in first source. glucobrassicin : An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-(sulfooxy)ethanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.		2.110indolyl carbohydrate;
indolylmethylglucosinolic acid
4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate
4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate: from cabbage, cauliflower & brussels sprouts. 4-methoxyglucobrassicin : An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is glucobrassicin bearing a methoxy substituent at position 4 on the indole ring.		2.0810indolyl carbohydrate;
indolylmethylglucosinolic acid
isopropyl thiogalactoside
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.		2.3110S-glycosyl compound
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		7.01550
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0210caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.5320capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
Jasmone
jasmone: RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure given in first source		5.1780cyclic ketone
geranyl acetate
geranyl acetate: constituted about 90% of the palmarosa oil. geranyl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester derivative of geraniol.		2.1710acetate ester;
monoterpenoid		plant metabolite
coniferyl alcohol
coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.		2.0310guaiacols;
phenylpropanoid		animal metabolite;
monolignol;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0210cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		2.5820
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.8630one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.5370cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
fumonisin b1
fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.		2.9840diester;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound;
triol		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source		2.7530benzoic acid;
imidazolines;
organic radical		apoptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
nadp
[no description available]		2.7430
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1710aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		7.1710
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		2.1710nitrogen oxide
n,n'-methylene-bis(2-amino-5-sulfhydryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole)
bismerthiazol: a bactericide and fungicide		2.1310
safingol
safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R*,S*))-isomer		2.1110amino alcohol
2-oxindole-3-acetic acid
2-oxindole-3-acetic acid: personal communication from searcher Ellen V. Todd Alabama Center 1/72. 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 2-oxindole carrying a carboxymethyl substituent at position 3.		2.1110indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxindoles		plant metabolite
phyd protein, arabidopsis
PHYD protein, Arabidopsis: belongs to the phytochrome apoprotein family in Arabidopsis; GenBank X76609		2.0710
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.4820
momilactone b
momilactone B: structure in first source		3.5620organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		8.6180
n-isobutyl-decanamide
N-isobutyl-decanamide: structure in first source		2.0510
flavan-3-ol
flavan-3-ol: structure in first source		2.2110hydroxyflavonoid
homoserine lactone
homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.610ammonium ion derivative;
organic cation
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.0210
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.7620
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
farnesoic acid
farnesoic acid : A methyl-branched, trienoic fatty acid consisting of dodeca-2,6,10-trienoic acid having three methyl substituents at the 3-, 7- and 11-positions.. (2E,6E)-farnesoic acid : A farnesoic acid in which the double bonds at positions 2 and 6 both have E-configuration.		2.0110farnesoic acidanimal metabolite
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		340sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.76207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.4520prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
sinapine
sinapine: black mustard seeds, seeds of Brassica nigra; RN given refers to parent; structure. sinapine : An acylcholine in which the acyl group specified is sinapoyl.		2.0210acylcholineantioxidant;
photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor;
plant metabolite
sterigmatocystin
[no description available]		2.0510sterigmatocystinsmetabolite
fumarylacetoacetate
fumarylacetoacetate: metabolite of tyrosine; RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source		2.2510beta-diketone;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
oxo dicarboxylic acid
12-oxophytodienoic acid
12-oxophytodienoic acid: structure given in first source; a jasmonate precursor that induces phytoalexin synthesis		8.961170carbocyclic fatty acid;
olefinic fatty acid;
oxo carboxylic acid
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.3110trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		5.76150octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
scopoletin
[no description available]		2.9740hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
coniferaldehyde
coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0310cinnamaldehydes;
guaiacols;
phenylpropanoid		antifungal agent;
plant metabolite
feruloyltyramine
feruloyltyramine: structure given in first source; isolated from Cannabis sativa seeds, roots, leaves, and resin; induces hypothermia and motor incoordination in mice; moupinamide is (E)-isomer		2.2510tyraminesmetabolite
15-ketoprostaglandin e2
15-ketoprostaglandin E2: metabolite of PGE2; RN given refers to (5Z,11alpha,13E)-isomer		2.0310prostaglandins E
stigmasterol
stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.		2.41103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		plant metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		3.0440disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.54207-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
prostaglandin a2
prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer		2.0310prostaglandins Ahuman metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		7.51420linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
tentoxin
tentoxin: cyclic peptide from fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct.; structure		3.1610lactam
2-hexenal, z-isomer
2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.		3.02402-hexenalantibacterial agent;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.8130carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
azadirachtin
azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).		2.4720acetate ester;
azadirachtin;
cyclic hemiketal;
enoate ester;
epoxide;
methyl ester;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		hepatoprotective agent
cucurbitacin c
cucurbitacin C: structure in first source		2.2510cucurbitacin
alpha-farnesene
alpha-farnesene: structure given in first source. alpha-farnesene : A farnesene that is 1,3,6,10-tetraene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 respectively.. farnesene : A sesquiterpene that is any of the four possible isomers of 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene (alpha-farnesene) or of the two possible isomers of 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene.		3.0640alpha-farnesene
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		2.2510alpha-humulene
oleuropein
oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		2.2510beta-D-glucoside;
catechols;
diester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
fisetin
[no description available]		2.08103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
epsilon-viniferin
epsilon-viniferin: stilbene dimer; isolated from the Oriental medicinal plant Vitis coignetiae; structure given in first source. (-)-trans-epsilon-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (-)-trans-stereoisomer of epsilon-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.		2.06101-benzofurans;
polyphenol;
stilbenoid		metabolite
salvianolic acid a
salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia		2.1710stilbenoid
feruloylputrescine
feruloylputrescine: structure given in first source		2.2510hydroxycinnamic acid
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		2.0610catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
prostaglandin a1
[no description available]		2.5220prostaglandins A
alpha-ionone
alpha-ionone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.2110enone;
ionone;
methyl ketone
tocotrienol, alpha
alpha-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.		2.1110tocotrienol;
vitamin E		ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
zinostatin
Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.		2.0210
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN refers to (E,E)-isomer		2.4320hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. 9-HODE : A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.		2.0110HODE;
octadecadienoic acid		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer		2.0110octadecadienoic acid
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal: metabolite from senecionine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210fatty aldehyde
2,4-heptadienal
2,4-heptadienal: structure in first source. (E,E)-hepta-2,4-dienal : A heptadienal in which the two double bonds are located at positions 2 and 4 (the E,E-geoisomer).		2.110heptadienalflavouring agent
2-octenal
2-octenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-oct-2-enal : The (E)-isomer of oct-2-enal.. oct-2-enal : An enal consisting of oct-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.		2.610oct-2-enalantifungal agent;
volatile oil component
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.5720antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.2110macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
octadecadienoic acid
octadecadienoic acid: location of unsaturation not specified. octadecadienoate : A long-chain, unsaturated fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any octadecadienoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.. octadecadienoic acid : Any straight-chain, C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid having two C=C double bonds.		2.830
biliverdine
[no description available]		2.0610
beta-farnesene
beta-farnesene: structure given in first source		210beta-farnesene
andrographolide
[no description available]		2.5820carbobicyclic compound;
gamma-lactone;
labdane diterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
nerolidol
nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.		2.0210nerolidol
beta-ocimene
beta-ocimene : The trans-stereoisomer of ocimene.. (Z)-beta-ocimene : A beta-ocimene that consists of octa-1,3,6-triene bearing two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 (the 3Z-isomer).		3.4570beta-ocimeneplant metabolite
taxuyunnanine c
[no description available]		3.1250taxane diterpenoid
caryophyllene
caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		3.3460
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		2.4820
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		3.4160carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
3-hexenylacetate
3-hexenylacetate: RN refers to (Z)-isomer		3.1550carboxylic ester
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		4.1540boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		7.4110alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		2.1310metal atom;
pnictogen
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		8.2750metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		9.86100chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
alloocimene
alloocimene: representative of carotenoid polyenes; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (4E,6E)-2,6-dimethylocta-2,4,6-triene : An ocimene that consists of octa-2,4,6-triene bearing methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6 (the 4E,6E-isomer).		2.2110ocimenesemiochemical
jaceosidin
jaceosidin : A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone with hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6. Isolated from Salvia tomentosa and Artemisia asiatica, it exhibits anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis inducing activties.		2.0810dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
puerarin
[no description available]		7.0310C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
catharanthine
[no description available]		2.0210alkaloid ester;
bridged compound;
methyl ester;
monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.250cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		8.6480carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		8.7390monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		7.9830boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.2110
n-linolenoyl-l-glutamine
N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine: an elicitor of plant volatiles, by membrane-associated enzyme(s) in Manduca sexta		2.4620
lespenefril
lespenefril: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. kaempferol 3,7-di-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residues at positions 3 and 7 respectively via glycosidic linkages. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Vicia faba and Lotus edulis.		2.1310alpha-L-rhamnoside;
dihydroxyflavone;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		11.4341402-trans-abscisic acid
germacrene a
germacrene A: RN given for (S-(E,E))-isomer; structure in first source		2.0210germacrene;
sesquiterpene
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.1510ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.520chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.0810chalcogen;
metalloid atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.2110
cadinol
cadinol: from callus cultures of Chamomilla recutita (Asteraceae)		2.1710
aminoethoxyvinylglycine
aminoethoxyvinylglycine: RN given for (S-(E))-isomer		2.0610
uniconazole
uniconazole: structural analog of diniconazole; RN refers to ((E)-(+-))-isomer; structure given in first source. uniconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of uniconazole-P and its enantiomer, (R)-uniconazole.. (1E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at position 1 by a 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpent-1-en-2-yl group.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol;
triazoles
plastochromanol 8
plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol		2.1510
13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid
13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/88		2.3110
drupanin
Drupanin: anti-oxidant and anti-cancer; structure in first source		2.2110
zeatin riboside
zeatin riboside: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-ribosyl-trans-zeatin : A 9-ribosylzeatin having trans-zeatin as the nucleobase.		3.45709-ribosylzeatin;
nucleoside analogue		cytokinin;
plant metabolite
tuberonic acid
tuberonic acid: RN given for (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(Z)))-isomer; isolated from the potato Solanum tuberosum; structure in first source. tuberonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (+)-7-isojasmonic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the side-chain methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.1450cyclopentanones;
homoallylic alcohol;
oxo monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		jasmonates;
plant metabolite
salvianolic acid B
salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza		3.12401-benzofurans;
catechols;
dicarboxylic acid;
enoate ester;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
sorgoleone
sorgoleone: Sorgoleone refers to a group of benzoquinones from Sorghum bicolor having 2-hydroxy and 5-methoxy substitutions and either a 15- or 17-carbon chain with one, two, or three double bonds at position 3; The name sorgoleone was first given to 5-methoxy-3-(8'Z,11'Z)-pentadeca-8'11'14'-trienylbenzene-1,2,4-triol but this is unstable and is easily oxidized to the quinone, sorgoleone-358, which is the major constituent of the root exudate; binds at PLASTOQUINONE site of PSII. sorgoleone : A member of the family of benzoquinones, sorgoleone is 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a (4Z,7Z)-pentadeca-1,4,7-trien-15-yl group.		2.0810monohydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones
clovamide
clovamide: RN given for (Z)-isomer; structure in first source		710tyrosine derivative
paclobutrazol
paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.		2.7430
beta-escin
[no description available]		5.13120
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0110nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
beta-elemene
beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.		2.3110beta-elemeneantineoplastic agent
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		3.150ammonium ion derivative
farnesiferol a
farnesiferol A: from Ferula szowitsiana; structure in first source		2.0810
oleanane
oleanane: from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; structure in first source		7.2110terpenoid fundamental parent;
triterpene
taxane
taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae		7.4520diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
fenpyroximate
fenpyroximate: structure in first source		2.1510pyrazole acaricide;
tert-butyl ester		mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		4.39190aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
hki 272
[no description available]		2.610nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tocotrienols
tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.		2.5420diterpenoid
actein
actein: a cyclolanostane from the Chinese drug Shoma; structure in first source		2.1310triterpenoidmetabolite
delta-viniferin
delta-viniferin: resveratrol dehydrodimer, an isomer of epsilon-viniferin; isolated from grapevine leaves; structure in first source. (2S,3S)-trans-delta-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (2S,3S)-trans-stereoisomer of delta-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.		2.06101-benzofurans;
polyphenol;
stilbenoid
digalactosyldiacylglycerol
digalactosyldiacylglycerol: two Galactoses bound to diacylglycerol; the mono Gal MGDG is also available; constitutes 20% of plant chloroplast lipids; see also 1,2-distearoyldigalactosyldiglyceride		3.9230
d-ribo-phytosphingosine-1-phosphate
phytosphingosine-1-phosphate: structure in first source. phytosphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that is phytosphingosine bearing a phospho group at position 1.		2.1110sphingoid 1-phosphateSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
theobroxide
theobroxide: isolated from Lasiodiplodia theobromae; structure in first source		7.7330
artemisic acid
artemisic acid: isolated from Artemisia annua; MF: C28-H58-O; RN from Toxline. (+)-artemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group (the 1S,4R,4aS,8aR diastereoisomer). It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of artemisinin, obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua.		2.110carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
octahydronaphthalenes;
sesquiterpenoid		metabolite
dihydroartemisinic acid
dihydroartemisinic acid: structure in first source. dihydroartemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid substituted at position 2 by a (1S,4R,4aS,8aR)-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group. It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of the antimalarial drug, artemisinin.		2.110carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
octahydronaphthalenes;
sesquiterpenoid		plant metabolite
n-dodecanoyl-dl-homoserine lactone
N-dodecanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone: structure in first source		2.520N-acyl-amino acid
chlorophyll b
[no description available]		2.0810chlorophyllcofactor
phytic acid
inositol pentaphosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.8530inositol phosphate
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.1510benzoxazole
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.0810
vindoline
[no description available]		2.0210
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		3.5370
bisdesmoside
bisdesmoside: cytotoxic saponin from tubers of Bolbostemma paniculatum; structure in first source		2.2110
peonidin 3-glucoside
peonidin 3-glucoside: the methylated form of cyanidin 3-glucoside		2.0110
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid: inhibits salicylic acid synthesis		2.7530
methampicillin
brassinazole: a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. brassinazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by phenyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and p-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. An inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.		2.0610monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles		brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside
cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.		2.0110
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.4620organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7430
hevein
hevein: 43-amino acid residue protein from the rubber tree; homology with thionins and WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS; not strictly a lectin since it does not act as an agglutinin but has the hevein motif characteristic of lectins;		210
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		3.1250
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.930
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.7330
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		4.02130glycoside
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		5.62660chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		2.1510
hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid: structure in first source		2.0710
chitosan
[no description available]		4.24160
volicitin
volicitin: an elicitor that triggers emission of volatile from plants		4.8860
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		2.13103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
stearates
Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.		3.5120
tuberonic acid glucoside
tuberonic acid glucoside: isolated from the potato Solanum tuberosum; structure in first source		2.9540O-acyl carbohydrate
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		10.72110
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		2.0410
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.0710BODIPY compound
systemin
systemin: amino acid sequence given in first source; a mobile 18 amino acid polypeptide, induces proteinase inhibitor synthesis; from Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)		7.68240
phytochromobilin
phytochromobilin: structure given in first source; this bilin is a pigment derived from phycoerythrobilin-containing proteins. phytochromobilin : A member of the class of bilins which functions as the chromophore of light-sensing phytochromes in plants.. (3Z)-phytochromobilin(2-) : Dicarboxylate anion of (3Z)-phytochromobilin.		2.0610
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol
(5-(2,4-bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity; structure in first source		2.5820benzyl alcohols;
morpholines;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
mTOR inhibitor
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.5220
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.0710
4-hydroxymellein
4-hydroxymellein: alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Xylaria feejeensis associated with Hintonia latiflora; structure in first source. 4-hydroxymellein : An isochromane that is mellein bearing a hydroxy group at position 4.		2.1510
11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid
11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; a major acidic metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol in human urine		2.05101-benzopyran
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		11.07210ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		8.19610monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.8430benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
oxathiapiprolin
oxathiapiprolin: fungicide, structure in first source. 1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone : An N-acylpiperidine that is N-acetyl 4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine in which the thiazole ring is substituted at position 4 by a 5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the acetyl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl group.. oxathiapiprolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxathiapiprolin.		2.25101,3-thiazoles;
isoxazoline;
N-acylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
tertiary carboxamide
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.9340ketal
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.6120
lysophosphatidylethanolamine
lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.		2.3110
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		2.0210
2-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate
2-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source; isomeric probe		4.38170
gibberellins
[no description available]		15.51440
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		2.0110
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.55203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate
Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.		2.0210guanosine bisphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		3.1140
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.0710
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		2.4110imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
quillaja saponins
Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.		2.0810
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.1110
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.0510
tetrafluoroaluminate
tetrafluoroaluminate: induces inositol phosphate formation		2.1510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell
[description not available]		02.2110
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.2110
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.		02.2110
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		09.893520
Diathesis
[description not available]		05.06360
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.7620
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.7620
Cyst
[description not available]		02.4110
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		02.4110
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		02.4110
Tetraploid
[description not available]		02.7620
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		02.9840
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		03.9940
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		03.9940
Acalculia
[description not available]		02.610
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.610
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.610
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.610
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		05.55240
Acariasis
[description not available]		02.830
Anosmia
Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of smell. Loss of smell may be caused by many factors such as a cold, allergy, OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES, viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (e.g., COVID-19), aging and various neurological disorders (e.g., ALZHEIMER DISEASE).		02.610
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.610
Infection
[description not available]		02.8130
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.8130
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.2510
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.2960
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		05.2960
Albinism, Tyrosinase-Negative
[description not available]		02.2110
Albinism, Oculocutaneous
Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.		02.2110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.99120
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.2510
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.2510
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.2510
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.2510
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		02.3110
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.9840
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.9840
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		03.1950
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		03.1950
Neoplastic Processes
The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity.		03.2310
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.5820
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		04.2131
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.7630
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		04.91130
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		04.91130
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		02.110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.7230
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.1250
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.4420
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4420
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.4420
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.		02.0510
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.6490
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.0610
Co-infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.0710
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.0710
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.0710
DNA Virus Infections
Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.		02.0110
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.0210
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.0310
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.0310
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.0310
Insect Bites
[description not available]		0210
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		0210
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.0110
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.0110
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.0110