Page last updated: 2024-08-07 16:46:17

Casein kinase I isoform epsilon

A casein kinase I isoform epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P49674]

Synonyms

CKI-epsilon;
CKIe;
EC 2.7.11.1

Research

Bioassay Publications (34)

TimeframeStudies on this Protein(%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (2.94)18.2507
2000's9 (26.47)29.6817
2010's18 (52.94)24.3611
2020's6 (17.65)2.80

Compounds (256)

Drugs with Inhibition Measurements

DrugTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Publication(s)
cgs 15943Homo sapiens (human)IC500.490011
triamtereneHomo sapiens (human)IC5031.600012
staurosporineHomo sapiens (human)IC501.400011
cki 7Homo sapiens (human)IC509.500011
cyc 202Homo sapiens (human)IC5017.000011
sb 203580Homo sapiens (human)IC501.000011
n-(4-methoxybenzyl)-n'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ureaHomo sapiens (human)IC50100,000.000011
7-n-butyl-6-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5h-pyrrolo(2,3b)pyrazineHomo sapiens (human)IC50100.000011
h 89Homo sapiens (human)Ki38.300011
N-(6-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-[(4-oxo-3-phenyl-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)thio]acetamideHomo sapiens (human)IC504.030011
harmineHomo sapiens (human)IC501.500011
ic 261Homo sapiens (human)IC501.000011
jnj-7706621Homo sapiens (human)IC5011.200011
d 4476Homo sapiens (human)IC500.319022
jnj 10198409Homo sapiens (human)IC507.200011
chir 99021Homo sapiens (human)IC505.000011
4-(3-cyclohexyl-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3h-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamineHomo sapiens (human)IC500.052477
cx 4945Homo sapiens (human)IC500.004011
chir 98014Homo sapiens (human)IC505.000011
pf 4800567Homo sapiens (human)IC500.032044
sr-3029Homo sapiens (human)IC500.260022
chr-6494Homo sapiens (human)IC500.099011

Drugs with Activation Measurements

DrugTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Publication(s)
fasudilHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolineHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
sb 202190Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.285022
imatinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
pyrazolanthroneHomo sapiens (human)Kd3.100011
triciribine phosphateHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
staurosporineHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.278733
picropodophyllinHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gefitinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd8.215044
lestaurtinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
perifosineHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
vatalanibHomo sapiens (human)Kd20.000034
ruboxistaurinHomo sapiens (human)Kd20.000034
canertinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd13.473333
birb 796Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.000022
cyc 202Homo sapiens (human)Kd4.296333
sb 203580Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.140033
enzastaurinHomo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
erlotinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd13.500033
lapatinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
sorafenibHomo sapiens (human)Kd15.000044
pd 173955Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.000011
s 1033Homo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
tg 003Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.300011
xl147Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
bms 387032Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.633333
sf 2370Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
tandutinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd15.000044
vx-745Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.000022
dasatinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd1.832033
ha 1100Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
7-epi-hydroxystaurosporineHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
zd 6474Homo sapiens (human)Kd9.375044
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamideHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.260011
imd 0354Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000012
sirolimusHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
alvocidibHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
bosutinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd15.055022
orantinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
su 11248Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.221844
palbociclibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
jnj-7706621Homo sapiens (human)Kd3.600011
vx680Homo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
cyc 116Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.841011
everolimusHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000012
ekb 569Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.560333
axitinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]pyridineHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.100011
temsirolimusHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pd 184352Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.000011
on 01910Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
av 412Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
telatinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
y-39983Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
cp 547632Homo sapiens (human)Kd1.465011
bms345541Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.000011
lenvatinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pd 0325901Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
midostaurinHomo sapiens (human)Kd18.000045
px-866Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
ripasudilHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
osi 930Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000012
ki 20227Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.520011
scio-469Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
cp 724714Homo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
pi103Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.000022
hmn-214Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
tivozanibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
hki 272Homo sapiens (human)Kd15.145022
tofacitinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
n-(6-chloro-7-methoxy-9h-beta-carbolin-8-yl)-2-methylnicotinamideHomo sapiens (human)Kd10.000011
cediranibHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.400022
masitinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
ly-2157299Homo sapiens (human)Kd7.903011
pazopanibHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
azd 6244Homo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
su 14813Homo sapiens (human)Kd1.529333
bibw 2992Homo sapiens (human)Kd15.650022
binimetinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
sotrastaurinHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
aee 788Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
saracatinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
vx 702Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
crenolanibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
tg100-115Homo sapiens (human)Kd15.600022
cc 401Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.285011
bms 599626Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
exel-7647Homo sapiens (human)Kd1.017011
volasertibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pha 665752Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.860011
azd 7762Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
regorafenibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-oneHomo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
brivanibHomo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
mp470Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
rgb 286638Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
np 031112Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000012
at 7519Homo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
bms-690514Homo sapiens (human)Kd3.641011
bi 2536Homo sapiens (human)Kd3.795522
inno-406Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
r 1487Homo sapiens (human)Kd1.000011
nvp-ast487Homo sapiens (human)Kd4.000022
kw 2449Homo sapiens (human)Kd15.315022
danusertibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
abt 869Homo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
azd 8931Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
arq 197Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
azd 1152Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pf 00299804Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
ridaforolimusHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
ch 4987655Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
6-(5-((cyclopropylamino)carbonyl)-3-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)-n-(2,2-dimethylprpyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamideHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
cc-930Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gw 2580Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.000022
tak 285Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
idelalisibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
crizotinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
osi 906Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
chir-265Homo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
motesanibHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
fostamatinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
trametinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
mln8054Homo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
pf-562,271Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
GDC-0879Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.130011
jnj-26483327Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
ly2603618Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
tg100801Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
dactolisibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
bgt226Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gsk 461364Homo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
azd 1152-hqpaHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
nvp-tae684Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.000011
enmd 2076Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
e 7050Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
2-amino-8-ethyl-4-methyl-6-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-7-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinoneHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
tak-901Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pamapimodHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.260022
gdc-0973Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
buparlisibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
azd 1480Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
azd8330Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pha 848125Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.366011
ro5126766Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
fedratinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
gsk690693Homo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaeneHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
azd5438Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pf 04217903Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000012
gdc 0941Homo sapiens (human)Kd15.600022
icotinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
ph 797804Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
kx-01Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000012
plx 4720Homo sapiens (human)Kd10.000011
mk 5108Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
cx 4945Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
cudc 101Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
arry-614Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
tak 593Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
mln 8237Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
sgx 523Homo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
bms 754807Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000012
bms 777607Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
sgi 1776Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000012
pci 32765Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
ponatinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
amg 900Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
mk-1775Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
AMG-208Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
quizartinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
at13148Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
tak 733Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
mk 2206Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
sns 314Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
lucitanibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pf-04691502Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
n-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamideHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
dcc-2036Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
cabozantinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
defactinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
ly2584702Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
incb-018424Homo sapiens (human)Kd20.000022
poziotinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
asp3026Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
entrectinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pexidartinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
TAK-580Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gsk 2126458Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
emd1214063Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gsk 1838705aHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.780011
pf 3758309Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gdc 0980Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
azd2014Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanolHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
plx4032Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gsk 1363089Homo sapiens (human)Kd17.300022
arry-334543Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
kin-193Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
mk 2461Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
bay 869766Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
as 703026Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
baricitinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
dabrafenibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pki 587Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
n-(3-fluoro-4-((1-methyl-6-(1h-pyrazol-4-yl)-1h-indazol-5 yl)oxy)phenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamideHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
ribociclibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
mk-8033Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pha 793887Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
sb 1518Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
abemaciclibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
mk-8776Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
afuresertibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gsk 1070916Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
jnj38877605Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000012
dinaciclibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gilteritinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
alectinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
glpg0634Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
encorafenibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
bms-911543Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
gsk2141795Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
azd8186Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
byl719Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
cep-32496Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
rociletinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
ceritinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
azd1208Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
vx-509Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
debio 1347Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
volitinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
osimertinibHomo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
at 9283Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
otssp167Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.159011
chir 258Homo sapiens (human)Kd16.666733
osi 027Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
nintedanibHomo sapiens (human)Kd15.115022
bay 80-6946Homo sapiens (human)Kd30.000011
pp242Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.031011

Enables

This protein enables 6 target(s):

TargetCategoryDefinition
RNA bindingmolecular functionBinding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]
protein kinase activitymolecular functionCatalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [PMID:25399640]
protein serine/threonine kinase activitymolecular functionCatalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf, MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN, PMID:2956925]
protein bindingmolecular functionBinding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
ATP bindingmolecular functionBinding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
protein serine kinase activitymolecular functionCatalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate. [RHEA:17989]

Located In

This protein is located in 6 target(s):

TargetCategoryDefinition
nucleuscellular componentA membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
nucleoplasmcellular componentThat part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
cytoplasmcellular componentThe contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
cytosolcellular componentThe part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
growth conecellular componentThe migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:10082468]
neuronal cell bodycellular componentThe portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. [GOC:go_curators]

Active In

This protein is active in 2 target(s):

TargetCategoryDefinition
cytoplasmcellular componentThe contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
nucleuscellular componentA membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]

Part Of

This protein is part of 1 target(s):

TargetCategoryDefinition
ribonucleoprotein complexcellular componentA macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules. [GOC:krc, GOC:vesicles]

Involved In

This protein is involved in 18 target(s):

TargetCategoryDefinition
DNA repairbiological processThe process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. [PMID:11563486]
protein phosphorylationbiological processThe process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
protein localizationbiological processAny process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:ai]
negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathwaybiological processAny process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
negative regulation of protein bindingbiological processAny process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic processbiological processAny process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:mah]
regulation of protein localizationbiological processAny process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
circadian regulation of gene expressionbiological processAny process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:mah]
regulation of circadian rhythmbiological processAny process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb]
circadian behaviorbiological processThe specific behavior of an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
canonical Wnt signaling pathwaybiological processA type of Wnt signaling pathway in which Wnt binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell results in the by propagation of the molecular signals via beta-catenin, and end with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. [PMID:11532397, PMID:19619488]
positive regulation of amyloid-beta formationbiological processAny process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation. [GOC:dph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:17098871]
cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulusbiological processA process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus. [PMID:22399805, Wikipedia:Nerve_growth_factor]
positive regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathwaybiological processAny process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway. [GOC:obol, GOC:yaf]
peptidyl-serine phosphorylationbiological processThe phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. [RESID:AA0037]
endocytosisbiological processA vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363, Wikipedia:Endocytosis]
positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathwaybiological processAny process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. [GOC:tb]
signal transductionbiological processThe cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]