Compounds > ivabradine
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ivabradine

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Description

Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID132999
CHEMBL ID471737
CHEBI ID85966
SCHEMBL ID23472
MeSH IDM0234009

Synonyms (57)

Synonym
3-[3-[[(8s)-3,4-dimethoxy-8-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trienyl]methyl-methylamino]propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-1h-3-benzazepin-4-one
gtpl2357
s-16257
(s)-3-(3-(((3,4-dimethoxybicyclo(4.2.0)octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl)methyl)methylamino)propyl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dimethoxy-2h-3-benzazepin-2-one
s 16257-2
7,8-dimethoxy-3-(3-(((4,5-dimethoxybenzocyclobutan-1-yl)methyl)methylamino)propyl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2h-benzazepin-2-one
2h-3-benzazepin-2-one, 3-(3-(((3,4-dimethoxybicyclo(4.2.0)octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl)methyl)methylamino)propyl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dimethoxy-, (s)-
ivabradine [inn]
ivabradine
s 16257
3-(3-((((7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo(4.2.0)octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl)methyl)methylamino)propyl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dimethoxy-2h-3-benzazepin-2-one
155974-00-8
ivabradine (usan/inn)
D07165
chebi:85966 ,
CHEMBL471737 ,
3-[3-[[(7s)-3,4-dimethoxy-7-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trienyl]methyl-methylamino]propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-1h-3-benzazepin-4-one
bdbm50326992
3-{3-[{[(7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)-amino]propyl}-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2h-3-benzazepin-2-one
3-{3-[{[(7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]-propyl}-7.8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2h-3-benzazepin-2-one
3-{3-[{[(7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl}-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2h-3-benzazepin-2-one
ACRHBAYQBXXRTO-OAQYLSRUSA-N
3h48l0lpzq ,
unii-3h48l0lpzq
ivabradine [usan:inn:ban]
ivabradine [usan]
ivabradine [who-dd]
ivabradine [mart.]
ivabradine [mi]
ivabradine [ema epar]
ivabradine [orange book]
S16257 ,
AKOS015896494
SCHEMBL23472
DTXSID2048240 ,
AB01566878_01
3-[3-({[(7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-3-benzazepin-2-one
DB09083
AC-8848
BCP21052
Q425729
AR-270/43507923
NCGC00181343-03
AT22349
2h-3-benzazepin-2-one, 3-(3-((((7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo(4.2.0)octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl)methyl)methylamino)propyl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dimethoxy-
2h-3-benzazepin-2-one, 3-[3-[[[(7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl]methylamino]propyl]-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dimethoxy-
CS-0012360
HY-B0162
EN300-20600170
c01eb17
3-(3-((((7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo(4.2.0)octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)propyl)-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2h-3-benzazepin-2-one
ivabradina
3-(3-((((7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo(4.2.0)octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)propyl)-7,8-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1h-3-benzazepin-2-one
dtxcid3028215
ivabradin
ivabradine (mart.)
ivabradinum

Research Excerpts

Overview

Ivabradine is an inhibitor of funny current (If) in cardiac pacemaker cells by blocking hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) It is an effective treatment for focal atrial tachycardia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ivabradine is a 'heart rate-reducing' agent able to slow heart rate, without complicating side-effects. "( Properties of ivabradine-induced block of HCN1 and HCN4 pacemaker channels.
Baruscotti, M; Bucchi, A; DiFrancesco, D; Milanesi, R; Tognati, A, 2006)		2.14
"Ivabradine is an inhibitor of funny current (If) in cardiac pacemaker cells by blocking hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN)."( The use of ivabradine in a patient with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia originating from the left ventricular summit.
Çinier, G; Gürkan, K; Hayıroğlu, Mİ; Özcan, KS; Pay, L; Tekkeşin, Aİ, )		1.24
"Ivabradine is an effective treatment for focal atrial tachycardia. "( Report of a patient with refractory atrial tachycardia whose heart rate was controlled using ivabradine.
He, R; Liu, Y; She, F; Xie, Y; Zhang, P; Zhao, L, 2022)		2.38
"Ivabradine is a drug that selectively reduces HR via If current inhibition in the sinoatrial node without a negative effect on inotropy."( Ivabradine in the Management of COVID-19-related Cardiovascular Complications: A Perspective.
Baka, T; Luptak, I; Repova, K; Simko, F, 2022)		2.89
"Ivabradine is a specific heart rate (HR)-lowering agent which blocks the cardiac pacemaker I"( Effect of preoperative ivabradine on hemodynamics during elective off-pump CABG.
Geelani, MA; Mallik, I; Minhas, HS; Mohire, VB; Virmani, S, )		1.88
"Ivabradine is an inhibitor of the If channel, the main determinant of the pacemaker function of the sinus node. "( Ivabradine for chronic heart rate control in persistent atrial fibrillation. Design of the BRAKE-AF project.
Arias, MÁ; Arribas, F; Fontenla, A; Gómez de la Cámara, A; López-Gil, M; Matía-Francés, R; Mejía-Martínez, E; Miracle-Blanco, Á; Montilla, I; Pastor-Fuentes, A; Rey-Blas, JR; Salgado-Aranda, R; Tamargo-Menéndez, J; Toquero-Ramos, J, 2020)		3.44
"Ivabradine (IVA) is a pure heart rate-lowering agent with well-documented anti-anginal and anti-ischemic properties comparable to well-established anti-anginal agents, such as beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers."( Beneficial effect of ivabradine against cardiovascular diseases.
D'Orazio, N; Gammone, MA; Massari, F; Riccioni, G, 2020)		1.6
"Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 4 generated funny current (I"( Ventricular arrhythmia suppression with ivabradine in a patient with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia refractory to nadolol, flecainide, and sympathectomy.
Aziz, Z; Beaser, AD; Kohli, U; Nayak, HM, 2020)		1.55
"Ivabradine is a bradycardic drug used worldwide in the treatment of chronic stable angina and chronic heart failure. "( Fatal intoxication with ivabradine: First case report.
Alvarez, JC; de la Grandamison, GL; Knapp-Gisclon, A; Mayer-Duverneuil, C; Rambaud, C; Zerah, M, 2020)		2.31
"Ivabradine is a unique medication that reduces the intrinsic heart rate by specifically blocking the inward funny current that controls the pacemaker activity of the sinus node. "( Ivabradine in children with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: a retrospective study.
Grubb, BP; Karabin, B; Mangi, MA; Nesheiwat, Z; Towheed, A, 2020)		3.44
"Ivabradine is a pure heart-rate lowering drug that is nowadays used, accordingly to the last ESC Guidelines, to reduce mortality and heart failure (HF) hospitalization in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction and in symptomatic patiens with inappropriate sinus tachycardia. "( Ivabradine and endothelium: an update.
Dallapellegrina, L; Sciatti, E; Vizzardi, E, )		3.02
"Ivabradine is a heart rate lowering drug with protective effects on heart failure despite increasing the risk of atrial fibrillation."( A genetic model of ivabradine recapitulates results from randomized clinical trials.
Barhdadi, A; de Denus, S; Dubé, MP; Legault, MA; Lemieux Perreault, LP; Lumbers, RT; Provost, S; Sandoval, J; Shah, S; Tardif, JC; Tyl, B, 2020)		1.61
"Ivabradine (IVA) is an inhibitor of the If channel, the main determinant of the pacemaker function of the sinus node. "( Ivabradine: a new frontier in the treatment of stable coronary artery disease and chronic heart failure.
D'Orazio, N; Gammone, MA; Riccioni, G, )		3.02
"Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the sinoatrial node "funny" current, prolonging the slow diastolic depolarization. "( Ivabradine-Induced Torsade de Pointes in Patients with Heart Failure Reduced Ejection Fraction.
Beak, YS; Choi, SH; Jang, JH; Kim, DH; Ko, KY; Kwan, J; Kwon, SW; Lee, MJ; Park, JH; Park, SD; Shin, SH; Woo, SI; Yoon, GS, 2020)		3.44
"Ivabradine is a recently introduced selective I"( Implication of Ivabradine in Up-titrating Beta-blocker in a Patient with Advanced Heart Failure.
Hori, M; Imamura, T; Kinugawa, K; Nakamura, M, 2021)		1.7
"Ivabradine is a new class of HR lowering drug and a specific inhibitor of the I"( Effect of ivabradine on left ventricular diastolic function of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction -IVA-PEF study.
Hatani, Y; Hayashi, T; Hirata, KI; Imanishi, J; Tanaka, H; Yamauchi, Y, 2021)		1.75
"Ivabradine is a unique agent that is distinct from beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers as it reduces heart rate without affecting myocardial contractility or vascular tone. "( Ivabradine in Cardiovascular Disease Management Revisited: a Review.
Bangalore, S; Chen, C; Godoy, LC; Kaur, G; Mehta, PK; Morrone, D; Sidhu, MS, 2021)		3.51
"Ivabradine is a new pure bradycardic agent that has been used to treat angina or heart failure reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) with sinus heart rate above 70 beats per minute."( Impact of ivabradine on the cardiac function of chronic heart failure reduced ejection fraction: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Bryan Richard, S; Huang, B; Liu, G; Luo, S; Yang, Y, 2021)		1.75
"Ivabradine is a selective heart rate-reducing agent, an inhibitor of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, currently approved for treatment of coronary artery disease and chronic heart failure."( Effect of ivabradine on cardiac arrhythmias: Antiarrhythmic or proarrhythmic?
Mackiewicz, U; Mączewski, M; Marciszek, M; Oknińska, M; Paterek, A; Zambrowska, Z, 2021)		1.75
"Ivabradine is a pure heart rate-lowering drug that acts directly on the sinus node and does not affect atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction times, myocardial contractility or ventricular repolarization. "( Efficacy of ivabradine in HIV-associated dilated cardiomyopathy.
Greco, S; Guadagnino, G; Mastroianni, A; Urso, F; Vangeli, V, 2021)		2.44
"Ivabradine is an original drug that has been approved in two indications (systolic heart failure and angina). "( Limited role and benefit of ivabradine in the treatment of angina and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Bouvaist, H; Cosgrove, S; Ennezat, PV; Le Jemtel, TH; Marechaux, S; Vital Durand, D, 2017)		2.19
"Ivabradine is a selective I"( Ivabradine in the treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), a single center experience.
Alhazmi, L; Ammari, Z; Dasa, O; Grubb, B; Karabin, B; Ruzieh, M; Sirianni, N, 2017)		3.34
"Ivabradine is a selective and specific inhibitor of the I(f) current in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. "( Ivabradine in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Preliminary Experience in Children.
Daubeney, PEF; Delle Donne, G; Prasad, SK; Rosés Noguer, F; Salukhe, T; Till, J, 2018)		3.37
"Ivabradine is a novel heart rate (HR) lowering agent that acts on the sinoatrial node cells by selectively inhibiting the If-current."( Ivabradine for the Treatment of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A Systematic Review.
Brown, JN; Gee, ME; Watkins, AK; Young, EJA, 2018)		2.64
"Ivabradine is a pure HR-lowering agent, and it does not affect myocardial contractility, blood pressure, intracardiac conduction, or ventricular repolarization."( Novel drugs for heart rate control in heart failure.
Banach, M; Bielecka-Dabrowa, A; Rysz, J; von Haehling, S, 2018)		1.2
": Ivabradine is a selective and specific inhibitor of If current. "( Real-life indications to ivabradine treatment for heart rate optimization in patients with chronic systolic heart failure.
Fragasso, G; Gemma, M; Godino, C; Margonato, A; Montanaro, C; Pinto, G; Salerno, A; Slavich, M; Spoladore, R; Tondi, L, 2018)		1.51
"Ivabradine is a heart rate lowering agent that acts on the funny current (I"( Role of ivabradine and heart rate lowering in chronic heart failure: guideline update.
Chow, SL; Depre, C; Page, RL, 2018)		1.64
"Ivabradine is a selective bradycardic agent that inhibits hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. "( Ivabradine preserves dynamic sympathetic control of heart rate despite inducing significant bradycardia in rats.
Hayama, Y; Kawada, T; Nishikawa, T; Shimizu, S; Shishido, T; Sugimachi, M; Uemura, K; Yamamoto, H, 2019)		3.4
"Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the sinoatrial pacemaker modulating "f-current" (I"( The Use and Indication of Ivabradine in Heart Failure.
Dodd, K; Lampert, BC, 2018)		1.5
"Ivabradine is a funny current inhibitor which is administered to patients with congestive heart failure to reduce their heart rate (HR) and attenuate oxidative stress. "( Effect of ivabradine, a funny current inhibitor, on portal hypertensive rats.
Chang, CC; Chuang, CL; Hsin, IF; Hsu, SJ; Huang, HC; Lee, FY; Lee, SD; Lee, WS, 2019)		2.36
"Ivabradine is a heart rate-lowering drug that does not cause hypotension and may be used in heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)."( Ivabradine in Cancer Treatment-Related Left Ventricular Dysfunction.
Arboscello, E; Balbi, M; Bighin, C; Brunelli, C; Ghigliotti, G; Gualandi, F; Murialdo, R; Sarocchi, M; Sicbaldi, V; Spallarossa, P, 2018)		2.64
"Ivabradine appears to be an effective alternative to Amiodarone in children with post-operative JET based on our initial clinical experience."( Ivabradine in Post-operative Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia (JET): Breaking New Ground.
Balaji, S; Krishna, MR; Kumar, RK; Kunde, MF, 2019)		2.68
"Ivabradine is an interesting substance since it is known to produce migraine-like phosphenes frequently and the patient we report developed de novo migraine with aura. "( New onset migraine with aura after treatment initiation with ivabradine.
Goadsby, PJ; Sprenger, T; Supronsinchai, W, 2013)		2.07
"Ivabradine is an anti-anginal and anti-ischaemic agent, which selectively and specifically inhibits the I f current in the sino-atrial node and provides pure heart rate reduction without altering other cardiac parameters, including conduction, and without directly affecting other haemodynamic parameters."( Selective and specific inhibition of If with ivabradine for the treatment of coronary artery disease or heart failure.
Deedwania, P, 2013)		1.37
"Ivabradine is a pure heart rate-lowering agent that acts by inhibiting I(f), an important ionic current involved in pacemaker activity in the cells of the sinoatrial node. "( Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of ivabradine in healthy Chinese men: a phase I, randomized, open-label, increasing single- and multiple-dose study.
Huang, Y; Jiang, J; Li, Y; Tian, L; Xu, L, 2013)		2.1
"Ivabradine is a new heart-rate-lowering drug; the aim of this review was to analyze its role in heart failure (HF)."( An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ivabradine for the treatment of heart failure.
Brunelli, C; Ferrero, S; Ghione, P; Rosa, GM; Valbusa, A, 2014)		2.09
"Ivabradine is a pure heart rate-reducing agent that has no effect on blood pressure and contractility, and can reverse left ventricular (LV) remodelling in patients with heart failure."( Effect of ivabradine on left ventricular remodelling after reperfused myocardial infarction: A pilot study.
Bonnet, J; Chasseriaud, W; Cochet, H; Coste, P; Douard, H; Gerbaud, E; Gilbert, S; Horovitz, A; Montaudon, M; Pucheu, Y, 2014)		1.53
"Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the pacemaker current If and since If is impaired by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin), a trigger of sepsis, we aimed to explore If blocking potency of ivabradine under elevated endotoxin levels in human atrial cardiomyocytes."( I(f) blocking potency of ivabradine is preserved under elevated endotoxin levels in human atrial myocytes.
Hallström, S; Koyani, CN; Lang, P; Lohner, K; Mächler, H; Malle, E; Pelzmann, B; Platzer, D; Scheruebel, S; Zorn-Pauly, K, 2014)		1.43
"Ivabradine is a negative chronotropic drug with minimal effects on central hemodynamics. "( Acute effects of ivabradine on dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Blass, KA; Bonagura, JD; Li, X; Scansen, BA; Schober, KE, )		1.91
"Ivabradine is a drug used for the treatment of angina and chronic heart failure in cases of intolerance or insufficiency of response to beta-blocker treatment. "( Case report of ivabradine intoxication.
Dulaurent, S; Gaulier, JM; Julia, F; Mathiaux, F, 2014)		2.2
"Ivabradine is a heart rate (HR)-lowering agent acting by inhibiting the If-channel. "( Ivabradine treatment prevents dobutamine-induced increase in heart rate in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Cavusoglu, Y; Mert, U; Morrad, B; Mutlu, F; Nadir, A; Ulus, T, 2015)		3.3
"Ivabradine is a novel specific heart rate (HR)-lowering agent that improves event-free survival in patients with heart failure (HF)."( Ivabradine improves heart rate variability in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Balta, S; Cuglan, B; Gozubuyuk, G; Kaplan, O; Karakus, Y; Kurtoglu, E; Yasar, E, 2014)		3.29
"Ivabradine is a useful, effective and safe drug for therapy in NM patients with HF and should be considered when resting HR remains high despite beta-blockers' full titration or beta-blockers' underdosing due to intolerance or side effects."( Nemaline myopathy and heart failure: role of ivabradine; a case report.
Baviera, EP; Di Franco, A; Lanza, GA; Mandalà, G; Marazia, S; Salerno, Y; Sarullo, FM; Sarullo, S; Vassallo, L; Vitale, G, 2015)		1.4
"Ivabradine is an effective and well-tolerated anti-anginal treatment in patients with stable angina after PCI. "( Ivabradine in combination with Beta-blockers in patients with chronic stable angina after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Ebelt, H; Höpfner, F; Müller-Werdan, U; Nuding, S; Stöckl, G; Werdan, K, 2015)		3.3
"Ivabradine is a drug designed to lower heart rate without any other demonstrable pharmacologic effects; in other words, a pure heart rate-lowering drug."( Ivabradine: A Unique and Intriguing Medication for Treating Cardiovascular Disease.
Anderson, JR; Bowman, BN; Nawarskas, JJ, )		2.3
"Ivabradine is a specific bradycardic agent used in coronary artery disease and heart failure, lowering heart rate through inhibition of sinoatrial nodal HCN-channels. "( hERG potassium channel blockade by the HCN channel inhibitor bradycardic agent ivabradine.
Brack, KE; Dempsey, CE; El Harchi, A; Hancox, JC; Melgari, D; Mitcheson, JS; Ng, GA; Zhang, C; Zhang, Y, 2015)		2.09
"Ivabradine is an inhibitor of mixed Na+-K+ current that could combine with HCN channels to reduce the transmembrane velocity of funny current (If), heart rate, and cardiac efficiency, and thus be used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as chronic heart failure. "( Effects of ivabradine on cardiac electrophysiology in dogs with age-related atrial fibrillation.
Hong, YF; Ji, YT; Jiang, T; Li, JX; Li, YD; Tang, BP; Xing, Q; Xiong, J; Yusufuaji, Y; Zhou, XH, 2015)		2.25
"Ivabradine is an effective treatment for angina in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and for heart failure. "( Ivabradine reduces myocardial stunning in patients with exercise-inducible ischaemia.
Agricola, E; Camici, PG; Maranta, F; Margonato, A; Rimoldi, O; Tondi, L, 2015)		3.3
"Ivabradine is a recent treatment option for heart failure."( Cardiac and Hemodynamic Benefits: Mode of Action of Ivabradine in Heart Failure.
Pereira-Barretto, AC, 2015)		1.39
"Ivabradine is a novel If-channel antagonist that controls heart rate and may be helpful in treating patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) who are unable to tolerate β-blockers or achieve a heart rate of 70 beats/min with standard therapy. "( Meta-analysis of Ivabradine in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease With and Without Left Ventricular Dysfunction.
Cammarano, C; Comee, M; Donovan, JL; Malloy, MJ; Silva, M, 2016)		2.22
"Ivabradine is a newly approved medication which reduces the heart rate by antagonizing the If channel. "( Acute on Chronic Ivabradine Overdose: a Case Report.
Maskell, K; Troendle, M; Tse, A; Wolf, CE, 2016)		2.22
"Ivabradine is an oral medication that directly and selectively inhibits the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated funny (If) current in the sinoatrial node resulting in heart rate reduction."( Role of the Funny Current Inhibitor Ivabradine in Cardiac Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review.
Bishop, BM; Mauro, VF; Petite, SE, )		1.13
"Ivabradine is a promising therapy in HFrEF based on the results of the SHIFT, but it is an adjunctive therapy, not a substitute for drugs with proven mortality benefits."( Role of Ivabradine in the Treatment of Patients With Cardiovascular Disease.
Nguyen, E; Weeda, ER; White, CM, 2016)		1.59
"Ivabradine is a selective If channel blocker and acts by reducing firing rate of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, without affecting the duration of action potential."( Ranolazine and Ivabradine: two different modalities to act against ischemic heart disease.
Cacciapuoti, F, 2016)		1.51
"Ivabradine is a well-tolerated, safe and effective treatment option with the objective to improve prognosis, left ventricular structure and function, exercise tolerance and quality of life."( Ivabradine for the treatment of chronic heart failure.
De Denus, S; Elzir, L; Henri, C; O'Meara, E; Tardif, JC, 2016)		2.6
"Ivabradine is a novel sinus node If 'funny current' inhibitor, which reduces the HR."( Inappropriate sinus tachycardia: focus on ivabradine.
Abed, HS; Fulcher, JR; Keech, AC; Kilborn, MJ, 2016)		1.42
"Ivabradine is a heart rate-lowering agent approved to reduce the risk of hospitalization for worsening heart failure. "( Cost-Effectiveness of Ivabradine for Heart Failure in the United States.
Cowie, MR; Kansal, AR; Kielhorn, A; Krotneva, S; Tafazzoli, A; Yurgin, N; Zheng, Y, 2016)		2.19
"Ivabradine is a safe and effective medication for HR reduction to reduce hospitalizations in patients with stable, symptomatic HF (ejection fraction < 35%), in sinus rhythm, and HR > 70 bpm."( Ivabradine, a novel medication for treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Bobadilla, RV; Foster, JL, 2016)		3.32
"Ivabradine is a unique medication recently approved in the USA for the treatment of select heart failure patients. "( Ivabradine: A Review of Labeled and Off-Label Uses.
Bolorunduro, OB; Jha, SK; Oliphant, CS; Owens, RE, 2016)		3.32
"Ivabradine is a blocker of the funny current channels in the sinoatrial node cells. "( Ivabradine.
Komajda, M, 2017)		3.34
"Ivabradine is a heart rate reducing agent that exhibits anti-ischemic effects through the inhibition of funny electrical current in the sinus node resulting in heart rate reduction, thus enabling longer diastolic perfusion time, and reduced myocardial oxygen consumption without detrimental changes in arterial blood pressure, coronary vasomotion, and ventricular contractility. "( Ivabradine in acute coronary syndromes: Protection beyond heart rate lowering.
Borovac, JA; Camici, PG; Crea, F; Niccoli, G; Vetrugno, V, 2017)		3.34
"Ivabradine is an inhibitor of mixed Na"( Effective suppression of atrial fibrillation by ivabradine: Novel target for an established drug?
Bögeholz, N; Dechering, DG; Eckardt, L; Ellermann, C; Fehr, M; Frommeyer, G; Kochhäuser, S; Pott, C; Sterneberg, M, 2017)		2.15
"Ivabradine is a selective heart rate-lowering agent that acts by inhibiting the pacemaker current If in sinoatrial node cells. "( The BEAUTIFUL study: randomized trial of ivabradine in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction - baseline characteristics of the study population.
Ferrari, R; Ford, I; Fox, K; Steg, PG; Tendera, M, 2008)		2.05
"Ivabradine is a heart rate-lowering agent devoid of other direct cardiovascular effects that has been approved for treatment of patients with stable angina pectoris. "( Characterization of the heart rate-lowering action of ivabradine, a selective I(f) current inhibitor.
Borer, JS; Le Heuzey, JY, )		1.82
"Ivabradine is a new selective HR-lowering agent that selectively inhibits the pacemaker current I (f) in the sinus atrial node."( Ivabradine: beyond heart rate control.
D'Orazio, N; Riccioni, G; Vitulano, N, 2009)		2.52
"Ivabradine is a novel pure heart rate-lowering agent that selectively and specifically inhibits pacemaker I(f) current. "( Effect of ivabradine, a novel antianginal agent, on driving performance: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy volunteers.
Lévy, S; Macher, JP, 2009)		2.2
"Ivabradine is a new efficient and safe therapeutic option in the treatment of coronary artery disease."( [Ivabradine, an I(f) current inhibitor--new treatment options in coronary heart disease].
Mach, F, 2009)		1.98
"Ivabradine is an I(f) current inhibitor, that has documented antianginal efficacy. "( Impact of a pure reduction in heart rate for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction: clinical benefits of ivabradine in the BEAUTIFUL trial.
Danchin, N, )		1.78
"Ivabradine is a specific heart rate-lowering antianginal agent that was evaluated in a clinical development program involving approximately 3,000 patients with stable coronary artery disease, most with angina pectoris. "( Efficacy of ivabradine, a selective I(f) inhibitor, in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and diabetes mellitus.
Borer, JS; Tardif, JC, 2010)		2.18
"Ivabradine (IVA) is a novel, specific, heart rate (HR)-lowering agent that acts in sinoatrial node (SAN) cells by selectively inhibiting the pacemaker If current in a dose-dependent manner by slowing the diastolic depolarization slope of SAN cells, and reducing HR at rest and during exercise with minimal effect on myocardial contractility, blood pressure, and intracardiac conduction. "( Ivabradine: from molecular basis to clinical effectiveness.
Riccioni, G, 2010)		3.25
"Ivabradine is a pure heart-rate-lowering agent with well-documented antianginal and anti-ischemic properties comparable to well-established anti-anginal agents."( Ivabradine: recent and potential applications in clinical practice.
Riccioni, G, 2011)		2.53
"Ivabradine is a selective I(f) current inhibitor in the sinus node that decreases heart rate without negative inotropic effects. "( [Antianginal efficacy of ivabradine in a very old patient with aortic stenosis: effects on cardiac output and transvalvular aortic gradients].
Feola, M; Lombardo, E; Menditto, E; Nervo, E; Piccolo, S; Taglieri, C, 2010)		2.11
"Ivabradine is a novel heart rate-lowering agent that selectively and specifically inhibits the depolarizing cardiac pacemaker If current in the sinus node. "( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and carbamazepine in healthy volunteers.
Bâldea, I; Leucuta, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2011)		2.09
"Ivabradine is a novel negative chronotropic drug used for treatment of ischemic heart disease in people. "( Comparison of the effects of ivabradine and atenolol on heart rate and echocardiographic variables of left heart function in healthy cats.
Bonagura, JD; Cervenec, RM; Riesen, SC; Schober, KE, )		1.87
"Ivabradine is a safe and effective drug in reducing resting heart rate, improving NYHA functional class without undesirable effects on conduction parameters or ectopic activity."( Ivabradine, a novel heart rate slower: is it a sword of double blades in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy?
Alabd, A; Gamal, A; Rayan, M; Tawfik, M, 2011)		3.25
"Ivabradine is a novel, heart rate-lowering drug which inhibits the pacemaker (I(f)) current in the heart with high selectivity and with minimal effect on haemodynamic parameters."( Selective pharmacological inhibition of the pacemaker channel isoforms (HCN1-4) as new possible therapeutical targets.
Baczkó, I; Cerbai, E; Gy Papp, J; Jaeger, K; Koncz, I; Romanelli, MN; Szél, T; Varró, A, 2011)		1.09
"Ivabradine is a novel antianginal agent which inhibits the pacemaker current. "( Electrophysiological effects of ivabradine in dog and human cardiac preparations: potential antiarrhythmic actions.
Baczkó, I; Bitay, M; Cerbai, E; Fülöp, F; Jaeger, K; Jost, N; Koncz, I; Kristóf, A; Orvos, P; Papp, JG; Szél, T; Tálosi, L; Varró, A; Virág, L, 2011)		2.1
"Ivabradine is a novel heart rate decreasing agent with selective and specific antagonist effects on the pacemaker current (I(f)). "( Effects of ivabradine on the pulmonary vein electrical activity and modulation of pacemaker currents and calcium homeostasis.
Chen, SA; Chen, YC; Chen, YJ; Cheng, CC; Kihara, Y; Lin, YK; Nakano, Y; Suenari, K, 2012)		2.21
"Ivabradine is a selective HR-lowering agent that exclusively inhibits the I(f) current in sinoatrial node cells without having any effect on cardiac contractility or atrioventricular conduction."( Ivabradine versus metoprolol for heart rate reduction before coronary computed tomography angiography.
Dock, W; Mendel, H; Pichler, P; Pichler-Cetin, E; Sochor, H; Syeda, B; Vertesich, M, 2012)		2.54
"Ivabradine is a new drug that reduces the firing rate of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node through a different mechanism with respect to betablockers."( The importance of reducing heart rate in cardiovascular diseases: effects of Ivabradine.
Bonadei, I; Bontempi, L; Curnis, A; D'Aloia, A; Dei Cas, L; Del Magro, F; Piovanelli, B; Vizzardi, E, 2011)		1.32
"Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the hyperpolarisation activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated funny current (If) involved in pacemaker generation and responsiveness of the sino-atrial node (SAN), which result in HR reduction with no other apparent direct cardiovascular effects."( The biological effects of ivabradine in cardiovascular disease.
Franceschelli, S; Riccioni, G; Speranza, L, 2012)		1.4
"Ivabradine is a novel heart rate lowering agent that inhibits I(f) ionic current in the sinus node and demonstrates antiischaemic and antianginal activity. "( Concomitant administration of different doses of simvastatin with ivabradine influence on PAI-1 and heart rate in normo- and hypercholesterolaemic rats.
Jasińska-Stroschein, M; Orszulak-Michalak, D; Owczarek, J, 2012)		2.06
"Ivabradine is a new agent inhibiting sinus node I(f) current, resulting in a decrease of HR without haemodynamic compromise."( Metoprolol succinate vs. ivabradine in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in patients unresponsive to previous pharmacological therapy.
Kaczmarek, K; Klingenheben, T; Ptaszynski, P; Ruta, J; Wranicz, JK, 2013)		1.41
"Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the I(f) current, which primarily contributes to sinus node pacemaker activity, and has no significant direct cardiovascular effects such as reduction of blood pressure, cardiac contractility or impairment of cardiac conduction."( Safety and efficacy of oral ivabradine as a heart rate-reducing agent in patients undergoing CT coronary angiography.
Adile, KK; Garg, N; Goel, PK; Gupta, A; Jain, SK; Kapoor, A; Kumar, S; Tewari, S, 2012)		1.39
"Ivabradine is a potentially attractive alternative to currently used drugs for reduction of heart rate in patients undergoing CTCA."( Safety and efficacy of oral ivabradine as a heart rate-reducing agent in patients undergoing CT coronary angiography.
Adile, KK; Garg, N; Goel, PK; Gupta, A; Jain, SK; Kapoor, A; Kumar, S; Tewari, S, 2012)		2.12
"Ivabradine is a new selective antagonist of funny channels."( Ivabradine: potential clinical applications in critically ill patients.
De Santis, V; Magliocca, A; Nencini, C; Porto, AG; Santoro, A; Tritapepe, L; Vitale, D, 2013)		2.55
"Ivabradine is a new heart rate (HR)-decreasing agent inhibiting sinus node If current."( Ivabradine in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in patients after successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular node slow pathway.
Kaczmarek, K; Klingenheben, T; Ptaszynski, P; Ruta, J; Wranicz, JK, 2013)		2.55
"Ivabradine is an effective treatment option to reduce HR and symptoms in patients with IST after RF ablation of atrioventricular node slow pathway. "( Ivabradine in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in patients after successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular node slow pathway.
Kaczmarek, K; Klingenheben, T; Ptaszynski, P; Ruta, J; Wranicz, JK, 2013)		3.28
"Ivabradine is a specific blocker of the pacemaker current (I(f)) used to decrease the sinus rate. "( Ivabradine for the prevention of inappropriate shocks due to sinus tachycardia in patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator.
Adler, A; Meir, I; Rosso, R; Viskin, S, 2013)		3.28
"Ivabradine (IVA) is a novel specific HR-lowering agent that acts in sinus atrial node (SAN) cells by selectively inhibiting the pacemaker I(f) current in a dose-dependent manner by slowing the diastolic depolarization slope of SAN cells, and by reducing HR at rest during exercise in humans."( Ivabradine: an intelligent drug for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
Riccioni, G, 2012)		2.54
"Ivabradine (Procoralan®) is a pure heart rate-lowering drug that produces selective and specific inhibition of the cardiac pacemaker funny current (I(f)) in the sinus node that regulates heart rate. "( Ivabradine: in adults with chronic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.
Perry, CM, 2012)		3.26
"Ivabradine is a specific heart rate-reducing agent approved as a treatment of chronic stable angina. "( Identification of the molecular site of ivabradine binding to HCN4 channels.
Barbuti, A; Baruscotti, M; Bolognesi, M; Bucchi, A; DiFrancesco, D; Micheloni, S; Nardini, M, 2013)		2.1
"Ivabradine is a new antiarrhythmic agent with direct inhibition of the pacemaker (If) current. "( Potential new indication for ivabradine: treatment of a patient with congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia.
Al-Fayyadh, MI; Al-Ghamdi, S; Hamilton, RM, 2013)		2.12
"Ivabradine is a new bradycardic agent with a potential indication for stable angina pectoris. "( Clinical trial simulation using therapeutic effect modeling: application to ivabradine efficacy in patients with angina pectoris.
Boissel, JP; Chabaud, S; Girard, P; Nony, P, 2002)		1.99
"Ivabradine is a heart rate-lowering agent that selectively inhibits the pacemaker current, I(f), in the sinoatrial node. "( Electrophysiological effects of a single intravenous administration of ivabradine (S 16257) in adult patients with normal baseline electrophysiology.
Camm, AJ; Lau, CP, 2003)		1.99
"Ivabradine (Procoralan) is a selective and specific I(f) inhibitor that acts on one of the most important ionic currents for the regulation of the pacemaker activity of sinoatrial node cells."( Heart rate slowing versus other pharmacological antianginal strategies.
Diaz, A; Tardif, JC, 2006)		1.06
"Ivabradine is a novel heart-rate-lowering agent that acts specifically on the sinoatrial node by selectively inhibiting the I(f) current, which is the current predominantly responsible for the slow diastolic depolarization of pacemaker cells. "( Novel If current inhibitor ivabradine: safety considerations.
Camm, AJ; Savelieva, I, 2006)		2.07
"Ivabradine is a new specific HR-reducing agent, which has been shown to have antianginal and anti-ischemic properties in patients with stable angina."( Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ivabradine in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: the morBidity-mortality EvAlUaTion of the I(f) inhibitor ivabradine in pa
Ferrari, R; Ford, I; Fox, K; Steg, PG; Tendera, M, 2006)		1.28
"Ivabradine is a novel selective and specific I(f) inhibitor in the sinus node that reduces heart rate without any negative inotropic effect."( The heart rate-lowering agent ivabradine inhibits the pacemaker current I(f) in human atrial myocytes.
Bois, P; El Chemaly, A; Guinamard, R; Jayle, C; Magaud, C; Patri, S, 2007)		1.35
"Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If currents of the sinoatrial node cells."( Ivabradine: a selective If current inhibitor in the treatment of stable angina.
Andrikopoulos, G; Dasopoulou, C; Kappos, K; Koulouris, S; Kranidis, A; Manolis, AS; Sakellariou, D; Tzeis, S, 2006)		2.5
"Ivabradine is a specific heart rate-lowering agent that acts via I(f) pacemaker channels in the sinoatrial node with no beta-adrenoreceptor activity."( Absence of respiratory effects with ivabradine in patients with asthma.
Babu, KS; Gadzik, F; Holgate, ST, 2008)		1.34
"Ivabradine (S-16257) is a new bradycardic agent with a direct effect on the sinus node. "( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the effects of ivabradine, a direct sinus node inhibitor, on heart rate in healthy volunteers.
Funck-Brentano, C; Jaillon, P; Jochemsen, R; Laveille, C; Ragueneau, I; Resplandy, G, 1998)		1.99
"Ivabradine is a novel bradycardic agent that has been developed for the prevention of angina. "( Development of a sequential linked pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Duffull, SB, 2000)		1.97
"Ivabradine is a novel bradycardic agent that has been developed for the prevention of angina. "( A pharmacokinetic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Chabaud, S; Duffull, SB; Girard, P; Laveille, C; Nony, P, 2000)		2.02
"Ivabradine is an open-channel blocker; however, block is exerted preferentially when channels deactivate on depolarization, and is relieved by long hyperpolarizing steps."( Current-dependent block of rabbit sino-atrial node I(f) channels by ivabradine.
Baruscotti, M; Bucchi, A; DiFrancesco, D, 2002)		1.27

Effects

Ivabradine also has a beneficial effect on hospital admissions. A quarter of HF patients can expect to be readmitted to hospital for HF within 1 month of discharge.

Ivabradine has proven therapeutic efficacy for cardiac ischaemia and, until proved otherwise, is a very specific inhibitor of the cardiac sinoatrial node I(f) current. The drug has been shown to improve heart failure with sinus tachycardia by reducing the heart rate.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ivabradine also has a beneficial effect on hospital admissions (-26 %, p < 0.0001), which is clinically relevant since a quarter of HF patients can expect to be readmitted to hospital for HF within 1 month of discharge."( Addressing Major Unmet Needs in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure: The Role of Ivabradine.
Pereira-Barretto, AC, 2016)		1.38
"Ivabradine has an active metabolite S-18982."( Development of a sequential linked pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Duffull, SB, 2000)		1.25
"Ivabradine has an active metabolite S-18982."( A pharmacokinetic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Chabaud, S; Duffull, SB; Girard, P; Laveille, C; Nony, P, 2000)		1.3
"Ivabradine has potent actions in reducing heart rate and improving clinical outcomes of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). "( Sustained-Release Ivabradine Hemisulfate in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure.
Cui, D; Li, J; Liu, G; Liu, K; Lou, D; Lu, S; Ma, S; Pang, X; Wang, J; Wang, X; Wu, S; Xie, X; Xue, L; Yang, Z; Ye, F; Yu, H; Zhang, Y; Zhong, M, 2022)		2.5
"Ivabradine has been shown to improve heart failure with sinus tachycardia by reducing the heart rate without affecting left ventricular systolic function or blood pressure. "( Discontinuation of Intravenous Catecholamine by Oral Ivabradine in a Patient with Decompensated Heart Failure with Low Cardiac Output Syndrome.
Bekki, M; Chibana, H; Fukumoto, Y; Honda, A; Itaya, N; Nohara, S; Sato, H; Shibao, K; Shibata, R; Takahashi, J, 2023)		2.6
"Ivabradine has potential in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction patients."( Effect of ivabradine on ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction.
Çetin, T; Çınar, T; Çinier, G; Eren, S; Hayıroğlu, Mİ; Keskin, K; Pay, L; Tekkeşin, Aİ; Tezen, O; Yumurtaş, AÇ, 2023)		2.03
"Ivabradine has been approved in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and elevated heart rate despite guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) to reduce cardiovascular (CV) death and hospitalization for worsening HF. "( Beneficial effects of ivabradine in patients with heart failure, low ejection fraction, and heart rate above 77 b.p.m.
Bernier, V; Bohm, M; Borer, JS; Bouabdallaoui, N; Ford, I; Komajda, M; O'Meara, E; Swedberg, K; Tardif, JC; Tavazzi, L, 2019)		2.27
"Oral ivabradine has the potential to be used as an adjunct to amiodarone in the treatment of JET in infants after surgery for congenital heart disease."( Ivabradine as an Adjunct for Refractory Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Preliminary Study.
Joshi, S; Kumar, G; Kumar, V; Ramamurthy, R; Sharma, V; Tiwari, N, 2019)		2.47
"Ivabradine has been reported to be efficacious in an adult with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation as well as in children with junctional or ectopic atrial tachycardias."( Ivabradine as a stabilising anti-arrhythmic agent for multifocal atrial tachycardia.
Cohen, JA; Cohen, MI; Collazo, L; Shope, C; Stollar, L, 2020)		2.72
"Ivabradine has no negative effect on inotropic contractility, conductivity, and systemic vascular resistance."( [Heart rate control in patients with sepsis and septic cardiomyopathy: the role of Ivabradine].
Fang, H; Shen, Z; Wang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2020)		1.5
"Ivabradine has been approved for the treatment of chronic heart failure and chronic stable angina pectoris in Europe. "( Ivabradine use in pregnant women-treatment indications and pregnancy outcome: an evaluation of the German Embryotox database.
Beck, E; Dathe, K; Hoeltzenbein, M; Lehmann, ML; Schaefer, C, 2021)		3.51
"Ivabradine has been used in patients who have chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and concomitant sinus heart rate ≥70 bpm. "( The association between ivabradine and adverse cardiovascular events in acute decompensated HFrEF patients.
Chang, HY; Chiou, WR; Chung, FP; Hsu, CY; Huang, JL; Lee, YH; Liang, HW; Liao, CT; Lin, PL; Lin, WY, 2021)		2.37
"Ivabradine has shown promising efficacy, but has not been evaluated in children."( Ivabradine in Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure.
Berger, F; Bonnet, D; Daubeney, PEF; Jokinen, E; Kantor, PF, 2017)		2.62
"Ivabradine has recently been demonstrated to have antiarrhythmic properties in atrial fibrillation. "( Ivabradine Aggravates the Proarrhythmic Risk in Experimental Models of Long QT Syndrome.
Dechering, DG; Eckardt, L; Ellermann, C; Frommeyer, G; Kochhäuser, S; Lange, PS; Leitz, P; Weller, J, 2019)		3.4
"Ivabradine has been successfully used in some patients."( Long-term outcomes of ivabradine in inappropriate sinus tachycardia patients: appropriate efficacy or inappropriate patients.
Benezet-Mazuecos, J; Farré, J; Macía, E; Quiñones, MÁ; Rubio, JM; Sanchez-Borque, P, 2013)		1.43
"Ivabradine has demonstrated efficacy in reducing rehospitalizations and mortality in heart failure and in improving exercise tolerance and reducing angina attacks in patients with coronary artery disease, whereas selective heart rate reduction may also prove to be beneficial in therapeutic areas outside those in which ivabradine has already demonstrated clinical efficacy."( Resting heart rate: risk indicator and emerging risk factor in cardiovascular disease.
Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Deedwania, P; Kim, JB; Reil, JC, 2015)		1.14
"Ivabradine that has been introduced in medical practice in last decade is a pure heart rate-slowing agent."( [The efficacy of ivabradine in chronic heart failure (review)].
Gvishiani, M; Isakadze, A; Makharadze, T, 2015)		1.48
"Ivabradine has opened up new possibilities for treating stable angina and chronic heart failure by lowering heart rate. "( Effect of Ivabradine on Endothelial Function in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris: Assessment with the Endo-PAT 2000 Device.
Chmelarova, A; Fedacko, J; Jackova, L; Janicko, M; Jedlickova, L; Majernik, J; Merkovska, L; Novakova, B; Pella, D, 2015)		2.26
"Ivabradine, a new agent has been added to the current medical options for managing heart failure."( Ivabradine: Heart Failure and Beyond.
Chaudhary, R; Freudenberger, R; Garg, J; Krishnamoorthy, P; Lanier, G; Martinez, MW; Shah, N, 2016)		2.6
"Ivabradine also has a beneficial effect on hospital admissions (-26 %, p < 0.0001), which is clinically relevant since a quarter of HF patients can expect to be readmitted to hospital for HF within 1 month of discharge."( Addressing Major Unmet Needs in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure: The Role of Ivabradine.
Pereira-Barretto, AC, 2016)		1.38
"Ivabradine has been extensively evaluated for coronary artery disease wherein (2) large trials was shown to have no mortality benefit."( Role of the Funny Current Inhibitor Ivabradine in Cardiac Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review.
Bishop, BM; Mauro, VF; Petite, SE, )		1.13
"Ivabradine has been shown to improve symptoms and to reduce rehospitalization and mortality in patients with severe chronic heart failure (HF). "( Clinical Experience with Ivabradine in Acute Heart Failure.
Alonso Salinas, GL; Camino López, A; Del Castillo Carnevalli, H; Jiménez Mena, M; Pascual Izco, M; Sanmartín Fernández, M; Zamorano Gómez, JL, )		1.88
"Ivabradine has been approved as a heart rate-lowering agent for use in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris in case of contraindication or intolerance to beta-blockers. "( Ivabradine: pharmacodynamic aspects of its clinical use.
Stieber, J, 2008)		3.23
"Ivabradine has been shown to have antianginal and anti-ischaemic properties in patients with stable angina pectoris."( Effect of ivabradine, a novel antianginal agent, on driving performance: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy volunteers.
Lévy, S; Macher, JP, 2009)		1.48
"Ivabradine has been shown to be effective in reducing sinus rate. "( Reversal of tachycardiomyopathy due to left atrial tachycardia by ivabradine.
Bohora, S; Lokhandwala, Y; Parekh, P; Vasavda, A, 2011)		2.05
"Ivabradine has recently been recognized as a pure heart-rate-reducing agent and is being extensively studied."( Rate control with ivabradine: angina pectoris and beyond.
Bhargava, B; Parakh, N, 2011)		1.42
"Ivabradine has anti-ischemic and antianginal efficacy equivalent to that of β-blockers and calcium channel antagonists in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris."( Ivabradine: recent and potential applications in clinical practice.
Riccioni, G, 2011)		2.53
"Ivabradine has anti-ischemic and antianginal efficacy in monotherapy, as well as in combination with other antianginals, such as beta-blockers, and is safe and well tolerated."( Innovation in coronary artery disease and heart failure: clinical benefits of pure heart rate reduction with ivabradine.
Canet, E; Lerebours, G; Vilaine, JP, 2011)		1.3
"Ivabradine has not been reported to improve cardiac involvement in Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)."( Beneficial effect of ivabradine in dilated cardiomyopathy from Becker muscular dystrophy.
Berger, E; Finsterer, J; Stöllberger, C, 2012)		1.42
"Ivabradine (Iva) has shown beneficial structural and functional effects in clinical and experimental heart failure (HF), but its action in combination with mechanical unloading (MU), such as during treatment with left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), is unknown. "( Influence of ivabradine on reverse remodelling during mechanical unloading.
Dias, P; Gandhi, A; Ibrahim, M; Navaratnarajah, M; Sarathchandra, P; Shah, A; Siedlecka, U; Terracciano, CM; van Doorn, C; Yacoub, MH, 2013)		2.2
"Ivabradine has shown anti-ischaemic and anti-anginal activity in a placebo-controlled trial."( Efficacy of ivabradine, a new selective I(f) inhibitor, compared with atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina.
Bourassa, MG; Ford, I; Fox, K; Tardif, JC; Tendera, M, 2005)		1.43
"Ivabradine has no negative inotropic or lusitropic effects, preserving ventricular contractility, and does not change any major electrophysiological parameters unrelated to heart rate."( Ivabradine -- the first selective sinus node I(f) channel inhibitor in the treatment of stable angina.
Sulfi, S; Timmis, AD, 2006)		2.5
"Ivabradine has been shown to reduce heart rate, preserve myocardial contractility, increase diastolic filling and maintain both small and large coronary artery vasodilation, whatever the level of exercise, thus ensuring adequate endocardial blood perfusion during exercise."( Heart rate reduction by pharmacological If current inhibition.
Cargnoni, A; Ceconi, C; Ferrari, R; Stavroula, G, 2006)		1.06
"Ivabradine has demonstrated dosedependent anti-ischemic and antianginal effects in a placebo-controlled study."( Heart rate slowing versus other pharmacological antianginal strategies.
Diaz, A; Tardif, JC, 2006)		1.06
"Ivabradine has little effect on the atrioventricular node and ventricular refractoriness, but because of its effect on the sinus node, it should be avoided in patients with sick sinus syndrome."( Novel If current inhibitor ivabradine: safety considerations.
Camm, AJ; Savelieva, I, 2006)		1.35
"Ivabradine has been recently approved for the treatment of stable angina."( Absence of respiratory effects with ivabradine in patients with asthma.
Babu, KS; Gadzik, F; Holgate, ST, 2008)		1.34
"Ivabradine has proven therapeutic efficacy for cardiac ischaemia and, until proved otherwise, is a very specific inhibitor of the cardiac sinoatrial node I(f) current. "( Defying the economists: a decrease in heart rate improves not only cardiac but also endothelial function.
Triggle, CR, 2008)		1.79
"Ivabradine has an active metabolite S-18982."( Development of a sequential linked pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Duffull, SB, 2000)		1.25
"Ivabradine has an active metabolite S-18982."( A pharmacokinetic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Chabaud, S; Duffull, SB; Girard, P; Laveille, C; Nony, P, 2000)		1.3

Actions

Ivabradine did not increase the prevalence of bradycardia in patients with LBBB. The drug increased quality of life on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) but the effect size was small and possibly without relevance to patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ivabradine seemed to increase quality of life on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) (mean difference (MD)=2.92; 95% CI 1.34 to 4.50; p=0.0003; low certainty of evidence), but the effect size was small and possibly without relevance to patients, and on the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLWHFQ) (MD=-5.28; 95% CI -6.60 to -3.96; p<0.00001; very low certainty of evidence), but the effects were uncertain."( Ivabradine added to usual care in patients with heart failure: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
Gluud, C; Jakobsen, JC; Liang, N; Maagaard, M; Nielsen, EE; Sethi, NJ; Yang, SH, 2022)		2.89
"Ivabradine seems to increase the risk of atrial fibrillation, bradycardia and non-serious adverse events.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018112082."( Ivabradine added to usual care in patients with heart failure: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
Gluud, C; Jakobsen, JC; Liang, N; Maagaard, M; Nielsen, EE; Sethi, NJ; Yang, SH, 2022)		2.89
"Ivabradine seemed to increase the risk of serious adverse events after removal of outliers (RR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.11) as well as the following adverse events classified as serious: bradycardia, prolonged QT interval, photopsia, atrial fibrillation and hypertension."( Effects of adding ivabradine to usual care in patients with angina pectoris: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.
Gluud, C; Jakobsen, JC; Maagaard, M; Nielsen, EE; Ning, L; Sethi, NJ; Yang, SH, 2020)		1.61
"Ivabradine did not increase the prevalence of bradycardia in patients with LBBB."( Impact of left bundle branch block on heart rate and its relationship to treatment with ivabradine in chronic heart failure.
Böhm, M; Borer, J; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Reil, JC; Robertson, M; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2013)		1.33
"The ivabradine-induced increase in A-H interval was inversely correlated with VR (r = -0.85, P = .03, at 130 bpm; r = -0.95, P = .003, at 180 bpm)."( If inhibition in the atrioventricular node by ivabradine causes rate-dependent slowing of conduction and reduces ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation.
Batatinha, JA; Belardinelli, L; Bonatti, R; Liu, G; Nearing, BD; Rajamani, S; Silva, AF; Verrier, RL; Zeng, D, 2014)		1.14
"Ivabradine did not increase serious adverse drug reactions (OR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.88-1.13]; P = 0.93) or cardiac disorders (OR, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.87-1.22]; P = 0.74)."( Meta-analysis of Ivabradine in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease With and Without Left Ventricular Dysfunction.
Cammarano, C; Comee, M; Donovan, JL; Malloy, MJ; Silva, M, 2016)		1.5
"Ivabradine induced an increase of aAPD (+9ms) and aERP (+30ms, p<0.05) leading to a marked increase of atrial post-repolarization refractoriness (aPRR), defined as the difference of aERP and aAPD (+21ms, p<0.05)."( Effective suppression of atrial fibrillation by ivabradine: Novel target for an established drug?
Bögeholz, N; Dechering, DG; Eckardt, L; Ellermann, C; Fehr, M; Frommeyer, G; Kochhäuser, S; Pott, C; Sterneberg, M, 2017)		1.43

Treatment

Ivabradine treatment was associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalization in symptomatic HFrEF patients with a history of paroxysmal AF. The drug resulted in significant reduction in resting heart rate, average 24hECG heart rate and improvement in exercise capacity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ivabradine treatment was associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalization in symptomatic HFrEF patients with a history of paroxysmal AF. "( Ivabradine in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction and history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
Chang, JJ; Chen, MC; Jan, JY; Lin, MS; Lin, YS; Wang, PC; Yang, TY, 2022)		3.61
"Ivabradine treatment resulted in significant reduction in resting heart rate, average 24hECG heart rate, improvement in exercise capacity and reduction of symptoms in both subgroups."( Baseline intrinsic heart rate and response to ivabradine treatment in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia.
Cygankiewicz, I; Kaczmarek, K; Klingenheben, T; Poddebska, I; Ptaszyński, P; Urbanek, I; Wranicz, JK, 2020)		1.54
"Ivabradine treatment had a more significant benefit on improving haemodynamic stability, whereas sacubitril/valsartan treatment showed a more significant effect on improving LVEF."( Combination of ivabradine and sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.
Chang, HY; Chiou, WR; Chung, FP; Hsu, CY; Huang, JL; Lee, YH; Liang, HW; Liao, CT; Lin, PL; Lin, WY, 2021)		1.7
"Ivabradine treatment improved left ventricular ejection fraction, and clinical status and QOL showed favorable trends."( Ivabradine in Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure.
Berger, F; Bonnet, D; Daubeney, PEF; Jokinen, E; Kantor, PF, 2017)		2.62
"Ivabradine treatment resulted in occurrence of EAD and polymorphic VT in 9 of 12 sotalol-treated hearts (212 episodes), and 8 of 12 veratridine-treated hearts (155 episodes)."( Ivabradine Aggravates the Proarrhythmic Risk in Experimental Models of Long QT Syndrome.
Dechering, DG; Eckardt, L; Ellermann, C; Frommeyer, G; Kochhäuser, S; Lange, PS; Leitz, P; Weller, J, 2019)		2.68
"Ivabradine treatment produced dose-dependent reductions in heart rate at rest and at peak exercise (91.9 ± 6.3 to 71.7 ± 4.8 and 114.4 ± 7.6 to 96.8 ± 4.8; P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). "( Effects of ivabradine on 6-minute walk test and quality of life in patients with previously implanted CRT-D.
Akpek, M; Ates, I; Cetinkaya, R; Doğru, M; Genç, A; Kaya, MG; Keser, A; Sarıkaya, M; Ulucan, Ş; Yavuz, AH, 2013)		2.22
"Ivabradine treatment prevents dobutamine-induced increase in HR and may be useful in reducing HR-related adverse effects of dobutamine."( Ivabradine treatment prevents dobutamine-induced increase in heart rate in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Cavusoglu, Y; Mert, U; Morrad, B; Mutlu, F; Nadir, A; Ulus, T, 2015)		3.3
"Ivabradine treatment was associated with a relative risk of AF of 1.15 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.24, p=0.0027) among 21 571 patients in the meta-analysis."( Atrial fibrillation associated with ivabradine treatment: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Bourke, JP; Keavney, BD; Koref, MS; Martin, RI; Pogoryelova, O; Teare, MD, 2014)		1.4
"Ivabradine treatment was initiated according to the latest HF guidelines."( Ivabradine improves heart rate variability in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Balta, S; Cuglan, B; Gozubuyuk, G; Kaplan, O; Karakus, Y; Kurtoglu, E; Yasar, E, 2014)		2.57
"Ivabradine-treated patients had a lower HR, and improved left ventricular dimensions and systolic function, versus placebo-treated ones (p < 0.05 for all)."( I(f) current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Impact on the exercise tolerance and quality of life.
Abdel-Barr, MG; Abdel-Salam, Z; Hussain, M; Nammas, W; Rayan, M; Saleh, A, 2015)		1.45
"Ivabradine treatment led to a significant improvement in cardiac function."( I(f) current channel inhibitor (ivabradine) deserves cardioprotective effect via down-regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and attenuating apoptosis in diabetic mice.
Chen, SL; Hu, ZY; Li, B; Li, MH; Zuo, GF, 2014)		1.41
"Ivabradine is a recent treatment option for heart failure."( Cardiac and Hemodynamic Benefits: Mode of Action of Ivabradine in Heart Failure.
Pereira-Barretto, AC, 2015)		1.39
"Ivabradine-treated patients are also at significantly lower risk of experiencing a second or third hospitalization for worsening HF."( Addressing Major Unmet Needs in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure: The Role of Ivabradine.
Pereira-Barretto, AC, 2016)		1.38
"Ivabradine treatment on top of metoprolol decreases angina symptoms and improves QoL in patients with stable angina and coronary artery disease (CAD)."( Antianginal Efficacy of Ivabradine/Metoprolol Combination in Patients With Stable Angina.
Kallistratos, M; Katsivas, A; Zarifis, J, 2016)		1.46
"Ivabradine treatment was not associated with adverse effects on glucose metabolism."( Efficacy of ivabradine, a selective I(f) inhibitor, in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and diabetes mellitus.
Borer, JS; Tardif, JC, 2010)		1.46
"Ivabradine treatment significantly improves hyperaemic coronary flow velocity and CFR in patients with stable CAD. "( Ivabradine improves coronary flow reserve in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
Chlouverakis, G; Hamilos, MI; Skalidis, EI; Vardas, PE; Zacharis, EA, 2011)		3.25
"Ivabradine (0.6 mg/kg) treatment reduced the MDA levels and elevated the SOD and CAT enzyme activity."( Dose-dependent protective effect of ivabradine against ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats.
Acet, A; Beytur, A; Binbay, M; Gunaydin, MO; Parlakpinar, H; Polat, A; Sarihan, ME, 2012)		1.38
"Ivabradine treatment was discontinued in three patients due to adverse events within the first week."( Lasting reduction of heart transplant tachycardia with ivabradine is effective and well tolerated: results of 48-month study.
Bara, C; Bobylev, D; Haverich, A; Stiefel, P; Zhang, R, 2012)		1.35
"Ivabradine-treated patients evidenced lower risk for a second or third additional HF hospitalization [hazard ratio (HR): 0.66, 95% CI, 0.55-0.79, P < 0.001 and HR: 0.71, 95% CI, 0.54-0.93, P = 0.012, respectively]."( Effect of ivabradine on recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: the SHIFT Study.
Alings, M; Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Lopez-de-Sa, E; Sendon, JL; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2012)		1.5
"Treatment with ivabradine for 6 months effectively reduced HR and improved functional class and QoL in Chinese patients with chronic HF. "( Real-World Effectiveness of Ivabradine in Chinese Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: Interim Analysis of the POSITIVE Study.
Baopeng, T; Caizhen, Q; Huiyuan, H; Jingmin, Z; Junbo, G; Wenhui, D; Yamei, X; Yuhui, Z, 2022)		1.37
"Treatment with ivabradine should not be deferred in patients in sinus rhythm with a HR of ≥70 bpm to reduce the primary outcome and HF hospitalizations, in particular in patients with HR ≥75 bpm. "( Time to benefit of heart rate reduction with ivabradine in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.
Abdin, A; Batailler, C; Böhm, M; Borer, J; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Mahfoud, F; Slawik, J; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2023)		1.52
"Treatment with ivabradine became a new therapeutic alternative for patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST). "( Baseline intrinsic heart rate and response to ivabradine treatment in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia.
Cygankiewicz, I; Kaczmarek, K; Klingenheben, T; Poddebska, I; Ptaszyński, P; Urbanek, I; Wranicz, JK, 2020)		1.17
"Treatment with ivabradine in patients within 2 years after HTX significantly reduced post-transplant heart rate and LV mass and was associated with a superior survival in comparison with patients receiving metoprolol succinate."( Control of cardiac chronotropic function in patients after heart transplantation: effects of ivabradine and metoprolol succinate on resting heart rate in the denervated heart.
Bruckner, T; Darche, FF; Doesch, AO; Ehlermann, P; Helmschrott, M; Katus, HA; Rahm, AK; Rivinius, R; Ruhparwar, A; Thomas, D, 2018)		1.05
"Pre-treatment with ivabradine (10 μM) significantly attenuated the contractile response to CCh (1 μM; mean peak amplitude from 1493 ±216 mg to 680 ±95 mg; p < 0.003; n = 7)."( Ivabradine inhibits carbachol-induced contractions of isolated rat urinary bladder.
Ayar, A; Aydin, HR; Eren, H; Kalkan, ÖF; Kurt, A; Sahan, R; Turgut, H, 2018)		2.24
"Treatment with ivabradine in experimental models of LQT2 and LQT3 increases proarrhythmia."( Ivabradine Aggravates the Proarrhythmic Risk in Experimental Models of Long QT Syndrome.
Dechering, DG; Eckardt, L; Ellermann, C; Frommeyer, G; Kochhäuser, S; Lange, PS; Leitz, P; Weller, J, 2019)		2.3
"Treatment with ivabradine significantly lowered the HR (174 ± 20 vs. "( Effect of ivabradine, a funny current inhibitor, on portal hypertensive rats.
Chang, CC; Chuang, CL; Hsin, IF; Hsu, SJ; Huang, HC; Lee, FY; Lee, SD; Lee, WS, 2019)		1.27
"Treatment with ivabradine was associated with a 13% relative risk reduction for the composite of cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization (P < 0.001 vs."( Effect of ivabradine in patients with left-ventricular systolic dysfunction: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from the BEAUTIFUL and SHIFT trials.
Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ferrari, R; Ford, I; Fox, K; Komajda, M; Robertson, M; Steg, PG; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L; Tendera, M, 2013)		1.13
"Treatment with ivabradine in severe HF was associated with relative risk reductions indistinguishable from those of less severe disease for the primary end point (16% reduction), all-cause death (22%), cardiovascular death (22%), HF death (37%), and HF hospitalization (17%; all p values for interaction: NS)."( Efficacy and safety of ivabradine in patients with severe chronic systolic heart failure (from the SHIFT study).
Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Robertson, M; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2014)		1.05
"Treatment with ivabradine was associated with a significant reduction in resting heart rate after 3 weeks versus no change with placebo (-15.8±7.7 versus +0.3±5.8 bpm; P=0.0010)."( Impact of Ivabradine on Central Aortic Blood Pressure and Myocardial Perfusion in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease.
Allée, G; Dillinger, JG; Henry, P; Levy, BI; Logeart, D; Maher, V; Manzo Silberman, S; Vitale, C, 2015)		1.16
"Treatment with ivabradine did not affect the primary outcome of change in physical limitation score at 12 months. "( Quality of Life With Ivabradine in Patients With Angina Pectoris: The Study Assessing the Morbidity-Mortality Benefits of the If Inhibitor Ivabradine in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Quality of Life Substudy.
Chassany, O; Ferrari, R; Ford, I; Fox, K; Steg, PG; Tardif, JC; Tendera, M, 2016)		1.11
"Pre-treatment with ivabradine reduced infarct size from 35 +/- 4 (SEM) to 19 +/- 4% of area at risk (AAR)."( Improvement of regional myocardial blood flow and function and reduction of infarct size with ivabradine: protection beyond heart rate reduction.
Gres, P; Heusch, G; Schilawa, D; Schulz, R; Skyschally, A; van Caster, P, 2008)		0.88
"Treatment with ivabradine, a pure HR-reducing agent, provides an opportunity to assess the effects of selectively lowering HR without altering other aspects of cardiac function."( Heart rate as a treatable cardiovascular risk factor.
Tardif, JC, 2009)		0.69
"Treatment with ivabradine significantly reduced heart rate (p<0.01), with no effect on blood pressure. "( Heart rate reduction with ivabradine improves erectile dysfunction in parallel to decrease in atherosclerotic plaque load in ApoE-knockout mice.
Baumhäkel, M; Böhm, M; Custodis, F; Laufs, U; Schlimmer, N, 2010)		1.01
"Treatment with ivabradine (5 mg twice a day) resulted in disappearance of syncopal episodes both during upright position and CSM."( Successful use of ivabradine in a case of exaggerated autonomic dysfunction.
Aliyev, F; Celiker, C; Türkoğlu, C; Uzunhasan, I, 2010)		1.03
"Treatment with ivabradine was associated with a decrease in the primary end-point LVESVI (change from baseline to last value, -1.48 ± 13.00 mL/m(2)) versus an increase with placebo (1.85 ± 10.54 mL/m(2)) (P=0.018)."( Effect of heart rate reduction by ivabradine on left ventricular remodeling in the echocardiographic substudy of BEAUTIFUL.
Ceconi, C; Ferrari, R; Ford, I; Fox, K; Freedman, SB; Gueret, P; Hildebrandt, P; McDonagh, T; Parrinello, G; Robertson, M; Steg, PG; Tardif, JC; Tendera, M, 2011)		0.99
"Treatment with ivabradine was associated with a decrease in 24-hour heart rate of 6.3 ± 9.5 beats/min at last assessment versus no change with placebo (0.4 ± 7.2 beats/min, p <0.001, between-group difference), with a greater decrease in waking heart rate with ivabradine than during sleep (6.8 ± 10.4 vs 5.2 ± 8.9 beats/min, respectively, at last visit)."( Safety of ivabradine in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (from the BEAUTIFUL Holter Substudy).
Ferrari, R; Ford, I; Fox, K; Robertson, M; Steg, PG; Talajic, M; Tardif, JC; Tendera, M, 2011)		1.11
"Treatment with ivabradine reduced LVESVI (primary substudy endpoint) vs."( Effects of selective heart rate reduction with ivabradine on left ventricular remodelling and function: results from the SHIFT echocardiography substudy.
Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Komajda, M; O'Meara, E; Swedberg, K; Tardif, JC; Tavazzi, L, 2011)		0.97
"Treatment with ivabradine resulted in a significant reduction of HR, rate-pressure product, and LV contractile function and a significant increase in LV end-diastolic pressure, LV end-diastolic wall stress, and LV relaxation time constant (tau) in cats with HCM. "( Effects of ivabradine on heart rate and left ventricular function in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Bonagura, JD; Li, X; Otoni, CC; Riesen, SC; Schober, KE; Smith, DN, 2012)		1.12
"Treatment with ivabradine irreversibly depressed basal firing frequency and markedly attenuated the enhancement effect of EtOH on firing."( Ethanol enhances human hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated currents.
Chen, H; Chen, Y; Fan, X; Huang, C; Song, T; Wu, P; Yang, J, 2012)		0.72
"Treatment with ivabradine, on a background of guidelines-based HF therapy, is associated with a substantial reduction in the likelihood of recurrent hospitalizations for worsening HF. "( Effect of ivabradine on recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: the SHIFT Study.
Alings, M; Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Lopez-de-Sa, E; Sendon, JL; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2012)		1.13
"Treatment with ivabradine significantly reduced HR and LVESD, improved SRcirc, S long and SRlong in the T4 group, and the average I Ca,L density at 0 mV in T4-Iva groups (9.9 ± 1.6 pA/pF) was restored to the control level."( Heart rate reduction with ivabradine prevents thyroid hormone-induced cardiac remodeling in rat.
Cho, KI; Han, J; Kim, BH; Kim, IJ; Kim, JY; Kim, N; Kim, SM, 2013)		1.03
"When treated with ivabradine, these parameters of HRV such as square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD) and HFnu were in the upward tendency, but low frequency normalized unit and low frequency/high frequency were in the opposite tendency."( Identification and detection of the isolated sinus venosus from the Asian toad.
Deng, X; Guan, C; Hao, L; Li, G; Li, S; Sun, G; Wang, Y; Zhang, B, 2013)		0.71

Toxicity

Ivabradine combined with β-blockers can reduce the resting heart rate and improve heart function in patients with AMI while not increasing adverse events. Irrespective of diabetic status, ivabradin is effective and safe in these patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The most frequent adverse events were visual symptoms and sinus bradycardia with ivabradine (0."( Antianginal efficacy and safety of ivabradine compared with amlodipine in patients with stable effort angina pectoris: a 3-month randomised, double-blind, multicentre, noninferiority trial.
Ford, I; Fox, KM; Ruzyllo, W; Tendera, M, 2007)		0.84
" Safety was assessed on the basis of reported adverse events at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months."( Long-term safety and efficacy of ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina.
Filipova, S; López-Bescós, L; Martos, R, 2007)		0.62
" Phosphene-like mild transient visual symptoms were the most frequently reported adverse events but led to treatment withdrawal in only 4 patients."( Long-term safety and efficacy of ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina.
Filipova, S; López-Bescós, L; Martos, R, 2007)		0.62
" The most common adverse events were visual symptoms in 16."( I f inhibition with ivabradine : electrophysiological effects and safety.
Camm, AJ; Savelieva, I, 2008)		0.67
" A prospective follow-up study was conducted to identify possible adverse effects, tolerance, and drug effects on heart rate and control of symptoms."( Safety and effectiveness of ivabradine after cardiac transplantation.
Ballesteros-Pradas, S; Campos-Pareja, A; Fernández-Quero, M; Guisado-Rasco, A; Lage-Gallé, E; Machuca, MG; Martínez-Martínez, A; Nevado-Portero, J; Romero-Rodríguez, N; Sobrino-Márquez, M, 2010)		0.65
"3) years, no substantial adverse effects were observed."( Safety and effectiveness of ivabradine after cardiac transplantation.
Ballesteros-Pradas, S; Campos-Pareja, A; Fernández-Quero, M; Guisado-Rasco, A; Lage-Gallé, E; Machuca, MG; Martínez-Martínez, A; Nevado-Portero, J; Romero-Rodríguez, N; Sobrino-Márquez, M, 2010)		0.65
"Ivabradine is safe and effective in increasing the rate of patients at target HR and in reducing the need for additional IV beta-blockade in patients referred for CTCA."( Incremental value and safety of oral ivabradine for heart rate reduction in computed tomography coronary angiography.
Brunetti, ND; Cademartiri, F; Di Biase, L; Di Biase, M; Guaricci, AI; Ieva, R; Macarini, L; Maffei, E; Midiri, M; Montrone, D; Schuijf, JD; Tedeschi, C, 2012)		2.09
" However, these agents can have undesirable adverse effects (AEs) and due to the risk of bronchoconstriction are contraindicated in patients with obstructive airway disease."( Heart rate-lowering efficacy and respiratory safety of ivabradine in patients with obstructive airway disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.
Ciebiada, M; Gorski, P; Majewski, S; Slomka, S; Zielinska-Wyderkiewicz, E, 2012)		0.63
" The effects of ivabradine on cardiovascular outcomes, changes in heart rate, and adverse events, particularly bradycardia, were evaluated according to age group."( Efficacy and safety of ivabradine in chronic heart failure across the age spectrum: insights from the SHIFT study.
Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Lainscak, M; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2013)		1.05
" Adverse events were more common in COPD patients, but similar in treatment subgroups."( Clinical profiles and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an efficacy and safety analysis of SHIFT study.
Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Lainscak, M; Robertson, M; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2013)		0.39
" Ivabradine is similarly effective and safe in chronic HF patients with or without COPD, and can be safely combined with beta-blockers in COPD."( Clinical profiles and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an efficacy and safety analysis of SHIFT study.
Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Lainscak, M; Robertson, M; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2013)		1.3
" Tolerability was assessed throughout the study by physical and ophthalmologic examinations, vital signs measurement, laboratory analyses, and monitoring of adverse effects."( Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of ivabradine in healthy Chinese men: a phase I, randomized, open-label, increasing single- and multiple-dose study.
Huang, Y; Jiang, J; Li, Y; Tian, L; Xu, L, 2013)		0.66
" There were small, nonsignificant differences in the number of adverse events between the two groups (66 in Iva and 73 in Aten, p > 0."( The efficacy and safety of ivabradine hydrochloride versus atenolol in Chinese patients with chronic stable angina pectoris.
Jia, Y; Jiang, J; Jiang, R; Jing, L; Li, T; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, S; Lu, Q; Shou, X; Wang, L; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Wei, J; Xia, H; Xie, P; Xing, B; Yang, Z, 2014)		0.7
" Adverse events were significantly more frequent in patients with diabetes (78%) than without (74%) (P < 0."( Efficacy and safety of ivabradine in patients with chronic systolic heart failure and diabetes: an analysis from the SHIFT trial.
Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Francq, BG; Komajda, M; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2015)		0.73
" Irrespective of diabetic status, ivabradine is effective and safe in these patients."( Efficacy and safety of ivabradine in patients with chronic systolic heart failure and diabetes: an analysis from the SHIFT trial.
Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Francq, BG; Komajda, M; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2015)		1.01
"Cardiovascular adverse effects in drug development are a major source of compound attrition."( An Integrative Approach for Improved Assessment of Cardiovascular Safety Data.
Gabrielsson, J; Jirstrand, M; Martel, E; Pairet, N; Scheuerer, S; Wallman, M, 2021)		0.62
" The difference in adverse events was not statistically significant [odds ratio (OR) =2."( Effectiveness and safety of ivabradine in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, J; Chen, Q; Chen, S; Wang, B; Wang, Q; Yang, S; Zhang, X, 2021)		0.92
"Ivabradine combined with β-blockers can reduce the resting heart rate and improve heart function in patients with AMI while not increasing adverse events."( Effectiveness and safety of ivabradine in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, J; Chen, Q; Chen, S; Wang, B; Wang, Q; Yang, S; Zhang, X, 2021)		2.36

Pharmacokinetics

The paper considers the structural identifiability of a parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model for ivabradine and one of its metabolites. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis and compared to determine if the differences were statistically significant.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacodynamic data (heart rate) were pooled from two studies and included a total of 78 healthy subjects."( Development of a sequential linked pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Duffull, SB, 2000)		0.53
" The aim of this study is to develop a pharmacokinetic simulation model."( A pharmacokinetic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Chabaud, S; Duffull, SB; Girard, P; Laveille, C; Nony, P, 2000)		0.58
"The paper considers the structural identifiability of a parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model for ivabradine and one of its metabolites."( An identifiability analysis of a parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model for ivabradine.
Aarons, L; Chapman, MJ; Chappell, MJ; Duffull, SB; Evans, ND; Godfrey, KR, 2001)		0.76
"To design a parsimonious population pharmacodynamic experiment that has the same or greater efficiency than that provided by two phase I studies."( Optimal design of a population pharmacodynamic experiment for ivabradine.
Aarons, L; Duffull, SB; Mentré, F, 2001)		0.55
"A population pharmacodynamic trial design is presented that is more parsimonious than the original study and would be appropriate for inclusion in a premarketing clinical study."( Optimal design of a population pharmacodynamic experiment for ivabradine.
Aarons, L; Duffull, SB; Mentré, F, 2001)		0.55
" An open-label, 2-period, nonrandomized, phase-I, pharmacokinetic interaction design was used."( Effects of Hypericum perforatum on ivabradine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: an open-label, pharmacokinetic interaction clinical trial.
Calvo, A; Martínez, I; Portolés, A; Resplandy, G; Terleira, A, 2006)		0.61
" An open-label, randomized, crossover, phase I, pharmacokinetic interaction design was used."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between omeprazole or lansoprazole and ivabradine in healthy volunteers: an open-label, randomized, crossover, pharmacokinetic interaction clinical trial.
Calvo, A; Gorostiaga, C; Laredo, L; Moreno, A; Portolés, A; Resplandy, G; Terleira, A, 2006)		0.56
" In experimental studies, it has been shown that ivabradine does have some unfavorable pharmacodynamic properties, such as the block of all four hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and block of other ion channels at high concentrations."( Ivabradine: pharmacodynamic aspects of its clinical use.
Stieber, J, 2008)		2.04
" Our objective was to evaluate a possible pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and carbamazepine in healthy volunteers."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and carbamazepine in healthy volunteers.
Bâldea, I; Leucuta, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2011)		0.87
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of ivabradine administered in each treatment period were calculated using non-compartmental and compartmental analysis to determine if there were statistically significant differences."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and carbamazepine in healthy volunteers.
Bâldea, I; Leucuta, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2011)		0.93
" These differences were statistically significant for C(max) and AUC(0-∞) when ivabradine was administered with carbamazepine, whereas they were not for t(max), half-life and mean residence time."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and carbamazepine in healthy volunteers.
Bâldea, I; Leucuta, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2011)		0.87
"To determine the pharmacodynamic effects of oral ivabradine in cats."( Pharmacodynamic effects of ivabradine, a negative chronotropic agent, in healthy cats.
Bonagura, JD; Buffington, TC; Cober, RE; Li, X; Riesen, SC; Schober, KE, 2011)		0.92
"The study objective was evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and phenytoin in healthy subjects."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and phenytoin in healthy subjects.
Leucuta, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2012)		0.88
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of ivabradine administered in each treatment were calculated using non-compartmental analysis and compared to determine if the differences were statistically significant."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and phenytoin in healthy subjects.
Leucuta, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2012)		0.94
" Statistically significant differences were observed for the C(max) and AUC(∞) of ivabradine when administered alone or with phenytoin, whereas for t(max) and the half-life the differences were non-significant."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and phenytoin in healthy subjects.
Leucuta, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2012)		0.88
"The purpose of this study was to explore pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics and tolerability in healthy male Korean volunteers, as well as to compare them with PK/PD profiles of white subjects."( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and tolerability after single (2.5, 5, or 10 mg) and repeated (2.5, 5, or 10 mg bid for 4.5 days) oral administration of ivabradine in healthy male Korean volunteers.
Ah Jung, J; Bae, KS; Cho, SH; Choe, S; Choi, HY; Ghim, JL; Kim, UJ; Lim, HS; Noh, YH, 2013)		0.58
"5, 5, and 10 mg, respective mean Cmax levels of ivabradine were 9, 15, and 39 ng/mL, and mean AUC0-last values were 30, 52, and 121 ng h/mL."( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and tolerability after single (2.5, 5, or 10 mg) and repeated (2.5, 5, or 10 mg bid for 4.5 days) oral administration of ivabradine in healthy male Korean volunteers.
Ah Jung, J; Bae, KS; Cho, SH; Choe, S; Choi, HY; Ghim, JL; Kim, UJ; Lim, HS; Noh, YH, 2013)		0.84
" Finally, the method was successfully used in a pharmacokinetic study that measured ivabradine levels in healthy volunteers after a single 5 mg oral dose of ivabradine."( Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS-ESI method for the determination of ivabradine in human plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Huang, Y; Jiang, J; Li, Y; Tian, L, 2013)		0.84
" After the single dose, plasma ivabradine Cmax and AUC increased approximately linearly with dosage, no statistically significant differences were found in t½ or Tmax between the dose groups."( Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of ivabradine in healthy Chinese men: a phase I, randomized, open-label, increasing single- and multiple-dose study.
Huang, Y; Jiang, J; Li, Y; Tian, L; Xu, L, 2013)		0.95
" The serum concentrations of IVA and N-demethyl ivabradine were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DASver3."( The effect of clopidogrel on pharmacokinetics of ivabradine and its metabolite in rats.
Chen, H; Hu, GX; Huang, CK; Lian, QQ; Shang-Guan, WN; Sun, W; Wang, Z; Wang, ZS; Zhang, XD; Zhu, GH, 2015)		0.93
" A significant number of cardiovascular drugs compete for transport by OCT1 or OCT2, introducing the potential to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of other concomitantly administered medications."( Organic Cation Transporter-Mediated Clearance of Cardiovascular Drugs: A Pharmacological Perspective.
Arora, RR; Hassan, OT; Hassan, RT, )		0.13

Compound-Compound Interactions

Ivabradine combined with carvedilol improves LVDD, achieves THR more often and reduces risk of encephalopathy, acute kidney injury.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ivabradine effectively reduces heart rate and angina pectoris in combination with beta-blockers and is well tolerated by patients in every day practice."( Ivabradine in combination with beta-blocker therapy for the treatment of stable angina pectoris in every day clinical practice.
Ebelt, H; Kaehler, J; Koester, R; Meinertz, T; Soeffker, G; Werdan, K, 2010)		3.25
"The antianginal and anti-ischemic efficacy of the selective I (f) inhibitor ivabradine is established in patients with stable angina in monotherapy and in combination with other antianginals, including beta-blocker."( Efficacy of ivabradine in combination with Beta-blocker versus uptitration of Beta-blocker in patients with stable angina.
Amosova, E; Andrejev, E; Ceconi, C; Ferrari, R; Rudenko, U; Zaderey, I, 2011)		0.96
"Several clinical trials have demonstrated the antianginal and anti-ischemic efficacy of ivabradine in combination with beta-blocker in patients with stable angina pectoris."( Ivabradine in combination with beta-blocker improves symptoms and quality of life in patients with stable angina pectoris: results from the ADDITIONS study.
Ebelt, H; Hack, G; Höpfner, F; Müller-Werdan, U; Nuding, S; Werdan, K, 2012)		2.04
" We induced biological pacing using the Ca(2+)-stimulated adenylyl cyclase AC1 gene expressed alone or in combination with HCN2 and compared outcomes with those with single-gene HCN2 transfer."( Ca(2+)-stimulated adenylyl cyclase AC1 generates efficient biological pacing as single gene therapy and in combination with HCN2.
Bobkov, Y; Boink, GJ; Cohen, IS; Danilo, P; Duan, L; Kryukova, Y; Nearing, BD; Robinson, RB; Rosen, MR; Shlapakova, IN; Tan, HL; Verrier, RL, 2012)		0.38
"To investigate the effects of ivabradine in combination with perindopril on cerebral blood flow and endothelial functional activity."( [Cerebral blood flow and endothelial functional activity in patients with coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension during therapy with ivabradine in combination with perindopril].
Gapon, LI; Kolesnikova, SN; Musikhina, NA; Petelina, TI; Utesheva, AB, 2012)		0.87
" Group 1 (n = 38) patients took ivabradine in combination with perindopril and Group 2 (n = 26) received metoprolol."( [Cerebral blood flow and endothelial functional activity in patients with coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension during therapy with ivabradine in combination with perindopril].
Gapon, LI; Kolesnikova, SN; Musikhina, NA; Petelina, TI; Utesheva, AB, 2012)		0.86
"By unidirectionally affecting the vasomotor function of the endothelium, ivabradine in combination with perindopril versus metoprolol has a more favorable effect on circulatory resistance and blood flow velocity in the brachiocephalic arteries of patients with CHD and AH."( [Cerebral blood flow and endothelial functional activity in patients with coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension during therapy with ivabradine in combination with perindopril].
Gapon, LI; Kolesnikova, SN; Musikhina, NA; Petelina, TI; Utesheva, AB, 2012)		0.81
"Clinical trials have proven the anti-anginal and anti-ischemic efficacy of the pacemaker current inhibitor ivabradine in combination with beta-blockers in patients with stable angina pectoris (AP)."( Ivabradine in combination with beta-blocker reduces symptoms and improves quality of life in elderly patients with stable angina pectoris: age-related results from the ADDITIONS study.
Ebelt, H; Höpfner, F; Müller-Werdan, U; Nuding, S; Stöckl, G; Werdan, K, 2014)		2.06
" We describe a post hoc analysis in the ADDITIONS database to investigate effectiveness and tolerability of ivabradine in combination with beta-blocker in patients with angina who have had a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)."( Ivabradine in combination with Beta-blockers in patients with chronic stable angina after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Ebelt, H; Höpfner, F; Müller-Werdan, U; Nuding, S; Stöckl, G; Werdan, K, 2015)		2.07
"ADDITIONS (prActical Daily efficacy anD safety of Procoralan® In combinaTION with betablockerS) was a multicenter, 4-month, noninterventional, prospective, open-label trial that involved stable-angina patients."( Ivabradine in Combination with Metoprolol Improves Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris: A post hoc Analysis from the ADDITIONS Trial.
Ebelt, H; Höpfner, F; Müller-Werdan, U; Nuding, S; Stöckl, G; Werdan, K, 2016)		1.88
"Ivabradine combined with metoprolol safely and effectively reduces heart rate, angina attacks and nitrate use, and improves QoL in stable-angina patients."( Ivabradine in Combination with Metoprolol Improves Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris: A post hoc Analysis from the ADDITIONS Trial.
Ebelt, H; Höpfner, F; Müller-Werdan, U; Nuding, S; Stöckl, G; Werdan, K, 2016)		3.32
"To assess therapy diltiazem-retard and ivabradine on structurally functional changes of a cardiac muscle and HR at patients with AH in combination with BA."( [Assessment of Efficiency of Medicamentous Therapy in Correction of Structurally Functional Changes of The Cardiac Muscle at Patients With Arterial Hypertension in Combination With Bronchial Asthma].
Odegova, AA; Tarlovskaya, EI, 2016)		0.7
"Ivabradine combined with carvedilol improves LVDD, achieves THR more often and reduces risk of encephalopathy, acute kidney injury with improved survival in patients with cirrhosis."( Carvedilol Combined With Ivabradine Improves Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, Clinical Progression, and Survival in Cirrhosis.
Goyal, R; Khumuckham, JS; Kumar, G; Premkumar, M; Rangegowda, D; Sarin, SK; Shasthry, SM; Thomas, SS; Vyas, T, 2020)		2.3
"To evaluate the myocardial protection of Ivabradine (IBD) combined with Trimetazidine (TMZ) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images under convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm were used."( Protection of Ivabradine Combined with Trimetazidine on Myocardial Injury after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Image under Convolutional Neural Network.
Chen, C, 2021)		1.25
" For patients with CAD, IBD combined with TMZ after PCI can effectively play the role of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative damage and improve intradermal function."( Protection of Ivabradine Combined with Trimetazidine on Myocardial Injury after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Image under Convolutional Neural Network.
Chen, C, 2021)		0.98
"Ivabradine may be valuable for tailoring early antianginal treatment when used in combination with beta-blockers for chronic stable angina inadequately controlled by beta-blockers."( Efficacy and Safety of Ivabradine in Combination with Beta-Blockers in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Karpov, Y; Nedoshivin, A; Petrova, PTS, 2022)		2.47

Bioavailability

Phenytoin has an important effect on the pharmacokinetics of ivabradine in healthy subjects. Carbamazepine lowers its bioavailability by about 80%.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"T Carbamazepine interacts with ivabradine in healthy volunteers, and lowers its bioavailability by about 80%."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and carbamazepine in healthy volunteers.
Bâldea, I; Leucuta, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2011)		0.93
"This study showed that phenytoin has an important effect on the pharmacokinetics of ivabradine in healthy subjects, reducing its bioavailability by approximately 70%."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ivabradine and phenytoin in healthy subjects.
Leucuta, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2012)		0.88
" A study was conducted in order to assess the relative bioavailability (Frel) of the paediatric formulation and a similar Frel was observed between the paediatric formulation and the adult marketed tablet."( Model-based approaches for ivabradine development in paediatric population, part I: study preparation assessment.
Bouzom, F; Brendel, K; Chenel, M; Fouliard, S; Gesson, C; Peigné, S, 2016)		0.73
"The current research focused on improvement of oral bioavailability and decrease in dosing frequency of ivabradine (Iva) in order to enhance patient compliance by formulating novel sustained release Iva loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) with the help of melt emulsification technique."( IVABRADINE LOADED SOLID LIPID MICROPARTICLES: FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION BY CENTRAL COMPOSITE ROTATABLE DESIGN.
Afzal, S; Hanif, M; Khan, HU; Sher, M, 2017)		2.11
" The developed nanoplatforms hence can be further used to formulate other drugs that suffer from low bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism."( Simultaneous Optimization of Oral and Transdermal Nanovesicles for Bioavailability Enhancement of Ivabradine Hydrochloride.
Elsayed, I; Naguib, MJ; Teaima, MH, 2021)		0.84

Dosage Studied

The results of this study indicate that repeated oral doses of ivabradine produced plasma drug concentrations suitable for 12-h dosing intervals in healthy cats. The limit to start a substitution is significantly higher than in patients without heart failure. A small proportion of patients with HF and SHIFT-like characteristics may potentially benefit from the addition of Ivab radine.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" There were eight active dosing levels and placebo, and a no-dose run in the period before each study."( Development of a sequential linked pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Duffull, SB, 2000)		0.53
" The multiple dose regimens were administered every 12 h and there were seven active dosing levels."( A pharmacokinetic simulation model for ivabradine in healthy volunteers.
Aarons, L; Chabaud, S; Duffull, SB; Girard, P; Laveille, C; Nony, P, 2000)		0.58
" Therefore, our goal was to establish the dose-response curve of the effects of ivabradine (If channel inhibitor) on MVO2 and diastolic time."( Effect of graded heart rate reduction with ivabradine on myocardial oxygen consumption and diastolic time in exercising dogs.
Berdeaux, A; Colin, P; Ghaleh, B; Hittinger, L; Monnet, X, 2004)		0.81
" However, broad use and appropriate dosing of commonly used rate-slowing drugs is limited by their poor tolerability."( Ivabradine: a selective If current inhibitor in the treatment of stable angina.
Andrikopoulos, G; Dasopoulou, C; Kappos, K; Koulouris, S; Kranidis, A; Manolis, AS; Sakellariou, D; Tzeis, S, 2006)		1.78
" and atenolol at the commonly used dosage in clinical practice in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris produced additional efficacy with no untoward effect on safety or tolerability."( Efficacy of the I(f) current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina receiving beta-blocker therapy: a 4-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Kahan, T; Ponikowski, P; Tardif, JC, 2009)		0.62
"1-10microM) to establish a dose-response relationship."( Specific inhibition of HCN channels slows rhythm differently in atria, ventricle and outflow tract and stabilizes conduction in the anoxic-reoxygenated embryonic heart model.
Gardier, S; Pedretti, S; Raddatz, E; Sarre, A, 2010)		0.36
" No statistically significant changes in immunosuppressive drug dosage or blood levels were observed, except from a lower mycophenolate mofetil dose at follow-up (P=0."( Heart rate reduction for 12 months with ivabradine reduces left ventricular mass in cardiac allograft recipients.
Ammon, K; Buss, S; Celik, S; Dengler, TJ; Doesch, AO; Frankenstein, L; Hardt, S; Katus, HA; Konstandin, M; Kristen, A; Sack, FU, 2009)		0.62
" Attempts should be made to achieve HR <70 bpm by cardiac rehabilitation and routine use of appropriately dosed beta-blockers."( Role of heart rate in cardiovascular diseases: how the results of the BEAUTIFUL study change clinical practice.
Bruguera Cortada, J; Varela, A, 2009)		0.35
" It was possible to reach the maximum drug dosage in all patients, achieving a reduction in basal heart rate of 33 (6."( Safety and effectiveness of ivabradine after cardiac transplantation.
Ballesteros-Pradas, S; Campos-Pareja, A; Fernández-Quero, M; Guisado-Rasco, A; Lage-Gallé, E; Machuca, MG; Martínez-Martínez, A; Nevado-Portero, J; Romero-Rodríguez, N; Sobrino-Márquez, M, 2010)		0.65
" The results of this study indicate that repeated oral doses of ivabradine produced plasma drug concentrations suitable for 12-h dosing intervals in healthy cats."( Pharmacokinetics of oral ivabradine in healthy cats.
Carnes, CA; Lindsey, KJ; Ni, W; Phelps, MA; Riesen, SC; Schober, KE, 2011)		0.91
" Cardiac dysfunction in C57BL/6J mice was induced by implantation of osmotic pumps for continuous subcutaneous dosing of angiotensin II (1."( Role of heart rate reduction in the prevention of experimental heart failure: comparison between If-channel blockade and β-receptor blockade.
Becher, PM; Lindner, D; Miteva, K; Savvatis, K; Schmack, B; Schultheiss, HP; Tschöpe, C; Van Linthout, S; Westermann, D; Zietsch, C, 2012)		0.38
" For each of the 3 dosing groups, 9 subjects were randomized to receive ivabradine and 3 to receive placebo."( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and tolerability after single (2.5, 5, or 10 mg) and repeated (2.5, 5, or 10 mg bid for 4.5 days) oral administration of ivabradine in healthy male Korean volunteers.
Ah Jung, J; Bae, KS; Cho, SH; Choe, S; Choi, HY; Ghim, JL; Kim, UJ; Lim, HS; Noh, YH, 2013)		0.81
"5-mg ivabradine orally twice a day, and drug dosage was titrated to decrease the patients' average heart rate to 70 beats per minute."( Effects of ivabradine on 6-minute walk test and quality of life in patients with previously implanted CRT-D.
Akpek, M; Ates, I; Cetinkaya, R; Doğru, M; Genç, A; Kaya, MG; Keser, A; Sarıkaya, M; Ulucan, Ş; Yavuz, AH, 2013)		1.29
"02), no statistically significant changes in immunosuppressive drug dosage or blood levels were detected."( Heart rate reduction for 36 months with ivabradine reduces left ventricular mass in cardiac allograft recipients: a long-term follow-up study.
Dengler, T; Doesch, AO; Ehlermann, P; Erbel, C; Frankenstein, L; Gleissner, CA; Hardt, S; Katus, HA; Mueller, S; Ruhparwar, A, 2013)		0.66
"14 male patients (age 61 ± 3 years, LVEF 62 ± 1 %) with arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) under chronic β-blocker therapy at moderate dosage and additional renin-angiotensin system-blocking therapy were included."( Ivabradine therapy to unmask heart rate-independent effects of β-blockers on pulse wave reflections.
Fichtlscherer, S; Fischer-Rasokat, U; Hamm, C; Honold, J; Leick, J; Liebetrau, C; Lochmann, D; Möllmann, H; Spyridopoulos, I, 2014)		1.85
" The dosage of carvedilol had no detectable effect and there were no unexpected safety issues."( Effect of Combining Ivabradine and β-Blockers: Focus on the Use of Carvedilol in the SHIFT Population.
Bocchi, EA; Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2015)		0.74
" This model might be useful for predicting the plasma and urine PK of ivabradine, potentially helping to identify the optimal dosing regimens in various clinical situations."( Population plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of ivabradine and its active metabolite S18982 in healthy Korean volunteers.
Bae, KS; Cho, SH; Choe, S; Choi, HY; Ghim, JL; Jung, JA; Lim, HS, 2016)		0.92
"This international survey shows that adherence to guideline-recommended medications is relatively satisfactory but the dosage of recommended CHF medications is usually suboptimal."( Physicians' adherence to guideline-recommended medications in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: data from the QUALIFY global survey.
Anker, SD; Cowie, MR; Filippatos, GS; Komajda, M; Mengelle, B; Ponikowski, P; Tavazzi, L, 2016)		0.43
" A small proportion of patients with HF and SHIFT-like characteristics may potentially benefit from the addition of Ivabradine, just approved in Canada; this number will be further reduced if target dosage for β-blockers is achieved."( Is There a Role for Ivabradine in the Contemporary Management of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure in Academic and Community Heart Failure Clinics in Canada?
Azeem, S; Fernando, C; Moe, GW; Roth, S, 2017)		0.99
"The authors explored the dose-response relationship of ivabradine in children with dilated cardiomyopathy and symptomatic chronic HF."( Ivabradine in Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure.
Berger, F; Bonnet, D; Daubeney, PEF; Jokinen, E; Kantor, PF, 2017)		2.15
"The current research focused on improvement of oral bioavailability and decrease in dosing frequency of ivabradine (Iva) in order to enhance patient compliance by formulating novel sustained release Iva loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) with the help of melt emulsification technique."( IVABRADINE LOADED SOLID LIPID MICROPARTICLES: FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION BY CENTRAL COMPOSITE ROTATABLE DESIGN.
Afzal, S; Hanif, M; Khan, HU; Sher, M, 2017)		2.11
" Furthermore, achieving an optimal iron status (the limit to start a substitution is significantly higher than in patients without heart failure), decreasing the heart frequency with Ivabradine (if heart rate persists above 70 / min despite fully dosed betablocker) and «lifestyle changes» can add to the success of the medical treatment."( [Pharmacological therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction].
Bösch, C; Dobner, S; Hunziker, L; Martinelli, M; Rhyner, D; Schnegg, B; Suter, T; Wieser, M; Wigger, O, 2018)		0.67
" Ivabradine dosed at daytime (the rat's resting phase) reverted a night-to-day HR rise to HR dip by 14."( Ivabradine reversed nondipping heart rate in rats with l-NAME-induced hypertension.
Baka, T; Simko, F, 2019)		2.87
" An analysis of drug exposure-time and high-resolution response-time data of HR and mean arterial blood pressure was performed after acute oral dosing of ivabradine, sildenafil, dofetilide, and pimobendan in Han-Wistar rats."( An Integrative Approach for Improved Assessment of Cardiovascular Safety Data.
Gabrielsson, J; Jirstrand, M; Martel, E; Pairet, N; Scheuerer, S; Wallman, M, 2021)		0.82
" This report also lists the summaries of potential clinically significant interaction, likely to require additional monitoring, alteration of drug dosage or timing of administration, between ivabradine and antiretroviral drugs."( Efficacy of ivabradine in HIV-associated dilated cardiomyopathy.
Greco, S; Guadagnino, G; Mastroianni, A; Urso, F; Vangeli, V, 2021)		1.19
"A simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the estimation of Ivabradine HCl in bulk and the tablet dosage form."( Fluorescence spectroscopy method for estimation of Ivabradine in bulk and the tablet dosage form.
Naik, K; Tailor, PM, 2022)		1.19
"A novel, facile, rapid, and precise synchronous spectrofluorimetric method was evolved for the simultaneous estimation of bisoprolol fumarate and ivabradine in dosage forms and biological fluids."( First derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric analysis of bisoprolol fumarate and ivabradine in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. Investigation of the method greenness.
Abo Elkheir, SM; Nasr, JJM; Walash, MI; Zeid, AM, 2022)		1.15
"This study sought to evaluate the role of ivabradine hemisulfate sustained release (SR), a novel long-acting formulation of ivabradine dosed once daily, in stable patients with HFrEF."( Sustained-Release Ivabradine Hemisulfate in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure.
Cui, D; Li, J; Liu, G; Liu, K; Lou, D; Lu, S; Ma, S; Pang, X; Wang, J; Wang, X; Wu, S; Xie, X; Xue, L; Yang, Z; Ye, F; Yu, H; Zhang, Y; Zhong, M, 2022)		1.32
" Ivabradine is indicated in the management of chronic coronary syndromes and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction for patients in whom heart rate targets cannot be achieved despite guideline-directed β-blocker dosing or having contraindication/intolerance to β-blockers."( Expert Consensus on Ivabradine-based Therapy for Heart Rate Management in Chronic Coronary Syndrome and Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction in India.
Agarwala, R; Kolapkar, V; Kumar, AS; Kumar, RVL; Mahala, BK; Mohan, JC; Panja, M; Patel, K; Ponde, CK; Sathyamurthy, I, 2023)		2.14
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
cardiotonic drugA drug that has a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
benzazepineA group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring.
tertiary amino compoundA compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
carbobicyclic compoundA bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.
aromatic etherAny ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (4)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency39.81070.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2Mus musculus (house mouse)EC50 (µMol)4.52004.52004.98505.4500AID515584
Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1Mus musculus (house mouse)EC50 (µMol)4.50004.50004.50004.5000AID515582
Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)4.28004.28006.42508.5700AID515585
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (19)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
regulation of heart ratePotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
sinoatrial node developmentPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane depolarizationPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transportPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
blood circulationPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contractionPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMPPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cGMPPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
SA node cell action potentialPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potentialPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion import across plasma membranePotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contractionPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion import across plasma membranePotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (7)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
intracellularly cAMP-activated cation channel activityPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activityPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activityPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP bindingPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential depolarizationPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (6)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
plasma membranePotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
HCN channel complexPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
axonPotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
dendritePotassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (24)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1346502Mouse HCN1 (Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels)2006The Journal of physiology, Apr-15, Volume: 572, Issue:Pt 2
Properties of ivabradine-induced block of HCN1 and HCN4 pacemaker channels.
AID1346533Mouse HCN2 (Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels)2006Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4
Bradycardic and proarrhythmic properties of sinus node inhibitors.
AID1346525Human HCN1 (Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels)2006Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4
Bradycardic and proarrhythmic properties of sinus node inhibitors.
AID1346522Human HCN3 (Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels)2006Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4
Bradycardic and proarrhythmic properties of sinus node inhibitors.
AID1346517Human HCN4 (Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels)2006Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4
Bradycardic and proarrhythmic properties of sinus node inhibitors.
AID515581Blockade of mouse HCN1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 5 uM at -120 f-current amplitude by patch-clamp electrophysiological assay relative to control2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-23, Volume: 53, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation of new isoform-selective f-current blockers.
AID406947Reversal of ischemia-induced ST segment elevation in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbit at 2.5 mg/kg, iv2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13
Sodium late current blockers in ischemia reperfusion: is the bullet magic?
AID515585Blockade of human HCN4 expressed in HEK293 cells at -120 f-current amplitude by patch-clamp electrophysiological assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-23, Volume: 53, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation of new isoform-selective f-current blockers.
AID406943Effect on heart rate in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbit myocardial ischemia model assessed as beats per minute at 0.16 mg/kg2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13
Sodium late current blockers in ischemia reperfusion: is the bullet magic?
AID1391632Reduction of cardiovascular events in patient with severe chronic heart failure assessed as reduction in heart rate at 7.5 mg, po bid for 14 days2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Next-generation small molecule therapies for heart failure: 2015 and beyond.
AID406944Effect on heart rate in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbit myocardial ischemia model assessed as beats per minute at 0.63 mg/kg2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13
Sodium late current blockers in ischemia reperfusion: is the bullet magic?
AID406942Effect on heart rate in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbit myocardial ischemia model assessed as beats per minute at 0.04 mg/kg2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13
Sodium late current blockers in ischemia reperfusion: is the bullet magic?
AID515584Blockade of mouse HCN2 expressed in HEK293 cells at -120 f-current amplitude by patch-clamp electrophysiological assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-23, Volume: 53, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation of new isoform-selective f-current blockers.
AID515582Blockade of mouse HCN1 expressed in HEK293 cells at -120 f-current amplitude by patch-clamp electrophysiological assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-23, Volume: 53, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation of new isoform-selective f-current blockers.
AID1391628Reduction of cardiovascular events in patient with acute MI and coronary revascularization assessed as reduction in death at 7.5 mg, po bid2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Next-generation small molecule therapies for heart failure: 2015 and beyond.
AID406939Reversal of ischemia-induced ST segment elevation in iv dosed anesthetized New Zealand white rabbit2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13
Sodium late current blockers in ischemia reperfusion: is the bullet magic?
AID1391629Reduction of cardiovascular events in patient with acute MI and coronary revascularization assessed as reduction in heart rate at 7.5 mg, po bid2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Next-generation small molecule therapies for heart failure: 2015 and beyond.
AID1391631Reduction of cardiovascular events in patient with severe chronic heart failure assessed as reduction in death at 7.5 mg, po bid for 14 days2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Next-generation small molecule therapies for heart failure: 2015 and beyond.
AID1391627Reduction of cardiovascular events in patient with coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction assessed as relative risk reduction at 7.5 mg, po bid2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Next-generation small molecule therapies for heart failure: 2015 and beyond.
AID406945Effect on heart rate in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbit myocardial ischemia model assessed as beats per minute at 2.5 mg/kg2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13
Sodium late current blockers in ischemia reperfusion: is the bullet magic?
AID515586Blockade of HCN in guinea pig spontaneously beating atria assessed as reduction of heart rate measured for 15 mins2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-23, Volume: 53, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation of new isoform-selective f-current blockers.
AID515583Blockade of human HCN4 expressed in HEK293 cells at 5 uM at -120 f-current amplitude by patch-clamp electrophysiological assay relative to control2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-23, Volume: 53, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation of new isoform-selective f-current blockers.
AID1391630Reduction of cardiovascular events in patient with severe chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction assessed as relative risk reduction at 7.5 mg, po bid for 14 days2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Next-generation small molecule therapies for heart failure: 2015 and beyond.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,077)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's11 (1.02)18.2507
2000's173 (16.06)29.6817
2010's707 (65.65)24.3611
2020's186 (17.27)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 104.24

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index104.24 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.20 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.94 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index189.89 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (104.24)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials197 (17.24%)5.53%
Reviews257 (22.48%)6.00%
Case Studies100 (8.75%)4.05%
Observational24 (2.10%)0.25%
Other565 (49.43%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.1310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.2510alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.7930halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.1110chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.0810alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		3.5110dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
melatonin
[no description available]		7.1310acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		1.9910pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		10.39163monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.1110sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		4.4830isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.3110C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
phenytoin
[no description available]		8.4611imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		6.61811-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		8.8521dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.110acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.1510benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		10.982611ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		9.93239secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		2.1110purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		5.5140aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0310benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		7.0610dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carvedilol
[no description available]		11.04208carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.1510benzamides
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		5.3550clonidine;
imidazoline
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.6620ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.4110piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.2110dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		7.4110dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		7.6120aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.5120chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		3.1410isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		3.1410isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		5.7660azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.110hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		3.4111
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.2110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0810organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.08103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.3760catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
lamotrigine
[no description available]		7.15101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		8.4111benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.1110monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		2.1110biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.1310chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		12.954714aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		2.3110aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		4.4230amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		7.2110C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		4.4430nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		8.4111aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.1410piperidinescardiovascular drug
periciazine
periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.		2.6620hydroxypiperidine;
nitrile;
phenothiazines		adrenergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
sedative
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.3110benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		6.982naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.2110ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.1110benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.1110monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.612011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.6620alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.2110glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.08102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		6.69913-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.532011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.2110pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.2110organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.1310arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		5.6250glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		3.1610pyridinium salt
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.4811pyrrole;
secondary amine
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.2510methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		3.4111ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.92301,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		2.1110calcium saltnutraceutical
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.1710pyrrolizidine alkaloid
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.4420monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.0710dialdehydebiomarker
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.4110bis(azo) compound
sorbitan monostearate
sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH		2.3110
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		11.53100aromatic amine
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		2.2110monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		2.6620magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		2.4820inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.3110
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.1510barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		3.2110glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		4.664011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
alinidine
[no description available]		4.6630
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		8.9112catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.3510L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.6120
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		7.78305-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.8630alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		7.1310alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		7.14140nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.0810acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		4.1820
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.520delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.1310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		10.49261aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		2.9940aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		7.1110methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
atorvastatin
[no description available]		8.4811aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		10.6293biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
simendan
Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.		3.4411
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.1310monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.4110adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		4.1920D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
zatebradine
[no description available]		6.470benzazepine
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.23101,2,3-triazole
falipamil
falipamil: bradycardic agent which blocks myocardial calcium channels in frequency- & voltage-dependent manner; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in Unlisted Drugs		4.0320
uk 68798
[no description available]		2.6620aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
sesamin
(+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		7.2510benzodioxoles;
furofuran;
lignan		antineoplastic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.1410primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		8.8821alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
zd 7288
ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function		5.3970
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		9.821aromatic ether
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		2.5220organic sulfate salt
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.7530amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.8630
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.86301-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.4110purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		7.1510N-acyl-amino acid
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.1410
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.13101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bradykinin
[no description available]		2.0510oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.3110cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		8.8630
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.2510
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.86303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.		2.07103-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA;
3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.08102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.1110macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.1310nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
sea 0400
SEA 0400: structure in first source		2.1110
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.6620pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		8.811capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.1510cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		10.54183cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.2510
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		7.1510cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.5110heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		2.2510medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		2.8130alkali metal atom
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		7.110dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		2.110dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		3.620butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		7.1510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.620monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
ajmaline
Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.		2.3110
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		3.411111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		3.2310isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		8.4111penicillanic acids
celivarone
celivarone: antiarrhythmic agent; structure in first source		3.1410
sacubitril
[no description available]		2.4110biphenyls
cilobradine
cilobradine: has bradycardic activity		3.6830
vernakalant
vernakalant: an antiarrhythmic agent and mixed ion channel blocker		3.1410alcohol;
phenols
darapladib
darapladib: a selective lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) inhibitor, on biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk		2.110
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		3.9230chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		3.2310alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
tetrodotoxin
[no description available]		2.0410
bay 63-2521
riociguat: guanylate cyclase stimulator; structure in first source. riociguat : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of {4,6-diamino-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-5-yl}methylcarbamic acid. It is used for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.3110aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazolopyridine		antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.2110
cj-023,423
grapiprant: a potent and selective prostaglandin EP4 receptor antagonist with antihyperalgesic properties; cyclooxygenase inhibitors		2.2110
omecamtiv mecarbil
[no description available]		9.4830ureas
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		4.9740
empagliflozin
[no description available]		4.1920aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4110
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		3.5820polypeptide
ularitide
Ularitide: a 32-amino acid peptide derived from (95-126 residues) of ANP PROHORMONE (1-126 residues); not biologically inactivated by a peptidase from dog kidney cortex membranes		3.2310
liraglutide
[no description available]		2.1110lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		2.110
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		3.2710
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.5920glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.1510
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.31101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		7.1510glycoside
suvorexant
suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
aromatic amide;
diazepine;
organochlorine compound;
triazoles		central nervous system depressant;
orexin receptor antagonist
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		22.0137081
cobicistat
[no description available]		2.11101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
ureas		P450 inhibitor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.6830
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		10.782011polypeptide
naloxegol
naloxegol: A peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist specific for mu-opioid receptors. Used to decrease the constipating effects of opioids.. naloxegol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone in which the keto group is replaced by a PEG moiety. Used for treatment of opioid-induced constipation.		3.2310aromatic ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
phenols;
polyether;
tertiary alcohol		cathartic;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
rome
Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.		4.45112-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-olEC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.1110
lutetium lu 177 dotatate
177Lu-DOTA-octreotate: an somatostatin receptor agonist		2.2110
neopterin
[no description available]		9.7211
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.5520citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
eye
[no description available]		3.1310
ferric carboxymaltose
ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia		3.2310
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		0155514
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		011.48365
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		0155514
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		011.48365
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		013.756810
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		013.756810
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		022.87373102
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		127.63746204
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.77560
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		014.216414
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		017.32404
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		014.216414
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		114.32404
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		017.689034
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.3110
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		017.689034
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		019.412765
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		019.412765
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		04.2231
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		08.0840
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		04.2231
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		014.07699
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		011.3365
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		113.3365
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.3110
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.3110
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		05.5651
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.5220
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		112.5651
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.5220
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		019.0611358
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		019.0611358
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.1140
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.7420
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		014.786018
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		03.7420
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		116.786018
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		05.0481
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		05.0481
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		04.3860
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.4110
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		04.3860
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		04.6280
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.9830
Carditis
[description not available]		03.9640
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		06.0591
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		03.9640
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		05.3862
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		05.3862
Angina Pectoris, Stable
[description not available]		015.185019
Angina, Stable
Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.		117.185019
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.9430
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		011.54275
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		011.54275
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.		07.75181
Amentia
[description not available]		02.4110
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		07.4110
Allodynia
[description not available]		010.0442
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		06.66250
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		06.66250
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		04.3150
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		013.544010
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.6920
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.4870
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.4870
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.2131
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.7130
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.7130
Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.1840
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		08.2550
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		03.2550
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		06.4351
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		06.0331
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		05.1691
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		05.1691
Ectopic Junctional Tachycardia
[description not available]		05.55131
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		09.05154
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		09.05154
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		010.32169
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		05.1291
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		07.610
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		05.1291
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		010.32169
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		010.33165
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		017.049322
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		017.049322
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		09.45133
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		04.2850
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		04.2850
Impotence
[description not available]		03.1140
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		03.1140
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		04.1650
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		04.1650
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.2510
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle
A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).		02.2510
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		117.485011
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		06.5690
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		06.9631
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		06.5690
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.6320
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.6320
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		03.0540
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		03.8721
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		15.8721
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		03.3460
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		04.5241
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		16.5241
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		03.9821
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.9821
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture
[description not available]		02.4110
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.3110
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.3110
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.3110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.2550
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.6620
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.6620
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		03.0740
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		03.0740
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		08.0840
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		03.0840
Ache
[description not available]		03.9640
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.9640
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.3110
Recrudescence
[description not available]		05.0242
Constrictive Pericarditis
[description not available]		02.3110
Diastolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		04.530
Heart Failure, Diastolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.		16.530
Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		03.5311
Breathlessness
[description not available]		06.0631
Drop Attack
[description not available]		05.7871
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.1510
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		06.0631
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		05.7871
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.1510
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.1510
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		02.1510
Atheroma
[description not available]		04.4341
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.1510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.1510
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.1231
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.1231
MODS
[description not available]		05.6632
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		17.6632
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.1510
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		05.1252
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.1510
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.1510
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		05.1252
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.1510
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		04.7361
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		04.7361
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		05.3521
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		05.3521
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		03.0910
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		03.0910
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		03.0910
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		07.8782
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.8782
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		02.8130
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.2110
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.5720
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.2110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		07.2442
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		03.0910
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		03.0910
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.4920
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.4920
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.7630
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		15.7630
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.8530
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.1710
Atrial Remodeling
Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.		02.1710
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		04.1731
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		07.11130
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		07.11130
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.8330
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		07.8330
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		03.520
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		08.520
Prinzmetal Angina
[description not available]		02.2110
Angina Pectoris, Variant
A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.		02.2110
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		07.1710
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.1710
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.2110
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.2110
Asystole
[description not available]		04.2131
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		04.2131
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		06.9874
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		18.9874
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.2110
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.2110
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.4220
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.4220
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.930
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.930
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		03.4220
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.4220
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		07.6844
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		07.6844
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		07.6844
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		07.6844
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		08.1794
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.7471
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		016.886041
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		118.886041
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		0310
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		0310
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		06.3851
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		06.3851
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		02.0810
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		07.0810
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.7630
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.7630
Neurally Mediated Faint
[description not available]		02.110
Orthostatic Intolerance
Symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion or autonomic overaction which develop while the subject is standing, but are relieved on recumbency. Types of this include NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE; POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME; and neurogenic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. (From Noseworthy, JH., Neurological Therapeutics Principles and Practice, 2007, p2575-2576)		010.0731
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.43102
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.110
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.110
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.4620
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		07.4620
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		03.0110
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		03.0110
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		03.0110
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.110
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.110
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		02.110
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.110
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		03.4811
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		03.4811
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		03.4811
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		17.551
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		010.0931
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.110
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.110
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		02.4920
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		02.4920
Adult Onset Nemaline Myopathy
[description not available]		02.1110
Myopathies, Nemaline
A group of inherited congenital myopathic conditions characterized clinically by weakness, hypotonia, and prominent hypoplasia of proximal muscles including the face. Muscle biopsy reveals large numbers of rod-shaped structures beneath the muscle fiber plasma membrane. This disorder is genetically heterogeneous and may occasionally present in adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1453)		02.1110
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		03.0310
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		07.1110
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		04.4111
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		04.3341
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.5111
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.1310
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		03.1850
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		03.1850
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		07.1310
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.1110
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		02.1110
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.1110
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		02.1110
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.7830
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.7830
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		02.5320
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		02.1310
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome
[description not available]		03.420
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.5320
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		09.1530
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		04.1530
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.1310
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		03.4120
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		03.4120
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.1310
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.1310
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		02.1310
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		02.1310
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		06.132
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		011.132
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.8621
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		03.8621
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		03.3720
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		03.3720
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.0410
Cardiac Murmurs
[description not available]		02.9610
Coronary Vessel Anomalies
Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others.		02.4620
Arterio-Arterial Fistula
Abnormal communication between two ARTERIES that may result from injury or occur as a congenital abnormality.		02.0510
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.9610
Day Blindness
[description not available]		05.6521
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.9610
Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling. It is marked by reduced diastolic volume of either or both ventricles but normal or nearly normal systolic function. It may be idiopathic or associated with other diseases (ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS or AMYLOIDOSIS) causing interstitial fibrosis.		02.0510
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		02.0510
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		02.0510
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.0510
Funnel Chest
A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.		02.0510
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		09.1431
Coronary Occlusion
Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		03.8521
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.0510
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.0510
Impotence, Arteriogenic
[description not available]		02.0510
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.4720
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		02.9810
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.9810
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.9810
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		02.9810
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0610
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0610
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.0610
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.0610
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.4511
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.9810
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.9810
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.0710
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.0710
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.0710
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		02.0710
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
[description not available]		02.7730
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.4820
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.4820
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.		02.7730
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.0710
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		07.0710
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.0710
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		07.0710
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.4820
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.0810
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.0810
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.0810
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0710
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.0710
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.4111
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.4111
Dizzyness
[description not available]		02.9510
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		02.9510