amiodarone

Research Excerpts

Overview

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug belonging to Vaughan-Williams Class III with additional Class IV effects. It is known to cause many adverse drug reactions (ADRs) necessitating close monitoring.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amiodarone (AMI) is a potent antiarrhythmic agent; however, its clinical use is limited due to numerous side effects. "	( Synthesis and cytotoxicity properties of amiodarone analogues. Baritussio, A; Bigler, L; Duner, E; Fiorotto, R; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Pettenazzo, A; Spirli, C, 2007)	2.05
"Amiodarone is a class 3 antiarrhythmic drug which may be associated with thyroid dysfunction. "	( Resistant type 2 amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis responsive to cholestyramine as an adjunctive therapy. Ali, A; Mandal, S; Maryam, M; Rummaan, A; Saeed, T, 2021)	2.4
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug belonging to Vaughan-Williams Class III with additional Class IV effects, which is known to cause many adverse drug reactions (ADRs) necessitating close monitoring. "	( Amiodarone-Induced Hyponatremia in An Elderly Patient: A Rare Case Report. Chalasani, SH; Jodiya, A; Mahadevappa, M; Pereira, P; Ramesh, M; Syed, JM, 2023)	3.8
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic drug and displays substantial liver toxicity in humans. "	( Cell-Permeable Succinate Rescues Mitochondrial Respiration in Cellular Models of Amiodarone Toxicity. Åsander Frostner, E; Avram, VF; Bețiu, AM; Chamkha, I; Ehinger, JK; Elmér, E; Gustafsson, E; Meijer, E; Muntean, DM; Petrescu, L, 2021)	2.29
"Amiodarone is a cationic amphiphilic drug used as an antiarrhythmic agent. "	( Drug-Induced Lysosomal Impairment Is Associated with the Release of Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Autophagy Markers. Buratta, S; Delo, F; Emiliani, C; Giovagnoli, S; Pellegrino, RM; Sagini, K; Urbanelli, L, 2021)	2.06
"Amiodarone is a Class III Vaughan-Williams anti-arrhythmic drug widely used in ventricular arrhythmias for its efficacy and low pro-arrhythmogenic effect."	( Amiodarone in ventricular arrhythmias: still a valuable resource? Baldetti, L; Brugliera, L; Cianfanelli, L; D'Angelo, G; De Blasi, G; Della Bella, P; Falasconi, G; Frontera, A; Gulletta, S; Landoni, G; Malatino, L; Margonato, A; Melillo, F; Ossola, P; Pannone, L; Vergara, P; Zacchetti, D, 2021)	2.79
"Amiodarone is a common anti-arrhythmic agent mostly used to treat and prevent different kinds of arrhythmia with several considerable side effects, most commonly on the thyroid gland. "	( Prevalence of amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bondariyan, N; Heidarpour, M; Mohammadi, K; Rezvanian, H; Shafie, D; Vakhshoori, M, 2023)	2.71
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug effective in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation. "	( [Amiodarone: some toxicity considerations]. Bridevaux, PO; Fournier, J; Gobin, N; Savchuk, H, 2022)	3.07
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent for the treatment and prevention of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Liver failure caused by intravenous amiodarone and effective intervention measures: A case report. Jiang, Z; Li, X; Yan, R; Yi, W; Zhao, C, 2022)	2.44
"Amiodarone (AMD) is an antiarrhythmic drug that induces idiosyncratic toxicity. "	( Dose-dependent interaction of two heavy metals with amiodarone toxicity in Abdel-Razzak, Z; Al-Attrache, H; El-Ghoz, K; Halloum, I; Hammoud, L, 2022)	2.41
"Amiodarone (AMD) is an antiarrhythmic drug prescribed to treat ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. "	( Cigarette smoke interacts with amiodarone toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Abdel-Razzak, Z; Al-Attrache, H; El Ghoz, K; Halloum, I; Hammoud, L, 2023)	2.64
"Amiodarone is a commonly used pharmacotherapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), with a potential for drug-drug interactions with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). "	( Association Between Concurrent Use of Amiodarone and DOACs and Risk of Bleeding in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Andrade, JG; Austin, PC; Caswell, J; Crystal, E; Jackevicius, CA; Ko, DT; Michael, F; Qiu, F; Shurrab, M; Singh, SM; Tu, K, 2023)	2.62
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug used to prevent supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Use of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Amiodarone Treatment: A Systematic Review of Recent Literature. Christensen, HR; Dalhoff, KP; Hermann, TS; Jørgensen, AEM, 2023)	2.62
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a powerful antiarrhythmic drug preferred for treatments of tachycardias. "	( Oxidative Brain Injury Induced by Amiodarone in Rats: Protective Effect of S-methyl Methionine Sulfonium Chloride. Turkyilmaz, IB, 2023)	2.63
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug, which interferes with cholesterol synthesis. "	( Amiodarone accumulates two cholesterol precursors in myocardium: A controlled clinical study. Gylling, H; Lemström, K; Lommi, J; Simonen, P; Sinisalo, J; Tolva, J, 2023)	3.8
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug with a significant adverse effect profile, including neurotoxicity. "	( Amiodarone-Induced Nystagmus and Ataxia: Case Report and Systematic Review of Case Reports. Dumic, I; Kaur, A; Kaur, P; Khaliq, W; Singh, A; Sinha, A, 2023)	3.8
"Amiodarone (AM) is an antiarrhythmic drug whose chronic use has proved effective in preventing ventricular arrhythmias in a variety of patient populations, including those with heart failure (HF). "	( Amiodarone prevents wave front-tail interactions in patients with heart failure: an in silico study. Franz, MR; Gray, RA, 2023)	3.8
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a clinically used drug to treat arrhythmias with significant effect upon the cardiac sodium channel Na"	( Interaction of the antiarrhythmic drug Amiodarone with the sodium channel Na de Lima Conceição, MR; Marques, LP; Roman-Campos, D; Souza, DS; Teixeira-Fonseca, JL, 2023)	2.62
"Amiodarone (AM) is a drug commonly used in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Protective effect of isoliquiritigenin in amiodarone-induced damage of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Chang, YQ; Guo, JL; Guo, XJ; Han, X; Wang, JJ; Yan, XY; Zhang, BL, 2023)	2.62
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent that is used commonly in clinical practice. "	( Amiodarone-induced diffuse alveolar haemorrhage: a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of a commonly prescribed medication. Abdullah, HMA; Khan, UI; Saeed, J; Waqas, QA, 2019)	3.4
"Amiodarone is an iodinated benzofuran derivative, a highly lipophilic drug with unpredictable pharmacokinetics. "	( The role of amiodarone in contemporary management of complex cardiac arrhythmias. Dobrev, D; Marinković, M; Mujović, N; Potpara, TS; Russo, V, 2020)	2.38
"Amiodarone is a common antiarrhythmic medication used in daily practice with excellent efficiency. "	( Amiodarone induced "Blue man syndrome"; an unusual presentation. Fishman, TJ; Harrell, R; Salabei, JK; Spencer, S, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic medication frequently used in practice for both ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone: A Comprehensive Guide for Clinicians. Abudayyeh, I; Choksi, D; Contractor, T; Desai, P; Evans, J; Hamilton, D; Hauschild, C; Hilliard, A; Lan, H; Nandkeolyar, S, 2020)	3.44
"Amiodarone is a widely used drug in the emergency department (ED) for control of atrial fibrillation, but it has a delayed onset of action and slow metabolism, leading to longer length of ED stay. "	( Impact of emergency department management of atrial fibrillation with amiodarone on length of stay. A propensity score analysis based on the URGFAICS registry. Arranz, M; Cabello, I; Esquerrà, A; Frances, P; Guzman, J; Jacob, J; Mòdol, JM; Moreno-Pena, A; Santos, J; Yuguero, O, 2020)	2.23
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug that can cause the development of steatohepatitis as well as liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. "	( Autophagy alleviates amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity. Bantel, H; Frangež, Ž; John, K; Liebig, S; Pfeffer, TJ; Schulze-Osthoff, K; Shibolet, O; Simon, HU; Veltmann, C; Vondran, F; Wandrer, F; Wedemeyer, H, 2020)	2.32
"Amiodarone is an excellent antiarrhythmic medication; however, it has numerous systemic and ocular adverse effects."	( Ocular Adverse Effects of Amiodarone: A Systematic Review of Case Reports. Alshehri, M; Joury, A, 2020)	2.3
"Amiodarone is a useful treatment for neonatal cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Is it safe to use visible blue light-emitting diode phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in infants who are also treated with amiodarone? Morris, S; Shaw, A, 2022)	2.37
"Amiodarone is an anti-arrhythmic drug that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1985. "	( Low dose amiodarone reduces tumor growth and angiogenesis. Benny, O; Birsner, AE; Brill-Karniely, Y; D'Amato, RJ; Fluksman, A; Karsch-Bluman, A; Steinberg, E; Tischenko, K; Zemmour, C, 2020)	2.42
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication with many side effects. "	( Amiodarone-induced neuromyopathy in a geriatric patient. Leung, G; Pearce, P; Samii, L; Stanton, MM, 2020)	3.44
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug containing 37% iodine by weight, with a structure similar to that of thyroid hormones. "	( Evaluation and Treatment of Amiodarone-Induced Thyroid Disorders. Burman, KD; Wartofsky, L; Ylli, D, 2021)	2.36
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic that frequently is used during the perioperative period. "	( Acute Amiodarone Pulmonary Toxicity. Feduska, ET; Goldhammer, JE; Thoma, BN; Torjman, MC, 2021)	2.54
"Amiodarone is a drug commonly used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias, but it is often associated with several adverse effects, the most serious of which is pulmonary toxicity. "	( A nontrivial differential diagnosis in COVID-19 pandemic: a case report and literary review of amiodarone-induced interstitial pneumonia. Aspromonte, N; Cappannoli, L; Crea, F; Massetti, M; Petrolati, E; Rabini, A; Scacciavillani, R; Smargiassi, A; Telesca, A, 2021)	2.28
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug that has been recognized to induce hepatotoxicity. "	( Fatal acute-on-chronic liver failure in amiodarone-related steatohepatitis: a case report. Ho, CM; Tsai, JH; Wu, IU, 2021)	2.33
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent inducing adverse effects on the nervous system, among others. "	( Prediction of the dose range for adverse neurological effects of amiodarone in patients from an in vitro toxicity test by in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Algharably, EAE; Di Consiglio, E; Gundert-Remy, U; Kreutz, R; Testai, E, 2021)	2.3
"Amiodarone (AM) is a highly efficient drug for arrhythmias treatment, but its extra-cardiac adverse effects offset its therapeutic efficacy. "	( Appraisal of amiodarone-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for prospective safety and toxicity in a rat model. Ahmed, DAM; El-Mansy, AAE; Eladl, AS; Motawea, A; Saleh, NM, 2021)	2.43
"Amiodarone is a slower acting alternative."	( Single-dose oral anti-arrhythmic drugs for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Alhazzani, W; Baranchuk, A; Belley-Côté, EP; Benz, AP; Conen, D; Dalmia, S; Devereaux, PJ; Healey, JS; Ibrahim, OA; McIntyre, WF; Um, KJ; Wang, CN; Whitlock, RP, 2021)	1.34
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a class III antiarrhythmic drug whose chronic or high dosage administration alters the tests of thyroid function. "	( Pathological thyroid findings in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Cameselle-Teijeiro, JM; Gómez-Isaza, L; González-Ortega, N, )	1.86
"Amiodarone is a common antiarrhythmic drug that is utilised in clinical practice and is associated with pulmonary toxicity. "	( Case report of amiodarone-associated allergic pneumonitis amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Azraai, M; Dick, R; McMahon, M, 2021)	2.42
"Amiodarone is an anti-arrhythmic agent that is frequently used to treat tachycardias in critically ill adults and children. "	( Amiodarone Extraction by the Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuit. Honeycutt, CC; McDaniel, CG; Watt, KM, 2021)	3.51
"Amiodarone is a common medication used widely in clinical practice. "	( Amiodarone lung: under recognised but not forgotten. Baron, E; Dwarakanath, A; Elfaki, H; Jayawardena, M; Mok, WK; Reall, G; Thirumaran, M, 2021)	3.51
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug prescribed to treat cardiac tachyarrhythmias; however, AMD has been reported to provoke pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and hepatotoxicity. "	( The protective potential of alpha lipoic acid on amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis and hepatic injury in rats. Ibrahim Fouad, G; R Mousa, M, 2021)	2.32
"Amiodarone is a benzofuran derivative used to treat arrhythmias, but its use is limited by adverse reactions. "	( Amiodarone, Unlike Dronedarone, Activates Inflammasomes via Its Reactive Metabolites: Implications for Amiodarone Adverse Reactions. Hayashi, T; Ijiri, Y; Kato, R, 2021)	3.51
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a widely used anti-arrhythmic drug, but its administration could be associated with varying degrees of pulmonary toxicity. "	( Crucial Role of PLGA Nanoparticles in Mitigating the Amiodarone-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity. Ahmed, DAM; El-Mansy, AA; Motawea, A; Saleh, NM, 2021)	2.31
"Amiodarone is a well-known antiarrhythmic drug with side effects including phospholipidosis. "	( Analysis of the intracellular localization of amiodarone using live single-cell mass spectrometry. Mizuno, H; Sugiyama, E; Todoroki, K; Yahata, K, 2021)	2.32
"Amiodarone is a common intravenous medication and a known irritant to the vessel wall when administered peripherally."	( Improved Patient Safety and Quality Outcomes With Amiodarone Infusions. Hughes, P; Powers, J; Ryan, S; Wood, M; Woods, C, )	1.83
"Amiodarone (AM) is an effective anti-arrhythmic drug. "	( The role of mast cells and macrophages in amiodarone induced pulmonary fibrosis and the possible attenuating role of atorvastatin. El-Mohandes, EM; Hassan, YF; Khalaf, HA; Moustafa, AM, 2017)	2.16
"Amiodarone is a useful antiarrhythmic drug. "	( Efficacy of topical chamomile on the incidence of phlebitis due to an amiodarone infusion in coronary care patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Asefzadeh, S; Nassiri-Asl, M; Sharifi-Ardani, M; Yekefallah, L, 2017)	2.13
"Amiodarone is an effective and widely used antiarrhythmic drug with many possible adverse effects including hypercholesterolaemia and hepatotoxicity."	( Desmosterol accumulation in users of amiodarone. Gylling, H; Kupari, M; Lampi, AM; Lehtonen, J; Piironen, V; Simonen, P; Stenman, UH, 2018)	2.2
"Amiodarone is a commonly used antiarrhythmic drug and can cause liver steatosis. "	( Hepatic Amiodarone Lipotoxicity Is Ameliorated by Genetic and Pharmacological Inhibition of Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress. Avraham, R; Bantel, H; Cohen, R; Erez, N; Fishman, S; Hubel, E; Manns, M; Shibolet, O; Tirosh, B; Zvibel, I, 2017)	2.33
"Amiodarone is a first-line antiarrhythmic for life-threatening ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia in children, yet little is known about its pharmacokinetics (PK) in this population. "	( A pharmacokinetic model for amiodarone in infants developed from an opportunistic sampling trial and published literature data. Al-Uzri, A; Atz, AM; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Dallefeld, SH; Green, TP; Harper, B; Hornik, CP; Laughon, M; Lewandowski, A; Melloni, C; Mendley, SR; Mitchell, J; Sullivan, JE; Wu, H; Yogev, R, 2018)	2.22
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a class III anti-arrhythmic drug that is highly effective for tachyarrhythmia treatment. "	( Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Amiodarone Therapy for Tachyarrhythmia in Congenital Heart Disease. Hamamichi, Y; Inage, A; Ishii, T; Iwasawa, S; Saito, M; Uyeda, T; Yazaki, S; Yoshikawa, T, 2018)	2.21
"Amiodarone is a class III anti-arrhythmic benzofuran derivative extensively utilized in treatment of life-threatening ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. "	( Identification and characterization of amiodarone metabolites in rats using UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS-based untargeted metabolomics approach. Jeong, ES; Kim, DH; Kim, G; Lee, SJ; Moon, KS; Shin, JG; Yim, D, 2018)	2.19
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic agent for supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone Induced Interstitial and Organizing Pneumonia Reversed with Steroids. Chatterjee, K; Khasawneh, K; Kuriakose, K; Paydak, H; Rochlani, YM, 2017)	3.34
"Amiodarone is a highly effective treatment for supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmia; however, it could be associated with several serious adverse effects, including liver injury."	( Amiodarone-induced reversible and irreversible hepatotoxicity: two case reports. Hayashi, K; Kawashiri, MA; Kurose, N; Nishida, N; Oyama, T; Sakata, K; Sasaki, M; Sawada, T; Tada, H; Tanaka, Y; Tsuda, T; Yamagishi, M; Yoshida, T, 2018)	3.37
"Amiodarone is an effective medication for AF but has limited clinical utility because of off-target tissue toxicity."	( Minimally Invasive Delivery of Hydrogel-Encapsulated Amiodarone to the Epicardium Reduces Atrial Fibrillation. Bhatia, NK; Campbell, PF; Cesar, L; Deppen, JN; García, AJ; Garcia, JR; Kumar, G; Langberg, JJ; Levit, RD; Robinson, B; Schneider, F; Shin, EY; Wang, L; Xu, K, 2018)	1.45
"Amiodarone is a benzofuran derivative that contains 37% iodine by weight and is structurally similar to the thyroid hormones. "	( Amiodarone induced myxedema coma: Two case reports and literature review. Abuarqoub, A; Hawatmeh, A; Shamoon, F; Thawabi, M, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is a potent inhibitor of the CYP450:3A4 and inhibitor of the P-glycoprotein, both of which metabolize new oral anticoagulants (NOACs). "	( Clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving amiodarone on NOACs vs. warfarin. Avendano, R; Di Biase, L; Diaz, JC; Garcia, MJ; Golive, A; Krumerman, AK; Lupercio, F; Natale, A; Quispe, R; Romero, J, 2019)	2.19
"Amiodarone is a high effectiveness anti-arrhythmia agent which is able to induce pulmonary fibrosis. "	( Amiodarone induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells via activation of TGF-β1. Chen, C; Chen, D; Chen, H; Tu, M; Wang, Z; Weng, J; Wu, H, 2020)	3.44
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic therapy, however its toxicity profile often limits treatment. "	( Adverse effects of amiodarone therapy in adults with congenital heart disease. Celermajer, DS; Cordina, RL; McGuire, MA; Moore, BM, 2018)	2.25
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug which is used to treat and prevent several dysrhythmias. "	( A case report and literature review: previously excluded tuberculosis masked by amiodarone induced lung injury. Abramavicius, S; Kadusevicius, E; Karinauske, E; Musteikiene, G; Pilvinis, V; Stankevicius, E; Zaveckiene, J, 2018)	2.15
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug used to treat and prevent different types of cardiac arrhythmias. "	( A Supramolecular Nanocarrier for Delivery of Amiodarone Anti-Arrhythmic Therapy to the Heart. Aguirre, AD; Ahmed, MS; Hulsmans, M; Kohler, RH; Nahrendorf, M; Rodell, CB; Weissleder, R, 2019)	2.22
"Amiodarone is a commonly used antiarrhythmic drug. "	( [Experts' suggestions of normative application of amiodarone]. , 2019)	2.21
"Amiodarone is a potent antidysrhythmic agent that can cause potentially life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis. "	( Amiodarone induces cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling in fibroblasts. Chen, C; Li, J; Tu, M; Wan, X; Wang, C; Wang, L; Wang, P; Wang, Z; Weng, J; Zheng, X; Zhou, X; Zhou, Z, 2019)	3.4
"Amiodarone is an important antiarrhythmic drug used in paediatric practice, mainly in children with complex congenital cardiac diseases and/or severe arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction in the developmental period: prenatally, in childhood, and adolescence - case reports and a review of the literature. Furtak, A; Januś, D; Kalicka-Kasperczyk, A; Kordon, Z; Rudziński, A; Starzyk, JB; Wędrychowicz, A; Wójcik, M, 2019)	3.4
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent, a multichannel blocker (Ca++, Na+, and K+), and a noncompetitive α- and β-adrenergic blocker in cardiac cells."	( The protective effect of amiodarone in lung tissue of cecal ligation and puncture-induced septic rats: a perspective from inflammatory cytokine release and oxidative stress. Bayir, Y; Bilgin, BC; Cadirci, E; Halici, Z; Polat, B; Unal, D; Vancelik, S; Yuksel, TN, 2013)	1.41
"Amiodarone is an effective treatment for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, but its use is limited by a toxic adverse-effect profile. "	( Ventricular ectopy and QTc-interval prolongation associated with dronedarone therapy. Gonzalez, JE; Krantz, MJ; Sauer, WH, 2013)	1.83
"Amiodarone is a commonly prescribed and one of the most effective anti-arrhythmic drugs available. "	( Bilateral optic neuropathy and permanent loss of vision after treatment with amiodarone. Falck, A; Hautala, N; Hurskainen, M; Kervinen, M, 2013)	2.06
"Amiodarone is a di-iodated benzofuran derivative that is commonly used to treat patients with various cardiac arrhythmias. "	( [A case of simultaneously occurred amiodarone-induced hepatitis and hypothyroidism]. Chae, HB; Cho, YS; Han, JH; Kang, KM; Kim, JS; Lim, JC; Park, SM, 2013)	2.11
"Amiodarone is a benzofuranic iodine-rich antiarrhythmic drug used in the treatment of severe tachyarrhythmias, especially ventricular. "	( [Amiodarone treatment and thyroid disorders]. Fraczek, MM; Łacka, K, 2013)	2.74
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic drug that is used to treat ventricular and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Effect of grapefruit juice on amiodarone induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. El-Gamal, EM; Sakr, SA, 2016)	2.17
"Amiodarone is an effective medication for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction. Danzi, S; Klein, I, 2015)	3.3
"Amiodarone is a Class III antiarrhythmic agent used for cardioversion and prevention of recurrences of atrial fibrillation. "	( Acute epigastric and low back pain during amiodarone infusion; is it the drug or the vehicle to blame? Boutsikou, M; Girasis, C; Iakovou, I; Mavrogeni, S; Pavlides, G; Petrou, E, )	1.84
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a hepatotoxic drug that has been widely used as a class III antiarrhythmic drug. "	( Screening of herbal components for attenuating amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity on gel-entrapped rat hepatocytes. Deng, X; Meng, Q; Shen, C, 2014)	2.1
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent. "	( ECMO for pulmonary rescue in an adult with amiodarone-induced toxicity. Benassi, F; Meli, M; Molardi, A; Righi, E; Santangelo, R, 2015)	2.12
"Amiodarone is a widely used anti-arrhythmic drug. "	( An audit of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis--do anti-thyroid drugs alone provide adequate treatment? Inder, WJ; Kaye, G; Patel, N; Sullivan, C, 2014)	2.22
"Amiodarone (AMI) is a low water-solubility drug, which is very useful in the treatment of severe cardiac disease. "	( Study of the influence of ascorbyl palmitate and amiodarone in the stability of unilamellar liposomes. Antollini, S; Benedini, L; Fanani, ML; Messina, P; Palma, S; Schulz, P, )	1.83
"Amiodarone-induced SIADH is a rare but serious side effect of this drug. "	( Amiodarone-induced SIADH: two cases report. Giagulli, VA; Guastamacchia, E; Iacoviello, M; Iovine, N; Iovino, M; Licchelli, B; Petrosino, A; Triggiani, V, 2014)	3.29
"Amiodarone (AD) is a highly efficient antiarrhythmic drug with potentially serious side effects. "	( Altered surfactant homeostasis and alveolar epithelial cell stress in amiodarone-induced lung fibrosis. Chambers, RC; Guenther, A; Henneke, I; Knudsen, L; Korfei, M; Liebisch, G; Mahavadi, P; Ochs, M; Ruppert, C; Schmitz, G; Seeger, W; Vancheri, C; Venkatesan, S, 2014)	2.08
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug widely used for the treatment of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in intensive care unit. "	( Acute Hepatotoxicity of Intravenous Amiodarone: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Chen, CC; Wu, CC, )	1.85
"Amiodarone is an effective medication in preventing atrial fibrillation (AF), but it interferes with the metabolism of warfarin."	( Amiodarone, anticoagulation, and clinical events in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. Al-Khatib, SM; Amerena, J; Avezum, A; Dorian, P; Flaker, G; Garcia, D; Granger, CB; Hanna, M; Harjola, VP; Hohnloser, SH; Hylek, E; Keltai, M; Lopes, RD; Sullivan, RM; Thomas, L; Wallentin, L; Wojdyla, DM, 2014)	3.29
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug for supra-ven-tri-cular and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( [Treatment with amiodarone]. Adelborg, K; Ebbehøj, E; Grove, EL; Nielsen, JC, 2014)	2.19
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent used in the treatment of many types of tachyarrhythmia."	( Drug induced lung disease--amiodarone in focus. Jovanović, DM; Milenković, BA; Pešut, DP; Stević, RS; Vasić, NR, )	1.15
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent among the I most powerful and the most frequently used for the control of recurrent ventricular tachycardia and the secondary prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation. "	( [Amiodarone and the thyroid]. Beckers, A; Benoit, A; Betea, D; Brescia, L; Delvenne, P; Hamoir, E, 2014)	2.76
"Amiodarone which is an iodine-containing highly lipophilic benzofuran can induce allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock in sensitized patients."	( Combined etiology of anaphylactic cardiogenic shock: amiodarone, epinephrine, cardioverter defibrillator, left ventricular assist devices and the Kounis syndrome. Davlouros, P; Hahalis, G; Kounis, NG; Soufras, GD; Tsigkas, G, )	1.1
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic that is used in the management of a variety of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-Induced Lung Injury With Bilateral Lung Pneumonitis and Peripheral Eosinophilia. Alqaid, A; Baskaran, G; Dougherty, C, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication that can adversely effect various organs including lungs, thyroid gland, liver, eyes, skin, and nerves. "	( Amiodarone-induced multiorgan toxicity with ocular findings on confocal microscopy. Alioğlu, E; Dereli, T; Tuncer, E; Turk, BG; Turk, U; Yılmaz, SG, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is a benzofuran derivative that contains up to 40% of iodine. "	( [AMIODARONE AND THE THYROID FUNCTION]. Franceschi, M; Granić, R; Jukić, T; Kusić, Z; Punda, M; Staniĉić, J, )	2.48
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug for supra­ven­tri­cular and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( [Treatment with amiodarone]. Adelborg, K; Ebbehøj, E; Grove, EL; Nielsen, JC, 2015)	2.21
"Amiodarone is a widely prescribed antiarrhythmic drug used to treat the most prevalent type of arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF). "	( A general mechanism for drug promiscuity: Studies with amiodarone and other antiarrhythmics. Andersen, OS; Koeppe, RE; Rusinova, R, 2015)	2.11
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent, indicated for the treatment of refractory arrhythmias, which may lead to thyrotoxicosis. "	( Total Thyroidectomy for Amiodarone-induced Thyrotoxicosis in the Hyperthyroid State. Christ, ER; Fahrner, R; Fuhrer, J; Kaderli, RM; Martinelli, M; Seiler, CA; Stettler, C; Vogt, A, 2016)	2.18
"Amiodarone is a commonly used antiarrhythmic drug. "	( Hepatic Dysfunction in Patients Receiving Intravenous Amiodarone. Graham, DY; Hashmi, A; Keswani, NR; Kim, S, 2016)	2.13
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug frequently used in everyday clinical practice. "	( [Clinical procedure in amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction]. Cygankiewicz, I; Kosmalski, M; Michalak, R; Ptaszyński, P; Różycka-Kosmalska, M; Wranicz, JK; Zieleniewski, W, 2016)	2.19
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug used to treat several tachyarrhythmias. "	( [Acute hepatotoxicity from intravenous amiodarone in a patient on hemodialysis]. Arazzi, M; Bonomini, M; Bucco, S; Giunta, F; Grabocka, X; Longo, MO; Silvestri, S; Spetrino, N; Tondo, M; Vigilante, G, )	1.84
"Amiodarone is a frequently used antiarrhythmic drug in patients with end-stage heart failure. "	( Long-term use of amiodarone before heart transplantation significantly reduces early post-transplant atrial fibrillation and is not associated with increased mortality after heart transplantation. Akhavanpoor, M; Bruckner, T; Darche, FF; Doesch, AO; Ehlermann, P; Erbel, C; Frankenstein, L; Gleissner, CA; Helmschrott, M; Katus, HA; Rivinius, R; Ruhparwar, A; Schmack, B; Schweizer, PA; Thomas, D, 2016)	2.22
"Amiodarone is a potent agent used to treat tachyarrhythmias, which are especially refractory to other medications, in both adults and children. "	( Effects of chronic amiodarone treatment on rat testis. Cansu, A; Dilber, E; Gedik, Y; Gürgen, SG; Kutlu, Ö; Özkaya, AK, 2016)	2.21
"Amiodarone is a popular drug in this setting but evidence to inform clinical practice remains scarce."	( Variable use of amiodarone is associated with a greater risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation in the critically ill. Bandeshe, H; Boots, R; Clement, P; Mitrić, G; Udy, A, 2016)	1.5
"Amiodarone is a widely used potent antiarrhythmic for the treatment of cardiac disease; however, its use is often discontinued due to numerous adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity. "	( The role of CYP 3A4 and 1A1 in amiodarone-induced hepatocellular toxicity. Bryant, MS; Guo, L; Ning, B; Ren, Z; Wu, Q; Xuan, J, 2016)	2.16
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug that is frequently used to control atrial fibrillation (AF). "	( Safety and efficacy of early radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation complicated with amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Cai, S; Feng, W; Sun, L; Wang, M; Zhao, Q, 2016)	2.08
"Amiodarone is an anti-arrhythmic drug for life-threatening tachycardia, but various adverse effects have been reported. "	( Amiodarone-related pulmonary mass and unique membranous glomerulonephritis in a patient with valvular heart disease: Diagnostic pitfall and new findings. Katayama, T; Kimura, T; Kuramochi, S; Okada, Y; Ueda, Y; Yamada, T; Yoshikawa, T, 2008)	3.23
"Amiodarone is a commonly used medication in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) of recent onset."	( A formula for the stratified selection of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the emergency setting: a retrospective pilot study. Ekmektzoglou, KA; Koudouna, E; Perrea, DN; Stroumpoulis, K; Tsitsilonis, S; Vlachos, IS; Xanthos, T, 2011)	1.81
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic benzoflurane drug with an imposing adverse effect profile. "	( Acute amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: an association of risk factors in a child operated by arterial switch operation. de Blic, J; Labombarda, F; Ou, P; Sidi, D; Stos, B; Villain, E, )	2.05
"Amiodarone is an iodinated compound, and the possibility that its molecule may be modified with or without elimination of the iodine is being tested."	( Amiodarone as paradigm for developing new drugs for atrial fibrillation. Singh, BN, 2008)	2.51
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent used in life-threatening ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone induced pneumonitis and hyperthyroidism: case report. Ambroziak, U; Bareła, AD; Chazan, R; Grabczak, EM; Opuchlik, A; Potulska, A; Wiwała, J; Zielonka, TM, 2008)	3.23
"Amiodarone is a drug frequently used for cardioversion."	( Does stopping amiodarone after successfully treating atrial fibrillation occurring after cardiac surgery increase the risk of recurrence? Attaran, S; Desai, J; El-Gamel, A; John, L; Sherwood, R, 2008)	1.43
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a strong antiarrhythmic drug but has severe side effects such as pulmonary toxicity. "	( Clinical features of and effects of angiotensin system antagonists on amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Banba, K; Fuke, S; Kusano, KF; Morita, H; Murakami, M; Nagase, S; Nakamura, K; Nikaido, A; Nishii, N; Ohe, T; Sakuragi, S; Tada, T, 2010)	2.04
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent that may cause thyroid dysfunction. "	( Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis in a patient with autonomously functioning nodular goiter. Hsiao, SH; Huang, SM; Hung, HC; Liang, YL; Ou, HY; Peng, SL; Wu, TJ, 2009)	3.24
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent with a long half-life which is used to control atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, including atrial flutter and fibrillation. "	( Hepatotoxicity after intravenous amiodarone. Buonocore, S; Cataldi, A; Gonella, D; Odetti, P; Robutti, N; Siri, M, 2008)	2.07
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent and represents the drug of choice in the treatment of severe arrhythmias, especially in the setting of ventricular dysfunction. "	( Incompatibility between intravenous amiodarone and heparin in an infant. Boriani, G; Bronzetti, G; D'Angelo, C; Mariucci, E; Picchio, FM, 2010)	2.08
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is a potent anti-arrhythmic agent, known as a multiple ion-channel blocker in the heart. "	( Anticonvulsant and hypnotic effects of amiodarone. Bakirci, A; Ozbakis-Dengiz, G, 2009)	2.06
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent commonly used to treat supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Baltzan, M; Wolkove, N, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug. "	( Amiodarone inhibits multiple drug resistance in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Knorre, DA; Krivonosova, TN; Markova, OV; Severin, FF, 2009)	3.24
"Amiodarone was suggested to be an adequate treatment; however, data regarding its efficacy and safety are limited."	( Amiodarone as a first-line therapy for postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia. Dobos, D; Hakacova, N; Kovacikova, L; Skrak, P; Zahorec, M, 2009)	2.52
"Amiodarone is an inhibitor of cardiac hK(2P)3.1 background channels."	( The human cardiac K2P3.1 (TASK-1) potassium leak channel is a molecular target for the class III antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone. Bloehs, R; Ficker, E; Gierten, J; Karle, C; Katus, HA; Scholz, E; Schweizer, PA; Thomas, D; Zitron, E, 2010)	1.29
"Amiodarone is a lipophilic drug that concentrates in the liver and usually, over a period of time, leads to toxicity related to drug accumulation."	( Drug-induced steatohepatitis leading to cirrhosis: long-term toxicity of amiodarone use. Chang, C; Fiel, MI; Raja, K; Thung, SN, 2009)	1.31
"Amiodarone (AM) is a widely used anti-arrhythmic medication. "	( Reduction of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Bailey, B; Byrd, RP; Halawa, A; Kosseifi, SG; Micklewright, M; Roy, TM, 2009)	2.16
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic drug. "	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity mimicking acute pulmonary edema. Bolognese, L; Brandini, R; Caremani, M; Fabiani, I; Grotti, S; Salvadori, C; Tacconi, D, 2011)	3.25
"Amiodarone is a benzofuran derivative approved for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Effects of amiodarone therapy on thyroid function. Cohen-Lehman, J; Dahl, P; Danzi, S; Klein, I, 2010)	2.19
"Amiodarone is a chemically iodinated benzofuran derivative with mono-N-desethylamiodarone as its major metabolite."	( [Skin adverse effects of amiodarone]. Jedlicková, H; Vasků, V; Zgazarová, S, 2009)	1.38
"Amiodarone is a drug widely used for the treatment of arrhythmias. "	( [The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid]. Anda, E; Martínez de Esteban, JP; Ollero, MD; Pineda, J; Toni, M, )	1.92
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic drug with several limiting side effects, some of which have been correlated with increased levels of its more toxic metabolite, desethylamiodarone. "	( The effect of beta-naphthoflavone on the metabolism of amiodarone by hepatic and extra-hepatic microsomes. Brocks, DR; El-Kadi, AO; Elsherbiny, ME, 2010)	2.05
"Amiodarone is a class 3 antiarrhythmic agent used for a broad range of arrhythmias including adenosine-resistant supraventricular tachycardia, junctional ectopic tachycardia, and ventricular tachycardia. "	( Amiodarone for the emergency care of children. Bolte, RG; Etheridge, SP; Gausche-Hill, M; Lane, RD; Nguyen, KT; Niemann, JT, 2010)	3.25
"Amiodarone is a low-solubility, high-permeability drug with a narrow therapeutic index and reported bioavailability problems associated with switching formulations. "	( Is there variability in drug release and physical characteristics of amiodarone chloride from different commercially available tablets? Possible therapeutic implications. Barnes, T; Ngo, SN, 2010)	2.04
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic drug associated with thyroid dysfunction. "	( Amiodarone and thyroid dysfunction. Padmanabhan, H, 2010)	3.25
"Amiodarone is a last resort, mainly because of its numerous adverse effects."	( Dronedarone. atrial fibrillation: too many questions about long-term adverse effects. , 2010)	1.08
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug with potentially life-threatening hepatotoxicity. "	( The role of CYP3A4 in amiodarone-associated toxicity on HepG2 cells. Brecht, K; Krähenbühl, S; Lindinger, PW; Maseneni, S; Morand, R; Török, M; Zahno, A, 2011)	2.13
"Amiodarone (AM) is a potent antidysrhythmic agent that can cause potentially life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis, and N-desethylamiodarone (DEA), an AM metabolite, may contribute to AM toxicity. "	( Mechanisms of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone cytotoxicity in nontransformed human peripheral lung epithelial cells. Brien, JF; Massey, TE; Mulder, JE; Racz, WJ; Takahashi, T, 2011)	2.17
"Amiodarone is a potent anti-arrhythmic drug used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Cytotoxicity effects of amiodarone on cultured cells. Achour, A; Bacha, H; Bouslimi, A; Golli-Bennour, EE; Nouira, S; Zouaoui, O, 2012)	2.13
"Amiodarone was shown to be a significant statistical moderator (p < 0.0001) and mediator (p < 0.001) of mortality in AF patients."	( Atrial arrhythmias after lung and heart-lung transplant: effects on short-term mortality and the influence of amiodarone. Cordova, F; Criner, G; Gaughan, J; Isiadinso, I; Lim, S; Meshkov, AB; Sandhu, P, 2011)	1.3
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug whose use is significantly limited by numerous undesirable effects following long-term administration. "	( Low back pain following intravenous administration of amiodarone. Charalampous, C; Efremidis, M; Letsas, KP; Sideris, A; Tsikrikas, S, )	1.82
"Amiodarone is a widely used anti-arrhythmic drug that inhibits diverse ion channels, including the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), L-type Ca(2+) channels, and Na(+) channels. "	( Amiodarone sensitizes human glioma cells but not astrocytes to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via CHOP-mediated DR5 upregulation. Choi, KS; Kang, YJ; Kim, EH; Kim, IA; Kim, IY; Kim, SU; Kwon, TK; Yoon, MJ, 2011)	3.25
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent that is frequently prescribed today for the treatment of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism and other adverse effects. Mosher, MC, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is a one of the most commonly used antiarrhythmic drug with efficacy in both supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia. "	( Amiodarone-related hyponatremia: rare but potentially lethal. Deshmukh, AJ; Paydak, H; Singla, S; Strobel, AL, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is a potent anti-atrial fibrillation (AF) agent; however, its systemic administration induces serious side effects such as interstitial pneumonia. "	( Topical application of a biodegradable disc with amiodarone for atrial fibrillation. Hyon, SH; Ikeda, T; Marui, A; Minakata, K; Miwa, S; Nakajima, N; Saito, N; Sakata, R; Shimamoto, T; Takeda, T; Uehara, K, 2011)	2.07
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias."	( Extrapyramidal symptoms with concomitant use of amitriptyline and amiodarone in an elderly patient. Pawar, PS; Woo, DA, 2010)	1.32
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent that is widely used in the treatment of a variety of arrhythmias. "	( Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone in association with amiodarone therapy: a case report and review of literature. Afshinnia, F; Perlman, R; Sheth, N, 2011)	2.05
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrythmic drug and can lead either to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism due to its molecular structure which is similar to levothyroxin. "	( [Amiodarone and thyroid]. Capraro, J; Thalmann, S, 2011)	2.72
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat and prevent certain types of serious, life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone supplants lidocaine in ACLS and CPR protocols. Camporesi, EM; Mangar, D; Mizzi, A; Tran, T, 2011)	3.25
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrythmic drug for various atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced T-U fusion. Omar, HR, 2012)	3.26
"Amiodarone is a class D drug given to treat arrhythmia, including pregnant women, but its effects on the developing heart have not been studied. "	( The toxic effect of Amiodarone on valve formation in the developing heart of zebrafish embryos. Chen, TY; Chen, YH; Harn, HJ; Hsu, RJ; Hu, SC; Huang, YK; Jeng, JR; Lee, HC; Lin, SZ; Lo, HC; Sun, CK; Tsai, HJ, 2012)	2.15
"Amiodarone is a structural analogue of thyroid hormone, and some of its anti-arrhythmic actions and toxicity are attributable to its interaction with nuclear receptors of thyroid hormones. "	( [Amiodarone and thyroid dysfunction]. Bruno, OD; Rizzo, LF, 2012)	2.73
"Amiodarone is also capable to inhibit the oxidosqualene cyclase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of ergosterol."	( Targeting calcium homeostasis as the therapy of Chagas' disease and leishmaniasis - a review. Benaim, B; Garcia, CR, 2011)	1.09
"Amiodarone is an effective anti-arrhythmic agent for control of various life threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias but may give Various side effects. "	( Amiodarone therapy: don't forget thyroid. Fatima, N; Sajjad, Z, 2012)	3.26
"Amiodarone is a synthetic drug based on the benzofuran ring system, which is contained in numerous compounds that are both synthetic and isolated from natural sources with antifungal activity."	( Synthesis and antifungal activity of derivatives of 2- and 3-benzofurancarboxylic acids. Courchesne, WE; Hejchman, E; Kossakowski, J; Maciejewska, D; Ostrowska, K, 2012)	1.1
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a potent drug used in the treatment of serious supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias."	( Rapid stimulating effect of the antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone on absorption of organic anion compounds. Hirano, T; Iseki, K; Itagaki, S; Kobayashi, M; Ogura, J; Segawa, M; Seki, S; Takahashi, N; Yamaguchi, H, 2013)	1.36
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent used for various types of tachyarrhythmia, both ventricular and supraventricular (atrial) arrhythmia. "	( Visible spectrophotometric method for amiodarone. Bosînceanu, A; Popa, G; Popovici, I; Tântaru, G, )	1.85
"Amiodarone is a well-known mitochondrial toxicant."	( Mechanisms of hepatocellular toxicity associated with dronedarone--a comparison to amiodarone. Blum, K; Bouitbir, J; Felser, A; Krähenbühl, S; Lindinger, PW, 2013)	1.34
"Amiodarone is a potent anti-arrhythmic drug with a well-known potential chronic pulmonary toxicity. "	( [Acute onset pulmonary toxicity associated to amiodarone]. Carreira, C; Ferreira, PG; Saraiva, F, )	1.83
"Amiodarone is a widely used and very potent antiarrhythmic substance. "	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity--a fatal case report and literature review. Breithardt, G; Buerke, B; Hilker, E; Lebiedz, P; Range, FT, 2013)	3.28
"Amiodarone is a drug that is widely used in the treatment of heart disease. "	( A quantitative method for the determination of amphiphilic drug release kinetics from nanoparticles using a Langmuir balance. Benoit, JP; Boury, F; Lamprecht, A; Passirani, C; Proust, JE; Saulnier, P, 2002)	1.76
"Amiodarone is a benzofuran derivative used to treat cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Visual changes secondary to initiation of amiodarone: a case report and review involving ocular management in cardiac polypharmacy. Castells, DD; Teitelbaum, BA; Tresley, DJ, 2002)	2.02
"Amiodarone (AM) is an efficacious antidysrhythmic agent that can cause numerous adverse effects, including potentially life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis. "	( Attenuation of amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis by vitamin E is associated with suppression of transforming growth factor-beta1 gene expression but not prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction. Brien, JF; Card, JW; Massey, TE; Racz, WJ, 2003)	2.11
"Amiodarone is a potent Class III antiarrhythmic drug. "	( Amiodarone N-deethylation by CYP2C8 and its variants, CYP2C8*3 and CYP2C8 P404A. Ando, M; Hanioka, N; Murayama, N; Ozawa, S; Saito, Y; Sawada, J; Soyama, A, 2002)	3.2
"Amiodarone is a highly efficacious antiarrhythmic agent for many cardiac arrhythmias, ranging from atrial fibrillation to malignant ventricular rhythm disturbances. "	( Amiodarone: an emergency medicine perspective. Taylor, SE, 2002)	3.2
"Amiodarone is a commonly used anti-arrhythmic in elderly patients. "	( Low dose amiodarone causing pseudo-alcoholic cirrhosis. Ghosh, P; Khan, SA; Singhal, A, 2003)	2.18
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug now more frequently used after a number of years in which the use had been on the decline due to a number of studies which reported side effects such as chronic toxicity, primarily in the lungs, liver and thyroid glands. "	( Acute renal toxic effect of amiodarone in rats. Arévalo, MA; Barata, JD; Branco, P; Bruges, M; González de Buitrago, JM; Morales, AI; Palma, P; Pérez-Barriocanal, F, 2003)	2.06
"Amiodarone is an amphiphilic, iodinated, benzofuran derivative that is known to be effective for refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia. "	( [Analysis of increased hepatic density during chronic amiodarone therapy]. Abe, K; Ayabe, Y; Hirakawa, K; Nishimura, M, 2003)	2.01
"Amiodarone seems to be a promising candidate, but only few randomized trials are available and the results are inconsistent."	( Intravenous amiodarone for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Budaj, A; Ceremuzyński, L; Cybulski, J; Danielewicz, H; Kawka-Urbanek, T; Kułakowski, P; Maciejewicz, J, 2003)	1.42
"Amiodarone (AM) is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent used in the management of both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Effects of amiodarone and dronedarone on voltage-dependent sodium current in human cardiomyocytes. Barrére-Lemaire, S; Gautier, P; Lalevée, N; Nargeot, J; Richard, S, 2003)	2.15
"Amiodarone is an iodinated benzofuran derivate class III antiarrhythmic that is a highly effective agent for the prophylaxis and treatment of various cardiac arrhythmias. "	( [Amiodarone-induced keratopathy]. Azaravichiene, AP; Reĭngardiene, DI; Vashkeliene, II, 2003)	2.67
"Amiodarone is a complicated drug, and its optimal use requires careful patient surveillance with respect to potential adverse effects."	( Role of amiodarone in the era of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Dorian, P; Mangat, I, 2003)	1.47
"Amiodarone is an iodine-rich drug widely used for the management of various arrhythmias, but its clinical utility is usually limited by the high frequency of numerous side effects, most frequently disturbance of thyroid function."	( Differential diagnosis and clinical course of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction. Acu, B; Alyan, O; Arda, K; Demirkan, D; Ozdemir, O; Soylu, M, 2003)	2.02
"Amiodarone is a widely used and potent antiarrhythmic agent that is metabolized to desethylamiodarone. "	( Protective effect of amiodarone but not N-desethylamiodarone on postischemic hearts through the inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition. Bognar, Z; Gallyas, F; Sumegi, B; Tapodi, A; Toth, A; Varbiro, G; Veres, B, 2003)	2.08
"Amiodarone is a highly efficacious antiarrhythmic agent for many cardiac arrhythmias, ranging from atrial fibrillation to malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and seems to be superior to other antiarrhythmic agents."	( Arrhythmias in the intensive care patient. Brandts, B; Trappe, HJ; Weismueller, P, 2003)	1.04
"Amiodarone is an effective anti-arrhythmic agent for the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias. "	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachycardias in infants. Bauersfeld, U; Burri, S; Hug, MI, 2003)	2.04
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhytmic drug and it is used to treat supraventricular or ventricular rhythm disturbances. "	( [Late postoperative amiodarone pulmonary toxicity]. Alonso-Fernández, A; Alvarez-Sala, R; Mediano, O; Moreno, I; Torres, I, 2003)	2.09
"Amiodarone is an antiarhytmic drug used in many clinical situations for its probed effect; it is also preferred in particular groups of patients (heart failure, post-ischemical) for its safe and its prognostic benefits. "	( [Amiodarone and thyroid dysfunction: a pending problem]. Perazza, L; Scardi, S, 2003)	2.67
"Amiodarone is a drug widely used in cardiovascular medicine."	( [Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: case report and review of the literature]. Bianconcini, M; Giannini, AL, 2003)	1.95
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent that is used to treat ventricular arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation. "	( Amiodarone: guidelines for use and monitoring. Siddoway, LA, 2003)	3.2
"Amiodarone is an effective drug and its withdrawal may have significant impact on a patient's already fragile cardiac status."	( Management of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Gilbey, SG; Rajeswaran, C; Shelton, RJ, 2003)	1.4
"Amiodarone, which is an antiarrhythmic drug used to treat life-threatening arrhythmias, is effective in patients with chronic heart failure. "	( Efficacy of amiodarone treatment on cardiac symptom, function, and sympathetic nerve activity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: comparison with beta-blocker therapy. Adachi, H; Hoshizaki, H; Isobe, N; Naito, S; Oshima, S; Seki, R; Taniguchi, K; Toyama, T, )	1.95
"Amiodarone is a potent inhibitor of several different CYP isoenzymes, including CYP3A4."	( Rhabdomyolysis in association with simvastatin and amiodarone. Krähenbühl, S; Roten, L; Schlienger, RG; Schoenenberger, RA, 2004)	1.3
"Amiodarone is an iodine-rich drug. "	( [Amiodarone and the thyroid gland]. Bednarek-Tupikowska, G; Bugajski, J; Filus, A; Kuliczkowska, J, 2004)	2.68
"Amiodarone is an iodine-rich drug used to treat cardiac dysrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced neonatal hypothyroidism: a unique form of transient early-onset hypothyroidism. Backeljauw, PF; Jackson, WA; Lomenick, JP, 2004)	3.21
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent that is limited in clinical use by its adverse effects, including potentially life threatening amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT). "	( Value of technetium-99m diethyltriamine pentaaceticacid radioaerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy for the stage of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Altaner, S; Altun, A; Berkada, S; Durmus-Altun, G; Ozbay, G; Sami Salihoglu, Y, 2004)	1.98
"Amiodarone is a basic drug against ventricular arrhythmia. "	( [Amiodarone (cordarone) efficiency in atrial extrasystole]. Azaravichene, AP; Reĭngardene, DI, 2004)	2.68
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug, but it has serious side effects and conducted trials did not support its prophylactic use in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. "	( Individual patterns of dynamic QT/RR relationship in survivors of acute myocardial infarction and their relationship to antiarrhythmic efficacy of amiodarone. Batchvarov, V; Hnatkova, K; Laguna, P; Malik, M; Pueyo, E; Smetana, P, 2004)	1.97
"Amiodarone is an iodine-rich drug widely used for the management of cardiac arrhythmias. "	( [Amiodarone and the thyroid]. Jesus, AM; Maciel, LM; Pavan, R, 2004)	2.68
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent for the treatment and prevention of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Hepatotoxicity during rapid intravenous loading with amiodarone: Description of three cases and review of the literature. Drewe, J; Krähenbühl, S; Pargger, H; Rätz Bravo, AE; Schlienger, RG; Ummenhofer, W, 2005)	2.02
"Amiodarone is a multidrug resistance inhibitor."	( [Sustained clinical response of large hepatocellular carcinoma after chemoembolization with pirarubicin, amiodarone and Lipiodol]. Bedenne, L; Cercueil, JP; Chauffert, B; Ferrant, E; Flesch, M; Isambert, N; Jouve, JL; Krause, D, 2004)	1.26
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic drug, albeit notorious for its serious pulmonary toxicity. "	( Amiodarone-induced acute lung toxicity in an ICU setting. Galiatsou, E; Karahaliou, A; Kitsakos, A; Metafratzi, Z; Nakos, G; Skroubis, G; Skroubis, T, 2005)	3.21
"Amiodarone is a medication that was added to the pediatric resuscitation algorithms with the most recent recommendations from the American Heart Association in 2000."	( Update on pediatric resuscitation drugs: high dose, low dose, or no dose at all. Sorrentino, A, 2005)	1.05
"Amiodarone is a potent anti-arrhythmic with a large pharmacological spectrum that shares the mechanisms of action of all classes of anti-arrhythmic drugs. "	( Acute cardiodepressant effects induced by bolus intravenous administration of amiodarone in rabbits. Lessa, MA; Tibiriçá, E, 2005)	2
"Amiodarone is a benzofuranic-derivate iodine-rich drug widely used for the treatment of tachyarrhythmias. "	( [Amiodarone effects on thyroid--current concepts]. Campos, MV, )	2.48
"Amiodarone is a potent class III anti-arrhythmic drug that also possesses beta-blocking properties."	( Amiodarone and the thyroid. Basaria, S; Cooper, DS, 2005)	2.49
"Amiodarone is an effective, commonly used drug for cardiac arrhythmias in this patient population."	( Rapid acute amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity in a burn patient. Maker, AV; Orgill, DP, )	1.23
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent that is widely used for tachyarrhythmias, especially ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia. "	( Unusual and early hyperglycemia following amiodarone infusion in two infants. Azak, E; Tokel, K; Varan, B; Yildirim, SV, )	1.84
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug, however, not without numerous side-effects. "	( Pulmonary complications in amiodarone treatment. Mosiewicz, J; Myśliński, W; Podstawka, A, 2004)	2.06
"Amiodarone (AM) is a potent vasodilator and exhibits diverse cardiovascular protective effects in vivo, but their underlying mechanisms remain unsettled. "	( Amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone enhance endothelial nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells. Iida, H; Imuta, H; Jo, T; Kishida, S; Ma, J; Morita, T; Nagai, R; Nakajima, T; Oonuma, H; Takano, H, 2006)	3.22
"Amiodarone is a powerful antiarrhythmic drug; however, its use may be complicated by thyrotoxicosis. "	( Continuation of amiodarone therapy despite type II amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Bertagna, X; Bertherat, J; Duboc, D; Guignat, L; Meune, C; Mouly, S; Thomopoulos, P; Uzan, L; Weber, S, 2006)	2.12
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic, but the clinical usefulness of this agent is complicated by its extensive side-effect profile, which necessitates careful patient selection and frequent monitoring. "	( Adherence to the NASPE guideline for amiodarone monitoring at a medical university. Bickford, CL; Spencer, AP, 2006)	2.05
"Amiodarone is a widely used anti-arrythmic drug with considerable potential to cause thyroid dysfunction because of its 35% iodine content."	( [The effects of amiodaron on the thyroid function]. Kucharczyk, A; Kucharczyk, P; Michałkiewicz, D, 2006)	1.06
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic medication used extensively to treat ventricular arrhythmias. "	( The importance of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in the differential diagnosis of a patient with dyspnea awaiting a heart transplant. Bacal, F; Bocchi, EA; Demarchi, LM; Drager, LF; Fajardo, GM; Pires, PV; Silva, CP; Souza, GE, 2006)	2.11
"Amiodarone is a triiodinated antiarrhythmic drug that accumulates in alveolar macrophages. "	( [Nodular alveolar pattern of presentation for amiodarone pulmonary toxicity]. Bernal Morell, E; González Gordaliza, MC; Sánchez Corral, JA; Vicente Bártulos, A, )	1.83
"Amiodarone is a potent class III anti-arrhythmic drug used in clinical practice for the prophylaxis and treatment of many cardiac rhythm disturbances, ranging from paroxismal atrial fibrillation to life threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction in clinical practice. Gentiloni Silveri, N; Mazzone, M; Testa, A; Ursella, S, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhytmic drug and it is used to treat supraventricular or ventricular rhythm disturbances. "	( [Amiodarone induced pulmonary fibrosis--a clinical case report]. Bacellar, P; Costa, F; Martins, H; Silva, MN; Tinoco, N, )	2.48
"Amiodarone is a very effective antiarrhytmic drug. "	( Hyperglobulinemia in amiodarone-induced pneumonitis. Antipov, N; Farfel, Z; Mayan, H; Mouallem, M; Sela, BA, 2007)	2.1
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic drug."	( Intravenous and oral administration of amiodarone for the treatment of recent onset atrial fibrillation after digoxin administration. Bassiakos, S; Bassiakou, E; Michalakis, K; Moutzouris, DA; Papadimitriou, L; Vlachos, IS; Xanthos, T, 2007)	1.33
"Amiodarone is a widely used anti-arrhythmic agent. "	( Amiodarone has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties: an experimental study in rats with carrageenan-induced paw edema. Cadirci, E; Dengiz, GO; Halici, M; Halici, Z; Odabasoglu, F; Suleyman, H, 2007)	3.23
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent that has been in clinical use for about 20 years."	( A review of the investigational antiarrhythmic agent dronedarone. Rowles, J; Tafreshi, MJ, 2007)	1.06
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent frequently used in the management of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. "	( Hypersensitivity reaction to amiodarone in a patient with a previous reaction to an iodinated radiocontrast agent. Stafford, L, 2007)	2.07
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a benzofurane derivative with class III antiarrhythmic activity that is effective in controlling intractable cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Efflux transport of N-monodesethylamiodarone by the human intestinal cell-line Caco-2 cells. Goto, Y; Hirano, T; Iseki, K; Itagaki, S; Kimoto, E; Kobayashi, M; Matsuura, M; Seki, S; Tadano, K, 2007)	2.06
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic drug commonly used in the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Acute in vitro effects of dronedarone, an iodine-free derivative, and amiodarone, on the rabbit sinoatrial node automaticity: a comparative study. Celestino, D; Elizari, MV; Medei, E; Moro, S; Sicouri, S, 2007)	2.02
"Amiodarone chlorhydrate is a diiodated benzofuran derivative, and it is used to treat cardiac rhythm abnormalities. "	( Amiodarone-induced hepatitis and polyneuropathy. Kang, DY; Kang, HM; Kang, YS; Kim, SH; Lee, BS; Lee, HY; Seong, JK, 2007)	3.23
"Amiodarone is a multiple ion channel (Ca++, Na+, K+) blocking drug, effective anti-arrhythmic drug, and phospholipase inhibitor."	( Role of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of amiodarone. Akpinar, E; Bilici, D; Cadirci, E; Gursan, N; Halici, Z; Ozbakis-Dengiz, G, )	1.07
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic agent."	( Gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of amiodarone on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Bayir, Y; Cadirci, E; Dengiz, GO; Halici, Z; Odabasoglu, F; Suleyman, H, 2007)	1.32
"Amiodarone (AM) is an antiarrhythmic agent widely used in the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. "	( In vitro effects of acute amiodarone and dronedarone on epicardial, endocardial, and M cells of the canine ventricle. Celestino, D; Elizari, MV; Ferreiro, M; Medei, E; Moro, S; Sicouri, S, 2007)	2.08
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent for preventing and treating atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Fatal amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity: a case report and literature review. Chan, AL; Hsieh, HJ; Hsieh, YA; Lin, SJ, 2008)	2.27
"Amiodarone is an anti-arrhythmic medicine that has also been reported to be effective in patients with CHF."	( Combined therapy with carvedilol and amiodarone is more effective in improving cardiac symptoms, function, and sympathetic nerve activity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: comparison with carvedilol therapy alone. Adachi, H; Hoshizaki, H; Isobe, N; Kasama, S; Oshima, S; Taniguchi, K; Toyama, T; Yoshimura, Y, )	1.13
"Amiodarone is a frequently used antiarrhythmic drug with a high antiarrhythmic potency. "	( [Thyroid and treatment with amiodarone diagnosis, therapy and clinical management]. Mikosch, P, 2008)	2.08
"Amiodarone is an effective class III antiarrhythmic drug, however, the pulmonary toxicity is one of the most life-threatening complications of its use. "	( Combined treatment with L-carnitine and a pan-caspase inhibitor effectively reverses amiodarone-induced injury in cultured human lung epithelial cells. Egashira, N; Itoh, Y; Oishi, R; Yamada, M; Yano, T, 2008)	2.01
"Amiodarone (AMD) is an antiarrhythmic agent which contains 37% of iodine. "	( [Transient neonatal hypothyroidism due to amiodarone administration during pregnancy--two cases report and review of literature]. Boguszewski, MC; Lacerda Filho, Ld; Nesi-França, S; Pavan-Senn, CC; Pelaez, J; Pereira, RM; Sandrini Neto, R, 2008)	2.05
"Amiodarone is a drug that is used for treatment of cardiac arrhythmia after cardiac ischemia. "	( Morphological changes of rabbit lacrimal gland cells from amiodarone administration. Mehraein, F, 2008)	2.03
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is a relatively new antiarrhythmic agent, the properties of which differ in a significant manner electrophysiologically, pharmacokinetically and structurally from those of conventional as well as other investigational antidysrhythmic compounds. "	( The clinical results of amiodarone in cardiac arrhythmias: optimal dosing. Ikeda, N; Kannan, R; Nademanee, K; Singh, BN, 1984)	2.02
"Amiodarone is a noncompetitive antagonist of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors."	( Amiodarone: a unique antiarrhythmic agent. Sloskey, GE, )	2.3
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug which has been used successfully to treat a variety of cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Serious adverse effects of amiodarone. Garan, H; McGovern, B; Ruskin, JN, 1984)	2.01
"Amiodarone is an iodinated benzofuran derivative with recognised antiarrhythmic activity in man. "	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Kates, RE; Latini, R; Tognoni, G, )	1.87
"Amiodarone is an extremely effective treatment for infants and children with tachyarrhythmias resistant to conventional treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Amiodarone treatment of critical arrhythmias in children and young adults. Angell, LK; Garson, A; Gillette, PC; Hesslein, PS; Hittner, HM; Kaldis, LC; McVey, P; Porter, CJ, 1984)	2.43
"Amiodarone is an extremely potent drug which is effective for both supraventricular as well as ventricular arrhythmias."	( New antiarrhythmic drugs. Hess, DS; Scheinman, MM, 1983)	0.99
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug which is effective in treating many atrial and ventricular arrhythmias that are refractory to other drugs."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents. Gillis, AM; Kates, RE, )	0.85
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent with high iodine content. "	( Thyrotoxicosis induced by amiodarone, a new efficient antiarrhythmic drug with high iodine content. Amikam, S; Barzilai, D; Dickstein, G; Riss, E, )	1.87
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent that is effective in controlling both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Hemodynamic effects of intravenous amiodarone. Albin, JB; Kosinski, EJ; LeLand, OS; Lewis, SM; Young, E, 1984)	1.99
"Oral amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent with a slow onset of action. "	( Electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone: experimental and clinical observation relative to serum and tissue drug concentrations. Ikeda, N; Kannan, R; Nademanee, K; Singh, BN, 1984)	1.07
"Amiodarone is a potent new antiarrhythmic drug that has multiple effects on thyroid function, including inhibition of extrathyroidal triiodothyronine production and rarely, iodine-induced hypothyroidism. "	( Myxedema coma during long-term amiodarone therapy. Cantley, LK; Dalldorf, FG; Foster, JR; Mazonson, PD; Utiger, RD; Williams, ML, 1984)	2
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug which has received considerable attention in recent years. "	( High-performance liquid chromatographic isolation and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric identification of Di-N-desethylamiodarone, a new metabolite of amiodarone in the dog. Burlingame, AL; Kates, RE; Latini, R; Reginato, R, 1984)	1.92
"Amiodarone is a very active antiarrhythmic agent, but true incidence of Amiodarone-related side effects is still questionable. "	( Side effects during therapy with low dosage amiodarone. Beck Peccoz, P; Ferrario, G; Galletti, F; Giani, P; Landolina, M; Maggioni, AP; Piscitelli, G; Tognoni, G; Volpi, A, 1984)	1.97
"Amiodarone is an investigative antiarrhythmic drug in the United States. "	( Amiodarone--an investigative drug in the coronary care unit. Lemberg, L; Valladares, BK, 1983)	3.15
"Amiodarone is a potent coronary vasodilator; it has alpha and beta receptor-antagonist activity and is well-known for its marked antiarrhythmic efficacy. "	( The value of amiodarone for the treatment of unstable angina. Bertholet, M; Demoulin, JC; Hastir, F; Kulbertus, HE; Renier, J, 1983)	2.08
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is a benzofurane derivative used for cardiac abnormalities. "	( Amiodarone-induced lens opacities. Dolan, BJ; Flach, AJ; Sudduth, B; Weddell, J, 1983)	3.15
"Amiodarone (Cordarone) is an iodinated cardiac antiarrhythmic drug that causes a slate-gray discoloration of the sun-exposed skin and a yellow-brown stippling of the cornea. "	( Cutaneous pigmentation secondary to amiodarone therapy. Fetter, BF; Gallagher, JJ; Ingram, P; Mendelson, DS; Shelburne, JD; Trimble, JW, 1983)	1.98
"Amiodarone is a new antiarrhythmic drug, commonly coadministered with digoxin in various cardiac disorders. "	( Digoxin-amiodarone interaction: in vivo and in vitro studies in rats. Koren, G; Macleod, SM; Soldin, S, 1983)	2.14
"Amiodarone (Cordarone) is an antiarrhythmic cardiac drug that is currently being evaluated in the United States. "	( Pneumonitis after amiodarone therapy. Forrest, JV; Friedman, PJ; Henschke, CI; Kiser, PE; Olson, LK, 1984)	2.04
"Amiodarone is a new and powerful antiarrhythmic agent currently under investigation in North America. "	( Acute necrotizing pneumonitis and hyperglycemia after amiodarone therapy. Case report and review of amiodarone-associated pulmonary disease. Pollak, PT; Sami, M, 1984)	1.96
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is a noncompetitive adrenergic blocker used in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias. "	( Dermal lipofuscinosis associated with amiodarone therapy. Report of a case. McDonald, AT; Miller, RA, 1984)	1.98
"Amiodarone appears to be a useful agent to induce diffuse fibrotic reactions in the lung that morphologically resemble idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in humans."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters. Cantor, JO; Cerreta, JM; Mandl, I; Osman, M; Suarez, R; Turino, GM, 1984)	2.43
"Amiodarone is a valuable drug in the management of recurrent ventricular tachycardia, refractory to other antiarrhythmic drugs."	( Antiarrhythmic efficacy of amiodarone in recurrent ventricular tachycardia evaluated by multiple electrophysiological and ambulatory ECG recordings. Griffin, J; Mason, J; Peters, F; Rasmussen, K; Ross, D; Winkle, R, 1982)	1.28
"Amiodarone has proved to be a valuable drug in atrial fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. "	( Acceleration of ventricular rate by fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Evans, T; Sheinman, BD, 1982)	1.71
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic that has been used in Europe for over a decade and has been available for investigational use in North America for a shorter time. "	( Diffuse alveolar damage syndrome associated with amiodarone therapy. Henning, H; Huckell, VF; Jirik, FR; Ostrow, DV, 1983)	1.96
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is a potent, iodine-containing antiarrhythmic compound with a long elimination half-life, whose cardiac action appears to be mediated through an interference with thyroxine-dependent pathways in the heart. "	( Elevation of serum lipids after chronic administration of amiodarone in rabbits. Kannan, R; Pollak, A; Singh, BN, 1982)	1.95
"Amiodarone is a benzofuran derivative with depressant effects on all electrically active cardiac tissues and important antiarrhythmic properties after long-term dosing. "	( Effect of intravenous amiodarone on myocardial repolarization and refractoriness: a new method of assessment. Donaldson, RM; Rickards, AF, 1982)	2.02
"Amiodarone i.v. proved to be a very effective remedy, handy and well tolerated for the arrhythmias considered above."	( [Experience with intravenous amiodarone in hyperkinetic supraventricular arrhythmias]. Bianchi, C; Bonifazi, C; Coppetti, S; Distante, S; Ferrari, O; Ricevuti, A; Rinaldo, R; Rizzi, M; Tavecchi, L; Zampaglione, G; Ziletti, G, 1981)	1.28
"Amiodarone is an iodinated benzofuran derivative that represents a new and extremely effective therapy for certain life-threatening refractory cardiac arrgythmia. "	( A case of amiodarone-associated pulmonary toxicity. Jeong, SW; Jin, SY; Kang, CH; Kim, YH; Kwon, KH; Park, CS; Park, JS; Uh, S, 1995)	2.14
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent that is also frequently used in the treatment of patients with refractory ventricular arrhythmias."	( Can amiodarone pulmonary toxicity be predicted in patients undergoing implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation? Damiano, RJ; Ellenbogen, KA; Hawthorne, HR; Stambler, BS; Wood, MA, 1993)	1.57
"Amiodarone is a powerful suppressant of VPCs, but Holter suppression of this ectopic activity is not predictive of clinical outcome."	( Usefulness of Holter monitoring in predicting efficacy of amiodarone therapy for sustained ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary artery disease. Doyle, TK; Nasir, N; Pacifico, A; Wheeler, SH, 1994)	1.25
"Amiodarone is a good choice to convert, very quickly, acute AF. "	( [Acute atrial fibrillation in the emergency room. Which is the best drug for a rapid sinus rhythm conversion?]. Amato, RV; Bellotti, G; César, LA; D'Avila, AL; Ferreira, JF; Pamplona, D; Pfeferman, E; Scanavacca, M; Serrano, CV; Sosa, EA, 1994)	1.73
"Amiodarone is a viable drug for preventing sudden cardiac death, particularly during the first year after MI. "	( Amiodarone and post-MI patients. Nademanee, K; Singh, BN; Stevenson, WG; Weiss, JN, 1993)	3.17
"Amiodarone appears to be an effective antiarrhythmic agent for reducing mortality in the postmyocardial infarction patient with ventricular ectopic activity. "	( Use of amiodarone in the postmyocardial infarction patient. Carlson, TA; Massumi, A; Ozdil, E, 1995)	2.19
"Amiodarone is a commonly used antiarrhythmic agent with complex pharmacological effects. "	( Sympatholytic action of intravenous amiodarone in the rat heart. Dart, AM; Du, XJ; Esler, MD, 1995)	2.01
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent with little if any negative inotropic effect and, therefore, is the agent of choice in patients with heart failure."	( Amiodarone as a first-line drug in the treatment of atrial fibrillation: the protagonist viewpoint. Lévy, S, 1994)	2.45
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic agent with high variability in therapeutic effects, which appears to be related, at least in part, to its pharmacokinetics, and in particular, gastrointestinal absorption. "	( Effects of surfactants on amiodarone intestinal absorption. I. Sodium laurylsulfate. Casabó, VG; Martín-Algarra, RV; Merino, M; Pascual-Costa, RM, 1994)	2.03
"Amiodarone is a valuable agent, used in the management of intractable cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced vasculitis and a review of the cutaneous side-effects of amiodarone. Byatt, C; Dootson, G, 1994)	3.17
"Amiodarone is a highly effective agent in pediatric patients with automatic and reentrant supraventricular tachycardia as well as in refractory atrial flutter."	( New antiarrhythmic drugs in pediatric use: amiodarone. Guccione, P; Paul, T, )	1.12
"Amiodarone (AM) is an effective antidysrhythmic agent, the use of which is limited because of the drug's potential for causing life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis. "	( Comparison of the in vivo pulmonary toxicity of amiodarone and des-oxo-amiodarone in the hamster. Brien, JF; Chatla, N; Kabalka, GW; Leeder, RG; Massey, TE; Rafeiro, E, 1994)	1.99
"Amiodarone is an effective antidysrhythmic agent, restricted in use by the development of pulmonary toxicity. "	( Resistance of the hamster to amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity following repeated intraperitoneal administration. Brien, JF; Evans, CD; Leeder, RG; Massey, TE, 1994)	2.02
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is a potent antiarrhythmic agent recently approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration. "	( Progression of amiodarone induced cataracts. Dolan, BJ; Flach, AJ, 1993)	2.08
"Amiodarone is a complex molecule with multiple pharmacologic properties and a complex electrophysiologic profile. "	( Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone: implications for drug therapy. Roden, DM, 1993)	2.05
"Amiodarone is a potent phospholipase inhibitor, but its potential or that of any other inhibitor to simultaneously attenuate lipid abnormalities and electrophysiological changes in the very early phase of ischemia has never been studied."	( Phospholipase inhibition and the electrophysiology of acute ischemia: studies with amiodarone. Harris, L; Kimura, Y; Shaikh, NA, 1993)	1.23
"Amiodarone is a Class III antiarrhythmic with an adverse-effect profile involving many different organ systems. "	( Amiodarone-clonazepam interaction. Ellsworth, AJ; Leversee, JH; Witt, DM, 1993)	3.17
"Amiodarone is an iodine-rich drug used in the treatment of resistant cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism in patients treated with amiodarone. A possible consequence of a destructive process in the thyroid. Bianconi, L; Braverman, LE; Gardini, E; Minelli, R; Roti, E, 1993)	1.96
"Amiodarone HCl (AD) is a very effective antiarrhythmic drug, but its use is often associated with serious pulmonary complications. "	( Amiodarone--induced changes in surfactant phospholipids of rat lung. Devaraj, H; Devaraj, N; Padmavathy, B, 1993)	3.17
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent used for the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Measurement of serum amiodarone and desethylamiodarone by HPLC: its usefulness in the follow-up of arrhythmic patients treated with amiodarone. Berti, S; Biagini, A; Cazzuola, F; Clerico, A; Iervasi, G; Manfredi, C; Sabatino, L; Turchi, S, 1995)	2.05
"Amiodarone is a antiarrhythmic drug with many side-effects which include also the induction of photosensitivity and the development of greyish-blue pigmentations on the skin exposed to light. "	( Skin side-effects of amiodarone therapy. Ettler, K; Gregor, J; Nozi cková, M; Pidrman, V; Subrtová, D, 1993)	2.05
"Amiodarone is a unique antiarrhythmic agent with activity in both supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, but its value for the restoration of sinus rhythm in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation has not been demonstrated."	( Intravenous amiodarone in treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: results of a randomized, controlled study. Arnau, JM; Artaza, MA; Ballester, R; Galve, E; García-Dorado, D; Rius, T; Soler-Soler, J, 1996)	1.39
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent with a number of side-effects, the most serious being the development of pulmonary toxicity. "	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Fischer 344 rats. Gairola, CG; Lai, YL; Reinhart, PG, 1996)	3.18
"amiodarone is an effective drug in acute termination of tachycardia mediated by AV nodal reentry and that long-term oral therapy is excellent in preventing recurrence and reinducibility of tachycardia."	( Comparison of electrophysiologic effects and efficacy of single-dose intravenous and long-term oral amiodarone therapy in patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Arora, R; Bhargava, M; Gambhir, DS; Khalilullah, M; Nair, M, )	1.07
"Amiodarone is a widely-used anti-arythmic drug that induces an iodine overload and, in 1 to 23% of the patients, a thyrotoxicosis. "	( [Hyperthyroidism induced by amiodarone and hyperthyroidism induced by iodine. Histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural aspects]. Bigorgne, JC; Dupré, F; Guyétant, S; Rousselet, MC; Saint André, JP; Victor, J; Wion-Barbot, N, 1995)	2.03
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent very often used in clinical practice in spite of its large array of adverse effects. "	( [Acute hepatitis caused by intravenous amiodarone]. Arcusa Gavalda, R; Goma Masip, F; Paniagua Clusells, J; Pons Masanes, S; Soler Masana, JM, 1996)	2.01
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug, frequently used in cardiology, which may produce secondary effects on the thyroid function. "	( [Subtotal thyroidectomy. A treatment to keep in mind in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis]. Alonso Ruiz, F; Altozano Gómez, JC; Alvarez Suárez-Bárcenas, JM; Díaz Pérez de Madrid, J; García Andoaín, JM; García Guerrero, JJ; López Mínguez, JR; Morales Pérez, F; Redondo Méndez, A, 1996)	1.98
"Amiodarone is an unusual class III antiarrhythmic that produces each of the four main types of antiarrhythmic action in addition to other effects, such as vasodilatory, selective antithyroid, and other activities that may be therapeutically relevant. "	( Intravenous amiodarone: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use. Chow, MS, 1996)	2.12
"Amiodarone (AM) is an effective antidysrhythmic agent, restricted in use by the development of adverse effects, including potentially fatal AM-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT). "	( Evaluation of reactive oxygen species involvement in amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in vivo and in vitro. Brien, JF; Leeder, RG; Mandin, CC; Massey, TE; Rafeiro, E, 1996)	1.99
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug used to treat a wide variety of ventricular and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Mechanisms of amiodarone-induced inhibition of Ca2+ current in isolated neonatal rabbit ventricular myocytes. Chen, F; Cho, P; Friedman, WF; Klitzner, TS; Wetzel, GT, 1996)	2.1
"Amiodarone is a powerful antiarrhythmic drug with several potentially beneficial actions, and has shown benefit in several small-scale studies."	( Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators. Camm, AJ; Frangin, G; Janse, MJ; Julian, DG; Munoz, A; Schwartz, PJ; Simon, P, 1997)	1.31
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is an iodine-rich drug effective in the control of various tachyarrhythmias. "	( Lithium treatment in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Adawi, F; Baron, E; Dickstein, G; Ish-Shalom, S; Kaplan, J; Shechner, C, 1997)	2.06
"Amiodarone is a unique antiarrhythmic agent that is now available in oral and intravenous forms in the United States. "	( The role of intravenous amiodarone in the management of cardiac arrhythmias. Chun, S; Desai, AD; Sung, RJ, 1997)	2.05
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic agent with highly variable therapeutic effects. "	( Intestinal absorption kinetics of amiodarone in rat small intestine. Casabó, VG; Martín-Algarra, RV; Merino, M; Pascual-Costa, RM, 1997)	2.02
"Amiodarone is a drug broadly used on cardiac arrhythmias despite its multiple side-effects. "	( A case of amiodarone and neuromyopathy. Magaña Serrano, JA; Peralta Rosado, HR; Sadowinski, E; Silva Oropeza, E; Valero Elizondo, C, )	1.98
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug with numerous side effects, the most serious being the development of pulmonary toxicity. "	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity in Fischer rats: release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta by pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Gairola, CG; Reinhart, PG, 1997)	3.18
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent used in the management of both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Chronic amiodarone reduces transmural dispersion of repolarization in the canine heart. Antzelevitch, C; Elizari, MV; Litovsky, S; Moro, S; Sicouri, S, 1997)	2.17
"Amiodarone is an effective class-III antiarrhythmic agent. "	( [Spontaneous remission of an amiodarone-induced pulmonary lesion]. Müller, M; Schima, W; Weissel, M, 1997)	2.03
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent. "	( Ocular side effects of amiodarone. Ikäheimo, K; Mäntyjärvi, M; Tuppurainen, K, )	1.88
"Amiodarone is a choice drug for the treatment of patients suffering from life-threatening hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmias and depressed ventricular function. "	( [Clinical tolerance of oral loading with elevated doses of amiodarone in a group of patients with heart failure]. Caramanno, G; Di Giovanna, F; Innocente, P, 1997)	1.98
"Amiodarone is a potent and versatile antiarrhythmic. "	( What internists should know about amiodarone. Murphy, MT; Wilkoff, BL, 1998)	2.02
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug widely used to treat a variety of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( [Pseudo-alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis caused by amiodarone (Cordarone)]. Belaiche, J; Lamproye, A; Larrey, D; Ramos, J, 1998)	1.99
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent that may reduce mortality rates in heart failure, but little is known about its effects on heart rate variability."	( Effect of partial arrhythmia suppression with amiodarone on heart rate variability of patients with congestive heart failure. Ferlin, E; Moraes, RS; Polanczyk, CA; Ribeiro, JP; Rohde, LE, 1998)	1.28
"Amiodarone is an antiarrythmic agent, which is often successfully used when all other antiarrythmics have failed. "	( Amiodarone induced epididymitis in children. Diamond, DA; Hutcheson, J; Peters, CA, 1998)	3.19
"Amiodarone seems to be an effective drug in the control of the life-threatening and/or drug-resistant supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in children."	( Amiodarone used alone or in combination with propranolol: a very effective therapy for tachyarrhythmias in infants and children. Di Liso, G; Drago, F; Guccione, P; Mafrici, A; Mazza, A; Ragonese, P, )	2.3
"Amiodarone (AM) is an efficacious antidysrhythmic agent that is limited clinically by numerous adverse effects. "	( Amiodarone-induced disruption of hamster lung and liver mitochondrial function: lack of association with thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance production. Bray, TM; Brien, JF; Card, JW; Lalonde, BR; Massey, TE; Racz, WJ; Rafeiro, E; Tam, AS, 1998)	3.19
"Amiodarone (AMD) is an antiarrhythmic drug which contains 37% of iodine. "	( Transient neonatal hypothyroidism after gestational exposure to amiodarone: a follow-up of two cases. Berardi, R; Cioni, M; Grosso, S; Morgese, G, 1998)	1.98
"Amiodarone is an increasingly valuable component of today's antiarrhythmic therapy."	( Oral amiodarone: historical overview and development. Pollak, PT, )	2.09
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic drug, but is associated with adverse effects involving several organs. "	( Optimal management of amiodarone therapy: efficacy and side effects. Doering, P; Hilleman, D; Miller, MA; Parker, R; Pieper, JA, )	1.89
"Amiodarone is a safe and efficacious antiarrhythmic agent when lower dosages are given to patients who are closely monitored and subject to careful follow-up."	( Optimal management of amiodarone therapy: efficacy and side effects. Doering, P; Hilleman, D; Miller, MA; Parker, R; Pieper, JA, )	1.89
"Amiodarone is a benzofuran derivative with a chemical structure similar to thyroxine. "	( Amiodarone-associated hemoptysis. Brockman, SK; Galindo, L; Kaufman, MS; Morris, RJ; Ravishankar, R; Samuels, FL; Samuels, LE; Thomas, MP, 1998)	3.19
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent. "	( [Follow-up of patients treated by amiodarone]. Kulbertus, H; Lancellotti, P; Mélon, P, 1998)	2.02
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug, the mechanisms of action of which remain incompletely understood. "	( Electrophysiologic effects of chronic amiodarone therapy and hypothyroidism, alone and in combination, on guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Bosch, RF; Gaspo, R; Li, GR; Nattel, S, 1999)	2.02
"Amiodarone (AD) is an effective antidysrythmic drug, however, there can be serious side effects, such as hepatic and neurological alterations, as well as skin photosensitization, as seen in porphyrias. "	( Amiodarone is a pharmacologically safe drug for porphyrias. Batlle, A; Enríquez de Salamanca, R; Méndez, M; Parera, V, 1999)	3.19
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic drug that is sometimes effective in patients with AVRT which is resistant to conventional antiarrhythmic drugs."	( Effect of intravenous amiodarone on electrophysiologic variables and on the modes of termination of atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Kuga, K; Sugishita, Y; Yamaguchi, I, 1999)	1.34
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a powerful anti-arrhythmic drug used for the treatment of a wide variety of cardiac arrhythmias and its most striking feature is its high iodine content. "	( Amiodarone compared with iodine exhibits a potent and persistent inhibitory effect on TSH-stimulated cAMP production in vitro: a possible mechanism to explain amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism. Boyages, SC; Pitsiavas, V; Smerdely, P, 1999)	3.19
"Amiodarone is an iodinated benzofuran derivative largely used as an antiarrhythmic. "	( Neutrality of amiodarone on the initiation and propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation. Carnieri, EG; Dinis, TC; Madeira, VM; Mansani, FP, 1999)	2.11
"Amiodarone (AM) is a potent antidysrhythmic agent that is limited in clinical use by its adverse effects, including potentially life-threatening AM-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT). "	( Effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on pulmonary morphology and collagen deposition in amiodarone- and vehicle-treated hamsters. Bray, TM; Brien, JF; Card, JW; Leeder, RG; Massey, TE; Racz, WJ, 1999)	1.96
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent commonly used in the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone: clinical trials. Luck, JC; Naccarelli, GV; Patel, HM; Wolbrette, DL, 2000)	3.19
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug used in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Hepatopathy in 4 dogs treated with amiodarone. Calvert, C; Jacobs, G; Kraus, M, )	1.85
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent commonly used in the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone: what have we learned from clinical trials? Dell'Orfano, JT; Luck, JC; Naccarelli, GV; Patel, HM; Wolbrette, DL, 2000)	3.19
"Amiodarone is a class III anti-arrhythmic drug that is widely used for the management of ventricular and supraventricular tachydysrhythmias."	( Refractory amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis: an indication for thyroidectomy. Burgess, JR; Claxton, S; Donovan, S; Greenaway, TM; Hoffman, L; Loughhead, M; Sinha, SN, 2000)	1.42
"Amiodarone is an iodinated benzofuran derivative class III antiarrhythmic that is highly effective in suppressing ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone pulmonary, neuromuscular and ophthalmological toxicity. Burns, KE; Ferguson, KA; Garcia, BM; Piliotis, E, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is an increasingly popular and uniquely effective antiarrhythmic agent for which population pharmacokinetic parameters in patients receiving long-term oral therapy have not been defined previously."	( Population pharmacokinetics of long-term oral amiodarone therapy. Bouillon, T; Pollak, PT; Shafer, SL, 2000)	2.01
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent that is effective in treating different types of cardiac dysrhythmias. "	( Bone marrow granulomas possibly associated with amiodarone. McIntyre, WW; Ranelli, PL; Sun, TJ; Yamreudeewong, W, 2000)	2.01
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent with complex chronic effects, notably on repolarization and conduction, that are not fully understood. "	( Chronic amiodarone effects on epicardial conduction and repolarization in the isolated porcine heart. Adamantidis, M; Dumotier, B; Dupuis, B; Extramiana, F; Grandmougin, D; Kacet, S; Lacroix, D; Sautière, K, 2000)	2.18
"Amiodarone is an effective cardiac antiarytmic drug. "	( Amiodarone pigmentation, eye and thyroid alterations. Alpay, K; Apaydin, R; Bahadir, S; Cobanoilu, U; Gökçe, M; Kapicioilu, Z; Ozoran, Y, 2000)	3.19
"Amiodarone is an effective and safe therapy for tachycardia control in infancy."	( Amiodarone is safe and highly effective therapy for supraventricular tachycardia in infants. Compton, SJ; Craig, JE; Etheridge, SP, 2001)	3.2
"Amiodarone (AMI) is a potent antiarrhythmic drug, but its metabolism has not yet been fully documented. "	( Metabolism of amiodarone (part I): identification of a new hydroxylated metabolite of amiodarone. Altorfer, HR; Bigler, L; Binder, M; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Hesse, M; Kozlik, P; Stieger, B, 2001)	2.11
"Amiodarone is a useful drug for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Serum KL-6 as a possible marker for amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Kawahara, Y; Matsushima, T; Miyashita, N; Nakajima, M; Niki, Y; Yoshida, K, 2000)	2.02
"Amiodarone is a benzofuranic-derivative iodine-rich drug widely used for the treatment of tachyarrhythmias and, to a lesser extent, of ischemic heart disease. "	( The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid. Bartalena, L; Bogazzi, F; Braverman, LE; Martino, E, 2001)	2.11
"Amiodarone (AD) is a very effective anti-arrhythmic drug, but its use is often associated with serious pulmonary complications such as pneumonitis and interstitial pulmonary disease. "	( Use of technetium-99m HMPAO scintigraphy for the detection of amiodarone lung toxicity in a rabbit model. Bekis, R; Capa Kaya, G; Durak, H; Ertay, T; Gure, A; Kargi, A; Kirimca, F, 2001)	1.99
"Amiodarone (AMI) is a potent antiarrhythmic drug. "	( Metabolism of amiodarone. II. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for mono-N-desethylamiodarone hydroxylation in liver microsomes. Bigler, L; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Kozlik, P; Stieger, B, 2001)	2.11
"Amiodarone is a lipophilic antiarrhythmic/antianginal drug which is able to influence the physicochemical status of biological lipid components."	( Antioxidant activity of amiodarone on human lipoprotein oxidation. Bruno, C; Ciofani, G; Cuccurullo, F; Lapenna, D; Pierdomenico, SD, 2001)	1.34
"Amiodarone is a commonly used anti-arrhythmic agent, with well-recognized chronic toxicity. "	( Is amiodarone an underrecognized cause of acute respiratory failure in the ICU? Ashrafian, H; Davey, P, 2001)	2.37
"1. Amiodarone (AMI) is a potent anti-arrhythmic drug and mono-N-desethylamiodarone (MDEA) is its only known metabolite. "	( Metabolism of amiodarone (Part III): identification of rabbit cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the hydroxylation of mono-N-desethylamiodarone. Bigler, L; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Kozlik, P; Stieger, B, 2001)	1.29
"Amiodarone (AM) is a potent and efficacious antidysrhythmic agent that can cause potentially life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis. "	( Effects of vitamin E on cytotoxicity of amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone in isolated hamster lung cells. Bolt, MW; Brien, JF; Massey, TE; Racz, WJ, 2001)	2.02
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug that can cause interstitial pneumonitis leading to pulmonary fibrosis. "	( HRCT findings of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity: clinical and radiologic regression. Heering, P; Hetzel, G; Koch, JA; May, P; Mödder, U; Poll, LW, 2001)	2.09
"Amiodarone (AM) is an antidysrhythmic agent with a propensity to cause pulmonary toxicity, including potentially fatal fibrosis. "	( Induction of c-jun and TGF-beta 1 in Fischer 344 rats during amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Bennett, BM; Brien, JF; Chung, WH; Massey, TE; Racz, WJ, 2001)	1.99
"Amiodarone is a well-known mitochondrial toxin consisting of a benzofuran ring (ring A) coupled to a p-OH-benzene structure substituted with 2 iodines and a diethyl-ethanolamine side chain (ring B)."	( Toxicity of amiodarone and amiodarone analogues on isolated rat liver mitochondria. Bracher, R; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Krähenbühl, S; Spaniol, M, 2001)	2.13
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent for the prevention of life-threatening arrhythmias. "	( Two cases of bronchial asthma after treatment with amiodarone. Imamura, H; Izawa, A; Kinoshita, O; Koizumi, T; Kubo, K; Kumazaki, S; Maruyama, K; Takahashi, W; Uchikawa, SI; Yazaki, Y; Yokoseki, O, 2001)	2.01
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug rarely associated with torsade de pointes arrhythmias (TdP). "	( Chronic amiodarone evokes no torsade de pointes arrhythmias despite QT lengthening in an animal model of acquired long-QT syndrome. de Groot, SH; Leunissen, JD; Molenschot, MM; Schoenmakers, M; van Der Hulst, FF; van Opstal, JM; Verduyn, SC; Vos, MA; Wellens, HJ, 2001)	2.19
"Amiodarone is a structural analogue of thyroid hormone and some of its anti-arrhythmic properties and toxicity may be attributable to interactions with nuclear thyroid hormone receptors."	( Amiodarone -- waxed and waned and waxed again. Doggrell, SA, 2001)	2.47
"Amiodarone is a heavily iodinated drug effective in the control of various tachyarrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: not a benign condition. Belchetz, PE; Leung, PM; Quinn, ND, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent commonly used to treat cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Intravenous amiodarone modifies autonomic balance and increases baroreflex sensitivity in conscious rats. de Melo Alves, R; Dias da Silva Valdo, J; Fazan, R; Malliani, A; Montano, N; Porta, A; Ruscone, TG; Salgado, HC; Viana Públio, CC, 2002)	2.14
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent for life-threatening arrhythmias but has some noncardiac toxicity. "	( Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) induced by amiodarone: a report on two cases. Ikegami, H; Kasanuki, H; Nirei, T; Shiga, T; Tsushima, T, 2002)	1.99
"Amiodarone is a widely used and effective long-term antiarrhythmic drug but with known adverse effects. "	( [Early-onset acute toxic hepatitis induced by intravenous amiodarone administration]. García Sánchez, MV; González Galilea, A; la Mata García, M; Miño Fugarolas, G, )	1.82
"Amiodarone is a drug which is frequently used in cardiology, and which can lead to the appearance of hyper- of hypo-thyroidism in certain cases. "	( [Amiodarone and thyroid function]. Bernard, R; Blockx, P; Broeckaert, I; Jonckheer, MH, 1976)	2.61
"Amiodarone, which is an effective treatment for angina, is not free from risk, even at the doses which are currently accepted."	( [Hyperthyroidism caused by amiodarone. Apropos of 4 clinical cases]. Chapelle, M; Naouri, R; Wolff, F, 1976)	1.27
"Amiodarone is a drug used to treat refractory tachyarrhythmias. "	( [Pneumopathy induced by amiodarone. Radiological data]. Balmaseda, C; Bordas, Y; Led, A; Mazas-Artasona, L, 1992)	2.03
"Amiodarone is a benzofurane derivative which contains an appreciable amount of iodine (37%). "	( [Effects of amiodarone on the thyroid gland in euthyroid and hypothyroid animals]. Cvejić, D; Mićić, JV; Savin, S; Sinadinović, J, 1992)	2.11
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug with negative inotropic effect; therefore an study of hemodynamic effects of this drug in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was performed. "	( [Short and long term hemodynamic effects of amiodarone in patients with hypertrophic obstructive myocardiopathy. Combined evaluation using invasive and noninvasive methods]. Cárdenas, M; Huerta, D; Vidal, J, )	1.84
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent whose utility is limited by many side-effects, the most problematic being pneumonitis. "	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Pitcher, WD, 1992)	3.17
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is an antiarrhythmic agent useful in arrhythmias refractory to standard therapy. "	( Pulmonary complications after long term amiodarone treatment. Heras, M; Magriñà, J; Roca, J; Rodriguez-Roisin, R; Sanz, G; Xaubet, A, 1992)	1.99
"Amiodarone is an amphiphilic drug that penetrates easily through the plasmatic membrane and can induce the production of lysosome lamellar bodies in virtually all cells of the organism, independently of toxic effects. "	( [Value of lamellar body quantification in leukocytes in amiodarone toxicity]. Carvalho-Pinto, RM; Cukier, A; Falzoni, R; Pileggi, F; Terra Filho, M; Vargas, FS, )	1.82
"Amiodarone proved to be an effective drug also for the long-term treatment of ventricular tachycardia, and possibly for the prevention of sudden cardiac death."	( [Long-term treatment with amiodarone]. Baedeker, W; Barthel, P; Blömer, H; Goedel-Meinen, L; Hofmann, M; Schmidt, G, 1991)	1.3
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug with sympatholytic properties, which prolongs the refractory period of all cardiac tissues, depresses sinus node automaticity and atrioventricular nodal conduction. "	( Practical aspects of the use of amiodarone. Puech, P, 1991)	2.01
"amiodarone is an effective anti-arrhythmic drug, the effectiveness of which is based on a prolongation of the action potential and thus a lengthening of the refractory period."	( [Amiodarone for long-term treatment of ventricular arrhythmias]. Müller, M; Wiedey, KD, 1991)	1.91
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug handicapped by serious side effects. "	( Voltage- and use-dependent modulation of calcium channel current in guinea pig ventricular cells by amiodarone and des-oxo-amiodarone. Bennett, PB; Valenzuela, C, 1991)	1.94
"Amiodarone is a unique antiarrhythmic agent originally developed as a vasodilator. "	( Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Freedman, MD; Somberg, JC, 1991)	2
"Amiodarone is a clinically effective antiarrhythmic drug shown to cause lung damage in humans and animals. "	( Accumulation of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone by rat alveolar macrophages in cell culture. Antonini, JM; Reasor, MJ, 1991)	2.07
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug that concentrates in the lungs and can cause pulmonary damage in humans. "	( Influence of a pre-existing phospholipidosis on the accumulation of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in rat alveolar macrophages. Reasor, MJ, 1991)	1.96
"Amiodarone is a diiodinated benzofuran derivative that has some structural similarities to the thyroid hormones and contains two iodine atoms per molecule. "	( Amiodarone antagonizes the effects of T3 at the receptor level: an additional mechanism for its in vivo hypothyroid-like effects. Lambert, C; Paradis, P; Rouleau, J, 1991)	3.17
"Amiodarone (A) is a widely-used antiarrhythmic drug. "	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Immunoallergologic tests and bronchoalveolar lavage phospholipid content. Escamilla, R; Migueres, J; Nicolet-Chatelain, G; Prevost, MC, 1991)	3.17
"Amiodarone is a class III anti-arrhythmic compound that is iodinated, cationic and amphiphilic in nature. "	( Effects of amiodarone administration during pregnancy in Fischer 344 rats. Hill, DA; Reasor, MJ, 1991)	2.11
"Amiodarone is a Class III antiarrhythmic agent that has been implicated as a cause of human pulmonary fibrosis. "	( Effects of amiodarone on elastin biosynthesis in primary hamster lung cell cultures. Baturay, NZ; Cerreta, JM; Costa, KA, 1991)	2.11
"Amiodarone is an iodinated cardiac antiarrhythmic drug that causes a slate- gray discoloration of sun-exposed skin. "	( [Amiodarone-induced pigmentation. A histological, ultrastructural study and review of the literature]. Bollati, A; Borroni, G; Brazzelli, V; Dal Tio, R; Rabbiosi, G; Riva, R, 1990)	2.63
"1. Amiodarone is a potent anti-arrhythmic drug with lipophilic properties. "	( Effect of amiodarone on erythrocyte shape and membrane properties. Reinhart, WH; Rohner, F, 1990)	1.3
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug that often induces thyroid disorders. "	( Amiodarone effects on thyrotropin receptors and responses stimulated by thyrotropin and carbachol in cultured dog thyroid cells. Rani, CS, 1990)	3.16
"Amiodarone is a potent and efficacious antiarrhythmic agent, yet associated with its use are life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis and hepatotoxicity. "	( Repeated amiodarone exposure in the rat: toxicity and effects on hepatic and extrahepatic monooxygenase activities. Brien, JF; Daniels, JM; Leeder, RG; Massey, TE, 1990)	2.14
"Amiodarone pneumonitis is a serious complication that may lead to fatal lung fibrosis. "	( Pulmonary clearance of technetium 99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid aerosol in patients with amiodarone pneumonitis. Camargo, EE; Cukier, A; Meneguetti, JC; Soares Júnior, J; Teixeira, LR; Terra-Filho, M; Vargas, FS, 1990)	1.94
"Amiodarone is a potent antidysrhythmic drug that is associated with severe pulmonary toxicity. "	( Amiodarone-induced injury of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells: protection by alpha-tocopherol. Kachel, DL; Martin, WJ; Moyer, TP, 1990)	3.16
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is a diiodinated antiarrhythmic agent widely used in the treatment of cardiac disorders. "	( Effect of amiodarone on Na+-, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in rat brain synaptosomes. Camus, PH; Mehendale, HM; Prasada Rao, KS; Rao, SB, 1986)	2.12
"Amiodarone is a benzofuranic derivative widely used in cardiologic practice because of its excellent antiarrhythmic properties. "	( [Efficacy of propylthiouracil in the treatment of amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism]. Bianchi, C; Meruane, J; Pineda, G; Valenzuela, MA, 1989)	1.97
"Amiodarone is a unique class III antiarrhythmic drug with several unusual pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicological actions which are quite distinct from those of the standard antiarrhythmic drugs. "	( Basic and clinical pharmacology of amiodarone: relationship of antiarrhythmic effects, dose and drug concentrations to intracellular inclusion bodies. Somani, P, 1989)	2
"Amiodarone is an effective agent for all types of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias regardless of mechanism and may, in fact, control a high percentage of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic agents. "	( Efficacy and toxicity of amiodarone for the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Horowitz, LN; Kopelman, HA, )	1.88
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent with unique electrophysiological and pharmacokinetic properties and a wide spectrum of antiarrhythmic activity. "	( Amiodarone. Reddy, CP; Smith, WC, 1989)	3.16
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug for the control of potentially lethal and lethal ventricular arrhythmias (VA). "	( Long-term efficacy and toxicity of high- and low-dose amiodarone regimens. Aragon, E; Faitel, K; Frumin, H; Kerin, NZ; Rubenfire, M, 1989)	1.97
"Amiodarone is an extremely effective antiarrhythmic agent for the treatment of both life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and refractory supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Adverse effects of amiodarone. Pathogenesis, incidence and management. Dougherty, AH; Fitzgerald, DM; Naccarelli, GV; Rinkenberger, RL, )	1.9
"Amiodarone is an effective agent in the treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary mass. Faber, LP; Piccione, W; Rosenberg, MS, 1989)	3.16
"Amiodarone (Cordarone) is an antiarrhythmic drug that may cause toxic pulmonary reactions. "	( [Pneumonitis following amiodarone therapy]. Cleeren, P; Denis, L; Reymen, I, 1989)	2.03
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is a benzofurane derivative used to combat cardiac arrhythmia since 1960."	( [Cataracts]. Hachet, E, 1985)	0.89
"Amiodarone is a benzofuran derivative that has been effective for the treatment of both supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone: pharmacology and antiarrhythmic and adverse effects. Dougherty, AH; Giebel, RA; Naccarelli, GV; Rinkenberger, RL, )	3.02
"Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug, which contains 75 mg of iodide per 200 mg of active substance. "	( Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism. A common complication of prolonged therapy: a report of eight cases. Atkinson, AB; Campbell, NP; Ferguson, WR; Geddes, JS; Hawthorne, GC; Postlethwaite, W; Sheridan, B, 1985)	3.15
"Amiodarone is a new antiarrhythmic drug approved for therapy of life-threatening ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation refractory to previous antiarrhythmic therapy. "	( Practical follow-up guidelines for patients treated with amiodarone. Podrid, PJ, 1987)	1.96
"Amiodarone is an iodinated antiarrhythmic agent that is effective in the treatment of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Gallium uptake in the thyroid gland in amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism. Dake, MD; Ling, MC; Okerlund, MD, 1988)	1.99
"Amiodarone is a drug used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and is believed to have a persistent interaction with cellular membranes. "	( Structure and location of amiodarone in a membrane bilayer as determined by molecular mechanics and quantitative x-ray diffraction. Chester, DW; Herbette, LG; Moring, J; Rhodes, D; Trumbore, M, 1988)	2.02
"1. Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug whose therapeutic usefulness is limited by variable pharmacokinetics and considerable toxicity. "	( Plasma protein binding of amiodarone in a patient population: measurement by erythrocyte partitioning and a novel glass-binding method. Hendriks, R; McLean, S; Veronese, ME, 1988)	1.2
"Amiodarone is a safe and effective alternative to standard therapy in patients with refractory sustained or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation."	( Amiodarone in the management of refractory atrial fibrillation. Benaderet, D; Blevins, RD; Faitel, K; Frumin, H; Jarandilla, R; Kerin, NZ; Rubenfire, M, 1987)	2.44
"Amiodarone is a powerful anti-arrhythmic drug. "	( Noncardiac side-effects of long-term oral amiodarone in the elderly. Bailey, RJ; Hyatt, RH; Martin, A; Sinha, B; Vallon, A, 1988)	1.98
"Amiodarone is an anti-arrhythmic drug with a content of 39% Iodine. "	( Congenital hypothyroid goiter and amiodarone. De Schepper, J; De Wolf, D; Deneyer, M; Sacre-Smits, L; Smitz, J; Verhaaren, H, 1988)	2
"Amiodarone is a potent antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug which affects the lipid dynamics. "	( Ionization state of amiodarone mediates its mode of interaction with lipid bilayers. Caspers, J; Chatelain, P; Ferreira, J; Ruysschaert, JM, 1987)	2.04
"Amiodarone is a useful antiarrhythmic agent whose pharmacokinetics are incompletely characterised. "	( Plasma amiodarone concentrations during intravenous infusion. Hutchings, A; Routledge, PA; Stephens, MR; Watt, AH, 1986)	2.17
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic drug with a prolonged half life. "	( Effect of amiodarone on blood lipids. Abraham, AS; Goldstein, R; Gottlieb, S; Sonnenblick, M, 1986)	2.12
"Amiodarone is a potent class III antiarrhythmic agent that has a slow onset of action in patients (ca. "	( Effect of the induction of amiodarone biotransformation on ventricular refractory periods in rats. Cardinal, R; Lambert, C; Nadeau, R; Vermeulen, M, 1986)	2.01
"Amiodarone is a cationic amphiphilic compound, and other drugs with this property have keratopathy, retinopathy, and optic neuropathy as side effects."	( Papillopathy caused by amiodarone. Asdourian, GK; Gittinger, JW, 1987)	1.3
"Amiodarone is an amphiphilic iodinated compound that is used as a treatment for refractory ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Increased hepatic density and phospholipidosis due to amiodarone. Barker, ME; Boyer, TD; Goldberg, HI; Goldman, IS; Keung, E; Raper, SE; Winkler, ML, 1985)	1.96
"Amiodarone appears to be a better antiarrhythmic drug for chagasic patients, due to its greater effectiveness and lower incidence of side effects."	( Effect of low oral doses of disopyramide and amiodarone on ventricular and atrial arrhythmias of chagasic patients with advanced myocardial damage. Carrasco, HA; Fuenmayor, A; Landaeta, A; López, F; Molina, C; Reynosa, J; Vicuña, AV; Vicuña, N, 1985)	1.25
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent of high safety."	( [Acute amiodarone poisoning. Clinical and pharmacokinetic study]. Berger, Y; Bouffard, Y; Delafosse, B; Guillaume, C; Matteazzi, JR; Motin, J; Perrot, D; Tournadre, P, 1985)	1.45
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent known to cause prolongation of action potential duration which is reflected in the electrocardiogram as a prolongation of the QT interval. "	( QT prolongation and the antiarrhythmic efficacy of amiodarone. Flowers, D; Keefe, D; Lam, S; Miura, DS; Somberg, JC; Tepper, D; Torres, V; Wynn, J, 1986)	1.97
"Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent, which acts by lengthening repolarization in the myocardium, an effect that is identical to that produced by hypothyroidism."	( Effects of desethylamiodarone on thyroid hormone metabolism in rats: comparison with the effects of amiodarone. Al-Sarraf, L; Hershman, JM; Singh, BN; Venkatesh, N, 1986)	1.32
"Amiodarone (Cordarone) is an iodinated compound widely used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias for more than a decade. "	( Cutaneous hyperpigmentation induced by amiodarone hydrochloride. Alinovi, A; Gabrielli, M; Melissari, M; Reverberi, C, 1985)	1.98
"Amiodarone hydrochloride is an antiarrhythmic drug which produces a keratopathy and anterior subcapsular lens opacities that are usually asymptomatic. "	( Amiodarone keratopathy and lens opacities. Dolan, BJ; Flach, AJ; Peterson, JS, 1985)	3.15
"Amiodarone is an investigational antiarrhythmic agent known to cause pulmonary toxicity. "	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity: early changes in pulmonary function tests during amiodarone rechallenge. Reid, PR; Veltri, EP, 1985)	3.15
"Amiodarone is a cardiac antiarrhythmic agent now undergoing clinical trials in the United States. "	( Dense liver in a 72-year-old woman with congestive heart failure. Duncan-Myers, J; Jones, WP; Shin, MS; Stanley, RJ, 1985)	1.71
"Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent whose use is associated with several drug interactions one of which is potentiation of the action of warfarin. "	( Amiodarone reduces plasma warfarin clearance in man. Buss, DC; Routledge, PA; Stephens, MR; Watt, AH, 1985)	3.15

Effects

Amiodarone has a complex effect on the thyroid gland, ranging from abnormalities of thyroid function tests to overt thyroid dysfunction, with either thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism. The drug has a low bioavailability and a long half-life that may last 2 months in patients receiving short-term therapy.

Amiodarone has a complex effect on the thyroid gland, ranging from abnormalities of thyroid function tests to overt thyroid dysfunction. It has superior efficacy over other antiarrhythmics, a lower risk of torsade de pointes, and a better cardiovascular safety profile in patients with structural heart disease.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amiodarone has a potent trypanocidal and leishmanicidal action, mainly acting through the disruption of parasite intracellular Ca"	( The Rationale for Use of Amiodarone and its Derivatives for the Treatment of Chagas' Disease and Leishmaniasis. Benaim, G; Paniz-Mondolfi, AE; Sordillo, EM, 2021)	1.65
"Amiodarone has a complex effect on the thyroid gland, ranging from abnormalities of thyroid function tests to overt thyroid dysfunction, with either thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism."	( Amiodarone induced myxedema coma: Two case reports and literature review. Abuarqoub, A; Hawatmeh, A; Shamoon, F; Thawabi, M, )	2.3
"Amiodarone has a variable oral bioavailability."	( [Amiodarone administered orally or intravenously - the same or different drug?]. Kosior, DA; Krzykwa, A; Postuła, M, 2013)	2.02
"Amiodarone has a conversion rate in atrial fibrillation of up to 80%."	( Arrhythmias in the intensive care patient. Brandts, B; Trappe, HJ; Weismueller, P, 2003)	1.04
"Amiodarone has a significant side effect profile, which includes thyroid dysfunction."	( Management of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Gilbey, SG; Rajeswaran, C; Shelton, RJ, 2003)	1.4
"Amiodarone has a high iodine content that can induce persistent iodine excess and may prevent radioiodine (RI) treatment."	( Plasma exchanges overcome persistent iodine overload to enable 131I ablation of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Dib-Deperrest, A; Hindie, E; Houzé, P; Moretti, JL; Parquet, N; Toubert, ME, 2008)	1.79
"Amiodarone has a large volume of distribution and is widely distributed in body tissues."	( Amiodarone: a unique antiarrhythmic agent. Sloskey, GE, )	2.3
"Amiodarone has a reduced clearance rate, large volume of distribution, low bioavailability and a long half-life that may last 2 months in patients receiving short-term therapy."	( Amiodarone: electrophysiologic actions, pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Heger, JJ; Prystowsky, EN; Zipes, DP, 1984)	2.43
"Amiodarone has an effect on the peripheral conversion of thyroxin which leads to misleading thyroid tests results."	( Amiodarone and the thyroid gland. A review. Jonckheer, MH, 1981)	2.43
"Amiodarone has a moderate slowing effect on the VT cycle length."	( Interactions between implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and class III agents. Marchlinski, FE; Movsowitz, C, 1998)	1.02
"Amiodarone has a "reserpine-like" sympatholytic action in the heart. "	( Presynaptic antisympathetic action of amiodarone and its metabolite desethylamiodarone. Dart, AM; Du, XJ; Esler, MD; Haikerwal, D; Turner, A, 1999)	2.02
"Amiodarone has a high incidence of side effects, but few pro-arrhythmic effects. "	( Amiodarone-induced torsade de pointes in a child with dilated cardiomyopathy. Bevilacqua, M; Drago, F; Ragonese, P; Silvetti, MS, 2001)	3.2
"Amiodarone has a broad spectrum as an antiarrhythmic agent and is indicated for patients with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced keratopathy in healthy dogs. Bicer, S; Fuller, GA; Hamlin, RL; Wilkie, DA; Yamaguchi, M, 2002)	3.2
"Amiodarone has a more favourable therapeutic profile than flecainide and propafenone in these patients, having less tendency to worsen heart failure."	( A multicentre, randomized trial on the benefit/risk profile of amiodarone, flecainide and propafenone in patients with cardiac disease and complex ventricular arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic Drug Evaluation Group (A.D.E.G.). , 1992)	1.24
"Amiodarone has a lower incidence of proarrhythmia and heart failure exacerbation compared with class I drugs."	( Low-dose amiodarone for atrial fibrillation: time for a prospective study? Middlekauff, HR; Saxon, LA; Stevenson, WG; Wiener, I, 1992)	1.42
"Amiodarone has a good antiarrhythmic effect administered either acutely or chronically. "	( [Acute antiarrhythmia treatment with amiodarone and blood levels of thyroid hormones]. Fazzini, PF; Gheri, RG; Marchi, F; Multinu, D; Paladini, S; Zambaldi, G, 1987)	1.99
"Amiodarone has a high membrane partition coefficient on the order of 10(6)."	( Structure and location of amiodarone in a membrane bilayer as determined by molecular mechanics and quantitative x-ray diffraction. Chester, DW; Herbette, LG; Moring, J; Rhodes, D; Trumbore, M, 1988)	1.3
"Amiodarone has multiple pharmacological effects in heart. "	( Amiodarone: biochemical evidence for binding to a receptor for class I drugs associated with the rat cardiac sodium channel. Cannon, NJ; Duff, HJ; Hill, RJ; Sheldon, RS, 1989)	3.16
"Amiodarone has superior efficacy relative to other AADs."	( Relationship between amiodarone response prior to ablation and 1-year outcomes of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Akhtar, T; Berger, R; Brilliant, J; Calkins, H; Marine, J; Milstein, J; Sampognaro, JR; Spragg, D; Yadav, R, 2023)	1.95
"Amiodarone has been shown to accumulate strongly in lung tissue, exceeding its plasma concentration by a hundredfold."	( Life cell imaging of amiodarone sequestration into lamellar bodies of alveolar type II cells. Haller, T; Hidalgo, A; Jesacher, A; Schmidt, C, 2024)	2.48
"Amiodarone has been associated with adverse events that may restrict its use. "	( Meta-Analysis Comparing the Relative Risk of Adverse Events for Amiodarone Versus Placebo. Aboujamous, NM; Foy, AJ; Ghahramani, M; Mandrola, J; Moroi, MK; Naccarelli, GV; Ruzieh, M, 2019)	2.2
"Amiodarone has a potent trypanocidal and leishmanicidal action, mainly acting through the disruption of parasite intracellular Ca"	( The Rationale for Use of Amiodarone and its Derivatives for the Treatment of Chagas' Disease and Leishmaniasis. Benaim, G; Paniz-Mondolfi, AE; Sordillo, EM, 2021)	1.65
"Amiodarone has been conventionally used in its treatment."	( Ivabradine Versus Amiodarone in the Management of Postoperative Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia: A Randomized, Open-Label, Noninferiority Study. Arvind, B; Chowdhury, UK; Devagourou, V; Gupta, SK; Hote, MP; Juneja, R; Kothari, SS; Rajashekar, P; Ramakrishnan, S; Sahu, MK; Saxena, A; Singh, SP; Talwar, S, 2021)	1.68
"Amiodarone has multiple and complex electrophysiological effects that render it a very effective antiarrhythmic drug for the treatment of both, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( [Clinical aspects of treatment with amiodarone]. Haverkamp, W; Israel, C; Parwani, A, 2017)	2.17
"Amiodarone induced TdP has favorable prognosis if recognized and treated promptly, and these patients should not receive amiodarone by any route in future."	( Incidence of drug-induced torsades de pointes with intravenous amiodarone. Balasubramanian, V; Chakali, SS; Chollenhalli Nanjappa, M; Pillai, V; Rachaiah, JM; Shenthar, J, )	1.09
"Amiodarone has been used a first-line agent to treat ventricular arrhythmias post-LVAD implantation."	( Left Ventricular Assist Device Thrombosis-Amiodarone-Induced Hyperthyroidism: Causal Link? Acharya, D; Hornbuckle, L; Joly, J; Pamboukian, S; Rajapreyar, I; Sharpton, J; Tallaj, J, 2019)	1.5
"Amiodarone has a complex effect on the thyroid gland, ranging from abnormalities of thyroid function tests to overt thyroid dysfunction, with either thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism."	( Amiodarone induced myxedema coma: Two case reports and literature review. Abuarqoub, A; Hawatmeh, A; Shamoon, F; Thawabi, M, )	2.3
"Amiodarone has a variable oral bioavailability."	( [Amiodarone administered orally or intravenously - the same or different drug?]. Kosior, DA; Krzykwa, A; Postuła, M, 2013)	2.02
"Amiodarone has been widely used in treating cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced lupus-like syndrome. Saad, W; Yachoui, R, )	3.02
"Amiodarone has been implicated as a cause of thrombocytopenia but the responsible mechanism is unknown. "	( Acute thrombocytopenia in patients treated with amiodarone is caused by antibodies specific for platelet membrane glycoproteins. Aster, R; Bougie, D; Caulfield, M; Clarke, N; Koch, R; Sahud, MA, 2013)	2.09
"Amiodarone also has activity against Leishmania mexicana, suggesting that dronedarone might likewise be active against this organism."	( Dronedarone, an amiodarone analog with improved anti-Leishmania mexicana efficacy. Benaim, G; Casanova, P; Concepcion, JL; Hernandez-Rodriguez, V; Liu, YL; Mujica-Gonzalez, S; Oldfield, E; Paniz-Mondolfi, A; Parra-Gimenez, N; Plaza-Rojas, L; Suarez, AI, 2014)	1.47
"Amiodarone has superior efficacy over other antiarrhythmics, a lower risk of torsade de pointes, and a better cardiovascular safety profile in patients with structural heart disease."	( Effectiveness of Pharmacist-Led Amiodarone Monitoring Services on Improving Adherence to Amiodarone Monitoring Recommendations: A Systematic Review. Brown, RE; Dixon, DL; Dunn, SP; Kelly, MS; McLlarky, TR, 2016)	1.44
"Amiodarone and lithium have been reported to induce thyroid dysfunction."	( Exploring New Zealand prescription data using sequence symmetry analyses for predicting adverse drug reactions. Chyou, TY; Nishtala, PS, 2017)	1.18
"Amiodarone has been used widely for treating resistant tachyarrhythmias in the past three decades."	( Benzofuran derivatives and the thyroid. Han, TS; Vanderpump, MP; Williams, GR, 2009)	1.07
"Amiodarone has the potential for interaction with many cardiac and non-cardiac drugs."	( Incompatibility between intravenous amiodarone and heparin in an infant. Boriani, G; Bronzetti, G; D'Angelo, C; Mariucci, E; Picchio, FM, 2010)	1.36
"Amiodarone has been shown to have antifungal activity in vitro and causes a massive increase in cytoplasmic calcium levels ([Ca2+]cyt)."	( Amiodarone induces stress responses and calcium flux mediated by the cell wall in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Courchesne, WE; Liao, S; Tunc, M, 2009)	2.52
"Amiodarone has belonged to frequently used antiarrhythmic in the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhytmias since the sixties of the twentieth century. "	( [Skin adverse effects of amiodarone]. Jedlicková, H; Vasků, V; Zgazarová, S, 2009)	2.1
"Amiodarone has emerged as the leading antiarrhythmic therapy for termination and prevention of ventricular arrhythmia in different clinical settings because of its proven efficacy and safety. "	( Amiodarone for the treatment and prevention of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Dorian, P; Van Herendael, H, 2010)	3.25
"Amiodarone has been demonstrated to be the most effective drug in maintaining sinus rhythm. "	( Mixed treatment comparison of dronedarone, amiodarone, sotalol, flecainide, and propafenone, for the management of atrial fibrillation. Eckert, L; Freemantle, N; Lafuente-Lafuente, C; Mitchell, S; Reynolds, M, 2011)	2.07
"Amiodarone has many adverse effects, and one of them is thyroid dysfunction."	( Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism and other adverse effects. Mosher, MC, )	2.3
"Amiodarone, which has been used since 1967 as an antiarrhythmic drug, gives rise to a variety of cardiac and extracardiac adverse side-effects. "	( Amiodarone-related pneumonitis and peripheral neuropathy in an elderly patient. Attard, L; Berlingeri, A; Calza, L; Cascavilla, A; Marinacci, G; Piergentili, B; Rosseti, N; Trapani, FF; Verucchi, G, )	3.02
"Amiodarone use has been rarely associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), usually in association with surgery or pulmonary angiography. "	( Amiodarone-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome masquerading as acute heart failure. Bangalore, S; Grosu, H; Jean, R; Kumar, S; Kumari, R, 2012)	3.26
"Amiodarone has been implicated as a risk factor for acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) when used in the hospital. "	( Prehospital amiodarone may increase the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome among patients at risk. Carter, RE; Festic, E; Gajic, O; Karnatovskaia, LV; Lee, AS, 2012)	2.2
"Amiodarone has been used for decades because of its efficacy and lack of pro-arrhythmia despite numerous extracardiac side effects."	( Novel anti-arrhythmic medications in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Saklani, P; Skanes, A, 2012)	1.1
"Amiodarone has many severe side-effects and can cause keratopathy and neuropathy. "	( [First unilateral, later bilateral optic neuropathy. Amiodarone as the cause?]. Gerke, E; Uebermuth, CA, 2002)	2.01
"Amiodarone has been shown to be safe in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who are at risk for sudden cardiac death. "	( Amiodarone and mortality among elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction with atrial fibrillation. Gersh, BJ; Kilborn, MJ; Oetgen, WJ; Rathore, SS; Solomon, AJ, 2002)	3.2
"Amiodarone has complex pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties."	( Amiodarone: an emergency medicine perspective. Taylor, SE, 2002)	2.48
"Amiodarone has gained recognition as an antiarrhythmic medication after recent publication of the newly revised American Heart Association guidelines for pediatric resuscitation. "	( Amiodarone-an "old" drug with new recommendations. McKee, MR, 2003)	3.2
"Amiodarone has been demonstrated to be more efficacious than propafenone or sotalol in the Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation."	( Old and new antiarrhythmic drugs for converting and maintaining sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: comparative efficacy and results of trials. Bhatta, L; Hynes, J; Khan, M; Luck, J; Naccarelli, GV; Samii, S; Wolbrette, DL, 2003)	1.04
"Amiodarone has been used both intravenously (i.v.) and orally for the pharmacological cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation."	( Amiodarone for pharmacological cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Gowda, RM; Khan, IA; Mehta, NJ, 2003)	2.48
"Amiodarone has been shown to be superior to both placebo and lidocaine in improving survival to hospital admission for victims of out-of-hospital refractory ventricular fibrillation. "	( Effect of amiodarone on haemodynamics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a canine model of resistant ventricular fibrillation. Berg, RA; Cardoso, LF; Kern, KB; Paiva, EF; Perondi, MB; Ramirez, JA; Timerman, S, 2003)	2.16
"Amiodarone has a conversion rate in atrial fibrillation of up to 80%."	( Arrhythmias in the intensive care patient. Brandts, B; Trappe, HJ; Weismueller, P, 2003)	1.04
"Amiodarone either has no effect or improves the haemodynamics in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, but its effect on BNP is unknown."	( Amiodarone decreases plasma brain natriuretic peptide level in patients with heart failure and ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Hagiwara, N; Hosaka, F; Kajimoto, K; Kasanuki, H; Matsuda, N; Shiga, T; Shoda, M; Tanizaki, K; Wakaumi, M, 2003)	2.48
"Amiodarone has a significant side effect profile, which includes thyroid dysfunction."	( Management of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Gilbey, SG; Rajeswaran, C; Shelton, RJ, 2003)	1.4
"Amiodarone has been associated with side-effects and difficulty of administration, due to recommended dilution, rendering it suboptimal for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) management."	( The use of undiluted amiodarone in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Boyd, J; Castren, M; Kuisma, M; Määttä, T; Repo, J; Rosenberg, PH; Skrifvars, MB, 2004)	1.36
"Both amiodarone and sotalol have been shown to be effective in reducing postoperative arrhythmias, but no direct comparison of these agents has been conducted."	( Amiodarone versus sotalol for the treatment of atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery: the Reduction in Postoperative Cardiovascular Arrhythmic Events (REDUCE) trial. Arcidi, JM; Hilleman, DE; Lenz, TL; Mohiuddin, SM; Mooss, AN; Packard, KA; Rovang, KS; Sugimoto, JT; Wurdeman, RL, 2004)	2.22
"Amiodarone and verapamil have been employed to treat immediate recurrences of AF (IRAF) after cardioversion. "	( Comparison of acute and long-term effects of single-dose amiodarone and verapamil for the treatment of immediate recurrences of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic cardioversion. Behrens, S; Kamke, W; Stahn, A; Sticherling, C; Zabel, M, 2005)	2.02
"Oral amiodarone has been suggested by some authors for rate control in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. "	( Efficacy and safety of oral amiodarone in controlling heart rate in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation who have undergone digitalisation. Igoumenidis, NE; Kafarakis, PK; Kanoupakis, EM; Kochiadakis, GE; Mavrakis, HE; Vardas, PE, )	0.94
"Amiodarone has long been the anti-arrhythmic drug of choice for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. "	( [Amiodarone: treatment or cause of atrial fibrillation?]. Allali, G; Falconnet, C, 2005)	2.68
"Amiodarone has low bioavailability after oral administration, does not undergo renal excretion, and is highly protein-bound in horses."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenously and orally administered amiodarone in horses. Baert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Clercq, D; Deprez, P; Maes, A; Tavernier, R; van Loon, G, 2006)	1.27
"Amiodarone has been proposed to decrease atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. "	( Prophylactic amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Bagshaw, SM; Exner, DV; Galbraith, PD; Ghali, WA; Mitchell, LB; Sauve, R, 2006)	2.15
"Amiodarone has pharmacokinetic interactions with a number of therapeutic drugs, including warfarin, phenytoin, flecainide, and cyclosporine. "	( Effect of amiodarone on the serum concentration/dose ratio of metoprolol in patients with cardiac arrhythmia. Fukumoto, K; Kamakura, S; Kato, R; Kitakaze, M; Kobayashi, T; Komamura, K; Tachibana, K; Tanaka, K; Ueno, K, 2006)	2.18
"Amiodarone has been advocated as an effective "long-term" therapy for atrial rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). "	( Amiodarone therapy for atrial rhythm control: insights gained from a single center experience. Chandhok, S; Schwartzman, D, 2007)	3.23
"Amiodarone has a high iodine content that can induce persistent iodine excess and may prevent radioiodine (RI) treatment."	( Plasma exchanges overcome persistent iodine overload to enable 131I ablation of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Dib-Deperrest, A; Hindie, E; Houzé, P; Moretti, JL; Parquet, N; Toubert, ME, 2008)	1.79
"Amiodarone has a large volume of distribution and is widely distributed in body tissues."	( Amiodarone: a unique antiarrhythmic agent. Sloskey, GE, )	2.3
"As amiodarone has been used more widely and in more diverse patient populations, reports of serious thyroid, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and other adverse reactions have appeared in the literature."	( Serious adverse effects of amiodarone. Garan, H; McGovern, B; Ruskin, JN, 1984)	1.08
"Amiodarone has a reduced clearance rate, large volume of distribution, low bioavailability and a long half-life that may last 2 months in patients receiving short-term therapy."	( Amiodarone: electrophysiologic actions, pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Heger, JJ; Prystowsky, EN; Zipes, DP, 1984)	2.43
"Amiodarone has also been shown to interact with other antiarrhythmic a"	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Kates, RE; Latini, R; Tognoni, G, )	1.14
"amiodarone has limited value in acute control of VT and clinical or electrophysiologic response to it is not predictive of long term therapeutic results with amiodarone."	( Clinical efficacy and electropharmacology of continuous intravenous amiodarone infusion and chronic oral amiodarone in refractory ventricular tachycardia. Cappello, G; Rothbart, ST; Saksena, S; Shah, Y, 1984)	1.22
"Amiodarone has been shown to be highly effective and well tolerated in this series of children."	( Amiodarone in control of sustained tachyarrhythmias in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Barzilay, Z; Feigl, A; Frand, M; Shahar, E, 1983)	2.43
"Amiodarone has proved to be a valuable drug in atrial fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. "	( Acceleration of ventricular rate by fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Evans, T; Sheinman, BD, 1982)	1.71
"Amiodarone has an effect on the peripheral conversion of thyroxin which leads to misleading thyroid tests results."	( Amiodarone and the thyroid gland. A review. Jonckheer, MH, 1981)	2.43
"Oral amiodarone has been used to treat 21 patients with various supraventricular arrhythmias; 13 had Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, which was complicated by atrial fibrillation and re-entry atrioventricular tachycardia in four, and re-entry tachycardia alone in the other nine. "	( Electrophysiological assessment of amiodarone in treatment of resistant supraventricular arrhythmias. Krikler, DM; Rowland, E, 1980)	1.05
"Amiodarone (AD) has been shown to produce a transient pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters after intratracheal (i.t.) instillation. "	( Pulmonary responses to amiodarone in hamsters: comparison of intratracheal and oral administrations. Blake, TL; Reasor, MJ, 1995)	2.04
"Amiodarone has potent and complex antiarrhythmic effects associated with a rare incidence of proarrhythmia. "	( Acute effects of amiodarone on membrane properties, refractoriness, and conduction in guinea pig papillary muscles. Gettes, LS; Maruyama, T; McCarthy, JJ; Richardson, LC; Sun, W, 1995)	2.07
"Amiodarone has been shown in-vitro to inhibit the activity of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) in nonhuman primates. "	( The inhibitory effect of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone on dextromethorphan O-demethylation in human and rat liver microsomes. Hortiwakul, R; Jaruratanasirikul, S, 1994)	2.03
"Amiodarone therapy has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiothoracic surgical procedures. "	( Are patients receiving amiodarone at increased risk for cardiac operations? Butany, J; Downar, E; Maruyama, H; Mickleborough, LL; Mohamed, S; Rappaport, DC; Sun, Z, 1994)	2.04
"Amiodarone has been demonstrated to be an important and effective antiarrhythmic agent, as has sotalol."	( Empiric use of amiodarone and sotalol. Nora, M; Zipes, DP, 1993)	1.36
"Amiodarone has been hailed as the most effective single antiarrhythmic drug for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Effects of amiodarone on refractory ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: experimental study. Anastasiou-Nana, MI; Moulopoulos, SD; Nanas, JN; Nanas, SN; Poyadjis, A; Rapti, A; Stathaki, S, 1994)	2.12
"Amiodarone has been shown to both increase and decrease the DFT."	( Concomitant amiodarone and the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: is there a place? McCollam, PL; Nappi, JM, 1993)	1.39
"If amiodarone has been administered as a matter of utmost necessity, other etiologies must be excluded or eliminated before amiodarone therapy is stopped when torsades de pointes occurs."	( ['Cardiac ballet' with and without amiodarone]. Balestra, B; Hess, T, 1993)	1.08
"Oral amiodarone therapy has proved useful for problematic arrhythmias in children, but its pharmacokinetics with the oral route preclude its use in several acute settings."	( Intravenous amiodarone for life-threatening tachyarrhythmias in children and young adults. Denfield, SW; Fenrich, AL; Friedman, RA; Knilans, TK; Marlow, D; Perry, JC, 1993)	1.18
"Amiodarone has been used in cardiology for more than 20 years as an anti-angina and anti-arrhythmia agent. "	( [Effects of amiodarone on thyroid function]. Caron, P, 1995)	2.11
"Amiodarone has been shown to improve survival in patients with impaired left ventricular function and ventricular trachyarrhythmias. "	( [Symptomatic bradycardia with amiodarone in patients with pre-existing conduction disorders]. Hofmann, R; Leisch, F, 1995)	2.02
"Amiodarone has miscellaneous properties including potassium, sodium, calcium, and nonspecific sympathetic blocking effects when it is given orally."	( [Class III antiarrhythmic drugs]. Aiba, T; Kamakura, S, 1996)	1.02
"Amiodarone has been suggested as a therapeutic alternative after failure of digoxin-verapamil combination."	( [Successful treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia with a combination of digoxin and amiodarone]. Hajdú, J; Német, J; Szabó, I, 1996)	1.23
"Amiodarone hydrochloride has been in use for two decades for the control of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. "	( Long-term low-dose amiodarone therapy in the management of ventricular and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: efficacy and safety. Lee, KL; Tai, YT, 1997)	2.07
"Amiodarone has been known to cause pulmonary complications; especially in those with COPD and in those undergoing a surgical procedure."	( Pulmonary effect of amiodarone in patients with heart failure. The Congestive Heart Failure-Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy (CHF-STAT) Investigators (Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study No. 320). Deedwania, PC; Fisher, SG; Fletcher, RD; Rohatgi, P; Singh, BN; Singh, SN, 1997)	2.06
"Amiodarone has many electropharmacologic actions, some of which differ between the oral and intravenous forms."	( The role of intravenous amiodarone in the management of cardiac arrhythmias. Chun, S; Desai, AD; Sung, RJ, 1997)	1.33
"Amiodarone has been blamed for causing organ injury after cardiac surgery."	( Preoperative therapy with amiodarone and the incidence of acute organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Rady, MY; Ryan, T; Starr, NJ, 1997)	1.32
"Amiodarone has been shown to affect cell membrane physicochemical properties, and it may produce a state of cellular hypothyroidism. "	( Amiodarone inhibits the Na(+)-K+ pump in rabbit cardiac myocytes after acute and chronic treatment. Bewick, NL; Buhagiar, KA; Gray, DF; Hansen, PS; Mihailidou, AS; Rasmussen, HH; Whalley, DW, 1998)	3.19
"Amiodarone has been reported to reduce the likelihood of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). "	( Prognostic value of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and the potential role of amiodarone treatment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: assessment in an unselected non-referral based patient population. Cecchi, F; Dolara, A; Maron, BJ; Montereggi, A; Olivotto, I; Squillatini, G, 1998)	1.97
"Amiodarone has a moderate slowing effect on the VT cycle length."	( Interactions between implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and class III agents. Marchlinski, FE; Movsowitz, C, 1998)	1.02
"Amiodarone has a "reserpine-like" sympatholytic action in the heart. "	( Presynaptic antisympathetic action of amiodarone and its metabolite desethylamiodarone. Dart, AM; Du, XJ; Esler, MD; Haikerwal, D; Turner, A, 1999)	2.02
"Amiodarone has been used widely in these patients but its value in preventing sudden death is still uncertain."	( Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia as a predictor for sudden death in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The role of amiodarone treatment. Castelli, G; Cecchi, F; Ciaccheri, M; Dolara, A; Marconi, P; Montereggi, A; Nannini, M; Olivotto, J; Troiani, V, 1999)	1.23
"Amiodarone (AMI) has proven to be a potent anti-arrhythmic compound. "	( Structure-effect relationships of amiodarone analogues on the inhibition of thyroxine deiodination. Altorfer, HR; Follath, F; Grassi, G; Ha, HR; Stieger, B, )	1.85
"Amiodarone has become an important drug for the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, in short-term inpatient and outpatient settings. "	( Practical guidelines for clinicians who treat patients with amiodarone. Practice Guidelines Subcommittee, North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Epstein, AE; Goldschlager, N; Naccarelli, G; Olshansky, B; Singh, B, 2000)	1.99
"Amiodarone has been the only drug so far reported to give a combination of high efficacy and low frequency of serious side effects such as ventricular tachycardia and shock."	( Amiodarone for rapid cardioversion of chronic atrial tachyarrhythmia? Møller, S; Nielsen, KD, 2000)	2.47
"Amiodarone has differential effects on the 2 components of I(K), depending on the application period; short-term treatment inhibits primarily I(Kr), whereas long-term treatment reduces I(Ks)."	( Short- and long-term effects of amiodarone on the two components of cardiac delayed rectifier K(+) current. Hojo, M; Kamiya, K; Kodama, I; Nishiyama, A; Sanguinetti, MC; Yasui, K, 2001)	2.04
"Amiodarone has a high incidence of side effects, but few pro-arrhythmic effects. "	( Amiodarone-induced torsade de pointes in a child with dilated cardiomyopathy. Bevilacqua, M; Drago, F; Ragonese, P; Silvetti, MS, 2001)	3.2
"Amiodarone has minimal proarrhythmic risk but has numerous noncardiac toxicities that require frequent monitoring."	( A review of class III antiarrhythmic agents for atrial fibrillation: maintenance of normal sinus rhythm. Cox, CD; Tsikouris, JP, 2001)	1.03
"Amiodarone has been used as an anti-arrhythmic drug since the 1970s and has an established role in the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone -- waxed and waned and waxed again. Doggrell, SA, 2001)	3.2
"Amiodarone has pharmacokinetic interactions with various therapeutic agents, including phenytoin, flecainide, and cyclosporine. "	( Lack of interaction between amiodarone and mexiletine in cardiac arrhythmia patients. Hashimoto, H; Kamakura, S; Komamura, K; Matsumoto, K; Miyatake, K; Tachibana, M; Tanaka, K; Ueno, K; Yonezawa, E, 2002)	2.05
"Amiodarone has a broad spectrum as an antiarrhythmic agent and is indicated for patients with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( Amiodarone-induced keratopathy in healthy dogs. Bicer, S; Fuller, GA; Hamlin, RL; Wilkie, DA; Yamaguchi, M, 2002)	3.2
"Amiodarone has a more favourable therapeutic profile than flecainide and propafenone in these patients, having less tendency to worsen heart failure."	( A multicentre, randomized trial on the benefit/risk profile of amiodarone, flecainide and propafenone in patients with cardiac disease and complex ventricular arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic Drug Evaluation Group (A.D.E.G.). , 1992)	1.24
"Amiodarone has also been reported to improve symptoms dramatically in some patients with HCM but to cause functional deterioration in others."	( Effects of amiodarone on erect and supine exercise haemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Counihan, PJ; Frenneaux, MP; Lipkin, DP; McKenna, WJ; Porter, A, 1992)	1.39
"Amiodarone has a lower incidence of proarrhythmia and heart failure exacerbation compared with class I drugs."	( Low-dose amiodarone for atrial fibrillation: time for a prospective study? Middlekauff, HR; Saxon, LA; Stevenson, WG; Wiener, I, 1992)	1.42
"Amiodarone has been used for the last 20 years, initially as antianginal and then as antiarrhythmic agent. "	( [Optic neuropathy caused by amiodarone]. Ferreiro, JL; Isern Longares, JA; Ramón Moya, AF, 1990)	2.02
"Amiodarone (Cordarone) has been proven to be useful in the management of atrial fibrillation. "	( Effects of amiodarone on serum T3 and T4 concentrations in hyperthyroid patients treated with propylthiouracil. Unger, J; Van Reeth, O, 1991)	2.11
"Amiodarone has been shown to interact with the nongenetically determined hepatic elimination of several drugs, including phenytoin and digoxin. "	( Influence of amiodarone on genetically determined drug metabolism in humans. Funck-Brentano, C; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Jaillon, P; Leenhardt, A; Poirier, JM; Roux, A, 1991)	2.09
"Amiodarone has been shown to produce microvesicular steatosis of the liver in some recipients. "	( Amiodarone inhibits the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids and produces microvesicular steatosis of the liver in mice. Berson, A; Degott, C; Deschamps, D; Fisch, C; Fromenty, B; Labbe, G; Letteron, P; Pessayre, D, 1990)	3.16
"Amiodarone has been reported to increase phenytoin levels. "	( Steady-state interaction between amiodarone and phenytoin in normal subjects. Bliss, M; Erstad, BL; Gear, K; Hoyer, GL; Marcus, FI; Nolan, PE, 1990)	2
"Amiodarone has inhibitory effects on DNA synthesis and differentiation of cardiac myocytes."	( Effect of amiodarone on the expression of myosin isoforms and cellular growth of cardiac muscle cells in culture. Lee, ML; Nag, AC; Shepard, D, 1990)	1.4
"Amiodarone has a good antiarrhythmic effect administered either acutely or chronically. "	( [Acute antiarrhythmia treatment with amiodarone and blood levels of thyroid hormones]. Fazzini, PF; Gheri, RG; Marchi, F; Multinu, D; Paladini, S; Zambaldi, G, 1987)	1.99
"Amiodarone has been demonstrated to form a cytochrome P-450Fe(II):metabolite complex. "	( Effect of amiodarone on the disposition of acetaminophen in the rat. Chong, MT; Svensson, CK, 1989)	2.12
"Amiodarone has been reported to cause asymptomatic increases in liver function tests in 15-55% of patients. "	( Hepatotoxicity associated with amiodarone therapy. Chase, SL; Flaharty, KK; Rubin, R; Yaghsezian, HM, 1989)	2.01
"Amiodarone has negative inotropic and chronotropic properties as well as peripheral vasodilating properties that may manifest as bradycardia, reduced cardiac output, and hypotension."	( Intraoperative complications in patients receiving amiodarone: characteristics and risk factors. Dasta, JF; Halpern, P; Perkins, MW; Reilley, TE, 1989)	1.25
"Amiodarone has remarkable efficacy, but it also has a high incidence of severe side effects. "	( Long term efficacy and toxicity of amiodarone in the treatment of refractory cardiac arrhythmias. Agha, A; Giorgi, C; Nadeau, R; Primeau, R; Shenasa, M, 1989)	2
"Amiodarone has proven to be effective in many cases of cardiac arrhythmias, refractory ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. "	( Serial lung function testing in patients treated with amiodarone: a prospective study. Gleadhill, IC; Griffith, LS; Guarnieri, T; Levine, JH; Schonfeld, SA; Scott, PP; Veltri, EP; Wise, RA, 1989)	1.97
"Amiodarone has been used in 9 patients intravenously, with the loading dose of 5 mg/Kg followed by an infusion of 10 mg/Kg/day."	( [Amiodarone therapy in childhood: efficacy and side effects]. Austoni, P; Danzi, GB; Fancini, P; Figini, A; Mascarello, M; Vignati, G, 1985)	1.9
"Amiodarone has been hailed as the most effective single antiarrhythmic drug for treatment of refractory supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. "	( High incidence of clinical and subclinical toxicity associated with amiodarone treatment of refractory tachyarrhythmias. Anastasiou-Nana, MI; Anderson, JL; Anderson, KP; Call, NB; Crapo, RO; Lutz, JR; Nanas, JN; Smith, RA, )	1.81
"Amiodarone has been implicated in the pathogenesis of optic neuropathy in several cases. "	( Optic nerve ultrastructure following amiodarone therapy. Mansour, AM; O'Grady, R; Puklin, JE, 1988)	1.99
"Amiodarone has no effect on Mg++ ATPase and K+PNPase activity up to 3.10(-4)M."	( Effect of amiodarone on membrane fluidity and Na+/K+ ATPase activity in rat-brain synaptic membranes. Chatelain, P; Gillard, M; Laruel, R, 1985)	1.39
"Amiodarone has a high membrane partition coefficient on the order of 10(6)."	( Structure and location of amiodarone in a membrane bilayer as determined by molecular mechanics and quantitative x-ray diffraction. Chester, DW; Herbette, LG; Moring, J; Rhodes, D; Trumbore, M, 1988)	1.3
"Amiodarone has been reported to be a remarkably safe and effective drug in the European and South American experience but American investigators have published conflicting data. "	( Safety and efficacy of amiodarone. The low-dose perspective. Friehling, TD; Kowey, PR; Marinchak, RA; Stohler, JL; Sulpizi, AM, 1988)	2.03
"Amiodarone has been found to decrease serum T3 by blocking peripheral T4 5'-deiodinase. "	( Amiodarone inhibits T4 to T3 conversion and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme levels in rat liver. Hershman, JM; Kannon, R; Pekary, AE; Reed, AW; Wang, YS, 1986)	3.16
"Amiodarone has repeatedly been shown to have potent class III antiarrhythmic properties. "	( Acute electrophysiologic and blood pressure effects of amiodarone and its solvent in the dog. Platou, ES; Refsum, H, 1986)	1.96
"Amiodarone, a drug that has electrophysiologic actions resembling those of hypothyroidism, increases serum levels of T4 and reverse T3 (rT3) and decreases T3. "	( Amiodarone, thyroid hormone indexes, and altered thyroid function: long-term serial effects in patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Callahan, B; Hendrickson, JA; Hershman, JM; Nademanee, K; Singh, BN, 1986)	3.16
"Amiodarone has proved very effective in the treatment of otherwise resistant cardiac tachyarrhythmias. "	( Hepatotoxicity of amiodarone. Rumessen, JJ, 1986)	2.05
"Amiodarone has been used in the therapy of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia, and has often been categorised as a class III rather than a class I agent. "	( Amiodarone treatment in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Heger, JJ; Miles, WM; Prystowsky, EN; Zipes, DP, 1985)	3.15

Actions

Amiodarone has a lower incidence of proarrhythmia and heart failure exacerbation compared with class I drugs. The drug may cause pulmonary toxicity mimicking metastatic lung dis.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amiodarone may cause amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH) or amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT)."	( AMIODARONE AND THYROID DYSFUNCTION. Alfirević, M; Bakula, M; Marić, N; Medić, F; Mucić, K, 2022)	2.89
"Amiodarone and lidocaine increase short-term outcomes, and point estimates suggest a small but uncertain effect on long-term survival."	( Drugs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Andersen, LW; Granfeldt, A; Holmberg, MJ; Vallentin, MF, 2020)	1.28
"Amiodarone effectively inhibit arrhythmia by improving the myocardial biomechanical properties and weakening the sensitivity of mechanical stretch stimulation."	( Amiodarone inhibits arrhythmias in hypertensive rats by improving myocardial biomechanical properties. Han, D; He, Y; Li, X; Liu, Y; Nie, Y, 2020)	2.72
"Amiodarone is a slower acting alternative."	( Single-dose oral anti-arrhythmic drugs for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Alhazzani, W; Baranchuk, A; Belley-Côté, EP; Benz, AP; Conen, D; Dalmia, S; Devereaux, PJ; Healey, JS; Ibrahim, OA; McIntyre, WF; Um, KJ; Wang, CN; Whitlock, RP, 2021)	1.34
"The amiodarone group had lower procedure, radiofrequency, and fluoroscopy times than the control group (167.4 ± 22.5 min vs 186.7 ± 25.3 min; 78.3 ± 14.2 min vs 90.4 ± 15.5 min; and 6.5 ± 1.9 min vs 8.6 ± 2.4 min, respectively; P < 0.05)."	( Clinical efficacy of irrigated catheter application of amiodarone during ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation. Chen, Y; He, L; Huang, X; Huang, Y; Liu, S; Peng, J; Shee, V; Xu, D; Zhao, H, 2017)	1.18
"The amiodarone group had a slower heart rate than the no-amiodarone group at baseline and during isoproterenol infusion."	( Chronic amiodarone therapy impairs the function of the superior sinoatrial node in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chen, PS; Joung, B; Lee, MH; Lin, SF; Mun, HS; Pak, HN; Shen, C, 2013)	1.31
"Amiodarone plays a pivotal role in the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. "	( [Total thyroidectomy in patients with amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism: when does the risk of conservative treatment exceed the risk of surgery?]. Greutmann, M; Huber, GF; Meerwein, C; Schmid, C; Vital, D, 2014)	2.12
"Amiodarone can cause both hypothyroidism (AIH, amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism) and thyrotoxicosis (AIT, amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis)."	( Amiodarone and the thyroid. Bartalena, L; Bednarczuk, T; Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, A; Jabrocka-Hybel, A; Kamiński, G; Kostecka-Matyja, M; Pach, D; Ruchała, M, 2015)	2.58
"Amiodarone may cause multiorgan toxicity even at lower doses and for shorter treatment periods."	( Amiodarone-induced multiorgan toxicity with ocular findings on confocal microscopy. Alioğlu, E; Dereli, T; Tuncer, E; Turk, BG; Turk, U; Yılmaz, SG, )	2.3
"Amiodarone can cause severe elevation in liver enzymes. "	( Hepatic Dysfunction in Patients Receiving Intravenous Amiodarone. Graham, DY; Hashmi, A; Keswani, NR; Kim, S, 2016)	2.13
"Amiodarone is known to cause a slate grey pigmentation of skin and cornea, but we believe this is the first report of amiodarone-induced pigmentation of the synovium."	( Intra-Articular Pigmentation of Synovium: An Unusual Cause. Hamilton, S; Liew, SM; Verma, S, 2016)	1.16
"Amiodarone can cause toxicity in several organs, including amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity which is a subacute or chronic complication. "	( Acute Amiodarone Pulmonary Toxicity After Surgical Procedures. Chariyawong, P; Nugent, K; Tantrachoti, P; Teerakanok, J, 2016)	2.36
"Amiodarone does not cause elevation of GSTA1-1 as a marker of subclinical liver injury in haemodynamically stable intensive care unit patients with atrial fibrillation."	( No elevation of glutathione S-transferase-a1-1 by amiodarone loading in intensive care unit patients with atrial fibrillation. Hilkens, M; Peters, WH; Pickkers, P; van der Hoeven, JG, 2009)	1.33
"Amiodarone can cause the development of thyroid dysfunction in patients with or without previous thyroid disease. "	( Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: a case for surgical management. Franzese, CB; Stack, BC, )	3.02
"amiodarone) because of atrial fibrillation or non-sustained VT that may activate the device."	( Antiarrhythmic therapy in heart failure. Breithardt, G; Eckardt, L; Haverkamp, W, 2002)	1.04
"Amiodarone can cause thyroid dysfunction in patients with or without previous thyroid disease. "	( Surgical management of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Fan, CY; Franzese, CB; Stack, BC, 2003)	2.07
"Amiodarone was found to produce a statistically significant decrease in heat, cold, and mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain after intraperitoneal injection. "	( Amiodarone decreases heat, cold, and mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Datta, S; Glusman, S; Torres, M; Waghray, T, 2004)	3.21
"Amiodarone caused an increase in VFT, starting at 2 min after the infusion (11.4 +/- 8.4 mA versus 9.2 +/- 4.6 mA, P = 0.03), became significant at 15 min (13.7 +/- 6.5 mA, P = 0.009), continued to rise at 30 min (34.2 +/- 28.7 mA, P = 0.03) and reached a plateau at 60 min (50.3 +/- 37.8 mA, P = 0.008)."	( Time course of fibrillation and defibrillation thresholds after an intravenous bolus of amiodarone--an experimental study. Anastasiou-Nana, MI; Charitos, CE; Doufas, A; Drakos, SG; Mavrikakis, EM; Nanas, JN; Ntalianis, A; Siafakas, CX; Terrovitis, JV; Tsagalou, EP, 2004)	1.27
"Amiodarone was used because of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in five patients and ventricular arrhythmia in one."	( [The pulmonary toxicity of amiodarone: six-case report]. Ren, ZW, 2005)	1.35
"Amiodarone produced a lower heart rate than placebo at all exercise levels (p<0.0001 for all)."	( Efficacy and safety of oral amiodarone in controlling heart rate in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation who have undergone digitalisation. Igoumenidis, NE; Kafarakis, PK; Kanoupakis, EM; Kochiadakis, GE; Mavrakis, HE; Vardas, PE, )	1.15
"Amiodarone can cause liver and thyroid toxicity, but little is known about compliance with laboratory tests to evaluate liver and thyroid function among ambulatory patients who are dispensed amiodarone."	( Liver and thyroid monitoring in ambulatory patients prescribed amiodarone in 10 HMOs. Andrade, SE; Carroll, NM; Chan, KA; Feldstein, AC; Gunter, MJ; Lafata, JE; Nelson, WW; Platt, R; Raebel, MA; Simon, SR; Tolsma, D, 2006)	2.02
"Amiodarone's role as a cause of toxic optic neuropathy is based on case reports. "	( Absence of bilateral vision loss from amiodarone: a randomized trial. Anderson, J; Bardy, GH; Hellkamp, A; Johnson, G; Lee, KL; Mark, DB; Mindel, JS; Poole, JE, 2007)	2.05
"Amiodarone augmented the increase of annexin binding following hypertonic shock (addition of 550 mM sucrose) but did not significantly alter the enhanced annexin binding following Cl- removal (replacement with gluconate)."	( Stimulation of erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling by amiodarone. Bentzen, PJ; Ghashghaeinia, M; Lang, F; Nicolay, JP; Wieder, T, 2007)	1.31
"Amiodarone appears to produce benefits in patients with cardiac failure with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias."	( [Amiodarone in cardiac failure]. Barbosa Filho, J; Barbosa, PR; Soares, JP, 1993)	2.64
"Amiodarone can cause thyroid dysfunction, which can have serious consequences."	( Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction. Jaffe, CA; Khanderia, U; Theisen, V, 1993)	2.45
"With amiodarone, there was a increase in exercise duration of 6.7 +/- 2.2 minutes versus 6.3 +/- 2.2 minutes at 1 month and 7.5 +/- 2.1 minutes versus 6.2 +/- 1.7 minutes at 2 months (p < 0.05)."	( Additional antianginal efficacy of amiodarone in patients with limiting angina pectoris. Amann, FW; Meyer, BJ, 1993)	1.02
"Amiodarone can cause pulmonary toxicity along with an increase in phospholipid in macrophages, lymphocytes, and other cell types. "	( Amiodarone causes decreased cell-mediated immune responses and inhibits the phospholipase C signaling pathway. Clarkson, CE; Lippmann, ML; Wilson, BD, 1993)	3.17
"The amiodarone-induced increase of APD diminished with elevation of potassium concentration ([K+]O)."	( Chronic in vivo and in vitro effects of amiodarone on guinea pig hearts. Anyukhovsky, EP; Rosen, MR; Sosunov, EA, 1996)	1.04
"Amiodarone did not increase the incidence of acute organ dysfunction or death after cardiac surgery."	( Preoperative therapy with amiodarone and the incidence of acute organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Rady, MY; Ryan, T; Starr, NJ, 1997)	1.32
"Amiodarone showed no increase in DeltaAPD in 4 of 7 dogs, whereas dronedarone augmented DeltaAPD in 7 of 8 animals."	( Chronic amiodarone evokes no torsade de pointes arrhythmias despite QT lengthening in an animal model of acquired long-QT syndrome. de Groot, SH; Leunissen, JD; Molenschot, MM; Schoenmakers, M; van Der Hulst, FF; van Opstal, JM; Verduyn, SC; Vos, MA; Wellens, HJ, 2001)	1.47
"Amiodarone appears to produce benefits in patients with cardiac failure with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias."	( [Amiodarone in heart insufficiency]. Barbosa Filho, J; Barbosa, PR; Soares, JP, 1992)	1.92
"Amiodarone has a lower incidence of proarrhythmia and heart failure exacerbation compared with class I drugs."	( Low-dose amiodarone for atrial fibrillation: time for a prospective study? Middlekauff, HR; Saxon, LA; Stevenson, WG; Wiener, I, 1992)	1.42
"Amiodarone may cause serious complications in patients receiving general anesthetics. "	( The electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone and halothane on canine Purkinje fibers. Gallagher, JD, 1991)	2
"Amiodarone as the cause of epididymitis has only previously been described on a few occasions."	( [Epididymitis caused by amiodarone]. Brandrup, F; Frandsen, F; Ibsen, HH, 1989)	1.31
"Amiodarone as the cause of non-infectious epididymitis has been reported."	( Epididymitis caused by treatment with amiodarone. Brandrup, F; Frandsen, F; Ibsen, HH; Møller, M, 1989)	1.27
"Amiodarone is known to inhibit thyroxine (T4) metabolism, thus bringing plasma T4 concentrations up to levels that may simulate T4 toxicosis."	( [Hyperthyroidism induced by amiodarone]. Burger, A; Orgiazzi, J; Strauch, G; Timsit, J, 1986)	1.29
"Amiodarone may cause pulmonary toxicity mimicking metastatic lung disease."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity mimicking metastatic lung disease. Honeybourne, D; Patel, P; Watson, RD, 1987)	2.44

Treatment

Amiodarone treatment caused the accumulation of desmosterol and zymostenol in myocardium. Treatment resulted in conversion to sinus rhythm, but the patient again developed atrial fibrillation on postoperative day 5.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amiodarone treatment caused the accumulation of desmosterol and zymostenol in myocardium. "	( Amiodarone accumulates two cholesterol precursors in myocardium: A controlled clinical study. Gylling, H; Lemström, K; Lommi, J; Simonen, P; Sinisalo, J; Tolva, J, 2023)	3.8
"Amiodarone (AMD) treatment is associated with a number of significant adverse effects including thyroid dysfunction. "	( Time-to-onset analysis of amiodarone-associated thyroid dysfunction. Hosomi, K; Kinoshita, S; Takada, M; Yokoyama, S, 2020)	2.3
"Amiodarone, a drug that treats arrhythmias induces pulmonary toxicity through interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation. "	( Pulmonary Responses Following Quercetin Administration in Rats After Intratracheal Instillation of Amiodarone. Oka, VO; Okon, UE; Osim, EE, 2019)	2.17
"Amiodarone treatment was stopped, and magnesium sulfate was infused."	( Torsade de pointes in initiating hemodialysis: a case report. Bae, EH; Choi, HS; Kim, CS; Kim, SW; Ma, SK; Yang, JA, 2020)	1.28
"Amiodarone is a useful treatment for neonatal cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Is it safe to use visible blue light-emitting diode phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in infants who are also treated with amiodarone? Morris, S; Shaw, A, 2022)	2.37
"Amiodarone treatment influenced some virulence factors, interrupting the calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway."	( New nanotechnological formulation based on amiodarone-loaded lipid core nanocapsules displays anticryptococcal effect. Barcellos, VA; Frank, LA; Garcia, AWA; Guterres, SS; Kinskovski, UP; Kmetzsch, L; Marques, BM; Motta, H; Oliveira, NK; Pohlmann, AR; Reuwsaat, JCV; Schrank, A; Squizani, ED; Staats, CC; Vainstein, MH, 2021)	1.61
"amiodarone. Treatment resulted in conversion to sinus rhythm, but the patient again developed atrial fibrillation on postoperative day 5."	( Management of amiodarone extravasation with intradermal hyaluronidase. Fox, AN; Miller, JL; Villanueva, R, 2017)	1.54
"The amiodarone pre-treatment group received 50 mg/kg of amiodarone 1 h before MCAO; the amiodarone post-treatment groups received 50 mg/kg of amiodarone immediately after MCAO; the control group received vehicle only."	( Neuroprotective effects of amiodarone in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Hishiyama, S; Ishiyama, T; Kotoda, M; Matsukawa, T; Mitsui, K, 2017)	1.23
"Amiodarone pre-treatment and post-treatment reduced the heart rate but did not affect the blood pressure. "	( Neuroprotective effects of amiodarone in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Hishiyama, S; Ishiyama, T; Kotoda, M; Matsukawa, T; Mitsui, K, 2017)	2.19
"Amiodarone pre-treatment attenuated ischemic brain injury and improved functional outcomes without affecting heart rhythm and blood pressure. "	( Neuroprotective effects of amiodarone in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Hishiyama, S; Ishiyama, T; Kotoda, M; Matsukawa, T; Mitsui, K, 2017)	2.19
"Amiodarone treatment is contraindicated during breastfeeding. "	( Intravenous single administration of amiodarone and breastfeeding. Barotte, E; Divoux, E; Gambier, N; Gillet, P; Javot, L; Pape, E; Scala-Bertola, J; Yéléhé-Okouma, M, 2019)	2.23
"Amiodarone-treated patients had worse renal function and a higher prevalence of prior VTA storm compared with amiodarone-naïve patients."	( Amiodarone is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias upgraded to cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillators. Adelstein, EC; Althouse, AD; Bazaz, R; Davis, L; Jain, S; Saba, S; Schwartzman, D; Wang, N, 2019)	2.68
"Amiodarone treatment prolonged RR intervals, reduced dispersion of action potential duration in the infarcted area and mean number of ectopic beats."	( Amiodarone Treatment in the Early Phase of Acute Myocardial Infarction Protects Against Ventricular Fibrillation in a Porcine Model. Jabbari, R; Jespersen, T; Lubberding, AF; Sattler, SM; Skibsbye, L; Tfelt-Hansen, J; Wakili, R, 2019)	2.68
"Amiodarone-pretreated hearts showed a lower incidence of AF."	( Antiarrhythmic effect of ranolazine in combination with class III drugs in an experimental whole-heart model of atrial fibrillation. Breithardt, G; Eckardt, L; Frommeyer, G; Kaese, S; Kaiser, D; Milberg, P; Uphaus, T, 2013)	1.11
"Amiodarone treatment caused a significant increase in the percentage of chromosomal aberrations, decreased the mitotic index and increased DNA damage. "	( Ameliorative effect of grapefruit juice on amiodarone-induced cytogenetic and testicular damage in albino rats. El-Shafey, SS; Sakr, SA; Zoil, Mel-S, 2013)	2.1
"Amiodarone treatment-induced autophagy in H460 human lung epithelial cells and BEAS-2B normal human bronchial epithelial cells was demonstrated by increased LC3-II conversion, Atg7 upregulation, and autophagosome formation."	( Activation of autophagy rescues amiodarone-induced apoptosis of lung epithelial cells and pulmonary toxicity in rats. Choi, YJ; Lee, BH; Lee, K; Lee, KY; Oh, S; Oh, SH; Yang, MJ; Yang, YS, 2013)	1.39
"Amiodarone-treated patients were less often female (38% vs 48%), had more persistent AF (64% vs 40%), and more concomitant heart failure (71% vs 41%) than were patients receiving other AADs."	( Use and outcomes of antiarrhythmic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulation: results from the ROCKET AF trial. Becker, RC; Berkowitz, SD; Breithardt, G; Califf, RM; Fox, KA; Hacke, W; Halperin, JL; Hankey, GJ; Hellkamp, AS; Lokhnygina, Y; Mahaffey, KW; Nessel, CC; Passman, R; Patel, MR; Piccini, JP; Singer, DE; Steinberg, BA, 2014)	1.12
"In amiodarone-treated patients (N = 1,107), freedom from recurrent atrial fibrillation was 84% and 45% at 1 and 5 years, respectively, with no differences according to left ventricular function (P = 0.8754)."	( Efficacy of amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation with and without left ventricular dysfunction: a pooled analysis of AFFIRM and AF-CHF trials. Andrade, JG; Blondeau, L; Cadrin-Tourigny, J; Dubuc, M; Guerra, PG; Khairy, P; Levesque, S; Macle, L; Rivard, L; Roy, D; Talajic, M; Thibault, B; Wyse, DG, 2014)	1.3
"More amiodarone-treated patients had a stroke or a systemic embolism (1.58%/year vs."	( Amiodarone, anticoagulation, and clinical events in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. Al-Khatib, SM; Amerena, J; Avezum, A; Dorian, P; Flaker, G; Garcia, D; Granger, CB; Hanna, M; Harjola, VP; Hohnloser, SH; Hylek, E; Keltai, M; Lopes, RD; Sullivan, RM; Thomas, L; Wallentin, L; Wojdyla, DM, 2014)	2.3
"Amiodarone is used for treatment and prevention of life threatening supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias."	( [AMIODARONE AND THE THYROID FUNCTION]. Franceschi, M; Granić, R; Jukić, T; Kusić, Z; Punda, M; Staniĉić, J, )	1.76
"Amiodarone treatment of AF is associated with increased mortality in patients without structural heart disease and therefore should be avoided or only used as a second-line therapy, when other AF therapies fail. "	( Mortality risk of long-term amiodarone therapy for atrial fibrillation patients without structural heart disease. Adelstein, E; Alam, MB; Jain, SK; Khattak, F; Leef, G; Munir, MB; Patel, D; Qin, D; Rattan, R; Saba, S, 2015)	2.15
"Amiodarone treatment is associated with a range of effects in thyroid function from mild derangements to overt thyroid dysfunction."	( The effect of metformin on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in patients with type 2 diabetes and amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism. Gilowska, M; Krysiak, R; Okopień, B; Szkróbka, W, 2016)	1.37
"Amiodarone-treated patients were older and more frequently had a history of sudden cardiac death (27% vs 13%) and pre-OHT mechanical circulatory support."	( Amiodarone use in patients listed for heart transplant is associated with increased 1-year post-transplant mortality. Cooper, LB; Edwards, LB; Hernandez, AF; Lund, LH; Mentz, RJ; Milano, CA; Patel, CB; Rogers, JG; Stehlik, J; Wilk, AR, 2017)	2.62
"Amiodarone-treated rats exhibited a 3.3-fold decrease in the renal clearance (p<0.05) of conjugated bilirubin, which was associated with its increased plasma concentration."	( Amiodarone modulates pharmacokinetics of low-dose methotrexate in rats. Brcakova, E; Cermanova, J; Chladek, J; Fuksa, L; Hroch, M; Kolouchova, G; Malakova, J; Martinkova, J; Micuda, S; Staud, F, 2008)	2.51
"Amiodarone pretreatment did not reduce energy delivery to obtain cardioversion."	( [Effects of pretreatment with amiodarone infusion in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation submitted to external electrical cardioversion: a single center experience]. Bielli, M; Dellavesa, P; Franchetti Pardo, N; Maffè, S; Nicali, R; Paffoni, P; Paino, AM; Parravicini, U; Perucca, A; Signorotti, F; Zanetta, M; Zenone, F, 2008)	1.36
"Amiodarone pretreatment with intravenous bolus few hours before electrical cardioversion reduces short-term recurrences of atrial fibrillation. "	( [Effects of pretreatment with amiodarone infusion in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation submitted to external electrical cardioversion: a single center experience]. Bielli, M; Dellavesa, P; Franchetti Pardo, N; Maffè, S; Nicali, R; Paffoni, P; Paino, AM; Parravicini, U; Perucca, A; Signorotti, F; Zanetta, M; Zenone, F, 2008)	2.08
"In amiodarone-treated groups, the most frequent chromosomal aberration was chromatid breaks."	( Genotoxic studies in hypertensive and normotensive rats treated with amiodarone. Almeida, MR; Antunes, LM; Campos, MG; da Silva, VJ; de Oliveira Lima, E; Dias, FL; Salman, AK, 2008)	1.09
"Amiodarone treatment did not affect basal or induced CYP1A activity."	( The effect of beta-naphthoflavone on the metabolism of amiodarone by hepatic and extra-hepatic microsomes. Brocks, DR; El-Kadi, AO; Elsherbiny, ME, 2010)	1.33
"Amiodarone-treated patients received the drug by continuous infusion, initiated at the time of induction of anesthesia, at a rate of 0.73 mg/min (43.75 mg/h), and continued for 96 hours (total dose 4200 mg)."	( A randomized, controlled study of amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic esophagectomy. Hammoud, ZT; Kesler, KA; Rieger, KM; Tisdale, JE; Wall, DS; Wroblewski, HA; Young, JV, 2010)	1.36
"Amiodarone treatment affects thyroid status in about the half of patients. "	( [Amiodarone-induced thyroid gland dysfunctions]. Caglayan, E; Dietlein, M; Er, F; Erdmann, E; Gassanov, N, 2010)	2.71
"Amiodarone and diuretic treatment affected the rate of AF recurrence."	( Clinical predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence in the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation (GISSI-AF) trial. Barlera, S; Cosmi, F; Di Pasquale, G; Disertori, M; Franzosi, MG; Latini, R; Lombardi, F; Maggioni, AP; Zeni, P, 2010)	1.08
"Amiodarone treated PPARα(-/-) mice exhibited significantly greater weight loss and higher serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) compared to PPARα(+/+) mice."	( Influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) activity on adverse effects associated with amiodarone exposure in mice. Ernst, MC; Pollak, PT; Sinal, CJ, 2010)	1.29
"Amiodarone pre-treatment led to a prolongation of APD(90) (+19 ms) as compared with sham-controlled hearts but showed only a marginal effect on APD(90) in failing hearts."	( A new mechanism preventing proarrhythmia in chronic heart failure: rapid phase-III repolarization explains the low proarrhythmic potential of amiodarone in contrast to sotalol in a model of pacing-induced heart failure. Breithardt, G; Eckardt, L; Fehr, M; Frommeyer, G; Koopmann, M; Lücke, M; Milberg, P; Osada, N; Stypmann, J; Witte, P, 2011)	1.29
"Amiodarone treatment significantly reduced the heart rate (P<0.001) and resulted in improvement in the severity of the arrhythmia and clinical signs in 26 dogs."	( Retrospective evaluation of the use of amiodarone in dogs with arrhythmias (from 2003 to 2010). Dukes-McEwan, J; Fonfara, S; López-Alvarez, J; Pedro, B; Stephenson, H, 2012)	1.37
"Amiodarone treatment in this setting should be used in only selected cases."	( Examining the safety of amiodarone. Bai, R; Burkhardt, JD; Di Biase, L; Mohanty, P; Natale, A; Pump, A; Santangeli, P, 2012)	1.4
"Amiodarone treatment is associated with the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction. "	( Incidence of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction and predictive factors for their occurrence. Aleksić, A; Aleksić, Z, )	1.94
"Amiodarone/Silymarin Treatment for Sustained Atrial Flutter."	( Combined amiodarone and silymarin treatment, but not amiodarone alone, prevents sustained atrial flutter in dogs. Besch, H; Vereckei, A; Zipes, DP, 2003)	2.18
"Amiodarone+silymarin treatment resulted in a longer postsurgical right atrial refractory period (155 +/- 13 msec) than atrial flutter mean cycle length (154 +/- 19 msec), consistent with reduction and/or elimination of the excitable gap."	( Combined amiodarone and silymarin treatment, but not amiodarone alone, prevents sustained atrial flutter in dogs. Besch, H; Vereckei, A; Zipes, DP, 2003)	1.46
"Amiodarone treatment increased significantly the liver-conjugated diene (P<0.001), TBARS (P=0.012), plasma total PL (P<0.001) concentrations compared with control."	( Silymarin and vitamin E reduce amiodarone-induced lysosomal phospholipidosis in rats. Agoston, M; Blázovics, A; Fehér, E; Fehér, J; Hagymási, K; Orosz, Z; Orsi, F; Vereckei, A, 2003)	1.33
"Amiodarone treated patients had a lower incidence of AF (22.5% vs. "	( Amiodarone prevents symptomatic atrial fibrillation and reduces the risk of cerebrovascular accidents and ventricular tachycardia after open heart surgery: results of the Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (AFIST). Kluger, J; White, CM, 2003)	3.2
"Amiodarone pre-treatment before electrical DCCV for persistent AF allows chemical conversion in one-fifth of patients without altering the efficacy of subsequent DC conversion. "	( A randomized placebo-controlled trial of pre-treatment and short- or long-term maintenance therapy with amiodarone supporting DC cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation. Batin, P; Birchall, A; Brooksby, WP; Channer, KS; Grant, S; Muthusamy, R; Rhoden, WE; Saeed, BT; Steeds, RP; Walters, SJ; West, JN; Wilson, I; Yeo, WW, 2004)	1.98
"Amiodarone treatment can improve cardiac symptom, function, and sympathetic nerve activity, as evaluated by I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, which improves to a similar extent with beta-blocker treatment."	( Efficacy of amiodarone treatment on cardiac symptom, function, and sympathetic nerve activity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: comparison with beta-blocker therapy. Adachi, H; Hoshizaki, H; Isobe, N; Naito, S; Oshima, S; Seki, R; Taniguchi, K; Toyama, T, )	1.95
"In amiodarone-treated, hypokalemic hearts, no EAD or TdP occurred."	( Comparison of the in vitro electrophysiologic and proarrhythmic effects of amiodarone and sotalol in a rabbit model of acute atrioventricular block. Breithardt, G; Eckardt, L; Haverkamp, W; Milberg, P; Mönnig, G; Osada, N; Ramtin, S; Wasmer, K, 2004)	1.07
"Amiodarone treatment did not abolish the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), allowing for subsequent treatment with radioactive iodine."	( Successful treatment of hyperthyroidism with amiodarone in a patient with propylthiouracil-induced acute hepatic failure. Arteaga, E; Brusco, F; González, G; Soto, N, 2004)	1.3
"Amiodarone treatment improved left ventricular pressure, central venous pressure, and rate of isovolumetric contraction and decreased ventricular weight (P<0.005)."	( Amiodarone improves cardiac sympathetic nerve function to hold norepinephrine in the heart, prevents left ventricular remodeling, and improves cardiac function in rat dilated cardiomyopathy. Aizawa, Y; Hanawa, H; Hirono, S; Ito, M; Kashimura, T; Kato, K; Kodama, M; Ma, M; Okura, Y; Tachikawa, H; Takahashi, T; Watanabe, K, 2005)	2.49
"Amiodarone treatment was continued in ten patients, including eight patients who received corticosteroids, and was temporarily halted in three patients."	( Continuation of amiodarone therapy despite type II amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Bertagna, X; Bertherat, J; Duboc, D; Guignat, L; Meune, C; Mouly, S; Thomopoulos, P; Uzan, L; Weber, S, 2006)	1.4
"Amiodarone, used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, is associated with thyroid dysfunction. "	( Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction in a tertiary center in south Brazil. Bruch, RS; Brum, G; Cunha, CP; Francisconi, A; Gus, M; Schaan, BD; Zottis, B, 2005)	3.21
"Amiodarone treatment (P = 0.002) was the most significant predictor of death, whereas free T4, free T3 and age did not affect outcome."	( Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: left ventricular dysfunction is associated with increased mortality. Diamond, T; Lewis, M; O'Sullivan, AJ, 2006)	2.5
"Amiodarone treatment was terminated, and the patient was given corticosteroids."	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity: a patient with three recurrences of pulmonary toxicity and consideration of the probable risk for relapse. Kobayashi, N; Kojima, J; Kudo, K; Okayasu, K; Sugiyama, H; Takeda, Y; Yoshizawa, A, 2006)	2.5
"amiodarone treatment protocol for horses."	( Effects of an adapted intravenous amiodarone treatment protocol in horses with atrial fibrillation. Baert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Clercq, D; Deprez, P; Tavernier, R; van Loon, G, 2007)	1.34
"Amiodarone is the treatment of choice for direct foetal therapy for SVT, and can be administered safely via the umbilical vein."	( [Treatment of foetal supraventricular tachycardia with antiarrhythmic medication administered through the umbilical vein]. Blom, NA; Klumper, FJ; Oepkes, D; Rijlaarsdam, ME; Roest, AA; Vandenbussche, FP, 2008)	1.07
"Amiodarone treatment was also associated with a moderate reduction in the ratio of the PRs of rT3 and T4, but the change was not statistically significant."	( Effects of chronic administration of amiodarone on kinetics of metabolism of iodothyronines. Chopra, IJ; Kannan, R; Ookhtens, M; Singh, BN, 1984)	1.26
"Amiodarone treatment was discontinued because of recurrent VT in 22 patients, sudden cardiac death in 15 patients, adverse effects in 12 patients, and noncardiac death in 21 patients."	( Clinical efficacy of amiodarone in treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Heger, JJ; Prystowsky, EN; Zipes, DP, 1983)	1.31
"In Amiodarone-treated euthyroid patients, mean T4, fT4 and rT3 values were significantly (p less than 0,01) higher than those of control subjects; TSH levels were normal in all the groups studied."	( [Thyroid function in patients chronically treated with amiodarone]. Bassi, F; Borghi, A; Brocchi, A; Cappelli, G; Fazzini, PF; Gheri, RG; Marchi, F; Paladini, S; Pratesi, E; Pucci, P, 1983)	1.03
"Amiodarone (A) treatment alters the levels of thyroid hormones. "	( [Effects of amiodarone on thyroid hormonal profile. Updating based on new assay methods]. Gasser, F; Kaltenbach, G; Offner, M; Roul, G; Sapin, R; Schlienger, JL, 1994)	2.11
"Amiodarone treatment is associated with a significant risk of proarrhythmic effects, requiring hospitalization of the patient during the loading period."	( New antiarrhythmic drugs in pediatric use: amiodarone. Guccione, P; Paul, T, )	1.12
"Amiodarone or placebo treatment (blind, randomized) is initiated prior to the discharge of the patient from the hospital and each patient is followed up for the duration of the study, at least 1 year."	( The European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial (EMIAT). EMIAT Investigators. Camm, AJ; Frangin, G; Janse, G; Julian, D; Munoz, A; Schwartz, P; Simon, P, 1993)	1.29
"Amiodarone treatment caused a significant increase of NADPH and Fe3+ induced lipid peroxidation in the liver microsomal fraction, which antioxidants (silibinin, MTDQ-DA) were unable to prevent."	( The role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of amiodarone toxicity. Blazovics, A; Feher, E; Feher, J; Foldiak, G; Gyorgy, I; Szenasi, G; Toth, M; Vereckei, A; Zsinka, A, 1993)	1.26
"In amiodarone-treated rats, both uptake and metabolism of T4 were decreased."	( Different effects of amiodarone on transport of T4 and T3 into the perfused rat liver. de Jong, M; Docter, R; Hennemann, G; Krenning, E; Plaisier, P; Quero, C; Van der Heide, D; Van der Hoek, H; Vos, R, 1994)	1.12
"amiodarone treatment or oral digoxin/quinidine treatment in a randomized unblinded single crossover study."	( The efficacy of intravenous amiodarone for the conversion of chronic atrial fibrillation. Amiodarone vs quinidine for conversion of atrial fibrillation. Faitel, K; Kerin, NZ; Naini, M, 1996)	1.31
"The amiodarone-treated animals showed a significant reduction in the coefficient of diffusion (kCO) and a significant increase in lung hydroxyproline levels as compared to the control group."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Fischer 344 rats. Gairola, CG; Lai, YL; Reinhart, PG, 1996)	2.22
"Amiodarone treatment then continued for 60 days."	( Subchronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis induced by silica in rats are attenuated by amiodarone. Antonini, JM; Blake, TL; DiMatteo, M; McCloud, CM; Reasor, MJ, )	1.07
"Amiodarone treatment prolonged action-potential duration by 12.9 ms (p = 0.025) and ventricular repolarization by 16.5 ms (p = 0.03) without changing ventricular activation and dispersion of repolarization."	( Effects of long-term amiodarone treatment on ventricular-fibrillation vulnerability and defibrillation efficacy in response to monophasic and biphasic shocks. Behrens, S; Franz, MR; Li, C, 1997)	1.34
"Amiodarone treatment was associated with a significant increase in TNF-alpha levels in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, 12.7+/-12.5 and 6.8+/-3.7 pg/ml in the amiodarone and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.03) at 1 year."	( Effects of amiodarone on tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Fay, WP; Fisher, SG; Fletcher, RD; Morady, F; Oral, H; Singh, SN, 1999)	1.41
"Amiodarone-treated patients had significantly lower cardiac spillover rates for NE (42%, p = 0.001), DOPA (74%, p < 0.001), DHPG (44%, p < 0.01) and 3H-DHPG (51%, p < 0.01) than those patients not treated with amiodarone. "	( Antiadrenergic effect of chronic amiodarone therapy in human heart failure. Dart, AM; Esler, MD; Jennings, GL; Kaye, DM, 1999)	2.03
"Amiodarone treatment maintained the aortic flow at a significantly higher value; the duration of severe arrhythmias was significantly decreased by the drug."	( Effects of amiodarone on cardiac function and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation during ischemia and reperfusion. Clauw, F; Demaison, L; Grynberg, A; Martine, L; Moreau, D; Rochette, L, 1999)	1.41
"Amiodarone treatment significantly increased, and both silymarin and vitamin E combined with amiodarone significantly decreased, the conjugated diene content of liver homogenate compared with amiodarone treatment alone."	( The effect of amiodarone and/or antioxidant treatment on splenocyte blast transformation. Agoston, M; Blázovics, A; Cabello, RG; Fehér, J; Vereckei, A, 2001)	1.39
"When amiodarone treatment had become clinically effective, a second comparative study was made in four patients after 26--85 days' treatment."	( Effect of amiodarone in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A clinical and electrophysiological study. Berning, J; Rasmussen, V, 1979)	1.12
"Amiodarone treatment in pregnancy might be difficult to handle because of the long half-life of the drug (14-28 days up to 2 months) and because it reduces maternal and neonatal thyroid activity. "	( Amiodarone treatment in pregnancy for dilatative cardiomyopathy with ventricular malignant extrasystole and normal maternal and neonatal outcome. Civitella, C; Garzetti, GG; Romanini, C; Valensise, H, 1992)	3.17
"Amiodarone treatment decreased Bmax (13.6 +/- 2.9 fmol/mg, n = 8) and rHR (252 +/- 5.5 beats/min, n = 5) only in euthyroid rats and did not produce significant cardiac effects in hypothyroid rats."	( In vivo effects of amiodarone on cardiac beta-adrenoceptor density and heart rate require thyroid hormones. Nicolas, P; Perret, GY; Tod, M; Uzzan, B; Vassy, R; Yin, YL, 1992)	1.33
"Amiodarone-treated men had higher serum follicle-stimulating hormone (41.8 +/- 22.8 vs."	( Testicular dysfunction with amiodarone use. Dobs, AS; Griffith, L; Guarnieri, T; Sarma, PS, 1991)	1.3
"Amiodarone treated rats exhibited pathologic evidence of amiodarone-induced lung disease after one week of treatment and this injury was sustained and more extensive during the remainder of the study period."	( Natural killer cell activity in a rat model of amiodarone-induced interstitial lung disease. Karpel, JP; Mitsudo, S; Norin, AJ, 1991)	1.26
"Amiodarone treatment (loading dose 30 g given over 6 weeks; maintenance dose 400 mg/day) was prospectively evaluated in 50 patients with HC in whom the drug was initiated because of symptoms refractory to conventional drug therapy (calcium antagonists and beta blockers)."	( Sudden death during empiric amiodarone therapy in symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Bonow, RO; Cannon, RO; Epstein, SE; Fananapazir, L; Leon, MB; Tracy, CM, 1991)	1.3
"Amiodarone treatment increased significantly the NADPH and Fe3+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomal fractions."	( [The role of oxidative stress, caused by amiodarone, in the side effects of the drug]. Blázovics, A; Fehér, J; Kónya, L; Láng, I; Szénási, G; Vereckei, A; Zsinka, A, 1991)	1.27
"In amiodarone pretreated muscle, contractile forces did not differ significantly from control preparations."	( Negative inotropic effects of amiodarone on isolated guinea pig papillary muscle. Aomine, M; Singer, DH, 1990)	1.08
"3. Amiodarone treatment in eight patients did not affect erythrocyte morphology and deformability."	( Effect of amiodarone on erythrocyte shape and membrane properties. Reinhart, WH; Rohner, F, 1990)	1.2
"Amiodarone treatment increased the apparent first order rate constants for 45Ca2+ influx and efflux in intact HPAE cells."	( Amiodarone-mediated increase in intracellular free Ca2+ associated with cellular injury to human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Kachel, D; Martin, WJ; Olsen, R; Powis, G; Standing, JE, 1990)	2.44
"Amiodarone treatment decreased metabolic clearance rates significantly from 0.107 +/- 0.008 in controls to 0.074 +/- 0.009 l/day in amiodarone-treated rabbits (p less than 0.05)."	( Effect of amiodarone on non-deiodinative pathway of thyroid hormone metabolism. Chopra, IJ; Kannan, R; Ookhtens, M; Singh, BN, 1990)	1.4
"Amiodarone treatment alters both the levels of serum lipids and thyroid hormones."	( Amiodarone-induced changes in lipid metabolism. Bagchi, N; Brown, TR; Jackson, K; Kasim, SE; Khilnani, S; Lehmann, MH; Steinman, RT, 1990)	2.44
"Amiodarone pretreatment had no effect on the renal clearances of acetaminophen or its metabolites."	( Effect of amiodarone on the disposition of acetaminophen in the rat. Chong, MT; Svensson, CK, 1989)	1.4
"An amiodarone pretreatment accelerated the death of rats receiving 5 or 10 mg/kg DX did not provoke lethality for a lower dose of 2.5 mg/kg DX."	( Serum concentrations of amiodarone required for an in vivo modulation of anthracycline resistance. Chauffert, B; Coudert, B; Genne, P; Girardot, C; Martin, F; Pelletier, H, )	0.95
"Amiodarone treatment of the rat was used as a model to determine the influence of the drug on thyroid hormone-regulated gene expression in the myocardium and liver; interactions between amiodarone and thyroid status were examined in hypothyroid and tri-iodothyronine (T3)-treated animals."	( Regulation of alpha- and beta-myosin heavy chain messenger RNAs in the rat myocardium by amiodarone and by thyroid status. Alhquist, JA; Franklyn, JA; Gammage, MD; Green, NK; Sheppard, MC, 1989)	1.22
"In amiodarone-treated patients, the major findings were as follows: a 50% incidence of hepatic dysfunction with a tenfold increase in concentrations of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; a 25% incidence of pulmonary dysfunction necessitating a fourfold increase in the number of days of ventilator support; and a 19% incidence of low cardiac output syndrome with two deaths."	( Amiodarone-induced complications after cardiac operation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clark, RE; Kupferschmid, JP; Leon, MB; McIntosh, CL; Rosengart, TK, 1989)	2.23
"Amiodarone treatment also resulted in a significant rate-related reduction in systolic blood pressure."	( Rate-related electrophysiologic effects of long-term administration of amiodarone on canine ventricular myocardium in vivo. Anderson, KP; Dustman, T; Ershler, PR; Kates, RE; Lux, RL; Urie, PM; Walker, R, 1989)	1.23
"Amiodarone treatment caused a significant rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 22 +/- 8 to 37 +/- 9 mm Hg (p less than .001) at the highest identical workloads and from 26 +/- 10 to 37 +/- 9 (p less than .005) at maximal symptom-limited workloads."	( Effects of long-term treatment with amiodarone on exercise hemodynamics and left ventricular relaxation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Andries, E; Heyndrickx, GR; Nellens, P; Paulus, WJ, 1986)	1.27
"Amiodarone treatment for 6 weeks resulted in lower heart weight, decreased atrial production of 14C-CO2 from labelled glucose, decreased myosin Ca-ATPase activity, and preferential synthesis of V3 isomyosin."	( Effect of amiodarone on rat heart myosin isoenzymes. Bagchi, N; Banerjee, SK; Brown, TR; Schneider, DS, 1987)	1.4
"Amiodarone treatment did not alter the magnitude of force development in isolated atrial and papillary muscle preparations, but depressed the rate of force development (dF/dt)."	( Changes in cardiac muscle function and biochemistry produced by long-term amiodarone and amiodarone + triiodothyronine administration in the rabbit. Khazaeli, MB; Lucchesi, BR; Montgomery, DG; Patterson, E; Shlafer, M; Walden, KM, 1987)	1.23
"Amiodarone treatment induced a significant increase in serum total and free T3 (from 2.17 +/- 0.13 to 3.55 +/- 0.58 nmol/l and from 5.6 +/- 0.61 to 9.46 +/- 1.41 pmol/l)."	( Decreased TSH response to TRH induced by amiodarone. Beckers, C; Burger, AG; De Nayer, P; Lambert, M, 1988)	1.26
"The amiodarone-treated dogs had a smaller increase in cardiac output compared with baseline than did control dogs."	( The reversal of amiodarone-induced perioperative reduction in cardiac systolic reserve in dogs. Baker, JW; Dalton, MS; Kaiser, DL; Matthew, TL; Nolan, SP; Shipe, JR; Spotnitz, WD, 1988)	1.1
"3. Amiodarone treatment increased blood, myocardial and skeletal muscle [3H]-digoxin concentrations by 200% indicating passive equilibration between blood and these tissues, and resulting in unaltered tissue to blood ratios."	( Interactions of amiodarone with digoxin in rats. Braunschweig, J; Stäubli, M; Studer, H, 1987)	1.13
"Amiodarone treatment significantly prolonged VERP in control (33.4 +/- 1.9 to 45.0 +/- 4.5 msec), thyroidectomized (39.9 +/- 1.7 to 48.3 +/- 2.8 msec), T4-treated (26.2 +/- 1.0 to 37.4 +/- 1.3 msec) and T3-treated rats (25.6 +/- 1.1 to 34.3 +/- 1.3 msec)."	( Lack of relation between the ventricular refractory period prolongation by amiodarone and the thyroid state in rats. Cardinal, R; Lambert, C; Lamontagne, D; Nadeau, R; Paradis, P; Rouleau, JL; Vermeulen, M, 1987)	1.22
"Amiodarone treatment induced a marked increase in both T4 and rT3 and tended to decrease T3 serum levels."	( Effect of amiodarone on myosin isoenzymic distribution in rat ventricular myocardium. Bouveret, P; Gagnol, JP; Jungbluth, L; Mercadier, JJ; Nahum, D; Nokin, P; Schwartz, K; Wisnewsky, C, 1987)	1.4
"Amiodarone, used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, may lead to severe discolouration of sun-exposed skin. "	( Morphological changes in peripheral blood cells and skin in amiodarone-treated patients. Konrad, K; Rappersberger, K; Weber, H; Wieser, E; Wolff, K, 1986)	1.96
"In amiodarone-treated patients there was an effective response rate of 40% after 10 days, 50% after 1 month and 70% after 3 and 6 months."	( Long term efficacy of class I antiarrhythmic agents and amiodarone in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Baedeker, W; Goedel-Meinen, L; Jahns, G; Kein, G; Linné, R; Schaudig, U; Schmidt, G; Wirtzfeld, A, 1985)	1.03
"Treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis must be delivered with close collaboration between endocrinologist and cardiologist."	( Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Anfinsen, OG; Lima, K, 2021)	2.42
"Does treatment with amiodarone vs lidocaine therapy have differential associations with outcomes among adult patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest from VT/VF?"	( Comparative Effectiveness of Amiodarone and Lidocaine for the Treatment of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Bradley, SM; Cranford, JA; Kronick, SL; Nawer, H; Neumar, RW; Wagner, D, 2023)	1.52
"Treatment with amiodarone in the blanking period was shown to be more effective in reducing ER than propafenone."	( Comparison of Amiodarone and Propafenone in Blanking Period after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Propensity Score-Matched Study. Chen, L; Chen, X; Fan, L; Gong, K; Huang, R; Lin, J; Xu, Z; Zhang, F; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.26
"Treatment with amiodarone (200-800 mg daily for 1-6 weeks pre-cardioversion; 0-200 mg daily post-cardioversion) was associated with higher rates of acute restoration [relative risk (RR) 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.39, P = 0.004, n = 1012, I2 = 65%] and maintenance of sinus rhythm over 13 months (RR 4.39, 95% CI 2.99-6.45, P < 0.001, n = 695, I2 = 0%)."	( Pre- and post-treatment with amiodarone for elective electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Amit, G; Belley-Côté, EP; Chu, VA; Healey, JS; Koziarz, A; McIntyre, WF; Mendoza, PA; Um, KJ; Whitlock, RP, 2019)	1.14
"The treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) still remains a clinical challenge, requiring the cooperation of both endocrinologists and cardiologists. "	( Radioiodine therapy in patients with type II amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Czarnywojtek, A; Kobylecka, M; Królicki, L; Kunikowska, J; Miechowicz, I; Płazińska, M; Rewers, A; Ruchała, M; Stangierski, A; Waligórska-Stachura, J; Warmuz-Stangierska, I; Woliński, K, 2014)	1
"Pretreatment with amiodarone before intensive care administration, paroxysmal versus persistent AT, catecholamine infusion, and fluid and magnesium loading were among the covariates assessed in the model."	( Modeling of Amiodarone Effect on Heart Rate Control in Critically Ill Patients with Atrial Tachyarrhythmias. Aissaoui, N; Alazard, M; El-Aissaoui, M; Faisy, C; Funck-Brentano, C; Hulot, JS; Le-Heuzey, JY; Salem, JE; Urien, S, 2016)	1.14
"Treatment with amiodarone solution containing high concentration of calcium had a lower potentiating effect compared with that of perfusion with either of them."	( [Possible role of sarcoplasmatic reticulum in anti-arrhythmic effects of the class III agent amiodarone]. Afanas'ev, SA; Falaleeva, LP; Kondrat'eva, DS; Popov, SV, 2009)	0.91
"Treatment of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity consists primarily of stopping amiodarone."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: an under-recognized and severe adverse effect? Berghaus, T; Haeckel, T; Schwaiblmair, M; von Scheidt, W; Wagner, T, 2010)	2.16
"Treatment with amiodarone for the prophylaxis of sudden cardiac death has less favorable net clinical benefit (15 trials, NNT = 38; p < 0.001 versus NNH for either thyroid toxicity, hepatic toxicity, pulmonary toxicity or bradycardia = 14; p < 0.001)."	( Examining the safety of amiodarone. Bai, R; Burkhardt, JD; Di Biase, L; Mohanty, P; Natale, A; Pump, A; Santangeli, P, 2012)	1.02
"Treatment with amiodarone was accompanied by substantial lowering of the tone of autonomic nervous system in patients with adrenergic type of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation while there was no dynamics of parasympathetic tone in patients with vagal or mixed types."	( [Effect of amiodarone on autonomic status and its efficacy in the treatment of different variants of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation]. Guseva, IA; Shabalin, AV; Shaposhnikova, IuS, 2002)	1.04
"Rats treated with amiodarone had a higher serum creatinine (182%) and a lower glomerular filtration rate (53%), renal plasma flow (68%) and filtration fraction (62%) than controls."	( Acute renal toxic effect of amiodarone in rats. Arévalo, MA; Barata, JD; Branco, P; Bruges, M; González de Buitrago, JM; Morales, AI; Palma, P; Pérez-Barriocanal, F, 2003)	0.94
"Treatment with amiodarone should be discontinued after exclusion of life-threatening situations by a cardiologist, as soon as the first changes of the optic disc occur."	( [Amiodarone treatment and visual prognosis]. Schmidt, D, 2003)	1.57
"Treatment with amiodarone may have a positive or neutral survival benefit."	( Amiodarone versus Implantable Defibrillator (AMIOVIRT): background, rationale, design, methods, results and implications. Strickberger, SA; Wijetunga, M, 2003)	2.1
"Treating amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) may include traditional antithyroid agents, glucocorticoids, and surgery."	( Treating amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis with radioactive iodine. Iskandar, SB; Jordan, RM; Peiris, AN; Richard, MJ, 2004)	1.13
"Treatment with amiodarone may lead to changes in thyroid tests results and to development of hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis."	( [Thyroid and cardiovascular disorders]. Gajek, J; Zyśko, D, 2004)	0.66
"Treatment with amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has been proposed to improve the prognosis in such patients."	( Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. Anderson, J; Bardy, GH; Boineau, R; Clapp-Channing, N; Davidson-Ray, LD; Domanski, M; Fishbein, DP; Fraulo, ES; Ip, JH; Johnson, G; Lee, KL; Luceri, RM; Mark, DB; McNulty, SE; Packer, DL; Poole, JE; Troutman, C, 2005)	2.11
"Pretreatment with amiodarone does not appear to significantly alter the lethality of amitriptyline poisoning in mice. "	( Amiodarone fails to improve survival in amitriptyline-poisoned mice. Barrueto, F; Chuang, A; Cotter, BW; Hoffman, RS; Nelson, LS, 2005)	2.1
"Pretreatment with amiodarone and repeat DC cardioversion results in sinus rhythm restoration in about 80.6% of pts with persistent AF after an initial unsuccessful attempt. "	( Amiodarone after unsuccessful direct-current cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Jasik, M; Kiliszek, M; Kosior, DA; Opolski, G; Rabczenko, D; Wozakowska-Kapłon, B, 2005)	2.1
"Treatment with amiodarone was associated with an increased risk of death from circulatory failure independent of functional class."	( The safety of amiodarone in patients with heart failure. Cleland, JG; Di Lenarda, A; Komajda, M; Lukas, MA; Metra, M; Moullet, C; Poole-Wilson, PA; Remme, W; Scherhag, A; Spark, P; Swedberg, K; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2007)	1.05
"Treatment with amiodarone or class 1C antiarrhythmics remained very low."	( Atrial fibrillation pharmacotherapy after hospital discharge between 1995 and 2004: a shift towards beta-blockers. Abildstrom, SZ; Folke, F; Friberg, J; Gadsbøll, N; Gislason, GH; Hansen, ML; Køber, L; Madsen, M; Poulsen, HE; Rasmussen, S; Schramm, TK; Sørensen, R; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2008)	0.69
"Treatment with amiodarone is often associated with sinus bradycardia. "	( [Effect of treatment with amiodarone on sinus node function]. Reĭngardene, DI, 2007)	0.99
"Treatment with amiodarone, an iodinated anti-arrhythmic drug, is associated with increases in serum rT3 and serum L-T4 with a mild variable decrease in T3. "	( Effects of chronic administration of amiodarone on kinetics of metabolism of iodothyronines. Chopra, IJ; Kannan, R; Ookhtens, M; Singh, BN, 1984)	0.89
"Rats treated with amiodarone showed a lowering of the resting heart rate and a reduction of the increment in heart rate after iv isoproterenol administration."	( The effects of amiodarone on serum thyroid hormones and hepatic thyroxine 5'-monodeiodination in rats. Dillmann, WH; Hershman, JM; Reed, AW; Sogol, PB, 1983)	0.94
"treatment with amiodarone: 1) TSH is the first hormone to change significantly followed by reverse T3, T4, and T3; 2) the progressive fall of T3 levels reflects an inhibition of the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3; 3) the observed later increase of total and free T4 levels may be explained by a contribution of direct thyroidal stimulation by TSH and/or by a reduction in T4 clearance."	( Acute effects of amiodarone administration on thyroid function in patients with cardiac arrhythmia. Berti, S; Biagini, A; Bonini, R; Carpi, A; Chopra, IJ; Clerico, A; Iervasi, G; Manfredi, C; Palmieri, C; Ravani, M, 1997)	0.98
"Treatment with amiodarone, a potent antiarrhythmic drug, is associated with a dose-dependent increase in plasma cholesterol resulting from a decreased number of liver low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. "	( Tri-iodothyronine prevents the amiodarone-induced decrease in the expression of the liver low-density lipoprotein receptor gene. Bakker, O; Hudig, F; Wiersinga, WM, 1997)	0.94
"Pretreatment with amiodarone and repeat DC cardioversion allows for restoration of sinus rhythm in about 65% of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation after first ineffective DC cardioversion. "	( Amiodarone in restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation after unsuccessful direct-current cardioversion. Górecki, A; Kraska, T; Opolski, G; Stanisławska, J; Swiecicka, G; Torbicki, A, 1997)	2.07
"Treatment with amiodarone results in significant QT prolongation without altering QT dispersion. "	( Influence of amiodarone on QT dispersion in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and clinical outcome. Helguera, ME; Kidwell, GA; Meierhenrich, R; Tebbe, U, 1997)	1.02
"Treatment of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity generally consists in simply discontinuing the drug with subsequent improvement in clinical condition and radiologic abnormalities. "	( [Management of severe amiodarone-induced pneumopathy using inhaled nitric oxide]. Chironi, G; Fellahi, JL; Jardin, F; Qanadli, SD; Texereau, J, 1997)	0.98
"Pre-treatment with amiodarone or a glucose-insulin-potassium solution could improve the efficacy of electrical cardioversion by reversing the partially depolarized diastolic potential of the subsidiary pacemakers in atrial fibrillation."	( Oral amiodarone increases the efficacy of direct-current cardioversion in restoration of sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Aschieri, D; Capucci, A; Piepoli, MF; Rosi, A; Villani, GQ, 2000)	1.14
"Treatment with amiodarone resulted in a decrease in maternal weight gain compared to pair-fed vehicle-treated controls, however, neonatal weight gain was not affected."	( Effects of amiodarone administration during lactation in Fischer-344 rats. Hill, DA; Reasor, MJ, 1992)	1.01
"Treatment with amiodarone was continued; however, therapy with L-thyroxin was initiated, followed by a complete regression of the goiter."	( Goiter and hypothyroidism during re-treatment with amiodarone in a patient who previously experienced amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Ish-Shalom, S; Kaplan, J, 1991)	0.87
"Pretreatment with amiodarone (50 mg/kg, iv) decreased antipyrine clearance with or without prior glutathione depletion."	( Effect of glutathione depletion on the in vivo inhibition of drug metabolism by agents forming an inactive cytochrome P-450 Fe(II):metabolite complex. Studies with amiodarone and troleandomycin. Drobitch, RK; Kloss, KA; Svensson, CK, 1991)	0.8
"Treatment with amiodarone did not appear to influence survival."	( Prognostic guides in patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy assessed for cardiac transplantation. Baron, DW; Hickie, JB; Keogh, AM, 1990)	0.62
"Rats treated with amiodarone showed a similar response pattern to hormone injection (i."	( Amiodarone reduces the effect of T3 on beta adrenergic receptor density in rat heart. Hartong, R; Plomp, TA; Wiersinga, WM, 1990)	2.05
"Treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is difficult since the drug has a prolonged half-life, cardiac decompensation due to underlying heart disease occurs often, and discontinuation of amiodarone therapy may not be possible."	( Thyroidectomy for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Abend, SL; Braverman, LE; Farwell, AP; Huang, SK; Patwardhan, NA, 1990)	0.97
"Treatment with amiodarone resulted in a decrease in plasma T3 and free T3, an increase in plasma rT3, a marked diminution in the frequency of VPCs and a prolongation of the corrected QT interval (QTc)."	( Effect of oral triiodothyronine during amiodarone treatment for ventricular premature complexes. Biollaz, J; Goy, JJ; Lemarchand-Beraud, T; Magnenat, P; Nicod, P; Polikar, R; Schlapfer, J, 1986)	0.88
"Treatment with Amiodarone and Flecainide were compared using an open, parallel, randomized experimental design."	( [Comparative multicenter clinical study of flecainide and amiodarone in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias associated with chronic Chagas cardiopathy]. Brunetto, JF; Califano, JE; Chiale, PA; González Zuelgaray, J; Núñez Burgos, J; Pastori, JD; Posse, R; Rosenbaum, M; Sgammini, H, )	0.72
"Treatment of amiodarone iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis is often unsuccessful. "	( Rapid effectiveness of prednisone and thionamides combined therapy in severe amiodarone iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. Comparison of two groups of patients with apparently normal thyroid glands. Barbier, Y; Bornet, H; Broussolle, C; Ducottet, X; Martin, C; Noel, G; Orgiazzi, J, 1989)	0.88
"Treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) with thionamide, lithium or radioactive iodine is ineffective. "	( Dexamethasone treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) with or without persistent administration of the drug. Bernard, R; Bonnyns, M; Bourdoux, P; Demaret, B; Renard, M; Sterling, I, 1989)	0.94
"T3 treatment of amiodarone-treated rats reversed all the changes induced by amiodarone."	( Effect of amiodarone on rat heart myosin isoenzymes. Bagchi, N; Banerjee, SK; Brown, TR; Schneider, DS, 1987)	1.01
"Treatment with amiodarone leads to an accumulation in the liver of this iodinated compound and hence an increase in the CT density of the liver."	( Increased hepatic density and phospholipidosis due to amiodarone. Barker, ME; Boyer, TD; Goldberg, HI; Goldman, IS; Keung, E; Raper, SE; Winkler, ML, 1985)	0.86

Toxicity

Amiodarone is useful for the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. FDA reissued the warning in 2008 after reports of 52 cases of rhabdomyolysis.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amiodarone, a commonly used antiarrhythmic agent, has numerous adverse effects."	( Hepatotoxicity of amiodarone. Jeyamalar, R; Kannan, P; Pathmanathan, R; Wong, D, 1992)	2.06
"Five patients developed neurological adverse effects as they were treated with amiodarone for 2 to 18 months."	( [Neurological toxicity of amiodarone. 5 case reports]. Arnaud, A; Gil, R; Marechaud, R; Neau, JP; Rivasseau-Jonveaux, T, 1992)	0.81
"Numerous systemic drugs produce adverse effects that involve the eye."	( Ocular side effects of selected systemic drugs. Jaanus, SD, 1992)	0.28
" Adverse effects were noted in 21 (55."	( Adverse effects of oral amiodarone therapy. Avasthey, P; Dube, S; Gupta, PR; Sinha, PR; Somani, PN, 1992)	0.59
" Adverse effects including thyroid dysfunction, corneal microdeposits, pulmonary abnormalities occurred in 65 percent of patients and treatment had to be discontinued in 15."	( Efficacy and safety of amiodarone in treatment of refractory atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Kato, K, 1992)	0.59
" However, it has a wide profile of adverse effects involving a number of organ systems."	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity--three unusual manifestations. Firouz-Abadi, A; McNeil, KD; Oliver, W; Zimmerman, PV, 1992)	1.73
"Amiodarone is an amphiphilic drug that penetrates easily through the plasmatic membrane and can induce the production of lysosome lamellar bodies in virtually all cells of the organism, independently of toxic effects."	( [Value of lamellar body quantification in leukocytes in amiodarone toxicity]. Carvalho-Pinto, RM; Cukier, A; Falzoni, R; Pileggi, F; Terra Filho, M; Vargas, FS, )	1.82
" This article focuses on those drugs that are known to have an adverse effect on the serum lipid profile and the clinical significance of this effect."	( [Adverse effects of drugs on serum lipids. Clinical implications]. Ghizzoni, G; Rusconi, C; Sabatini, T, 1991)	0.28
" Since many of these toxic reactions develop only after a prolonged period of therapy, careful follow-up on a regular basis is essential."	( Side effects from amiodarone. Podrid, PJ; Wilson, JS, 1991)	0.62
" Pulmonary toxicity is the most serious adverse effect with an estimated mortality of 1 to 33 percent."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Immunoallergologic tests and bronchoalveolar lavage phospholipid content. Escamilla, R; Migueres, J; Nicolet-Chatelain, G; Prevost, MC, 1991)	1.72
" Desethylamiodarone was more toxic than amiodarone in the cultured hepatocytes."	( Amiodarone- and desethylamiodarone-induced myelinoid inclusion bodies and toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes. Bandyopadhyay, S; Gross, SA; Klaunig, JE; Somani, P, 1990)	2.14
" Although the pathologic findings of amiodarone lung can be distinctive, the histologic demonstration of foam cells and ultrastructural lamellar inclusions alone does not distinguish toxic from nontoxic patients receiving amiodarone."	( Clinical aspects of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Kennedy, JI, 1990)	0.88
" Likewise, the mechanism of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity suggests that at least two different pathways of toxicity exist: (1) an indirect mechanism characterized by influx of inflammatory or immune effector cells to the lung and (2) a direct toxic mechanism that results in lung parenchymal cell injury and a subsequent fibrotic response."	( Mechanisms of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Martin, WJ, 1990)	0.93
"Amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic drug with predominantly class III effects, has demonstrated serious adverse drug reactions and interactions."	( Amiodarone: a postmarketing evaluation of monitoring for drug-induced toxicity. Fitzsimons, BM; Luck, JC; Meute, MA; Murphy, JA; Wiley, SW; Wilkinson, WC, 1990)	3.16
" Using lactate dehydrogenase release into the medium to quantitate cell death, both drugs were found to cause cell death in a concentration-dependent manner within 24 hr of incubation; this data showed desethylamiodarone to be significantly more toxic than amiodarone."	( Amiodarone and desethylamiodarone toxicity in isolated hepatocytes in culture. Bandyopadhyay, S; Gross, SA; Klaunig, JE; Somani, P, 1989)	1.91
" The proportion of abnormal baseline pulmonary function tests was not significantly different among all toxic patients, pulmonary toxic patients and nontoxic patients."	( Usefulness of serial pulmonary function testing as an indicator of amiodarone toxicity. Bedrossian, CW; Evans, GR; Jackson, F; Ohar, JA; Redd, RM, 1989)	0.51
"Since recent in vivo evidence suggests that the benzofuran antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone has a direct toxic effect on the human thyroid gland, we have investigated the effects of both amiodarone and its metabolite desethylamiodarone on a novel immortalized functional human thyrocyte line (SGHTL-34 cells)."	( Cytotoxic effects of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone on human thyrocytes. Beddows, SA; Johnstone, AP; McNerney, R; Nussey, SS; Page, SR; Taylor, AH; Whitley, GS, 1989)	0.82
" There is reasonable evidence that toxicity, particularly the early toxic manifestations with large loading dosages, can be favorably modified by reducing the dosage."	( A general overview of amiodarone toxicity: its prevention, detection, and management. Miller, PE; Mostow, ND; Rakita, L; Vrobel, TR, )	0.45
" The high incidence of tolerable and intolerable adverse side effects is probably related to high amiodarone loading (31."	( Long-term efficacy and toxicity of high- and low-dose amiodarone regimens. Aragon, E; Faitel, K; Frumin, H; Kerin, NZ; Rubenfire, M, 1989)	0.74
" The most important side effect observed has been the photosensitivity found in 22% of children."	( [Amiodarone therapy in childhood: efficacy and side effects]. Austoni, P; Danzi, GB; Fancini, P; Figini, A; Mascarello, M; Vignati, G, 1985)	1.18
" Adverse effects led to drug discontinuation in 15 (21%), 3 because of pulmonary toxicity (1 in combination with neuropathy and another with drug-induced hepatitis); 2 because of chemical hepatitis; 1, confusion; 6, neuropathy; 2, arrhythmia exacerbation; 2, symptomatic bradycardia; and 1 because of impotence."	( High incidence of clinical and subclinical toxicity associated with amiodarone treatment of refractory tachyarrhythmias. Anastasiou-Nana, MI; Anderson, JL; Anderson, KP; Call, NB; Crapo, RO; Lutz, JR; Nanas, JN; Smith, RA, )	0.37
" The data suggest that amiodarone toxicity to the lung may be primarily related to its direct toxic effect on lung cells, and that the characteristic morphologic changes of cytoplasmic inclusions may represent an early sign of the drug's effect."	( Amiodarone-induced lung toxicity. In vitro evidence for the direct toxicity of the drug. Howard, DM; Martin, WJ, 1985)	2.02
"To assess the incidence of adverse effects associated with long-term amiodarone therapy, we reviewed the records of 217 consecutive patients who were treated for refractory arrhythmia."	( Side effects and complications of amiodarone therapy. Lown, B; Podrid, PJ; Raeder, EA, 1985)	0.78
" 2) The side effect profile compares favorably with conventional antiarrhythmics; severe side effects associated with high dosages (pulmonary, hepatic, neurologic, etc."	( Long-term efficacy, safety and survival of patients with potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias treated with low-dose amiodarone. Aragon, E; Blevins, RD; Faitel, K; Frumin, H; Jarandilla, R; Kerin, NZ; Luarca, R; Marinescu, G; Rubenfire, M, 1988)	0.48
"The pulmonary toxicity associated with amiodarone therapy is clinically complex and likely reflects underlying mechanisms of lung injury that result from direct toxic effects of the drug (or its metabolites) as well as indirect inflammatory and immunologic processes induced by the drug therapy (Fig 2)."	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Recognition and pathogenesis (Part 2). Martin, WJ; Rosenow, EC, 1988)	1.99
"Amiodarone has been reported to be a remarkably safe and effective drug in the European and South American experience but American investigators have published conflicting data."	( Safety and efficacy of amiodarone. The low-dose perspective. Friehling, TD; Kowey, PR; Marinchak, RA; Stohler, JL; Sulpizi, AM, 1988)	2.03
"The antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone is associated with numerous adverse effects, but clinically significant liver disease is rare."	( Fatal amiodarone hepatoxicity. Briscoe, GW; Gilinsky, NH; Kuo, CS, 1988)	1.06
"Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity represents an example of a life-threatening adverse drug reaction."	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity: biochemical evidence for a cellular phospholipidosis in the bronchoalveolar lavage of human subjects. Martin, WJ; Standing, JE, 1988)	3.16
" Sixty-three patients (55%) had one or more adverse effects attributed to amiodarone."	( Relation between amiodarone and desethylamiodarone plasma concentrations and electrophysiologic effects, efficacy and toxicity. DiMarco, JP; Greenberg, ML; Kaiser, DL; Lerman, BB; Shipe, JR, 1987)	0.84
" We describe an unusual manifestation of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity in a patient with bilateral exudative pleural effusions and toxic involvement of other organs."	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity presenting as bilateral exudative pleural effusions. Franzini, DA; Gonzalez-Rothi, RJ; Hannan, SE; Hood, CI, 1987)	1.98
"The relationship of steady-state serum levels of amiodarone and its major metabolite, desethylamiodarone, to therapeutic and toxic effects was evaluated in 111 patients treated for supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias."	( Relationship of steady-state serum concentrations of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone to therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects. Falik, R; Flores, BT; Gibson, GA; Josephson, ME; Marchlinski, FE; Shaw, L, 1987)	0.78
"We have studied 15 patients with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity and compared them with five amiodarone patients without evidence of toxic effect."	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlations. Fulmer, JD; Kennedy, JI; Myers, JL; Plumb, VJ, 1987)	2
" These findings suggest that both toxic and hypersensitivity liver injury can occur in response to amiodarone."	( Amiodarone hepatotoxicity. A clinicopathologic study of five patients. Barwick, KW; Batsford, WP; Enriquez, R; Helzberg, J; Josephson, ME; Riely, CA; Rigas, B; Rosenfeld, LE, 1986)	1.93
" As amiodarone has been used more widely and in more diverse patient populations, reports of serious thyroid, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and other adverse reactions have appeared in the literature."	( Serious adverse effects of amiodarone. Garan, H; McGovern, B; Ruskin, JN, 1984)	1.12
"The relationship of apparent steady-state serum concentrations of amiodarone and its metabolite, desethylamiodarone, to therapeutic and toxic effects was assessed in 127 patients who had treatment-resistant ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias or were intolerant to other agents."	( Steady-state serum amiodarone concentrations: relationships with antiarrhythmic efficacy and toxicity. Belhassen, B; Greenspan, AM; Greenspon, AJ; Horowitz, LN; Rotmensch, HH; Shoshani, D; Spielman, SR; Swanson, BN; Vlasses, PH, 1984)	0.83
"The relationships between size of loading dose and drug concentration, size of maintenance dose and drug concentration, and pulmonary and cutaneous adverse side effects and drug dosage were examined in patients given amiodarone."	( Relationships between amiodarone dosage, drug concentrations, and adverse side effects. Heger, JJ; Prystowsky, EN; Zipes, DP, 1983)	0.77
" One or more adverse drug reactions occurred in 51% of patients."	( Long-term efficacy and toxicity of high-dose amiodarone therapy for ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Bhandari, A; Keung, E; Malone, P; Morady, F; Sauve, MJ; Scheinman, MM; Schwartz, AB; Shen, EN; Sung, RJ, 1983)	0.53
" Pulmonary toxicity, however, represents the most serious adverse reaction limiting the clinical effecacy of this antidysrhythmic drug."	( A case of amiodarone-associated pulmonary toxicity. Jeong, SW; Jin, SY; Kang, CH; Kim, YH; Kwon, KH; Park, CS; Park, JS; Uh, S, 1995)	0.69
" Pulmonary toxicity is a well-known adverse reaction to amiodarone, but it rarely requires mechanical ventilation."	( [Respiratory insufficiency due to pulmonary toxicity of amiodarone]. Jukema, GJ; Kerkhof, SC; Strack van Schijndel, RJ; ter Maaten, JC, 1995)	0.78
"Noncardiovascular adverse effects associated with amiodarone result in substantial morbidity."	( Risk factors for the development of specific noncardiovascular adverse effects associated with amiodarone. Follin, SL; Ordelova, A; Tisdale, JE; Webb, CR, 1995)	0.76
"Although most hepatic adverse effects associated with amiodarone are transient and reversible with time, deaths resulting from amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity have been reported."	( Fatal hepatotoxicity following oral administration of amiodarone. Richer, M; Robert, S, 1995)	0.79
"Pneumonitis is a serious adverse effect of amiodarone therapy, which is related to the average daily dose."	( Amiodarone pneumonitis: no safe dose. Polkey, MI; Rees, PJ; Wilson, PO, 1995)	2
" No major adverse effects occurred."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for short-term treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children. Lopez, JD; Muñoz, M; Romero, A; Santos, J; Soult, JA; Tovaruela, A, )	0.41
"Exposure to the toxic mineral dust silica has been shown to produce an acute inflammatory response in the lungs of both humans and laboratory animals."	( Acute silica toxicity: attenuation by amiodarone-induced pulmonary phospholipidosis. Antonini, JM; McCloud, CM; Reasor, MJ, 1994)	0.56
" Adverse effects occurred in 18 patients (58%), however none necessitated termination of amiodarone therapy."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous Amiodarone in infants and children. Figa, FH; Freedom, RM; Gow, RM; Hamilton, RM, 1994)	0.77
" In conclusion, 1) amiodarone had a cytotoxic effect in CHO fibroblasts, a nonthyroid cell line; 2) this cytotoxic effect occurred in thyroid cells independent of their ability to organify iodide; 3) however, the toxic effect of amiodarone was greater and occurred at a lower molar concentration in freshly prepared human thyroid follicles that trap and organify iodide; and 4) in the latter culture system, methimazole, an inhibitor of iodide organification, partially, but significantly, reduced the cytotoxic effect of amiodarone."	( Studies on the in vitro cytotoxic effect of amiodarone. Braverman, LE; Chiovato, L; Lapi, P; Mammoli, C; Martino, E; Pinchera, A; Santini, F; Tonacchera, M, 1994)	0.88
"Intravenous amiodarone is safe and effective in most young patients with critical tachyarrhythmia."	( Pediatric use of intravenous amiodarone: efficacy and safety in critically ill patients from a multicenter protocol. Fenrich, AL; Friedman, RA; Hulse, JE; Lamberti, JJ; Perry, JC; Triedman, JK, 1996)	0.96
"Amiodarone therapy for certain life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias is associated with numerous side and adverse effects, of which pulmonary toxicity is one of the most serious adverse reactions."	( [Early diagnosis of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: are repeated lung function tests of any value?]. Aldershvile, J; Ulrik, CS, 1996)	2.06
" These results suggest that amiodarone may have a direct toxic effect on mitochondria, beginning at < 10 microM, with membrane-damaging effects at higher drug concentrations."	( Amiodarone-induced lymphocyte toxicity and mitochondrial function. Hutchins, JB; Kennedy, T; Sausville, EA; Woosley, RL; Yasuda, SU, 1996)	2.03
" Except for transient first-degree atrioventricular block in two patients, no adverse effects possibly related to amiodarone were observed (including proarrhythmia and incidence or aggravation of heart failure symptoms)."	( Intravenous amiodarone is safe and seems to be effective in termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Ceremuzyński, L; Cybulski, J; Czepiel, A; Kułakowski, P; Makowska, E; Sikora-Frac, M, 1996)	0.88
"Amiodarone given intravenously for acute termination of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias is completely safe and seems effective."	( Intravenous amiodarone is safe and seems to be effective in termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Ceremuzyński, L; Cybulski, J; Czepiel, A; Kułakowski, P; Makowska, E; Sikora-Frac, M, 1996)	2.12
"Although amiodarone is a highly efficacious antidysrhythmic agent, the drug produces numerous adverse effects."	( Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Brien, JF; Leeder, RG; Massey, TE; Rafeiro, E, 1995)	0.99
" Additionally, the toxic effect of amiodarone on the cells was depressed by pretreatment of them with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or alpha-tocopherol for 2 days and co-treatment with these agents for 1 day, but not with prednisolone or indomethacin co-treatment."	( Toxicity of amiodarone on mouse pulmonary endothelial cells cultured with or without alveolar macrophages. Futamura, Y, 1996)	0.95
" Amiodarone appeared to be safe and did not have to be discontinued because of intolerable side effects."	( Efficacy, safety, and determinants of conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter with oral amiodarone. Crijns, HJ; de Kam, PJ; Gosselink, AT; Lie, KI; Tieleman, RG; van den Berg, MP; van Gelder, IC; van Gilst, WH, 1997)	1.43
"Amiodarone (AM) is an effective antidysrhythmic agent, restricted in use by the development of adverse effects, including potentially fatal AM-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT)."	( Evaluation of reactive oxygen species involvement in amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in vivo and in vitro. Brien, JF; Leeder, RG; Mandin, CC; Massey, TE; Rafeiro, E, 1996)	1.99
"The results of this study suggest that the efficacy of low-dose amiodarone therapy in the management of serious ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias would be similar to those achieved with higher doses, but with a much more acceptable side effect profile."	( Long-term low-dose amiodarone therapy in the management of ventricular and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: efficacy and safety. Lee, KL; Tai, YT, 1997)	0.86
"We sought to assess the odds of experiencing adverse effects with low dose amiodarone therapy compared with placebo."	( Adverse effects of low dose amiodarone: a meta-analysis. Havighurst, TC; January, CT; Miller, S; Vorperian, VR, 1997)	0.82
"An estimate of the likelihood of experiencing amiodarone-related adverse effects with exposure to low daily doses of the drug is lacking in the published reports, and little information is available on adverse effect event rates in control groups not receiving the drug."	( Adverse effects of low dose amiodarone: a meta-analysis. Havighurst, TC; January, CT; Miller, S; Vorperian, VR, 1997)	0.85
" The criteria for inclusion were 1) double-blind, placebo-controlled design; 2) absence of a crossover design between patient groups; 3) mean follow-up of at least 12 months; 4) maintenance amiodarone dose < or = 400 mg/day; and 5) presence of an explicit description of adverse effects."	( Adverse effects of low dose amiodarone: a meta-analysis. Havighurst, TC; January, CT; Miller, S; Vorperian, VR, 1997)	0.78
"Compared with placebo, there is a higher likelihood of experiencing several amiodarone-related adverse effects with exposure to low daily doses of the drug."	( Adverse effects of low dose amiodarone: a meta-analysis. Havighurst, TC; January, CT; Miller, S; Vorperian, VR, 1997)	0.82
" Investigators have hoped that these drugs would be as effective as sotalol and amiodarone but have fewer adverse effects."	( The side effect profile of class III antiarrhythmic drugs: focus on d,l-sotalol. MacNeil, DJ, 1997)	0.52
" Amiodarone therapy can potentially result in a wide range of adverse effects."	( Adverse effects of amiodarone. Jafari-Fesharaki, M; Scheinman, MM, 1998)	1.54
" It is a relatively rare adverse effect of amiodarone and is easily missed by any physician who is suddenly confronted with nonspecific pulmonary complaints during amiodarone treatment."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Predisposing factors, clinical symptoms and treatment. Boersma, WG; Crijns, HJ; Jessurun, GA, 1998)	2.01
"To review management and dosing guidelines for amiodarone therapy, and discuss the drug's adverse event profile."	( Optimal management of amiodarone therapy: efficacy and side effects. Doering, P; Hilleman, D; Miller, MA; Parker, R; Pieper, JA, )	0.7
"Amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic drug, but is associated with adverse effects involving several organs."	( Optimal management of amiodarone therapy: efficacy and side effects. Doering, P; Hilleman, D; Miller, MA; Parker, R; Pieper, JA, )	1.89
"Amiodarone is a safe and efficacious antiarrhythmic agent when lower dosages are given to patients who are closely monitored and subject to careful follow-up."	( Optimal management of amiodarone therapy: efficacy and side effects. Doering, P; Hilleman, D; Miller, MA; Parker, R; Pieper, JA, )	1.89
"Intravenous amiodarone is found to be an effective and safe antiarrhythmic agent for children with acute life-threatening and chronic tachyarrhythmias and depressed left ventricular systolic functions."	( Effectiveness and safety of intravenous amiodarone in drug-resistant tachyarrhythmias of children. Celiker, A; Ceviz, N; Ozme, S, 1998)	0.95
" The main adverse events during this double-blind period were worsened heart failure, hypotension/dizziness, bradycardia/atrioventricular block, and aggravation of angina."	( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure receiving concomitant amiodarone therapy. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Krum, H; MacMahon, S; Sharpe, N; Shusterman, N, 1998)	0.52
" Carvedilol can be added to amiodarone in these patients without expectation of increased adverse effects or loss of clinical efficacy."	( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure receiving concomitant amiodarone therapy. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Krum, H; MacMahon, S; Sharpe, N; Shusterman, N, 1998)	0.81
" These findings clearly demonstrate that AD is a pharmacologically safe drug and can be used for the treatment of associated pathologies in porphyrias."	( Amiodarone is a pharmacologically safe drug for porphyrias. Batlle, A; Enríquez de Salamanca, R; Méndez, M; Parera, V, 1999)	1.75
" No adverse hemodynamic effects of amiodarone were identified."	( An assessment of the safety of short-term amiodarone therapy in cardiac surgical patients with fentanyl-isoflurane anesthesia. Dunn, A; Felton, K; Freeman-Bosco, L; Giri, S; Kluger, J; Tsikouris, J; Waberski, W; White, CM, 1999)	0.84
" Although several agents have ocular effects, amiodarone is the most widely recognized for producing adverse effects in the eyes."	( Clinical organ toxicity of antiarrhythmic compounds: ocular and pulmonary manifestations. Pollak, PT, 1999)	0.56
" The patient had been treated with amiodarone for four years in daily dose 200 mg/day without any adverse effects until the daily dose was doubled."	( [Pulmonary adverse effect after amiodarone treatment--case report]. Kamiński, J; Kozielski, J; Oklek, K; Ziora, D, 1999)	0.86
"Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT) is one of the most serious adverse effects of amiodarone therapy and can be fatal."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Gin, K; Kanji, Z; Sunderji, R, 1999)	3.19
" Many of these adverse side effects can be greatly reduced or prevented with close monitoring of patients."	( Ocular toxicity of systemic medications: a case series. To, TQ; Townsend, JC, 2000)	0.31
" Clinical cases illustrating possible adverse ocular side effects are presented, which include INH-induced optic neuropathy, phenothiazine-induced retinopathy, steroid-induced glaucoma, and vortex epitheliopathy secondary to amiodarone."	( Ocular toxicity of systemic medications: a case series. To, TQ; Townsend, JC, 2000)	0.49
" None of the Pgp blockers was toxic up to 10 microM, but amiodarone markedly increased CK leakage at 25 microM."	( Effect of PSC 833, verapamil and amiodarone on adriamycin toxicity in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Estevez, MD; Schramm, U; Wolf, A, 2000)	0.83
" It is also associated with an imposing side effect profile, which often limits its use."	( Amiodarone pulmonary, neuromuscular and ophthalmological toxicity. Burns, KE; Ferguson, KA; Garcia, BM; Piliotis, E, )	1.57
" Patients had ECG monitoring for 48 hours, and time of reversion, adequacy of rate control, and numbers of adverse events were compared."	( A prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of sotalol, amiodarone, and digoxin for the reversion of new-onset atrial fibrillation. Joseph, AP; Ward, MR, 2000)	0.53
" There were also fewer adverse events in the active treatment group compared with the rate control group."	( A prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of sotalol, amiodarone, and digoxin for the reversion of new-onset atrial fibrillation. Joseph, AP; Ward, MR, 2000)	0.53
"The clinical effectiveness of amiodarone must be weighed against the likelihood of adverse effects."	( Amiodarone is safe and highly effective therapy for supraventricular tachycardia in infants. Compton, SJ; Craig, JE; Etheridge, SP, 2001)	2.04
"Amiodarone is an effective and safe therapy for tachycardia control in infancy."	( Amiodarone is safe and highly effective therapy for supraventricular tachycardia in infants. Compton, SJ; Craig, JE; Etheridge, SP, 2001)	3.2
"Amiodarone is useful for the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, but it has been associated with several adverse effects."	( [Severe hepatotoxicity caused by amiodarone: description of a case]. Díaz, L; Herrero, JI; Latorre, G; Lucas, I; Prieto, J; Quiroga, J; Sangro, B; Sola, JJ, )	1.86
"Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity is a serious adverse effect that can be fatal."	( Diagnosis of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity with high-resolution computerized tomographic scan. Narula, D; Siniakowicz, RM; Steinberg, JS; Suster, B, 2001)	2.12
" Pulmonary toxicity of amiodarone possibly leading to lung fibrosis is a rare, but severe side effect of chronic therapy."	( [Amiodarone induced pulmonary toxicity]. Alter, P; Grimm, W; Maisch, B, 2002)	1.54
" Pulmonary toxicity is a rare, but potentially lethal side effect of amiodarone."	( [Amiodarone induced pulmonary toxicity]. Alter, P; Grimm, W; Maisch, B, 2002)	1.46
" In summary, 7 appears to be less toxic than amiodarone while maintaining its electrophysiologic properties consistent with antiarrhythmic activity."	( Synthesis and preliminary characterization of a novel antiarrhythmic compound (KB130015) with an improved toxicity profile compared with amiodarone. Carlsson, B; Li, YL; Malm, J; Mellin, C; Nilsson, S; Singh, BN; Temciuc, M, 2002)	0.78
" Though often effective, these drugs also pose a risk because all of them have a variety of potential adverse effects associated with their use."	( Review of common adverse effects of selected antiarrhythmic drugs. Earnest, J; Reyes, J; Wooten, JM, 2000)	0.31
"Low-dose amiodarone was safe and effective in restoring and maintaining SR in patients with AF and rheumatic heart disease."	( Management of persistent atrial fibrillation following balloon mitral valvotomy: safety and efficacy of low-dose amiodarone. Kapoor, A; Kumar, S; Pandey, CM; Singh, RK; Sinha, N, 2002)	0.94
"d-1) is a safe and efficient maintenance of sinus rhythm in aged patients with no-valvular heart diseases and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation."	( [Efficacy and safety of low dose amiodarone for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the aged patients with no-valvular heart diseases]. Chen, H; Yang, Y, 2001)	0.59
" Adverse events occurred in 17 patients (3 died, 3 had bradycardia that required permanent pacemaker implantation, and 11 had bradycardia requiring a decrease in the dose of antiarrhythmic or rate-controlling medication)."	( Safety and feasibility of a clinical pathway for the outpatient initiation of antiarrhythmic medications in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Hauser, TH; Josephson, ME; Pinto, DS; Zimetbaum, P, 2003)	0.32
"Pulmonary toxicity, including fibrosis, is a serious adverse effect associated with the antidysrhythmic drug amiodarone (AM)."	( Differential effects of pirfenidone on acute pulmonary injury and ensuing fibrosis in the hamster model of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Brien, JF; Card, JW; Margolin, SB; Massey, TE; Racz, WJ, 2003)	0.74
"intravenous amiodarone is a safe and effective therapy for life-threatening incessant tachycardias in infants."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachycardias in infants. Bauersfeld, U; Burri, S; Hug, MI, 2003)	0.97
" The toxic potential resulting from our data would be valproic acid < cyclosporine A < amiodarone."	( Cytotoxicity evaluation after coexposure to perchloroethylene and selected peroxidant drugs in rat hepatocytes. Barbaro, M; Catania, S; Costa, C; Germanò, MP; Silvari, V, 2004)	0.55
" Amiodarone is both safe and effective in establishing sinus rhythm."	( Is amiodarone a safe antiarrhythmic to use in supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after lung cancer surgery? Barbetakis, N; Vassiliadis, M, 2004)	1.86
"Amiodarone is a potent antiarrhythmic agent that is limited in clinical use by its adverse effects, including potentially life threatening amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT)."	( Value of technetium-99m diethyltriamine pentaaceticacid radioaerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy for the stage of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Altaner, S; Altun, A; Berkada, S; Durmus-Altun, G; Ozbay, G; Sami Salihoglu, Y, 2004)	1.98
" None of the above-mentioned factors was related to the development of adverse effects."	( [Long-term preventive effect and safety of amiodarone in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation refractory to class I antiarrhythmic agents: analysis based on patient profiles]. Horiuchi, D; Komatsu, T; Nakamura, S; Okumura, K; Suzuki, O; Yomogida, K, 2005)	0.59
"High-resolution computed tomography used in prone positions as well as a supine position could be an effective technique for reducing false-positive results in detection of APT and preventing the clinically serious pulmonary adverse effects by amiodanone."	( Detection of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity in supine and prone positions: high-resolution computed tomography study. Kamishima, T; Miyasaka, K; Nambu, T; Oyama, N; Tsutsui, H; Yokoshiki, H, 2005)	0.7
"The authors reviewed adverse events (AEs) reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration to determine the percentage of statin-associated AE reports with concurrent amiodarone use for simvastatin, atorvastatin, and pravastatin."	( Adverse events with concomitant amiodarone and statin therapy. Alsheikh-Ali, AA; Karas, RH, 2005)	0.8
"Pulmonary toxicity is a serious adverse effect of amiodarone."	( [The pulmonary toxicity of amiodarone: six-case report]. Ren, ZW, 2005)	0.88
"To test whether the use of ibutilide as a first-choice drug and of amiodarone as a second-line treatment provides a rapid, effective, and safe algorithm for conversion of recent-onset AF or AFl to sinus rhythm (SR), 85 consecutively recruited patients (59 women; mean age 69."	( Conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter with amiodarone after ibutilide has failed: a rapid, efficient, and safe algorithm. Dilaveris, P; Gialafos, E; Giannopoulos, G; Stefanadis, C; Synetos, A, 2005)	0.8
"The combination of ibutilide as a first-choice drug and of amiodarone infusion in the case of ibutilide failure provides an effective, rapid, and safe algorithm for restoration of SR in patients with AF or AFl of recent onset."	( Conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter with amiodarone after ibutilide has failed: a rapid, efficient, and safe algorithm. Dilaveris, P; Gialafos, E; Giannopoulos, G; Stefanadis, C; Synetos, A, 2005)	0.81
"The use of IB in patients receiving amiodarone or propafenone for AFL or AF is equally effective and safe as the use of IB alone."	( Efficacy and safety of ibutilide for cardioversion of atrial flutter and fibrillation in patients receiving amiodarone or propafenone. Fragakis, N; Katsaris, G; Kozirakis, M; Maligkos, G; Papadopoulos, N; Papanastasiou, S; Tsaritsaniotis, E, 2005)	0.82
" All patients were assessed with 24-hour ECG monitoring, a maximal symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test and evaluation of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of oral amiodarone in controlling heart rate in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation who have undergone digitalisation. Igoumenidis, NE; Kafarakis, PK; Kanoupakis, EM; Kochiadakis, GE; Mavrakis, HE; Vardas, PE, )	0.43
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
"(1) Amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic agent, carries a risk of potentially serious pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic, thyroid, ocular, peripheral neurological and cutaneous (photosensitivity) adverse effects."	( Adverse effects of amiodarone: even after the end of treatment. , 2006)	1.22
" amiodarone, an average daily dose exceeding 1 g, and postoperative amiodarone administration were each associated with a greater likelihood of hemodynamic adverse effects."	( Safety of amiodarone in the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Coleman, CI; Gillespie, EL; Kluger, J; Patel, AA; White, CM, 2006)	1.65
" The accumulative conversion rate of AF and adverse reaction were monitored during the 6-month observation period."	( [Clinical observation on effect and safety of combined use of wenxin granule and amiodarone for conversion of auricular fibrillation]. Huang, SE; Wang, M; Yu, YB, 2006)	0.56
"Combined use of WXG and amiodarone has a better effect in improving conversion rate of AF, shortening conversion time and decreasing the required dosage of amiodarone in treating AF as compared with the treatment with amiodarone alone, and by which the adverse reaction of long-term using amiodarone could be avoided."	( [Clinical observation on effect and safety of combined use of wenxin granule and amiodarone for conversion of auricular fibrillation]. Huang, SE; Wang, M; Yu, YB, 2006)	0.87
" The effect of the three least toxic amiodarone analogs on the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel was compared with amiodarone."	( Hepatocellular toxicity and pharmacological effect of amiodarone and amiodarone derivatives. Brecht, K; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Konrad, D; Krähenbühl, S; Thomet, U; Török, M; Waldhauser, KM, 2006)	0.86
"Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity represents the most serious adverse reaction from amiodarone use."	( An unintended consequence: fatal amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in an older woman. Charette, S; Smith, MI; Wang, T, 2006)	2.06
" Four patients (11%) in group A but none in group B experienced significant adverse effects that necessitated withdrawal of amiodarone."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of very-low-dose amiodarone treatment for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation after successful direct-current cardioversion. Chang, MH; Chang, TC; Chen, CY; Chou, P; Fu, CY; Jong, GP; Ma, TC; Tien, LY, 2006)	0.8
"A very low dose of amiodarone results in adequate long-term efficacy and is safe for maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with CAF and RHD post intervention after successful DC cardioversion."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of very-low-dose amiodarone treatment for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation after successful direct-current cardioversion. Chang, MH; Chang, TC; Chen, CY; Chou, P; Fu, CY; Jong, GP; Ma, TC; Tien, LY, 2006)	0.92
" Male rats were treated with acetaminophen (APAP), carbon tetrachloride (CCL), amiodarone (AD) or tetracycline (TC) at toxic doses."	( Genomic cluster and network analysis for predictive screening for hepatotoxicity. Fukushima, T; Hamada, Y; Horii, I; Kikkawa, R, 2006)	0.56
"Amiodarone (AM), an antidysrrhythmic drug, can produce serious adverse effects, including potentially fatal AM-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT)."	( Aryl radical involvement in amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: investigation of protection by spin-trapping nitrones. Bedard, LL; Brien, JF; Comeau, JL; Hill, BC; Massey, TE; Nicolescu, AC; Racz, WJ; Takahashi, T, 2007)	2.08
" Amiodarone led to a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability with an LD50 of 50 micromol/L and increased production of superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation."	( Combining ursodeoxycholic acid or its NO-releasing derivative NCX-1000 with lipophilic antioxidants better protects mouse hepatocytes against amiodarone toxicity. Chabli, A; Colin, P; Elimadi, A; Haddad, PS; Ouazzani-Chahdi, A; Spénard, J, 2007)	1.45
" Despite careful precautions, serious proarrhythmias, the major limiting side effect of dofetilide, still occurred during long-term follow-up."	( Observations on the safety and effectiveness of dofetilide in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and normal left ventricular function. Bauman, JL; Kehoe, RF; Leal, S; Mykytsey, A; Razminia, M; Saleem, M; Wang, T; Zheutlin, T, 2007)	0.34
"The optic nerve is quite vulnerable to the toxic effect of drugs."	( [Toxicity of recent and less recent drugs on the optic nerve. Does Viagra cause blindness?]. Cordonnier, M, 2007)	0.34
"Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (APT) is the most serious side-effect of amiodarone, and its detection and prevention are extremely important."	( Incidence and predictors of pulmonary toxicity in Japanese patients receiving low-dose amiodarone. Hagiwara, N; Kasanuki, H; Matsuda, N; Shiga, T; Yamada, Y, 2007)	2.01
" Second, based on preliminary investigations, an approximate intraperitoneal LD50 dose of cocaine (110 mg/kg) was identified and used as the cocaine dose in this study."	( The effect of amiodarone pretreatment on survival of mice with cocaine toxicity. Cleveland, N; Dart, RC; DeWitt, CR; Heard, K, 2005)	0.69
"Amiodarone (AM), a drug used in the treatment of cardiac dysrrhythmias, can produce severe pulmonary adverse effects, including fibrosis."	( Direct mitochondrial dysfunction precedes reactive oxygen species production in amiodarone-induced toxicity in human peripheral lung epithelial HPL1A cells. Brien, JF; Comeau, JL; Hill, BC; Ji, Y; Massey, TE; Nicolescu, AC; Racz, WJ; Takahashi, T, 2008)	2.02
" According to the Naranjo probability scale, this adverse reaction was highly probable."	( Fatal amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity: a case report and literature review. Chan, AL; Hsieh, HJ; Hsieh, YA; Lin, SJ, 2008)	0.83
"Phase I of this study involved compilation of a database of adverse reactions to amiodarone reported to the Australian and US drug agencies, and identification of risk factors for AIPT using logistic regression analysis."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Ernawati, DK; Hughes, JD; Stafford, L, 2008)	2.01
" Group A contained patients demonstrating amiodarone lung toxicity diagnosed by chest X-ray, KL-6 or D(LCO) (n=6), whereas group B included patients treated without any adverse effects (n=20)."	( Relationship between amiodarone-induced subclinical lung toxicity and Th1/Th2 balance. Harada, M; Hiramatsu, S; Kuruma, T; Maruyama, T; Odashiro, K; Yasuda, S; Yasuda, Y, 2009)	0.94
" Conversely, structural analogues such as the B2-O-CH(2)-CH(2)-N-diisopropyl and the B2-O-CH(2)-CH(2)-N-piperidine were significantly less toxic than amiodarone."	( Interaction with the hERG channel and cytotoxicity of amiodarone and amiodarone analogues. Brecht, K; Bur, D; Ha, HR; Hebeisen, S; Konrad, D; Krähenbühl, S; Waldhauser, KM, 2008)	0.79
"Damage of the optic nerve (optic neuropathy) may be caused, apart from other reasons, by an adverse drug effect."	( [Adverse effect optic neuropathy]. Martini, BC, 2008)	0.35
" Despite the widespread use of amiodarone, prospective clinical studies have been sparse and there has been little consensus among experts in the field regarding optimum monitoring for adverse effects in patients receiving this drug."	( Amiodarone hepatotoxicity. Babatin, M; Lee, SS; Pollak, PT, 2008)	2.07
" Much of the literature focuses on the toxic effects of this medication in the setting of rapid loading or long-term therapy with high maintenance doses."	( Hepatic dysfunction and neurotoxicity in a patient receiving long-term low-dose amiodarone therapy. Arkun, A; Birkhahn, RH; Grau, T; Van Deusen, SK, 2010)	0.59
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic benzoflurane drug with an imposing adverse effect profile."	( Acute amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: an association of risk factors in a child operated by arterial switch operation. de Blic, J; Labombarda, F; Ou, P; Sidi, D; Stos, B; Villain, E, )	2.05
" A safe and effective antiarrhythmic drug treatment is needed."	( Toxicity in Doberman Pinchers with ventricular arrhythmias treated with amiodarone (1996-2005). Calvert, CA; Fallaw, TL; Kraus, MS; Thomason, JD, )	0.36
"To investigate spontaneous reports of TdP present in the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) in the light of what is already known on their TdP-liability."	( Drug-induced torsades de pointes: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). De Ponti, F; Moretti, U; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2009)	0.35
" Cases were represented by TdP reports, whereas non-cases were all reports of adverse drug reactions other than TdP."	( Drug-induced torsades de pointes: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). De Ponti, F; Moretti, U; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2009)	0.35
"Large spontaneous reporting databases represent an important source for signal detection of rare adverse drug reactions (ADR), such as TdP."	( Drug-induced torsades de pointes: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). De Ponti, F; Moretti, U; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2009)	0.35
" It has been associated with a variety of adverse events."	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Baltzan, M; Wolkove, N, )	1.57
"Taxus species are known to be toxic and may result in significant dysrhythmias."	( Management of isolated yew berry toxicity with sodium bicarbonate: a case report in treatment efficacy. Donovan, JW; Kane, B; Kane, K; Pierog, J, 2009)	0.35
" The most serious adverse reaction is pulmonary toxicity."	( [Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity]. Berg, M; Heisel, A; Schieffer, H; Stopp, M; Ukena, D, 1997)	1.21
"To determine if amiodarone, highly lipophilic, accumulates in excess with respect to dose in fat tissue during long-term administration, and study if plasma and fat tissue concentrations are correlated with adverse effects."	( Amiodarone concentrations in plasma and fat tissue during chronic treatment and related toxicity. Alvarez, JC; Bergmann, JF; Caulin, C; Extramiana, F; Funck-Brentano, C; Lafuente-Lafuente, C; Leenhardt, A; Mouly, S, 2009)	2.14
" Late amiodarone adverse effects, particularly hypothyroidism, are associated with longer exposure times, but do not seem to be explained by higher concentrations in plasma or in fat tissue."	( Amiodarone concentrations in plasma and fat tissue during chronic treatment and related toxicity. Alvarez, JC; Bergmann, JF; Caulin, C; Extramiana, F; Funck-Brentano, C; Lafuente-Lafuente, C; Leenhardt, A; Mouly, S, 2009)	2.28
" Hepatocytes isolated from nifedipine-treated and control rats were incubated with D-amphetamine at a concentration of 100 micromol L(-1), which was determined to be an average toxic concentration (TC50) for the compound."	( D-amphetamine toxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes: a possible role of CYP3A. Kondeva-Burdina, M; Mitcheva, M; Vitcheva, V, 2009)	0.35
"To assess the incidence, severity, and spectrum of neurologic toxic effects associated with administration of amiodarone hydrochloride."	( Frequency, characteristics, and risk factors for amiodarone neurotoxicity. Ahlskog, JE; Orr, CF, 2009)	0.82
"The Mayo Clinic medical records of all adult Olmsted County residents prescribed amiodarone between January 1, 1996, and July 31, 2008, were reviewed and all possible neurologic adverse effects that might be attributable to amiodarone were tabulated."	( Frequency, characteristics, and risk factors for amiodarone neurotoxicity. Ahlskog, JE; Orr, CF, 2009)	0.83
" Where this could be assessed, the adverse effects were usually but not always reversible."	( Frequency, characteristics, and risk factors for amiodarone neurotoxicity. Ahlskog, JE; Orr, CF, 2009)	0.61
"Amiodarone infrequently causes clinically significant neurologic toxic effects."	( Frequency, characteristics, and risk factors for amiodarone neurotoxicity. Ahlskog, JE; Orr, CF, 2009)	2.05
"Drug candidates under development by industry frequently show phospholipidosis as a side-effect in pre-clinical toxicity studies."	( Relationship between in vitro phospholipidosis assay using HepG2 cells and 2-week toxicity studies in rats. Horinouchi, A; Matsumoto, A; Miyamoto, S; Mori, I, 2009)	0.35
" Its utility is, however, limited by adverse side effects."	( Reduction of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Bailey, B; Byrd, RP; Halawa, A; Kosseifi, SG; Micklewright, M; Roy, TM, 2009)	0.72
" Its long-term use may, however, lead to several adverse effects, with pulmonary toxicity being the most serious."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity mimicking acute pulmonary edema. Bolognese, L; Brandini, R; Caremani, M; Fabiani, I; Grotti, S; Salvadori, C; Tacconi, D, 2011)	1.81
"This review is focused on numerous adverse reactions."	( [Skin adverse effects of amiodarone]. Jedlicková, H; Vasků, V; Zgazarová, S, 2009)	0.66
" It is a noniodinized amiodarone analogue and believed to be without the adverse effects of amiodarone."	( Efficacy and safety of dronedarone: a review of randomized trials. Christiansen, CB; Køber, L; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2010)	0.68
" The current formulation uses polysorbate 80 and benzyl alcohol to maintain amiodarone in solution, and these co-solvents are linked with clinically-important adverse events and pharmaceutical incompatibilities."	( PM101: intravenous amiodarone formulation changes can improve medication safety. Cooper, WD; Cushing, DJ; Souney, PF, 2010)	0.92
" Based upon the investigational clinical trials to date, it appears that dronedarone has an established efficacy when compared to placebo along with exhibiting a minimal adverse effect profile."	( Dronedarone: a safety comparison to amiodarone. Clem, JR; Farver, DK; Fischer, JR; Johnson, TJ, 2010)	0.64
" Main safety endpoint (MSE) was occurrence of thyroid-, hepatic-, pulmonary-, neurologic-, skin-, eye-, or gastrointestinal-specific events, or premature study drug discontinuation following an adverse event."	( A short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus amiodarone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: the DIONYSOS study. Davy, JM; De Ferrari, GM; Le Heuzey, JY; Radzik, D; Santini, M; Zhu, J, 2010)	0.57
" Rhythm control agents are associated with clinically important adverse events."	( Rhythm control agents and adverse events in patients with atrial fibrillation. Hobbs, FD; Hodgkinson, J; Taylor, CJ, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this study was to assess the risk of adverse events in patients with AF receiving rhythm control agents."	( Rhythm control agents and adverse events in patients with atrial fibrillation. Hobbs, FD; Hodgkinson, J; Taylor, CJ, 2010)	0.36
"This is a retrospective case control note review and outcome linkage analysis on the GPRD routine clinical dataset to evaluate the adverse events and predictors of treatment discontinuation in patients using licenced rhythm modifying medication."	( Rhythm control agents and adverse events in patients with atrial fibrillation. Hobbs, FD; Hodgkinson, J; Taylor, CJ, 2010)	0.36
"The rhythm control agents amiodarone, flecainide and sotalol have significant adverse effects which can lead to discontinuation of their use."	( Rhythm control agents and adverse events in patients with atrial fibrillation. Hobbs, FD; Hodgkinson, J; Taylor, CJ, 2010)	0.66
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" However, adverse effects, especially potentially fatal and non-reversible acute and chronic pulmonary toxicity, continue to be observed."	( Amiodarone: review of pulmonary effects and toxicity. Kolilekas, L; Manali, ED; Markoulaki, D; Papiris, SA; Triantafillidou, C, 2010)	1.8
"Although amiodarone is the most effective antiarrhythmic agent currently available, concerns regarding adverse effects, including liver, lung and thyroid toxicity, often limit its use."	( Influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) activity on adverse effects associated with amiodarone exposure in mice. Ernst, MC; Pollak, PT; Sinal, CJ, 2010)	0.99
" The FDA reissued the warning in 2008 after receiving reports of 52 cases of rhabdomyolysis in the Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) after the label changes in 2002 and suggested use of an alternative statin for patients receiving amiodarone who require more than 20 mg simvastatin to attain lipid goals."	( Results of a safety initiative for patients on concomitant amiodarone and simvastatin therapy in a Veterans Affairs medical center. Beckey, C; Hough, A; Karimi, S; Parra, D, 2010)	0.79
" Amiodarone is a last resort, mainly because of its numerous adverse effects."	( Dronedarone. atrial fibrillation: too many questions about long-term adverse effects. , 2010)	1.27
" First, we showed that 50μM amiodarone is more toxic to primary human hepatocytes after CYP induction with rifampicin."	( The role of CYP3A4 in amiodarone-associated toxicity on HepG2 cells. Brecht, K; Krähenbühl, S; Lindinger, PW; Maseneni, S; Morand, R; Török, M; Zahno, A, 2011)	0.98
" Vitamin E supplement restores the major part of cell mortalities induced by amiodarone showing that oxidative damage is the predominant toxic effect of the drug."	( Cytotoxicity effects of amiodarone on cultured cells. Achour, A; Bacha, H; Bouslimi, A; Golli-Bennour, EE; Nouira, S; Zouaoui, O, 2012)	0.91
"The total response rate of amiodarone does not seem to be superior to metoprolol in the treatment of premature ventricular contractions, and amiodarone is associated with higher incidence of adverse reactions."	( [Efficacy and safety of amiodarone and metoprolol in the treatment of ventricular premature beats: a meta-analysis]. Huang, ZJ; Li, T; Li, YL; Wu, YL; Yang, MQ, 2010)	0.96
" The incidence of total side effect was significantly lower in group II (10%) than in group I (16."	( [A comparative study on the efficacy and safety of intravenous esmolol, amiodarone and diltiazem for controlling rapid ventricular rate of patients with atrial fibrillation during anesthesia period]. Shen, SL; Zhao, YC, 2010)	0.59
"Intravenous esmolol, amiodarone and diltiazem are all equally effective and safe on controlling rapid ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation during the anesthesia period."	( [A comparative study on the efficacy and safety of intravenous esmolol, amiodarone and diltiazem for controlling rapid ventricular rate of patients with atrial fibrillation during anesthesia period]. Shen, SL; Zhao, YC, 2010)	0.91
" Serious adverse events or events leading to discontinuation of study drug were uncommon."	( A randomized active-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of vernakalant to amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Beatch, G; Camm, AJ; Capucci, A; Hohnloser, SH; Mangal, B; Torp-Pedersen, C; Van Gelder, IC, 2011)	0.59
" Both vernakalant and amiodarone were safe and well tolerated in this study."	( A randomized active-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of vernakalant to amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Beatch, G; Camm, AJ; Capucci, A; Hohnloser, SH; Mangal, B; Torp-Pedersen, C; Van Gelder, IC, 2011)	0.91
" Class Ic agents increase mortality in patients with structural heart disease, and amiodarone harbors an extensive side effect profile despite its efficacy in maintaining sinus rhythm."	( Dronedarone: current evidence for its safety and efficacy in the management of atrial fibrillation. Becker, R; Katus, HA; Schweizer, PA; Thomas, D, 2011)	0.59
" Amiodarone has many adverse effects, and one of them is thyroid dysfunction."	( Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism and other adverse effects. Mosher, MC, )	2.48
"Standardised test protocol for an NCS is safe in patients with an ICD regardless of the leads type."	( Safety of nerve conduction studies in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Antczak, J; Banach, M; Derejko, M; Derejko, P; Niewiadomska, M; Przybylski, A; Rakowicz, M; Szumowski, Ł; Walczak, F, 2012)	0.38
" No difference was found in the risk of adverse events between the 2 therapies."	( Comparison of effectiveness and safety of ranolazine versus amiodarone for preventing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Miles, RH; Murdock, DK; Passman, R, 2011)	0.61
" DFT testing after initiation of amiodarone was safe as there were no complications that led to a prolonged hospital stay."	( Evaluation of defibrillation safety margin in modern implantable cardioverter defibrillators after administration of amiodarone. Breithardt, G; Dechering, DG; Eckardt, L; Köbe, J; Reinke, F, 2012)	0.87
" Repeat defibrillator testing is safe as no relevant complications were observed."	( Evaluation of defibrillation safety margin in modern implantable cardioverter defibrillators after administration of amiodarone. Breithardt, G; Dechering, DG; Eckardt, L; Köbe, J; Reinke, F, 2012)	0.59
" Adverse events (AEs) associated with AADs may influence patient compliance and compromise the management of atrial fibrillation (AF)."	( One-year treatment persistence and potential adverse events among patients with atrial fibrillation treated with amiodarone or sotalol: a retrospective claims database analysis. Jhaveri, M; Kim, MH; Klingman, D; Lin, J; Smith, PJ, 2011)	0.58
" Amiodarone (Cordarone, and others) is more effective for this indication, but its use is often limited by its adverse effects, including thyroid and pulmonary toxicity."	( Safety of dronedarone (Multaq). , 2011)	1.28
" Although some studies have suggested that this drug is safe for fetuses, they have been conducted on mothers with fetuses at or beyond six months of gestational age."	( The toxic effect of Amiodarone on valve formation in the developing heart of zebrafish embryos. Chen, TY; Chen, YH; Harn, HJ; Hsu, RJ; Hu, SC; Huang, YK; Jeng, JR; Lee, HC; Lin, SZ; Lo, HC; Sun, CK; Tsai, HJ, 2012)	0.7
" The risk of adverse effects acts as a limiting factor to its utilization especially in the long term."	( Examining the safety of amiodarone. Bai, R; Burkhardt, JD; Di Biase, L; Mohanty, P; Natale, A; Pump, A; Santangeli, P, 2012)	0.68
"Authors collected data on adverse effects reported in 49 randomized placebo-controlled trials with amiodarone."	( Examining the safety of amiodarone. Bai, R; Burkhardt, JD; Di Biase, L; Mohanty, P; Natale, A; Pump, A; Santangeli, P, 2012)	0.9
"Hepatotoxicity due to intravenous amiodarone (HIVAD) is a rare side effect with a distinct pattern of enzyme disturbances compared to liver damage from oral amiodarone."	( Acute amiodarone liver toxicity likely due to ischemic hepatitis. Fried, M; Gluck, N; Porat, R, 2011)	1.13
" Dronedarone has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and its use as a safe antiarrhythmic has been extensively documented."	( In vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of dronedarone, a novel amiodarone derivative with an improved safety profile. Benaim, G; Garcia-Marchan, Y; Hernandez-Rodriguez, V; Mujica-Gonzalez, S; Paniz-Mondolfi, A; Parra-Gimenez, N; Plaza-Rojas, L; Silva, ML; Uzcanga, G, 2012)	0.62
" The most commonly administered drug used in treatment and prophylaxis is amiodarone which has several toxic effects on major organ functions."	( May toxicity of amiodarone be prevented by antioxidants? A cell-culture study. Durukan, AB; Durukan, E; Erdem, B; Gurbuz, HA; Gurpinar, A; Karaduman, T; Sevim, H; Yorgancioglu, C, 2012)	0.96
"Spontaneous reports in the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database generated between July 1, 2009, and June 30, 2011."	( Proarrhythmic potential of dronedarone: emerging evidence from spontaneous adverse event reporting. Hiatt, WR; Kao, DP; Krantz, MJ, 2012)	0.38
"All reports of adverse events during the study period were reviewed to identify cardiac events associated with any approved drug in the United States."	( Proarrhythmic potential of dronedarone: emerging evidence from spontaneous adverse event reporting. Hiatt, WR; Kao, DP; Krantz, MJ, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse effects occurred in 31."	( Efficacy and safety profile of dronedarone in clinical practice. Results of the Magdeburg Dronedarone Registry (MADRE study). Boenigk, H; Braun-Dullaeus, RC; Esperer, HD; Genz, C; Herold, J; Kluba, K; Said, SM; Schmeisser, A; Wiedemann, AK, 2013)	0.39
" formulation and, consequently, reduced the acute toxic effects observed in the present study."	( Reduced intravenous toxicity of amiodarone nanosuspension in mice and rats. Barle, EL; Cerne, M; Homar, M; Peternel, L, 2013)	0.67
" Among its adverse effects, pulmonary toxicity is the most dangerous without a causal treatment option."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity--a fatal case report and literature review. Breithardt, G; Buerke, B; Hilker, E; Lebiedz, P; Range, FT, 2013)	1.83
" Of all the antiarrhythmic drugs hitherto used, AM has the most adverse effects on the thyroid gland."	( [Effect of amiodarone on the thyroid function and safety of the therapy--what's new]. Czarnywojtek, A; Florek, E; Hen, K; Ruchała, M; Stangierski, A; Warmuz-Stangierska, I; Zdanowska, J, 2012)	0.77
"Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity (APT) is the most serious side effect of amiodarone."	( Successful treatment of severe amiodarone pulmonary toxicity with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column direct hemoperfusion. Goto, E; Horio, Y; Ichiyasu, H; Kohrogi, H; Kojima, K; Masunaga, A; Sato, N, 2013)	2.12
" Although routinely cited as an adverse effect of amiodarone, it is relatively rare in terms of statistical incidence."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: case study with syndrome analysis. DeCrane, SK; Thorlton, JR; Van Cott, TE; Yehle, KS, )	1.83
" Dronaderone is a novel antiarrhythmic that is similar in composition to amiodarone, but is non-iodinated and also has a methane-sulfonyl group, significantly decreasing its incidence of adverse effects as compared to amiodarone."	( Dronaderone-induced phototoxicity. Elpern, DJ; Ladizinski, B, 2013)	0.62
"Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (APT) is a serious adverse event that can lead to death."	( Initial characteristics and outcome of hospitalized patients with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Cormier, B; Diot, P; Favelle, O; Guilleminault, L; Guillon, A; Jonville-Béra, AP; Mankikian, J; Marchand-Adam, S; Perrotin, D, 2014)	2.08
"To evaluate the effect of amiodarone on warfarin maintenance dose and adverse events in an anticoagulation cohort from a tertiary cardiovascular service."	( Simultaneous use of amiodarone influences warfarin maintenance dose but is not associated with adverse events. Cesar, LA; Ferreira, JF; Grinberg, M; Krieger, JE; Pereira, AC; Santos, PC; Scanavacca, M; Soares, RA; Strunz, CM, 2014)	1.03
"Simultaneous use of amiodarone influences warfarin maintenance dose, but is not associated with adverse events."	( Simultaneous use of amiodarone influences warfarin maintenance dose but is not associated with adverse events. Cesar, LA; Ferreira, JF; Grinberg, M; Krieger, JE; Pereira, AC; Santos, PC; Scanavacca, M; Soares, RA; Strunz, CM, 2014)	1.05
"Venous irritation is the most common side effect of intravenous therapy."	( Comparison of the endothelial toxicity induced by short-term amiodarone and diazepam exposure in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (EVC304). Cai, R; Fang, L; Gao, Y; Liu, F; Qi, Y; Zong, C, 2014)	0.64
" This study was performed to investigate the incidence and risk factors of overall adverse effects of amiodarone in real-world practice using a large sample size."	( The incidence and predictors of overall adverse effects caused by low dose amiodarone in real-world clinical practice. Chung, WY; Kim, HL; Kim, MA; Kim, SH; Seo, JB; Zo, JH, 2014)	0.85
" An amiodarone-associated adverse event was considered in cases of discontinuation or drug dose reduction due to an unexpected clinical response."	( The incidence and predictors of overall adverse effects caused by low dose amiodarone in real-world clinical practice. Chung, WY; Kim, HL; Kim, MA; Kim, SH; Seo, JB; Zo, JH, 2014)	1.19
"6%) experienced adverse effects related to amiodarone, the most common being bradycardia or conduction disturbance (9."	( The incidence and predictors of overall adverse effects caused by low dose amiodarone in real-world clinical practice. Chung, WY; Kim, HL; Kim, MA; Kim, SH; Seo, JB; Zo, JH, 2014)	0.9
" Acute hepatotoxicity is a rare side effect and usually correlated to intravenous form use."	( Acute Hepatotoxicity of Intravenous Amiodarone: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Chen, CC; Wu, CC, )	0.41
"Dronedarone could represent an effective and safe option in patients previously treated with AADs, especially class Ic AADs and sotalol."	( Efficacy and safety of dronedarone in patients previously treated with other antiarrhythmic agents. Aliot, EM; Capucci, A; Connolly, S; Crijns, HJ; Guerra, F; Hohnloser, SH; Kowey, PR; Radzik, D; Roy, D, 2014)	0.4
" Dronedarone was equally effective irrespective of whether class Ic or sotalol were stopped for lack of efficacy or adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of dronedarone in patients previously treated with other antiarrhythmic agents. Aliot, EM; Capucci, A; Connolly, S; Crijns, HJ; Guerra, F; Hohnloser, SH; Kowey, PR; Radzik, D; Roy, D, 2014)	0.4
"8 % of all patients in the safety set) had at least one adverse drug reaction (ADR) causally related to dronedarone."	( One-year safety and quality of life outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation on dronedarone: prospective, non-interventional study in German ambulatory care. Benninger, G; Bosch, RF; Goette, A; Paar, WD; Pittrow, D; von Stritzky, B, 2015)	0.42
" The risk of adverse effects increases with high doses and prolonged use."	( Amiodarone-induced multiorgan toxicity with ocular findings on confocal microscopy. Alioğlu, E; Dereli, T; Tuncer, E; Turk, BG; Turk, U; Yılmaz, SG, )	1.57
" These antiarrhythmic medications can cause undesirable adverse outcomes in the intensive care setting."	( Evaluating the Safety of Intraoperative Antiarrhythmics in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients. Beaty, RS; Hall, S; Kim, J; Moffett, BS, 2015)	0.42
" Therapy with these agents is often complicated because of the presence of significant associated adverse effects, clinician unfamiliarity, variable dosing strategies, and the potential for drug-drug interactions."	( Continuous intravenous antiarrhythmic agents in the intensive care unit: strategies for safe and effective use of amiodarone, lidocaine, and procainamide. Mohrien, KM; Oliphant, CS; Samarin, MJ, )	0.34
" Thus, co-administration of antioxidants with amiodarone may lead to the more widespread application of amiodarone, which is currently the most potent available antiarrhythmic agent, but its clinical use is limited due the potentially severe toxic effect In hypertensive patients with normal ejection fraction, the most common precursor condition of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, the potential primary causal role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the left ventricular systolic, diastolic and atrial dysfunction, which are important determinants of the transition of hypertensive heart disease to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was verified."	( [The role of oxidative stress in amiodaron toxicity, in left ventricular dysfunction of hypertensive patients and in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction]. Vereckei, A, 2015)	0.68
"Landiolol achieved swift and safe restoration of sinus rhythm in ICU patients with POAF and could be considered as a favorable drug choice over amiodarone in such patients."	( Efficacy and Safety of Landiolol Compared to Amiodarone for the Management of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Intensive Care Patients. Fujino, Y; Ohta, N; Shibata, SC; Uchiyama, A, 2016)	0.89
"The goal of this study was to evaluate the number and frequency of adverse effects in a population of clinical canine patients receiving Nexterone."	( Retrospective evaluation of intravenous premixed amiodarone use and adverse effects in dogs (17 cases: 2011-2014). Koenigshof, AM; Levy, NA; Sanders, RA, 2016)	0.69
"An electronic records search for canine patients receiving intravenous Nexterone at the Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital was performed and retrospectively evaluated for patient demographic information, pre- and post-treatment values for heart rate, blood pressure and rhythm diagnosis, as well as any documented adverse effects (hypotension, anaphylaxis, vomiting, phlebitis, and death)."	( Retrospective evaluation of intravenous premixed amiodarone use and adverse effects in dogs (17 cases: 2011-2014). Koenigshof, AM; Levy, NA; Sanders, RA, 2016)	0.69
"No adverse effects were noted in this population of clinical canine patients receiving Nexterone."	( Retrospective evaluation of intravenous premixed amiodarone use and adverse effects in dogs (17 cases: 2011-2014). Koenigshof, AM; Levy, NA; Sanders, RA, 2016)	0.69
"In this study of 17 dogs receiving the premixed formulation of injectable Nexterone, no dogs were found to have acute adverse side effects."	( Retrospective evaluation of intravenous premixed amiodarone use and adverse effects in dogs (17 cases: 2011-2014). Koenigshof, AM; Levy, NA; Sanders, RA, 2016)	0.69
" Prophylactic amiodarone is safe and effective in preventing early JET in children after open heart surgery."	( Safety and Efficacy of Prophylactic Amiodarone in Preventing Early Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia (JET) in Children After Cardiac Surgery and Determination of Its Risk Factor. Amrousy, DE; Elshehaby, W; Elshmaa, NS; Feky, WE, 2016)	1.07
" The hepatotoxic compounds induced the expected zebrafish liver degeneration or changes in size, whereas saccharin did not have any phenotypic adverse effect."	( Phenotypic and biomarker evaluation of zebrafish larvae as an alternative model to predict mammalian hepatotoxicity. Berckmans, P; Covaci, A; Hollanders, K; Maho, W; Peers, B; Remy, S; Verstraelen, S; Witters, H, 2016)	0.43
"Anti-atrial fibrillatory and proarrhythmic potentials of amiodarone were simultaneously analyzed by using the halothane-anesthetized beagle dogs (n = 4) in order to begin to prepare standard protocol for clarifying both efficacy and adverse effects of anti-atrial fibrillatory drugs."	( Anti-atrial Fibrillatory Versus Proarrhythmic Potentials of Amiodarone: A New Protocol for Safety Evaluation In Vivo. Ando, K; Cao, X; Izumi-Nakaseko, H; Matsukura, S; Nakamura, Y; Sugiyama, A; Wada, T, 2017)	0.94
"Amiodarone is a widely used potent antiarrhythmic for the treatment of cardiac disease; however, its use is often discontinued due to numerous adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity."	( The role of CYP 3A4 and 1A1 in amiodarone-induced hepatocellular toxicity. Bryant, MS; Guo, L; Ning, B; Ren, Z; Wu, Q; Xuan, J, 2016)	2.16
"Early catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF in patients with AIT appeared safe and effective albeit with higher atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence rate up to 3 months but not beyond 12 months after PVI relative to controls."	( Safety and efficacy of early radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation complicated with amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Cai, S; Feng, W; Sun, L; Wang, M; Zhao, Q, 2016)	0.64
" We analysed the differences between amiodarone and class IC group in terms of efficacy and safety that is conversion to sinus rhythm rates within 12 and 48 h after starting treatment, time to conversion, and adverse drug effects."	( Efficacy and safety in pharmacological cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a propensity score matching to compare amiodarone vs class IC antiarrhythmic drugs. Bonora, A; Dilda, A; Franchi, E; Maccagnani, A; Olivieri, O; Pistorelli, C; Taioli, G; Turcato, G; Zerman, G, 2017)	0.93
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."	( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)	0.43
" The question addressed was whether the administration of amiodarone is safe in patients undergoing lung resection either for prophylaxis or treatment of de novo postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF)."	( In patients undergoing lung resection is it safe to administer amiodarone either as prophylaxis or treatment of atrial fibrillation? Billè, A; Harling, L; Kolokotroni, SM; Toufektzian, L, 2017)	0.94
" Carvedilol can be added to Amiodarone in patients with severe ventricular rhythm disorders and increased risk of sudden death without expecting of increase adverse events (than either drug alone) or loss of clinical efficacy."	( THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF AMIODARONE AND CARVEDILOL COMBINATION IN TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE CARDIAC RHYTHM DISORDERS. Khintibidze, I; Tsetskhladze, E, 2017)	1.05
" Monitoring adherence is important as other studies have shown that up to 93% of patients on amiodarone experience an adverse drug event leading to a potentially lethal event."	( Frequency of Adverse Event Monitoring in Ambulatory Patients on Amiodarone or Dofetilide. Dick, T; Negrelli, J; Olson, JL; Rickard, JP, 2018)	0.94
"To determine whether patients prescribed amiodarone or dofetilide are being monitored according to package labeling and guideline recommendations for adverse events."	( Frequency of Adverse Event Monitoring in Ambulatory Patients on Amiodarone or Dofetilide. Dick, T; Negrelli, J; Olson, JL; Rickard, JP, 2018)	0.99
" The secondary objective was to determine rates of adverse drug events."	( Frequency of Adverse Event Monitoring in Ambulatory Patients on Amiodarone or Dofetilide. Dick, T; Negrelli, J; Olson, JL; Rickard, JP, 2018)	0.72
"Amiodarone adverse event monitoring was lower than dofetilide in this cohort."	( Frequency of Adverse Event Monitoring in Ambulatory Patients on Amiodarone or Dofetilide. Dick, T; Negrelli, J; Olson, JL; Rickard, JP, 2018)	2.16
"Dronedarone, a derivative of amiodarone with structural modifications, was designed to have similar electrophysiological properties with a less toxic profile."	( Efficacy and safety of dronedarone in the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation. Aronow, WS; Khan, MH; Rochlani, Y, 2017)	0.75
" One of the most devastating adverse reactions to this drug is pulmonary toxicity, which can present in a myriad of different ways."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Colby, R; Geyer, H, 2017)	1.9
" Direct oral anticoagulant levels may be increased by the concomitant use of potent dual P-gp/CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as amiodarone, which can potentially translate into adverse clinical outcomes."	( Efficacy and Safety Outcomes of Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Amiodarone in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Briceno, D; Di Biase, L; Ferrick, K; Fisher, J; Gross, JN; Kim, S; Krumerman, A; Lupercio, F; Maraboto, C; Peltzer, B; Romero, J; Villablanca, P, 2018)	0.93
" The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety, and adverse events of low-dose AMD (≤ 200 mg/day) for tachyarrhythmia in patients with CHD."	( Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Amiodarone Therapy for Tachyarrhythmia in Congenital Heart Disease. Hamamichi, Y; Inage, A; Ishii, T; Iwasawa, S; Saito, M; Uyeda, T; Yazaki, S; Yoshikawa, T, 2018)	0.76
"Amiodarone is a highly effective treatment for supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmia; however, it could be associated with several serious adverse effects, including liver injury."	( Amiodarone-induced reversible and irreversible hepatotoxicity: two case reports. Hayashi, K; Kawashiri, MA; Kurose, N; Nishida, N; Oyama, T; Sakata, K; Sasaki, M; Sawada, T; Tada, H; Tanaka, Y; Tsuda, T; Yamagishi, M; Yoshida, T, 2018)	3.37
" We sought to determine incidence and predictors of adverse effects caused by amiodarone in adult CHD (ACHD)."	( Adverse effects of amiodarone therapy in adults with congenital heart disease. Celermajer, DS; Cordina, RL; McGuire, MA; Moore, BM, 2018)	1.04
" Incidence and predictors of adverse effects were described."	( Adverse effects of amiodarone therapy in adults with congenital heart disease. Celermajer, DS; Cordina, RL; McGuire, MA; Moore, BM, 2018)	0.81
" Significant adverse effects occurred in 56%, most commonly thyroid dysfunction, with amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) in 30% and amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism in 14%."	( Adverse effects of amiodarone therapy in adults with congenital heart disease. Celermajer, DS; Cordina, RL; McGuire, MA; Moore, BM, 2018)	1.03
"Amiodarone therapy is effective in moderate to complex ACHD patients, but is frequently limited by adverse effects."	( Adverse effects of amiodarone therapy in adults with congenital heart disease. Celermajer, DS; Cordina, RL; McGuire, MA; Moore, BM, 2018)	2.25
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether rapid switching from amiodarone to dofetilide is safe in atrial fibrillation patients with an ICD."	( Safety of rapid switching from amiodarone to dofetilide in atrial fibrillation patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Atkins, D; Bommana, S; Carroll, H; Gopinathannair, R; Jeffrey, C; Lakkireddy, D; Natale, A; Newton, D; Nydegger, C; Sharma, SP; Turagam, M, 2019)	1.03
" No other significant adverse events were noted during follow-up."	( Safety of rapid switching from amiodarone to dofetilide in atrial fibrillation patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Atkins, D; Bommana, S; Carroll, H; Gopinathannair, R; Jeffrey, C; Lakkireddy, D; Natale, A; Newton, D; Nydegger, C; Sharma, SP; Turagam, M, 2019)	0.8
" After ruling out intracranial hypertension, arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, non-arteritic, and inflammatory bilateral papilledema, the diagnosis was toxic optic neuropathy."	( [Amiodarone-induced optic neuropathy: A rare side effect]. Ambrosi, P; Arcani, R; Arnould, T; Chagny, M; Daumas, A; Gayet, S; Gobin, N; Micallef, J; Pellerey, M; Rouby, F; Scapin, J; Villani, P, 2019)	1.42
"Bilateral edematous optic neuropathy is a known side effect of amiodarone, uncommon but to be known because of the large number of patients benefiting from this treatment."	( [Amiodarone-induced optic neuropathy: A rare side effect]. Ambrosi, P; Arcani, R; Arnould, T; Chagny, M; Daumas, A; Gayet, S; Gobin, N; Micallef, J; Pellerey, M; Rouby, F; Scapin, J; Villani, P, 2019)	1.66
"Amiodarone has been associated with adverse events that may restrict its use."	( Meta-Analysis Comparing the Relative Risk of Adverse Events for Amiodarone Versus Placebo. Aboujamous, NM; Foy, AJ; Ghahramani, M; Mandrola, J; Moroi, MK; Naccarelli, GV; Ruzieh, M, 2019)	2.2
" But, selenium may have toxic effects in high doses."	( Use of an antiarrhythmic drug against acute selenium toxicity. Başbuğan, Y; Keleş, ÖF; Kömüroğlu, AU; Mercan Yücel, U; Uyar, A, 2020)	0.56
"Amiodarone is an excellent antiarrhythmic medication; however, it has numerous systemic and ocular adverse effects."	( Ocular Adverse Effects of Amiodarone: A Systematic Review of Case Reports. Alshehri, M; Joury, A, 2020)	2.3
"We aimed to improve our understanding of amiodarone and its ocular adverse effects by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of published case reports."	( Ocular Adverse Effects of Amiodarone: A Systematic Review of Case Reports. Alshehri, M; Joury, A, 2020)	1.12
" We used the MEDLINE database, primarily through PubMed, and used keywords (amiodarone, eye, eye diseases, visual/ocular adverse effects/manifestations) to identify case reports of ocular adverse effects after amiodarone use."	( Ocular Adverse Effects of Amiodarone: A Systematic Review of Case Reports. Alshehri, M; Joury, A, 2020)	1.09
"Cornea verticillata/vortex keratopathy was the most common ocular adverse effect in cases where amiodarone was administered."	( Ocular Adverse Effects of Amiodarone: A Systematic Review of Case Reports. Alshehri, M; Joury, A, 2020)	1.08
" This study aims to summarize the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of amiodarone combined with beta blockers to maintain sinus rhythm in AF, and to determine an effective and safe intervention for the prevention of AF recurrence through network meta-analysis (NMA)."	( The efficacy and safety of amiodarone combined with beta-blockers in the maintenance of sinus rhythm for atrial fibrillation: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hu, Y; Jia, Q; Shi, J; Shi, S; Yuan, G, 2020)	1.09
" The secondary outcomes will be the symptom improvements and adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of amiodarone combined with beta-blockers in the maintenance of sinus rhythm for atrial fibrillation: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hu, Y; Jia, Q; Shi, J; Shi, S; Yuan, G, 2020)	0.86
" Amiodarone possesses a significant adverse reaction profile."	( Acute Amiodarone Pulmonary Toxicity. Feduska, ET; Goldhammer, JE; Thoma, BN; Torjman, MC, 2021)	2.01
"This retrospective study included 1777 non-permanent AF patients taking rivaroxaban for ≥ 1 month between 2011 and 2016 from a multicenter cohort in Taiwan, and compared concomitant AAD use against clinical outcome endpoints for safety, effectiveness, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE)."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Rivaroxaban in Combination with Various Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Patients with Non-Permanent Atrial Fibrillation. Chen, CY; Chiou, WR; Chuang, JY; Huang, CC; Kuo, JY; Lee, YH; Liao, FC; Lin, PL; Liu, LY; Su, MI; Tsai, CT; Wu, YJ, 2021)	0.62
"Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent inducing adverse effects on the nervous system, among others."	( Prediction of the dose range for adverse neurological effects of amiodarone in patients from an in vitro toxicity test by in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Algharably, EAE; Di Consiglio, E; Gundert-Remy, U; Kreutz, R; Testai, E, 2021)	2.3
"Amiodarone (AM) is a highly efficient drug for arrhythmias treatment, but its extra-cardiac adverse effects offset its therapeutic efficacy."	( Appraisal of amiodarone-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for prospective safety and toxicity in a rat model. Ahmed, DAM; El-Mansy, AAE; Eladl, AS; Motawea, A; Saleh, NM, 2021)	2.43
" The incidence of all treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and TEAEs leading to treatment discontinuation was comparable among males and females, and increased with increasing age."	( Efficacy and safety of dronedarone across age and sex subgroups: a post hoc analysis of the ATHENA study among patients with non-permanent atrial fibrillation/flutter. Bhattacharyya, N; Bogard, A; Curtis, AB; Hohnloser, SH; Malik, A; Stewart, J; Zeitler, EP, 2022)	0.72
" All of the tested TPs presented higher toxic potential than the parent compound."	( Comparative analysis of in vivo and in silico toxicity evaluation of the organoiodine compounds towards D.magna using multivariate chemometric approach: A study on the example of amiodarone phototransformation products. Skibiński, R; Trawiński, J, 2022)	0.91
"The use of antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is complex because impaired renal clearance can cause increased drug levels, and risk of intolerance or adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus placebo in patients with atrial fibrillation stratified according to renal function: Post hoc analyses of the EURIDIS-ADONIS trials. Atar, D; Crijns, HJGM; Kowey, P; Ludwigs, U; Pak, HN; Reiffel, J; Stewart, J; Thind, M; Wieloch, M; Zareba, W; Zhu, J, 2022)	0.72
" eGFR stratification had no significant effect on serious adverse events, deaths, or treatment discontinuations."	( Efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus placebo in patients with atrial fibrillation stratified according to renal function: Post hoc analyses of the EURIDIS-ADONIS trials. Atar, D; Crijns, HJGM; Kowey, P; Ludwigs, U; Pak, HN; Reiffel, J; Stewart, J; Thind, M; Wieloch, M; Zareba, W; Zhu, J, 2022)	0.72
" Main adverse effects are observed on thyroid, pulmonary and cardiac system."	( [Amiodarone: some toxicity considerations]. Bridevaux, PO; Fournier, J; Gobin, N; Savchuk, H, 2022)	1.63
" Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity is a potentially fatal adverse effect associated with amiodarone use."	( A multicenter retrospective cohort study on predicting the risk for amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Chan, JWM; Ho, JCM; Kwok, WC; Ma, TF; Pang, HH, 2022)	1.87
" Many adverse effects, more or less serious, are associated with its administration."	( Amiodarone induced pulmonary toxicity. Brázdil, V; Doubková, M; Hetmer, M; Hudec, M; Kala, P; Poloczek, M; Vysočanová, P, 2021)	2.06
" In patients receiving CF-LVADs, the use of prophylactic amiodarone was associated with a reduction in the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias, which was driven primarily by a reduction in postoperative atrial arrhythmias, without significantly increasing the rate of amiodarone-related adverse events."	( Safety and Efficacy of Prophylactic Amiodarone After Left Ventricular Assist Device. Graboyes, SDT; Harris, TN; Hollis, IB; Iyer, PS; Kline, TM, 2023)	1.43
" Toxic effects were examined during zebrafish embryonic development, and the parameters analyzed were apical sublethal, teratogenicity, mortality endpoints, and morphometry."	( Single and joint toxic effects of thyroid hormone, levothyroxine, and amiodarone on embryo-larval stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Cadena, MRS; Cadena, PG; da Silva Bastos, PE; da Silva, JF; da Silva, MCG; de Andrade, ALC; de Medeiros Vieira, SM; Dos Santos Magnabosco, AR; Padilha, RMO; Santos, TP, 2023)	1.14

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic interaction between digoxin (1) and amiodarone (2) has drawn increasing attention during recent years, but the tissue correlates of such an interaction are not known. The data were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
") caused elevation of plasma digoxin levels primarily because the alpha half-life was prolonged (t1/2 alpha)."	( Changes in the plasma levels and basic pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin used in combination with gentamicin, amiodarone and spironolactone. Krusteva, E, 1992)	0.49
"Some pharmacokinetic interactions between digoxin and amiodarone were studied in experiments on rabbits."	( Effects of amiodarone on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of digoxin in laboratory animals. Kristeva, E; Staneva-Stoytcheva, D, 1992)	0.92
" The distribution half-life of amiodarone out of the central compartment to peripheral and deep tissue compartments (t1/2 alpha) may be as short as 4 hours."	( Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Freedman, MD; Somberg, JC, 1991)	0.84
"Some pharmacokinetic interactions between digoxin and amiodarone were studied in experiments on rabbits."	( Effects of amiodarone on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of digoxin in laboratory animals. Kristeva, E; Staneva-Stoytcheva, D, 1991)	0.92
" Because of the long elimination half-life for amiodarone previously reported in healthy volunteers after single doses of amiodarone and the frequent administration of amiodarone associated with this half-life, a modified equation for a continuous infusion was used to describe each subject's ASC versus time data."	( Effect of phenytoin on the clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Gear, K; Hoyer, GL; Karol, MD; Marcus, FI; Nolan, PE, 1990)	0.78
" In most cases 20 to 50% reductions in doses of the affected drugs are necessary to offset the pharmacokinetic alterations and increased plasma drug concentrations caused by amiodarone."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with amiodarone. Lesko, LJ, 1989)	0.74
"0004); and the apparent elimination half-life increased from 16."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between intravenous phenytoin and amiodarone in healthy volunteers. Bliss, M; Gear, K; Hoyer, GL; Marcus, FI; Nolan, PE, 1989)	0.52
"The pharmacokinetic interaction between diltiazem and amiodarone was investigated in dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between diltiazem and amiodarone in the dog. Ben David, J; Bialer, M, )	0.63
"Phenobarbitone pretreatment has been shown to increase amiodarone total clearance and decrease amiodarone elimination half-life after a single intravenous amiodarone dose in the rat."	( Effect of phenobarbitone on the pharmacokinetics and tissue levels of amiodarone in the rat. Bernhard, R; Ferguson, RK; Fruncillo, RJ; Swanson, BN; Vlasses, PH, 1985)	0.75
" On the other hand, the elimination half-life of antiarrhythmic agents that have a large volume of distribution and are highly cleared by the liver may be twice as long in patients with CHF compared with normal subjects."	( Effects of congestive heart failure on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiarrhythmic agents. Echt, DS; Roden, DM; Woosley, RL, 1986)	0.27
"The interactions of propranolol, nimodipine, and amiodarone with membrane lipids were examined in an effort to explain their different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."	( Possible molecular basis for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three membrane-active drugs: propranolol, nimodipine and amiodarone. Chester, DW; Herbette, LG; Katz, AM; Trumbore, M, 1988)	0.73
" Terminal half-life (t1/2 el) of amiodarone increased from a mean (SD) 24."	( Amiodarone pharmacokinetics in coronary patients: differences between acute and one-month chronic dosing. Cheymol, G; Coumel, P; Escoubet, B; Jaillon, P; Poirier, JM; Richard, MO, )	1.86
" Accompanying the decreases in CL were increases in the terminal disposition half-life (T1/2 gamma), 89% (18-34 hr) with the 45-mg/kg dose and 185% (20-57 hr) after the 80-mg/kg dose."	( Amiodarone pharmacokinetics. III. Influence of thyroid dysfunction on amiodarone absorption and disposition. Ueda, CT; Weir, SJ, 1988)	1.72
" The administration of a single intravenous dose of amiodarone hydrochloride, 50 mg/kg, reduced antipyrine clearance by 32% and increased the half-life by 46%."	( Effect of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in the rat. Knowlton, PW; Liu, LL; Svensson, CK, 1987)	0.93
"The effects of amiodarone on the pharmacokinetic and electrophysiologic properties of procainamide were examined in eight patients treated for recurrent ventricular arrhythmias who received intravenous procainamide, 6 to 15 mg/kg, at control and after 1 to 2 weeks of oral amiodarone treatment."	( Pharmacokinetic and electrophysiologic interactions of amiodarone and procainamide. Heger, JJ; Miles, WM; Prystowsky, EN; Windle, J, 1987)	0.87
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from plasma samples obtained over a 24-h period."	( Effect of renal failure or biliary stasis on the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in the rat. Bernhard, R; Ferguson, RK; Fruncillo, RJ; Marchion, C; Swanson, BN, 1986)	0.51
" This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic basis of this interaction in 10 normal subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the digoxin-amiodarone interaction. Fenster, PE; Hanson, CD; White, NW, 1985)	0.53
"The pharmacokinetic interaction between digoxin (1) and amiodarone (2) has drawn increasing attention during recent years, but the tissue correlates of such an interaction are not known."	( Tissue-serum correlates of digoxin-amiodarone pharmacokinetic interaction in rats: evidence for selective tissue accumulation and reduced tissue binding. Al-Sarraf, L; Kannan, R; Singh, BN; Venkatesh, N, 1985)	0.79
" Lidocaine pharmacokinetic parameters were unchanged in the presence of amiodarone."	( Effect of amiodarone on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin, quinidine, and lidocaine in the rat. DiGregorio, GJ; Fruncillo, RJ; Kozin, SH, 1985)	0.9
" The pharmacokinetic parameters, calculated on the intravenous data using a two-compartment open model, indicate a very large volume of distribution (9."	( Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in man. Gerna, M; Giani, P; Latini, R; Maggioni, A; Riva, E; Volpi, A, )	0.45
" The drug disappeared from the blood with an elimination half-life (t1/2beta) of 514 min and distributed extensively into tissues [apparent volume of distribution (Vd)= 29."	( Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in rats. Bartosek, I; Gerna, M; Guaitani, A; Neyroz, P; Riva, E; Urso, R, )	0.45
" Amiodarone has a reduced clearance rate, large volume of distribution, low bioavailability and a long half-life that may last 2 months in patients receiving short-term therapy."	( Amiodarone: electrophysiologic actions, pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Heger, JJ; Prystowsky, EN; Zipes, DP, 1984)	2.62
" As yet, its pharmacokinetic behaviour has not been satisfactorily characterised."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Kates, RE; Latini, R; Tognoni, G, )	0.42
"This article reviews clinical pharmacokinetic data on 8 new antiarrhythmic agents."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents. Gillis, AM; Kates, RE, )	0.13
" The decline in amiodarone plasma concentration after a single intravenous 400 mg dose was described by a triexponential decay equation, with a mean terminal half-life (t1/2) of 34."	( Pharmacokinetics and body distribution of amiodarone in man. Maes, RA; Plomp, TA; Robles de Medina, EO; van Lier, T; van Rossum, JM, 1984)	0.88
" In patients the terminal elimination half-life was on the order of 40 days, with a more rapid phase of elimination in the first few days following the withdrawal of therapy."	( Amiodarone pharmacokinetics. Holt, DW; Jackson, PR; Storey, GC; Tucker, GT, 1983)	1.71
" We have not observed substantial pharmacokinetic differences between our case and studies carried out after chronic oral or intravenous administration."	( [Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in one case of acute oral intoxication]. Cozzi, A; Forgione, N; Fortunati, MT; Marini, G; Morandi, F; Santarone, M; Saveri, C, 1983)	0.58
"kg-1 of body weight; and the elimination half-life of the unchanged compound was found to be approximately 21 hours."	( Mass spectrometric identification of amiodarone N-monodesethyl metabolite and application of an HPLC method to a pharmacokinetic study. Aubert, C; Cano, JP; Egre, A; Marchiset, D; Sumirtapura, YC, )	0.4
" Except for a shortened elimination half-life and nonlinear kinetics in extensive metabolizer subjects, phenotype had no significant influence on flecainide pharmacokinetics."	( Variable disposition kinetics and electrocardiographic effects of flecainide during repeated dosing in humans: contribution of genetic factors, dose-dependent clearance, and interaction with amiodarone. Becquemont, L; Bühl, K; Eichelbaum, M; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaillon, P; Knebel, NG; Kroemer, HK, 1994)	0.48
"The experiments with isolated rat atria isometrically contracting and those with simulated rat heart failure were performed to study the effects of the alpha-, beta-, and X-blocker cordarone on the pharmacodynamic effects of strophanthin."	( [The influence of kordaron on the pharmacodynamic effects of strophanthin in experiments on isolated myocardial preparations and in the modelling of heart failure]. Lemkina, SM, )	0.13
" However, the drug's affinity for lipophilic tissues, its extremely slow elimination rate, and the likelihood that some of its effects may not be mediated by the usual antiarrhythmic mechanisms confounds traditional pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone: implications for drug therapy. Roden, DM, 1993)	0.61
" Amiodarone pharmacokinetics demonstrate extensive interpatient variability and are characterized by wide tissue distribution (steady-state volume of distribution 40-84 L/kg), slow total body clearance (90-158 mL/h/kg), long terminal elimination half-life (20-47 d), and extensive hepatic metabolism."	( Intravenous amiodarone: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use. Chow, MS, 1996)	1.58
" It was concluded that the pharmacokinetic parameters of amiodarone in these patients were similar to those reported for healthy volunteers and were similarly variable."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous amiodarone in patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. Chiang, ST; de Vane, PJ; Korth-Bradley, JM; Peters, J; Rose, GM, 1996)	0.8
" Serial blood samples were obtained over a 76-day period for estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous amiodarone in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Chow, MS; Kazierad, DJ; Klamerus, KJ; Kluger, J; Leese, PT; O'Rangers, EA; Vadiei, K; Zimmerman, JJ, 1996)	0.58
"Although no antiarrhythmic agent has ideal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, it is useful to evaluate antiarrhythmic agents in terms this ideal profile."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous agents for ventricular arrhythmias. Nolan, PE, )	0.13
" The mean values for the effective half-life of the pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA aerosol were below the normal range in all 9 patients, and lower than the values obtained previously for patients on a long-term amiodarone regimen without side effects."	( Gallium-67 lung imaging and pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA aerosol in patients with amiodarone pneumonitis. Camargo, EE; Cukier, A; Meneghetti, JC; Soares Júnior, J; Teixeira, LR; Terra-Filho, M; Vargas, FS, 1996)	0.7
" The data were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM) to estimate the population pharmacokinetic parameters of amiodarone and to determine the significant demographic covariates affecting these parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous amiodarone and comparison with two-stage pharmacokinetic analysis. Chiang, ST; Korth-Bradley, J; Troy, S; Vadiei, K; Zimmerman, JJ, 1997)	0.77
"Conventional pharmacokinetic (PK) concepts fail to describe the long-term pharmacokinetics of the extremely cationic amphiphilic drug amiodarone."	( The anomalous pharmacokinetics of amiodarone explained by nonexponential tissue trapping. Weiss, M, 1999)	0.79
"Amiodarone is an increasingly popular and uniquely effective antiarrhythmic agent for which population pharmacokinetic parameters in patients receiving long-term oral therapy have not been defined previously."	( Population pharmacokinetics of long-term oral amiodarone therapy. Bouillon, T; Pollak, PT; Shafer, SL, 2000)	2.01
" Rapid distribution half-life was 17 hours, and terminal half-life was 55 days."	( Population pharmacokinetics of long-term oral amiodarone therapy. Bouillon, T; Pollak, PT; Shafer, SL, 2000)	0.57
" Treatments were compared for the pharmacokinetic parameters AUC0-infinity, Cmax, tmax, and t 1/2 of highly lipophilic drugs and active metabolites."	( Effects of orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of three highly lipophilic drugs (amiodarone, fluoxetine, and simvastatin) in healthy volunteers. Kanitra, L; Moore, R; Mulligan, TE; Zhi, J, 2003)	0.54
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of metoprolol were investigated at day 5 and at day 13 in 44 subjects, 39 extensive metabolizers and five poor metabolizers for CYP2D6."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between metoprolol and dronedarone in extensive and poor CYP2D6 metabolizers healthy subjects. Caplain, H; Damy, T; Hulot, JS; Lechat, P; Pousset, F, 2004)	0.32
" The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of single intravenous doses of amiodarone (5 and 7 mg/kg) on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) of healthy minishetland ponies during the first 2 days after drug administration and to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) using amiodarone and desethylamiodarone (DAMD) plasma levels that were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of amiodarone in plasma of ponies after single intravenous administration. Kuhn, M; Mevissen, M; Portier, CJ; Scholtysik, G; Thormann, W; Trachsel, D; Tschudi, P, 2004)	0.8
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."	( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics. Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)	0.32
" Evaluation of the safety of the combination is needed to confirm that the relatively small pharmacokinetic changes in this study are of no clinical significance."	( A pharmacokinetic study of the combined administration of amiodarone and ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor. Carlson, GF; Eriksson, UG; Gillette, S; Hamer, JE; Kowey, PR; Sarich, TC; Schützer, KM; Teng, R, 2004)	0.57
"The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a high fat meal and hyperlipidemia on the pharmacokinetic behavior of amiodarone."	( Pharmacokinetics of Amiodarone in hyperlipidemic and simulated high fat-meal rat models. Brocks, DR; Jun, AS; Shayeganpour, A, 2005)	0.86
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and an optimum dose schedule of amiodarone in long-term oral therapy, serum concentrations of amiodarone and its metabolite, desethylamiodarone, were monitored from 345 Japanese inpatients who received amiodarone therapy for a variety of cardiac arrhythmias."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of amiodarone in long-term oral therapy in Japanese population. Fukumoto, K; Funahashi, M; Kamakura, S; Kashima, A; Kitakaze, M; Komamura, K; Ueno, K, 2005)	0.84
"Results indicate that the pharmacokinetic distribution of amiodarone is multicompartmental."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenously and orally administered amiodarone in horses. Baert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Clercq, D; Deprez, P; Maes, A; Tavernier, R; van Loon, G, 2006)	0.8
" Recent studies with a 103-compound dataset suggested that scaling from monkey pharmacokinetic data tended to be the most accurate method for predicting human clearance."	( Extrapolation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and molecular feature analysis of "discovery-like" molecules to predict human pharmacokinetics. Evans, CA; Jolivette, LJ; Nagilla, R; Ward, KW, 2006)	0.33
" The non-linear mixed effect modelling approach allows satisfactory estimation of population pharmacokinetic parameters, and their respective variability."	( Population modelling to describe pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in rats: relevance of plasma protein and tissue depot binding. Campos Moreno, E; Casabó, VG; Martín Algarra, RV; Merino Sanjuán, M; Merino, V; Nácher, A, 2007)	0.59
" Amiodarone had a significantly lower (approximately 50%) clearance than DEA, although the volume of distribution and terminal phase half-life did not differ significantly."	( Pharmacokinetics of desethylamiodarone in the rat after its administration as the preformed metabolite, and after administration of amiodarone. Brocks, DR; Hamdy, DA; Shayeganpour, A, 2008)	1.55
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
" In contrast, azithromycin did not alter any of the MTX pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Amiodarone modulates pharmacokinetics of low-dose methotrexate in rats. Brcakova, E; Cermanova, J; Chladek, J; Fuksa, L; Hroch, M; Kolouchova, G; Malakova, J; Martinkova, J; Micuda, S; Staud, F, 2008)	1.79
" We also discuss the different pharmacodynamic effects that iopanoic acid has on FT(3) and FT(4) levels."	( Pharmacodynamic effect of iopanoic acid on free T(3) and T(4) levels in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Falciglia, M; Matrka, L; Nikiforov, Y; Steward, D, 2008)	0.58
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis confirms that obesity affects the pharmacokinetics of AMD."	( Effect of obesity on serum amiodarone concentration in Japanese patients: population pharmacokinetic investigation by multiple trough screen analysis. Araki, R; Fukuchi, H; Hayano, M; Komiya, N; Nakashima, M; Sasaki, H; Yano, K; Yukawa, E, 2009)	0.65
" Simultaneous initiation of warfarin and amiodarone leads to an enhanced pharmacodynamic response to warfarin early in therapy."	( An evaluation of the early pharmacodynamic response after simultaneous initiation of warfarin and amiodarone. Edwin, SB; Jennings, DL; Kalus, JS, 2010)	0.84
" The pharmacokinetic profile, blood pressure and electrocardiographic analyses were obtained on a timely basis after up to 77 days."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous amiodarone and its electrocardiographic effects on healthy Japanese subjects. Hagiwara, N; Irie, S; Kasanuki, H; Shiga, T; Tanaka, T, 2011)	0.65
" This overview summarizes the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of dronedarone, evaluates its potential application to daily clinical cardiology practice according to the evidence provided by clinical trials, and provides a future clinical perspective for the use of this drug."	( Dronedarone as a new treatment option for atrial fibrillation patients: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical practice. Lip, GY; Pamukcu, B, 2011)	0.37
" The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of neferine, an effective anti-pulmonary fibrosis drug isolated from the embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner's seeds, to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of amiodarone."	( Effects of neferine on the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in rats. Chang, M; Wan, J; Wang, J; Xiao, J; Xu, C; Zeng, C; Zhang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhao, L, 2011)	0.81
" Our findings demonstrate the successful application of the validated LC-MS/MS method to a pharmacokinetic study after a single oral administration of 400mg dronedarone to six healthy volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of dronedarone and its active metabolite debutyldronedarone in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, X; Dai, X; Xie, C; Yang, S; Zhong, D, 2011)	0.37
" Analysis of the pharmacokinetics of AMD was accomplished using a 1-compartment open pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetic investigation for optimization of amiodarone therapy in Japanese patients. Araki, R; Fukuchi, H; Nakashima, M; Nakashima, MN; Sasaki, H; Yano, K; Yukawa, E, 2011)	0.61
"The authors developed new population pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetic investigation for optimization of amiodarone therapy in Japanese patients. Araki, R; Fukuchi, H; Nakashima, M; Nakashima, MN; Sasaki, H; Yano, K; Yukawa, E, 2011)	0.61
" This novel HPLC method allows the fast and reliable determination of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone from several rat matrices (plasma, liver, kidneys, lungs and heart) and was successfully applied in a preliminary pharmacokinetic study."	( A rapid HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of amiodarone and its major metabolite in rat plasma and tissues: a useful tool for pharmacokinetic studies. Alves, G; Falcão, A; Ferreira, A; Queiroz, J; Rodrigues, M, 2013)	0.87
" In this study, in vivo-based [I]/Ki values were used to predict the DDI risks of a P-gp substrate dabigatran etexilate (DABE) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo [I]/K(i) accurately predict P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions with dabigatran etexilate. Hu, ZY; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
"This approach accurately predicted the effects of five P-gp inhibitors on DABE pharmacokinetics (98-133% and 89-104% for the ratios of AUC and Cmax respectively)."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo [I]/K(i) accurately predict P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions with dabigatran etexilate. Hu, ZY; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Here, using amiodarone (AMIO) as an example, we demonstrate the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to assess how a potential inhibitory metabolite can contribute to clinically significant DDIs."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict drug-drug interactions involving inhibitory metabolite: a case study of amiodarone. Chen, Y; Hop, CE; Mao, J, 2015)	0.99
" In the present study, a dynamic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed in Simcyp for clopidogrel and clopi-H4 using a specific sequential metabolite module in four populations with phenotypically different CYP2C19 activity (poor, intermediate, extensive, and ultrarapid metabolizers) receiving a loading dose of 300 mg followed by a maintenance dose of 75 mg."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for sequential metabolism: effect of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism on clopidogrel and clopidogrel active metabolite pharmacokinetics. Boulenc, X; Djebli, N; Fabre, D; Fabre, G; Hurbin, F; Sultan, E, 2015)	0.42
" The present study aimed to build a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for AMD and DEA in rats."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Amiodarone and its Metabolite Desethylamiodarone in Rats: Pooled Analysis of Published Data. Cai, Y; Chen, F; Hu, ZY; Jia, WW; Lu, JT; Zhao, YS, 2016)	0.69
" The key pharmacokinetic properties of AMD, such as extensive tissue distribution, substantial storage in the fat tissue, and long half-lives in many tissues, were closely reflected."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Amiodarone and its Metabolite Desethylamiodarone in Rats: Pooled Analysis of Published Data. Cai, Y; Chen, F; Hu, ZY; Jia, WW; Lu, JT; Zhao, YS, 2016)	0.69
" The plasma level of N-desethylamiodarone was unchanged in the probiotic pre-medicated group and its pharmacokinetic parameters were not altered."	( Effect of Lactobacillus casei on the Pharmacokinetics of Amiodarone in Male Wistar Rats. Anzenbacher, P; Anzenbacherova, E; Matuskova, Z; Siller, M; Strojil, J; Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H; Vecera, R, 2017)	0.99
"The objectives of the current study were to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of dronedarone in the rat, and to examine the effect of hyperlipidemia on its pharmacokinetics."	( The pharmacokinetics of dronedarone in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic rats. Brocks, DR; Jardan, YA, 2016)	0.43
"This subteam under the Drug Metabolism Leadership Group (Innovation and Quality Consortium) investigated the quantitative role of circulating inhibitory metabolites in drug-drug interactions using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Quantitative Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions Involving Inhibitory Metabolites in Drug Development: How Can Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Help? Chen, Y; Lin, J; Mao, J; Peters, S; Shebley, M; Templeton, IE; Varma, MV; Yu, H, 2016)	0.43
"Increased exposure to paclitaxel and subsequently docetaxel due to interaction with amiodarone was suspected and confirmed on pharmacokinetic sampling."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between taxanes and amiodarone leading to severe toxicity. Cesana, P; Conen, K; Gotta, V; Hammann, F; Medinger, M; Rochlitz, C; Taegtmeyer, AB, 2017)	0.94
"Rat is commonly used for pharmacokinetic screening during pharmaceutical lead optimization."	( Single jugular vein cannulated rats may not be suitable for intravenous pharmacokinetic screening of high logP compounds. Gaud, N; Holenarsipur, VK; Kole, P; Kumar, A; Mandlekar, S; Matta, M; Sridhar, S, 2017)	0.46
" The one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination was sufficient to explain the pharmacokinetic characters after single oral administration of carvedilol to both vehicle-pretreated and dronedarone-pretreated rats."	( Effect of dronedarone on the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol following oral administration to rats. Baek, IH; Kim, MS, 2018)	0.48
" Since the median sampling time after the first dose was short (study: 95 h; literature: 72 h) relative to the terminal half-life estimated in adult PopPK studies, values of the deep compartment volume and flow were fixed to literature values."	( A pharmacokinetic model for amiodarone in infants developed from an opportunistic sampling trial and published literature data. Al-Uzri, A; Atz, AM; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Dallefeld, SH; Green, TP; Harper, B; Hornik, CP; Laughon, M; Lewandowski, A; Melloni, C; Mendley, SR; Mitchell, J; Sullivan, JE; Wu, H; Yogev, R, 2018)	0.77
" In conclusion, OM coadministered with digoxin or amiodarone did not result in any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Omecamtiv Mecarbil With Amiodarone and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects. Abbasi, S; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Hsu, CP; Hutton, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Lee, E; Sohn, W; Trivedi, A; Zhang, H, 2022)	1.21
"Some population pharmacokinetic models for amiodarone (AMD) did not incorporate N-desethylamiodarone (DEA) concentration."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Amiodarone and N-Desethylamiodarone Focusing on Glucocorticoid and Inflammation. Akai, N; Hanada, K; Hirai, T; Itoh, T; Iwamoto, T; Kasai, H; Takahashi, M; Uchida, S, 2022)	1.26

Compound-Compound Interactions

The iodine-rich amiodarone affects the thyroid gland, causing overt hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis in 14%-18% of cases. The authors have tried to examine the role of magnesium alone or in combinat.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological effects of three class I antiarrhythmic agents, one from each subclass A, B, and C, were assessed in single use and in combination with amiodarone in patients with inducible, sustained ventricular tachycardia that was not suppressed by monotherapy with these agents."	( A prospective comparison of class IA, B, and C antiarrhythmic agents in combination with amiodarone in patients with inducible, sustained ventricular tachycardia. Kadish, A; Morady, F; Toivonen, L, 1991)	0.7
"Class I antiarrhythmic agents slow ventricular conduction and increase ventricular refractoriness when used in combination with amiodarone."	( A prospective comparison of class IA, B, and C antiarrhythmic agents in combination with amiodarone in patients with inducible, sustained ventricular tachycardia. Kadish, A; Morady, F; Toivonen, L, 1991)	0.71
"9 antiarrhythmic drugs, used alone or in combination, were managed by low doses of beta-blocker agents combined with oral amiodarone (Am), either after loading (1."	( Efficacy and safety of low doses of beta-blocker agents combined with amiodarone in refractory ventricular tachycardia. Fontaine, G; Frank, R; Grosgogeat, Y; Tonet, J, 1988)	0.72
" However, this association could interact with these drugs because amiodarone appears to have a definite action on the kinetics of several cardiovascular drugs."	( Amiodarone drug interactions: potential beneficial and adverse effects. Fontaine, G, 1987)	1.95
" Furthermore, amiodarone may interact with beta-blocking agents and some of the calcium antagonists to produce symptomatic sinus bradycardia and sinus arrest, especially in a latent or overt sick sinus syndrome."	( Drug interactions with amiodarone. Marcus, FI, 1983)	0.94
" Brief information on the following reports of drug-drug interactions is given in this article with the intention of giving these reports wider publicity and, possibly, encouraging further observation and research to establish or disprove their validity in a larger and wider range of patients or volunteer subjects."	( Early reports on drug interactions. D'Arcy, PF, 1983)	0.27
"The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of amiodarone used alone or in combination with propranolol in infants and children affected by life-threatening or drug-resistant tachyarrhythmias."	( Amiodarone used alone or in combination with propranolol: a very effective therapy for tachyarrhythmias in infants and children. Di Liso, G; Drago, F; Guccione, P; Mafrici, A; Mazza, A; Ragonese, P, )	1.82
" Class III antiarrhythmic drugs may interact with other drugs by two major processes: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Potentially significant drug interactions of class III antiarrhythmic drugs. DeBisschop, M; Lower, DL; Martin, LG; Yamreudeewong, W, 2003)	0.32
" Beyond the predictable pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction requiring a significant warfarin dose reduction, the iodine-rich amiodarone affects the thyroid gland, causing overt hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis in 14%-18% of cases."	( Complex drug-drug-disease interactions between amiodarone, warfarin, and the thyroid gland. Ezra, D; Farfel, Z; Halkin, H; Kurnik, D; Loebstein, R; Olchovsky, D, 2004)	0.79
"To examine the effects of long-term intermittent dobutamine infusion, combined with oral amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) refractory to standard medical treatment."	( Long-term intermittent dobutamine infusion, combined with oral amiodarone for end-stage heart failure: a randomized double-blind study. Anastasiou-Nana, MI; Kanakakis, J; Moon, T; Nanas, JN; Nanas, SN; Terrovitis, JV; Tsagalou, EP, 2004)	0.78
"Long-term intermittent dobutamine infusion combined with amiodarone added to the conventional drugs improved the survival of patients with advanced CHF that was refractory to conventional treatment."	( Long-term intermittent dobutamine infusion, combined with oral amiodarone for end-stage heart failure: a randomized double-blind study. Anastasiou-Nana, MI; Kanakakis, J; Moon, T; Nanas, JN; Nanas, SN; Terrovitis, JV; Tsagalou, EP, 2004)	0.81
"A rapid method for the quantification of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in animal plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with UV detection (HPLC-UV) is presented."	( Determination of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in horse plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with UV detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Baert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Clercq, D; Deprez, P; Maes, A; van Loon, G, 2006)	0.94
"The clinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro inhibition of digoxin were examined to predict the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) component of drug-drug interactions."	( Drug-drug interactions mediated through P-glycoprotein: clinical relevance and in vitro-in vivo correlation using digoxin as a probe drug. Cook, JA; Fenner, KS; Kempshall, S; Lee, CA; Smith, DA; Troutman, MD; Ware, JA, 2009)	0.35
" We examined whether intermittent inotropic agents combined with oral amiodarone to prevent the proarrhythmic effect of inotropic agents results in better outcomes."	( Intermittent inotropic infusions combined with prophylactic oral amiodarone for patients with decompensated end-stage heart failure. Bonios, M; Drakos, SG; Kaldara, E; Kanakakis, JV; Katsaros, F; Nanas, JN; Nanas, S; Pantsios, C, 2009)	0.82
"Intermittent intravenous inotropic agents combined with prophylactic oral amiodarone seem to improve the outcomes of patients with end-stage chronic heart failure."	( Intermittent inotropic infusions combined with prophylactic oral amiodarone for patients with decompensated end-stage heart failure. Bonios, M; Drakos, SG; Kaldara, E; Kanakakis, JV; Katsaros, F; Nanas, JN; Nanas, S; Pantsios, C, 2009)	0.82
"The purpose of this study was to report the efficacy of intravenous amiodarone alone or in combination with digoxin in neonates and small infants with life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (SVT)."	( Intravenous amiodarone used alone or in combination with digoxin for life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in neonates and small infants. Aslan, Y; Celiker, A; Dilber, B; Dilber, E; Gedik, Y; Mutlu, M, 2010)	0.97
"We retrospectively analyzed 9 neonates and small infants with life-threatening or resistant SVT who were treated with intravenous amiodarone alone or in combination with digoxin."	( Intravenous amiodarone used alone or in combination with digoxin for life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in neonates and small infants. Aslan, Y; Celiker, A; Dilber, B; Dilber, E; Gedik, Y; Mutlu, M, 2010)	0.94
" Amiodarone alone or in combination with digoxin effectively controlled reentrant SVT in all patients."	( Intravenous amiodarone used alone or in combination with digoxin for life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in neonates and small infants. Aslan, Y; Celiker, A; Dilber, B; Dilber, E; Gedik, Y; Mutlu, M, 2010)	1.65
"Intravenous amiodarone alone or in combination with digoxin was found to be safe and effective in controlling refractory and life-threatening SVT in neonates and small infants."	( Intravenous amiodarone used alone or in combination with digoxin for life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in neonates and small infants. Aslan, Y; Celiker, A; Dilber, B; Dilber, E; Gedik, Y; Mutlu, M, 2010)	1.12
"To observe the therapeutic efficacy and safety of amiodarone combined with Shenmai Injection (参麦注射液) on atrial fibrillation."	( Clinical observation on the treatment of atrial fibrillation with amiodarone combined with Shenmai Injection (参麦注射液). Chen, ZM; Deng, M; Ma, W; Sui, XQ; Xu, Y; Zhu, SB, 2010)	0.85
"A total of 351 patients with atrial fibrillation caused by cardiovascular diseases and idiopathic atrial fibrillation were assigned to amiodarone group (control group, 128 cases) and amiodarone combined with Shenmai Injection group (treatment group, 223 cases)."	( Clinical observation on the treatment of atrial fibrillation with amiodarone combined with Shenmai Injection (参麦注射液). Chen, ZM; Deng, M; Ma, W; Sui, XQ; Xu, Y; Zhu, SB, 2010)	0.8
"Compared with amiodarone, amiodarone combined with Shenmai Injection takes effect more quickly with low side effects on the treatment of atrial fibrillation."	( Clinical observation on the treatment of atrial fibrillation with amiodarone combined with Shenmai Injection (参麦注射液). Chen, ZM; Deng, M; Ma, W; Sui, XQ; Xu, Y; Zhu, SB, 2010)	0.96
" An important drug-drug interaction between amiodarone and vitamin K antagonists is encountered frequently in daily clinical practice."	( Dronedarone and vitamin K antagonists: a review of drug-drug interactions. Becker, RC; Fiuzat, M; Shirolkar, SC, 2010)	0.62
"The potential of metabolites to contribute to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is not well defined."	( Are circulating metabolites important in drug-drug interactions?: Quantitative analysis of risk prediction and inhibitory potency. Fujioka, Y; Hachad, H; Isoherranen, N; Levy, RH; Yeung, CK, 2011)	0.37
"To determine the most common drug-drug interaction (DDI) pairs contributing to QTc prolongation in cardiac intensive care units (ICUs)."	( Drug-drug interactions contributing to QT prolongation in cardiac intensive care units. Armahizer, MJ; Kane-Gill, SL; Seybert, AL; Smithburger, PL, 2013)	0.39
" The electrophysiologic mechanisms of ranolazine in combination with class III drugs were studied in an isolated whole-heart model of stretch-related AF."	( Antiarrhythmic effect of ranolazine in combination with class III drugs in an experimental whole-heart model of atrial fibrillation. Breithardt, G; Eckardt, L; Frommeyer, G; Kaese, S; Kaiser, D; Milberg, P; Uphaus, T, 2013)	0.39
"In vitro inhibitory potency (Ki )-based predictions of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are hampered by the substantial variability in inhibitory potency."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo [I]/K(i) accurately predict P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions with dabigatran etexilate. Hu, ZY; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
"The prediction of drug-drug interactions mediated by the induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes is of great relevance in the development of new drugs."	( HepaRG cell line as an in vitro model for screening drug-drug interactions mediated by metabolic induction: amiodarone used as a model substance. Alves, G; Falcão, A; Ferreira, A; Rodrigues, M; Silvestre, S, 2014)	0.62
"Evaluation of drug-drug interaction (DDI) involving circulating inhibitory metabolites of perpetrator drugs has recently drawn more attention from regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict drug-drug interactions involving inhibitory metabolite: a case study of amiodarone. Chen, Y; Hop, CE; Mao, J, 2015)	0.62
" The [I]u/Ki,u values were calculated and used to predict in vivo AMIO drug-drug interactions (DDIs) for pharmaceuticals metabolized by these four enzymes."	( P450-Based Drug-Drug Interactions of Amiodarone and its Metabolites: Diversity of Inhibitory Mechanisms. Au, NT; McDonald, MG; Rettie, AE, 2015)	0.69
"Background Drug-drug interactions in patients taking warfarin may contribute to a higher risk of adverse events."	( Study of warfarin utilization in hospitalized patients: analysis of possible drug interactions. Camargo, HP; Girotto, E; Guidoni, CM; Obreli-Neto, PR; Pereira, LR, 2016)	0.43
" health agencies issued warning letters in response to 9 reported clinical cases of severe bradycardia/bradyarrhythmia in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients treated with sofosbuvir (SOF) in combination with other direct acting antivirals (DAAs) and the antiarrhythmic drug, amiodarone (AMIO)."	( Assessment of the clinical cardiac drug-drug interaction associated with the combination of hepatitis C virus nucleotide inhibitors and amiodarone in guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys. DeGeorge, JJ; Fitzgerald, K; Gerenser, P; Gruver, S; Morissette, P; Regan, CP; Regan, HK; Sannajust, FJ; Travis, JJ; Wen, J, 2016)	0.81
" Here, we evaluated the ability of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) to recapitulate the interaction between sofosbuvir and amiodarone in vitro, and more generally assessed the feasibility of hiPSC-CMs as a model system for drug-drug interactions."	( Identification of Drug-Drug Interactions In Vitro: A Case Study Evaluating the Effects of Sofosbuvir and Amiodarone on hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Anson, BD; Aoyama, N; Becker, N; Carlson, CB; Fertig, N; Goetze, TA; January, CT; Juhasz, K; Millard, DC; Ross, JD; Stoelzle-Feix, S; Strock, CJ, 2016)	0.84
"This subteam under the Drug Metabolism Leadership Group (Innovation and Quality Consortium) investigated the quantitative role of circulating inhibitory metabolites in drug-drug interactions using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Quantitative Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions Involving Inhibitory Metabolites in Drug Development: How Can Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Help? Chen, Y; Lin, J; Mao, J; Peters, S; Shebley, M; Templeton, IE; Varma, MV; Yu, H, 2016)	0.43
" Our previous preclinical in vivo experiments demonstrated that only certain HCV-NS5B prodrugs elicit bradycardia when combined with amiodarone."	( Cardiac drug-drug interaction between HCV-NS5B pronucleotide inhibitors and amiodarone is determined by their specific diastereochemistry. Brynczka, C; DeGeorge, J; Imredy, JP; Koeplinger, K; Lagrutta, A; Lebrón, J; Liu, L; Morissette, P; Regan, CP; Sannajust, F; Wollenberg, G; Zeng, H, 2017)	0.89
" Here, we present the HCV treatment challenges facing a patient with HIV coinfection, prior failure of both HIV-1 and HCV therapy, cirrhosis, end-stage renal failure on haemodialysis, as well as management of drug-drug interactions, especially given the need to receive long-term amiodarone therapy."	( Cure of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in an HIV-coinfected patient with multiple comorbidities and drug interaction challenges. Álvarez, H; Bhagani, S; Khoo, S; Llibre, JM; Mariño, A; Schapiro, J; Valcarce, N, 2018)	0.66
" This combination involves a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction leading to subtherapeutic drug concentrations of amiodarone and its active metabolite."	( Amiodarone Rifampicin Drug-Drug Interaction Management With Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Demmer, A; Movig, KLL; Oude Munnink, TH; Slenter, RHJ, 2018)	2.13
"To investigate the effects of amiodarone combined with glycyrrhetinic acid on the activity, apoptosis and autophagy in human hepatoma HepG2 cells."	( [Study on Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Amiodarone Combined with Glycyrrhetinic Acid in HepG2 Cells]. Gong, LH; He, LL; Song, XR; Wang, XY; Wei, QZ; Wu, L, 2018)	1.03
"Neiguan point acupuncture combined with amiodarone is superior to amiodarone alone in reducing early recurrences of patients with persistent AF after PVI."	( Effect of acupuncture at Neiguan point combined with amiodarone therapy on early recurrence after pulmonary vein electrical isolation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Bao, M; Dong, L; Fu, H; He, B; Huang, C; Huang, H; Liu, H; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Lu, Z; Wu, G; Yang, B; Yang, M; Yin, J; Yu, S; Zhao, Q, 2019)	1.03
"A patient with underlying Hashimoto's thyroiditis developed amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis type 1 that was successfully treated using methimazole in combination with potassium iodide."	( Successful Treatment of Amiodarone-induced Thyrotoxicosis Type 1 in Combination with Methimazole and Potassium Iodide in a Patient with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Hirose, T; Ikehara, K; Katoh, D; Kumashiro, N; Tsuboi, K; Uchino, H; Yoshino, H, 2020)	1.11
" Managing this drug-drug interaction (DDI) is challenging because of substantial interpatient variability in DDI magnitude."	( The Magnitude of the Warfarin-Amiodarone Drug-Drug Interaction Varies With Renal Function: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study. Brown, JR; Hennessy, S; Miano, TA; Shashaty, MGS; Yang, W; Zuppa, A, 2020)	0.85
" Upon scrutiny of the patient's medical history, a drug-drug interaction between amiodarone and rivaroxaban persisting 3 weeks after cessation of amiodaron remains the prime suspect causing the clinical picture."	( Supratheraputic rivaroxaban levels: A persistent drug-drug interaction after discontinuation of amiodarone. Dorff, MH; Falskov, B; Jensen, EA; Skov, K, 2020)	1
" This study aims to summarize the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of amiodarone combined with beta blockers to maintain sinus rhythm in AF, and to determine an effective and safe intervention for the prevention of AF recurrence through network meta-analysis (NMA)."	( The efficacy and safety of amiodarone combined with beta-blockers in the maintenance of sinus rhythm for atrial fibrillation: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hu, Y; Jia, Q; Shi, J; Shi, S; Yuan, G, 2020)	1.09
"Concomitant use of rivaroxaban with AADs appears to be well tolerated, warranting further investigation into the apparent benefits of a reduced dose of rivaroxaban combined with dronedarone."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Rivaroxaban in Combination with Various Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Patients with Non-Permanent Atrial Fibrillation. Chen, CY; Chiou, WR; Chuang, JY; Huang, CC; Kuo, JY; Lee, YH; Liao, FC; Lin, PL; Liu, LY; Su, MI; Tsai, CT; Wu, YJ, 2021)	0.62
" In vitro studies demonstrate OM as a substrate and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which can result in drug-drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Omecamtiv Mecarbil With Amiodarone and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects. Abbasi, S; Dutta, S; Flach, S; Hsu, CP; Hutton, S; Jafarinasabian, P; Lee, E; Sohn, W; Trivedi, A; Zhang, H, 2022)	0.95
"This study aimed to investigate the effect of the therapy of amiodarone combined with atorvastatin on cardiac function of patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)."	( Effect of the therapy of amiodarone combined with atorvastatin on cardiac function of patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Li, Z; Tu, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhou, Q; Zong, W, 2021)	1.17
" Recent studies have also demonstrated increased morbidity and mortality with the use of digoxin and other AAD which interact with P-gp."	( Drug Interactions Affecting Antiarrhythmic Drug Use. Chung, MK; Dukes, JW; Ezekowitz, M; Gopinathannair, R; Horbal, P; Lakkireddy, D; Lip, GYH; Mar, PL; Miletello, M; Noseworthy, PA; Olshansky, B; Reiffel, JA; Tisdale, JE, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, this case used amiodarone (AMD), and it has been reported that the RDV concentration increases when used in combination with AMD."	( [Significant Prolongation of the International Normalized Ratio Associated with COVID-19 Treatment: Possible Drug Interaction with Remdesivir]. Bando, Y; Ishii, H; Otori, K; Yokota, N, 2022)	1.01
"In this study the authors have tried to examine the role of magnesium alone or in combination with diltiazem and / or amiodarone in prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) following off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)."	( Role of magnesium alone or in combination with diltiazem and/or amiodarone in prevention of atrial fibrillation following off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Fatima, N; Geelani, MA; Khurana, P; Maheshwari, A; Minhas, HS; Tempe, DK, )	0.58
" In this uncontrolled trial, efficacy of magnesium alone or in combination with amiodarone and / or diltiazem has been studied in patients undergoing off-pump CABG."	( Role of magnesium alone or in combination with diltiazem and/or amiodarone in prevention of atrial fibrillation following off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Fatima, N; Geelani, MA; Khurana, P; Maheshwari, A; Minhas, HS; Tempe, DK, )	0.6

Bioavailability

Amiodarone is a low-solubility, high-permeability drug with a narrow therapeutic index. It might cause QT prolongation in a donor heart after transplantation.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Amiodarone is poorly bioavailable (20-80%) and undergoes extensive enterohepatic circulation before entry into a central compartment."	( Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Freedman, MD; Somberg, JC, 1991)	1.46
" Assuming there were no changes in the bioavailability of amiodarone during continuous administration, these findings strongly suggest induction of amiodarone metabolism by phenytoin."	( Effect of phenytoin on the clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Gear, K; Hoyer, GL; Karol, MD; Marcus, FI; Nolan, PE, 1990)	0.77
" These data show that iodine released by amiodarone has a bioavailability different from that of NaI."	( Changes in 127I mice thyroid follicle studied by analytical ion microscopy: a key for the comprehension of amiodarone-induced thyroid diseases. Briançon, C; Fragu, P; Halpern, S; Telenczak, P, 1990)	0.76
"The jejunal absorption rate of amiodarone and the influence of lipids on it were studied in human volunteers using the intestinal perfusion technique."	( Intestinal absorption of amiodarone in man. Bernier, JJ; Bovet, M; Pfeiffer, A; Rongier, M; Vidon, N, 1990)	0.87
" After oral digoxin treatment, amiodarone increased peak serum concentration, total area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC), and 5-day urinary recovery of the glycoside, without changes in peak time and absorption rate constant."	( Effects of amiodarone on oral and intravenous digoxin kinetics in healthy subjects. Basadonna, O; Dalla-Volta, S; Fantin, M; Gaion, RM; Maragno, I; Santostasi, G, 1987)	0.95
"Relative bioavailability of amiodarone was studied in 10 healthy volunteers after its 600 mg single dose administration."	( [Evaluation of the relative biological availability of amiodarone Polfa preparation after extravascular administration of a single dose]. Filipek, M; Koliński, P; Paczkowski, D; Podleśny, J; Sadowski, Z, 1989)	0.82
" It has a large volume of distribution, moderate bioavailability and a long half-life."	( Amiodarone: pharmacology and antiarrhythmic and adverse effects. Dougherty, AH; Giebel, RA; Naccarelli, GV; Rinkenberger, RL, )	1.57
" The mean bioavailability of oral amiodarone ranged from 17% to 60% with an average of 39%."	( Pharmacokinetics and body distribution of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in rats after oral administration. Maes, RA; Plomp, TA; Van Rossum, JM; Wiersinga, WM, )	0.67
" The drug is poorly absorbed and avidly binds to all adipose tissue within the body."	( Practical follow-up guidelines for patients treated with amiodarone. Podrid, PJ, 1987)	0.52
" The drug's bioavailability is modest (approximately 40%) and excretion is minimal via the hepatic route."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Haffajee, CI, 1987)	0.56
" bioavailability characteristics of amiodarone were minor."	( Amiodarone pharmacokinetics. III. Influence of thyroid dysfunction on amiodarone absorption and disposition. Ueda, CT; Weir, SJ, 1988)	1.99
"The relative and absolute bioavailability of different oral forms of amiodarone was examined in 12 subjects."	( Absolute bioavailability of amiodarone in normal subjects. Berger, Y; Desager, JP; Harvengt, C; Pacco, M; Pourbaix, S, 1985)	0.8
"Methods for estimating the bioavailability of drugs with long elimination half-lives are examined."	( Bioavailability of drugs with long elimination half-lives. Aarons, L; Urso, R, 1983)	0.27
" Oral absorption was slow an erratic, with fourfold individual variations in systemic bioavailability (22-86%)."	( Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in man. Gerna, M; Giani, P; Latini, R; Maggioni, A; Riva, E; Volpi, A, )	0.45
" The drug is incompletely and variably absorbed following oral administration; bioavailability ranges from 22 to 86%."	( Amiodarone: a unique antiarrhythmic agent. Sloskey, GE, )	1.57
" Amiodarone has a reduced clearance rate, large volume of distribution, low bioavailability and a long half-life that may last 2 months in patients receiving short-term therapy."	( Amiodarone: electrophysiologic actions, pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Heger, JJ; Prystowsky, EN; Zipes, DP, 1984)	2.62
" Available evidence suggests that absorption of amiodarone following oral administration is erratic and unpredictable; oral bioavailability ranges from 22 to 86%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Kates, RE; Latini, R; Tognoni, G, )	0.68
" Lorcainide is also a class Ic antiarrhythmic drug, the bioavailability of which is nonlinear."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents. Gillis, AM; Kates, RE, )	0.13
" These results show that amiodarone increases digoxin bioavailability by a mechanism which appears to be independent of changes in drug elimination."	( Influence of amiodarone on oral digoxin bioavailability in healthy volunteers. Gaion, RM; Maragno, I; Paleari, C; Santostasi, G, 1984)	0.94
" The bioavailability of oral amiodarone was only 31 +/- 26%, in part due to first-pass metabolism."	( Pharmacokinetics and body distribution of amiodarone in man. Maes, RA; Plomp, TA; Robles de Medina, EO; van Lier, T; van Rossum, JM, 1984)	0.82
" The absence of toxic phenomena can be explained by the poor bioavailability of amiodarone, which is known to require long periods for a complete distribution to the tissues and target organs."	( [Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in one case of acute oral intoxication]. Cozzi, A; Forgione, N; Fortunati, MT; Marini, G; Morandi, F; Santarone, M; Saveri, C, 1983)	0.81
" Absorption rate constants of amiodarone decreased as surfactant concentration increased, the absorption being unusually fast at lower surfactant concentrations."	( Effects of surfactants on amiodarone intestinal absorption. I. Sodium laurylsulfate. Casabó, VG; Martín-Algarra, RV; Merino, M; Pascual-Costa, RM, 1994)	0.88
" Amiodarone toxicity following acute overdose is rare because poor bioavailability and a large volume of distribution limit the peak serum concentration."	( Class III antiarrhythmics in overdose. Presenting features and management principles. Holt, DW; Leatham, EW; McKenna, WJ, 1993)	1.2
" Absolute bioavailability ranged from 50."	( [Amiodarone absorption and elimination after oral and intravenous administration in healthy individuals]. Gaete, LE; Ortiz, M; Saavedra, I; Soto, J, 1995)	1.2
" The amiodarone first-order absorption rate constants obtained in these conditions were similar."	( Intestinal absorption kinetics of amiodarone in rat small intestine. Casabó, VG; Martín-Algarra, RV; Merino, M; Pascual-Costa, RM, 1997)	1.09
" To examine the hypothesis that altered bioavailability of iodine is a contributing event in the pathogenesis of AIH, we compared the effects of AMD and inorganic iodine in vitro on events involved in the process of thyroid autoregulation."	( Amiodarone compared with iodine exhibits a potent and persistent inhibitory effect on TSH-stimulated cAMP production in vitro: a possible mechanism to explain amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism. Boyages, SC; Pitsiavas, V; Smerdely, P, 1999)	1.75
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."	( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability. Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)	0.31
" However, the effect of food on its bioavailability is unknown."	( Bioavailability of amiodarone tablets administered with and without food in healthy subjects. Chiang, ST; Doedée, M; Kowey, PR; Lin, E; Meng, X; Mojaverian, P; Weinryb, I, 2001)	0.64
"To understand the bioavailability and mechanistic pathways of cytoprotection by IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE, commercially known as ActiVin) a series of in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted."	( Mechanistic pathways of antioxidant cytoprotection by a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Bagchi, D; Bagchi, M; Preuss, HG; Ray, SD; Stohs, SJ, 2002)	0.31
" Hence, infection and inflammatory diseases may impose variability in drug bioavailability through alterations in the intestinal expression and activity of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes."	( Suppression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters in the intestine of endotoxin-treated rats. Brocks, DR; Kalitsky-Szirtes, J; Piquette-Miller, M; Shayeganpour, A, 2004)	0.32
" Addition of dronedarone (800-1600 mg daily) to metoprolol (200 mg daily) increases bioavailability of metoprolol in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers and induces an additive dronedarone dose-dependent negative inotropic effect."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between metoprolol and dronedarone in extensive and poor CYP2D6 metabolizers healthy subjects. Caplain, H; Damy, T; Hulot, JS; Lechat, P; Pousset, F, 2004)	0.32
"83-fold) and bioavailability of amiodarone (1."	( Pharmacokinetics of Amiodarone in hyperlipidemic and simulated high fat-meal rat models. Brocks, DR; Jun, AS; Shayeganpour, A, 2005)	0.94
" Amiodarone has low bioavailability after oral administration, does not undergo renal excretion, and is highly protein-bound in horses."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenously and orally administered amiodarone in horses. Baert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Clercq, D; Deprez, P; Maes, A; Tavernier, R; van Loon, G, 2006)	1.46
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."	( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)	0.34
"The aim was to assess the comparative bioavailability of two formulations (200 mg tablet) of amiodarone (CAS 19774-82-4) in healthy volunteers of both sexes, with and without food."	( Comparative bioavailability study with two amiodarone tablet formulations administered with and without food in healthy subjects. Borges, A; De Nucci, G; dos Santos Filho, HO; Ilha, JO; Mendes, GD; Silva, LC, 2007)	0.82
"1 fold) than oral DEA and oral bioavailability of AM (46%) was greater than DEA (17%)."	( Pharmacokinetics of desethylamiodarone in the rat after its administration as the preformed metabolite, and after administration of amiodarone. Brocks, DR; Hamdy, DA; Shayeganpour, A, 2008)	0.64
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
" Amiodarone, given to a recipient, might cause QT prolongation in a donor heart after transplantation, possibly due to its long half-life and increased bioavailability caused by interaction with immunosuppressive drugs."	( Amiodarone-induced QT prolongation in a newly transplanted heart associated with recurrent ventricular fibrillation. Czer, LS; Kass, RM; Schwarz, ER; Simsir, SA; Trento, A, )	2.48
"Amiodarone is a low-solubility, high-permeability drug with a narrow therapeutic index and reported bioavailability problems associated with switching formulations."	( Is there variability in drug release and physical characteristics of amiodarone chloride from different commercially available tablets? Possible therapeutic implications. Barnes, T; Ngo, SN, 2010)	2.04
" Compared with amiodarone, dronedarone has poor bioavailability and a shorter terminal disposition half-life, which dictates a twice-daily dosing regimen."	( Dronedarone: an alternative to amiodarone? Cohenour, FV; Freeman, MK; Hughes, PJ; Price, EM, 2010)	1
" As all doses were given orally, it was impossible to assess the bioavailability (F)."	( Population pharmacokinetic investigation for optimization of amiodarone therapy in Japanese patients. Araki, R; Fukuchi, H; Nakashima, M; Nakashima, MN; Sasaki, H; Yano, K; Yukawa, E, 2011)	0.61
" vesiculosus and amiodarone, which determined a considerable decrease on amiodarone bioavailability in rats."	( Herb-drug interaction of Fucus vesiculosus extract and amiodarone in rats: a potential risk for reduced bioavailability of amiodarone in clinical practice. Abrantes, J; Alves, G; Falcão, A; Rodrigues, M, 2013)	0.98
" A significant portion of the drugs are orally bioavailable and cross the blood-brain barrier, features key to the development of a widely applicable anticryptococcal agent."	( A repurposing approach identifies off-patent drugs with fungicidal cryptococcal activity, a common structural chemotype, and pharmacological properties relevant to the treatment of cryptococcosis. Baxter, BK; Butts, A; Chabrier-Rosello, Y; DiDone, L; Koselny, K; Krysan, DJ; Wellington, M, 2013)	0.39
"Superior bioavailability of BCS Class 2 compounds incorporated into SNEDDS was previously reported."	( Improved oral bioavailability of BCS class 2 compounds by self nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS): the underlying mechanisms for amiodarone and talinolol. Aldouby, Y; Cherniakov, I; Domb, AJ; Elgart, A; Hoffman, A, 2013)	0.59
"Multiple mechanisms are accountable for improved bioavailability and reduced variability of Class-2 compounds by SNEDDS: increased solubilization, reduced intraenterocyte metabolism and reduced P-gp efflux."	( Improved oral bioavailability of BCS class 2 compounds by self nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS): the underlying mechanisms for amiodarone and talinolol. Aldouby, Y; Cherniakov, I; Domb, AJ; Elgart, A; Hoffman, A, 2013)	0.59
" In this paper, it is documented that concomitantly taken probiotic EcN may modulate pharmacokinetics of a drug; in this case, it led to an increased bioavailability of AMI."	( Administration of a probiotic can change drug pharmacokinetics: effect of E. coli Nissle 1917 on amidarone absorption in rats. Anzenbacher, P; Anzenbacherova, E; Kolar, M; Matuskova, Z; Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H; Vecera, R, 2014)	0.4
" AMI bioavailability was influenced by adsorption to the plastic and the presence of protein in the medium (e."	( In vitro kinetics of amiodarone and its major metabolite in two human liver cell models after acute and repeated treatments. Bois, F; Di Consiglio, E; Guillouzo, A; Parmentier, C; Pomponio, G; Richert, L; Romanelli, L; Savary, CC; Testai, E, 2015)	0.74
"Dronedarone is a strong P-glycoprotein inhibitor with a potential to increase bioavailability of dabigatran."	( Concomitant use of dronedarone with dabigatran in patients with atrial fibrillation in clinical practice. Juhlin, T; Mochalina, N; Platonov, PG; Svensson, PJ; Wieloch, M, 2015)	0.42
" Many of these candidates have increased bioavailability when administered with food (i."	( Prediction of positive food effect: Bioavailability enhancement of BCS class II drugs. Polli, JE; Raman, S, 2016)	0.43
" The drug showed poor bioavailability (<20%) after oral and intraperitoneal administration."	( The pharmacokinetics of dronedarone in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic rats. Brocks, DR; Jardan, YA, 2016)	0.43
" These results strongly support that ADHC-L could be exploited as a potential heart-targeting drug delivery system with enhanced bioavailability and reduced side effects for arrhythmia treatment after CA."	( Preparation of liposomal amiodarone and investigation of its cardiomyocyte-targeting ability in cardiac radiofrequency ablation rat model. Gao, F; Li, L; Wang, F; Xie, MQ; Zheng, ZF; Zhuge, Y, 2016)	0.74
" The objectives of this study were to improve the solubility and bioavailability in fasted state and to reduce the food effect of AMD by producing its inclusion complex with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD)."	( Preparation and Characterization of the Sulfobutylether-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex of Amiodarone Hydrochloride with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability in Fasted State. Chen, G; Ren, L; Wang, D, 2017)	0.68
" When compared to the single cannulation approach, clearance, volume of distribution and bioavailability determined by dual cannulation were 39%, 60% and 38% higher for itraconazole, and 46%, 34% and 42% higher for amiodarone, respectively."	( Single jugular vein cannulated rats may not be suitable for intravenous pharmacokinetic screening of high logP compounds. Gaud, N; Holenarsipur, VK; Kole, P; Kumar, A; Mandlekar, S; Matta, M; Sridhar, S, 2017)	0.64
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
"The current population PK model of AM demonstrated the absorption rate enhancement when AM is formulated with supramicellar concentrations of Polysorbate 80."	( Pharmacometric characterization of entero-hepatic circulation processes of orally administered formulations of amiodarone under complex binding kinetics. Climente-Martí, M; Gras-Colomer, E; Mangas-Sanjuán, V; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Rodríguez-Fernández, K, 2022)	0.93

Dosage Studied

The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical use and efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of amiodarone, an investigational antiarrhythmic agent, are reviewed. Inadequate dosing and later administration of amodarone in the code were two confounding factors in this study.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"A physiological dose of iodine is necessary for thyroid hormonogenesis, but in pharmacological dosage it is a danger."	( [Iatrogenic thyroid pathology]. Léger, AF; Savoie, JC, 1977)	0.26
"The effects of amiodarone given by rapid intravenous injection at a dosage of 10 mg/kg have been studied in the dog."	( [Analysis of the electrophysiological effects of amiodarone using simultaneous recordings of monophasic and bundle-of-his action potentials]. Bachy, C; Cabasson, J; Guimond, C; Mellet, JM; Puech, P; Sassine, A, 1976)	0.86
" Significant dose-response curves to isoproterenol could not be obtained in single animals because of the time-dependent lowering of the inhibitory effect of the drug."	( Nature of the inhibition by amiodarone of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia in the dog. Bauthier, J; Broekhuysen, J; Charlier, R; Richard, J, 1976)	0.55
"Serum drug level monitoring facilitates dosage optimization of agents with a narrow therapeutic index."	( The utility of serum drug level monitoring during therapy with class III antiarrhythmic agents. Follath, F, 1992)	0.28
" Suitable patients for dose adjustment were selected from a dosing survey population of those aged 60 years or over who were currently receiving amiodarone at a dosage of 200 mg or more daily."	( Amiodarone dosage in older patients with atrial fibrillation: an open, multi-centre study. Sandler, M, 1992)	1.93
"A case of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity (APT) is described following a low dosage of amiodarone (200 mg/day) with serious respiratory insufficiency in a patient after right pneumonectomy."	( Low dose amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in a patient with a history of pneumonectomy. van der Zeyden, H; van Hengstum, M; Zandstra, D, 1992)	1.1
"The authors studied thyroid function by dosage of total T3 and T4, corresponding free portions, thyroid binding globulin (TBG), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and reverse T3 (rT3) in 68 clinically euthyroid patients, treated with amiodarone, divided in two groups including 25 subjects treated for less than one month and 43 subjects in therapy for more than one month."	( [Study of thyroid function in patients chronically treated with amiodarone]. Lino, S; Meregalli, M, 1992)	0.71
" This interaction necessitated a significant dosage reduction to maintain cyclosporine concentrations within the therapeutic range."	( Amiodarone-cyclosporine interaction in a heart transplant patient. Crumbley, AJ; Nicolau, DP; Strange, C; Uber, WE, )	1.57
" Due to side effects, a dosage reduction or discontinuation of amiodarone treatment became necessary in 14 patients."	( [Long-term treatment with amiodarone]. Baedeker, W; Barthel, P; Blömer, H; Goedel-Meinen, L; Hofmann, M; Schmidt, G, 1991)	0.82
" It is active on all cardiac arrhythmias, its use being limited by the risk of side effects, mainly extracardiac, which are dependent upon dosage and duration of treatment."	( Practical aspects of the use of amiodarone. Puech, P, 1991)	0.56
"Two intravenous amiodarone dosing schedules in 28 patients with atrial fibrillation arisen less than 10 days before, were evaluated."	( [Amiodarone and its infusion velocity in recent-onset atrial fibrillation]. Bonino, ML; Ramus, GV; Tonda, L; Veglio, F, 1991)	1.54
" These ventricular arrhythmias, although generally at a low rate, sometimes had the potential to degenerate into ventricular fibrillation and disappeared after both discontinuation of propafenone or increase of its dosage (1 patient)."	( The use of associated propafenone in patients with amiodarone-resistant ventricular tachycardia. Camerini, F; Chersevani, D; Dreas, L; Humar, F; Maras, P; Morgera, T, 1991)	0.53
" Amiodarone was given at an initial dosage of 15 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks and then at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day."	( [Treatment of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmia with amiodarone: comparison of empirical administration and administration guided by Holter or ventricular stimulation. Results of the parallel test]. Bonso, A; D'Este, D; Delise, P; Di Pede, F; Gasparini, G; Piccolo, E; Raviele, A; Zanocco, A, 1991)	1.44
"A comparative study of the plasma disposition and tissue distribution of amiodarone and its proximate metabolite, desethylamiodarone, for a single oral dose and short-term oral dosage regimens was conducted in the dog."	( Disposition of amiodarone and its proximate metabolite, desethylamiodarone, in the dog for oral administration of single-dose and short-term drug regimens. Abdollah, H; Armstrong, PW; Brennan, FJ; Brien, JF; Jimmo, S, )	0.72
" The tissue ultrastructural changes after repeated DEA dosing were qualitatively similar to our previous findings with amiodarone."	( Amiodarone toxicity. II. Desethylamiodarone-induced phospholipidosis and ultrastructural changes during repeated administration in rats. Guha, M; Kannan, R; Sarma, JS; Venkataraman, K, 1991)	1.93
" The mode of administration and the dosage of the drug should be re-considered."	( Acute amiodarone-induced hepatitis. Gabriel, P; Kalantzis, N; Mouzas, J; Tiniakos, D; Tiniakos, G; Tsigas, D, 1991)	0.76
" A standardized dosing regimen (cumulative dose 10."	( Plasma concentration time course and pharmacological effects of a standardized oral amiodarone dosing regimen in humans. Armstrong, PW; Brennan, FJ; Brien, JF, 1991)	0.51
" Thus, a dosage reduction of flecainide (of 50% in some cases) is mandatory, in case of heart failure or the combination with amiodarone therapy, to obtain a plasma level of the drug that is similar to those observed in patients with a normal heart and without amiodarone therapy."	( Flecainide acetate dose-concentration relationship in cardiac arrhythmias: influence of heart failure and amiodarone. Coumel, P; Denjoy, I; Leclercq, JF; Mentré, F, 1990)	0.7
" All dosage reductions should be guided by clinical and therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Steady-state interaction between amiodarone and phenytoin in normal subjects. Bliss, M; Erstad, BL; Gear, K; Hoyer, GL; Marcus, FI; Nolan, PE, 1990)	0.56
" This dosage was adjusted to the therapeutic response."	( [Comparative multicenter clinical study of flecainide and amiodarone in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias associated with chronic Chagas cardiopathy]. Brunetto, JF; Califano, JE; Chiale, PA; González Zuelgaray, J; Núñez Burgos, J; Pastori, JD; Posse, R; Rosenbaum, M; Sgammini, H, )	0.38
" Amiodarone was administered as a bolus at a dosage of 5 mg/kg bodyweight over a 1-min period."	( Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous amiodarone in patients with coronary artery disease. Barthélémy, JC; Bopp, P; Campanini, C; Crevoisier, JL; Frangos, A; Lomazzi, F; Rasoamanambelo, L, )	1.31
" The ultrastructural changes in liver, lung, and alveolar macrophages in saline controls and in rats on the two amiodarone dosage regimens were investigated."	( Tissue drug accumulation and ultrastructural changes during amiodarone administration in rats. Guha, M; Kannan, R; Sarma, JS; Venkataraman, K, 1989)	0.73
" Furthermore, many will respond to dosage reduction in a relatively short period of time, ie, days to weeks, which is remarkable considering the long period of time amiodarone has been shown to persist in tissues."	( A general overview of amiodarone toxicity: its prevention, detection, and management. Miller, PE; Mostow, ND; Rakita, L; Vrobel, TR, )	0.64
"The effects of amiodarone in a low dosage (200 mg every 8 h for 2 weeks, then 200 mg/day) was assessed in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 34 patients with a history of severe congestive heart failure but no sustained ventricular arrhythmia."	( Beneficial effects of low dose amiodarone in patients with congestive cardiac failure: a placebo-controlled trial. Arkles, LB; Hamer, AW; Johns, JA, 1989)	0.92
" These data emphasize the highly variable cellular distribution of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in the same patient on stable dosage over time."	( Individual variability of amiodarone distribution in plasma and erythrocytes: implications for therapeutic monitoring. Burgess, CD; Maling, TJ; Purdie, G; Siebers, RW; Taylor, C, 1989)	0.81
" A standardized oral loading dosage was used for all patients (1,200 mg/day for 14 days; 800 mg/day for 7 days; and 400 mg/day thereafter)."	( Electropharmacology of amiodarone therapy initiation. Time courses of onset of electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects. Duff, HJ; Gillis, AM; Mitchell, LB; Wyse, DG, 1989)	0.59
" Patients receiving amiodarone are at risk for the development of basal ganglia dysfunction which may persist if the drug is not discontinued or the dosage reduced."	( Parkinsonism and amiodarone therapy. Olanow, CW; Werner, EG, 1989)	0.94
" Such cases would require immediate dosage adjustment."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between diltiazem and amiodarone in the dog. Ben David, J; Bialer, M, )	0.38
" In 1, with recurrence of MAT, the same intravenous dosage was repeated for 2 consecutive days, with final achievement of stable sinus rhythm."	( The effective treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia with amiodarone. Chronopoulos, G; Cokkinos, DV; Halal, G; Ioannou, N; Kouvaras, G, 1989)	0.52
" The results indicated that the dosage of CRL and Lid generally used in anti-arrhythmic therapy basically exerted no harm to myocytes."	( [Cytotoxic effects of changrolin, lidocaine and amiodarone on ultrastructure of cultured rat beating cardiac myocytes]. Chen, HZ; Chen, WZ; Gong, ZX; Guo, Q; Jin, PY; Pen, BZ; Shen, JY; Yang, XY; Yang, YZ, 1989)	0.53
" Serious adverse reactions necessitate a change in antiarrhythmic therapy, as opposed to lowering drug dosage to an ineffective level."	( Antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Recent advances and current status. Somberg, J, 1985)	0.27
" Also, no difference in efficacy of either drug was observed and changes in dosing of digoxin were not required."	( Drug interaction studies and encainide use in renal and hepatic impairment. Gallo, DG; Quart, BD; Sami, MH; Wood, AJ, 1986)	0.27
"83 h for both dosages and the mean elimination half-life was 15 h after the 100 mg/kg dosage and 105 h after the 200 mg/kg dosage."	( Pharmacokinetics and body distribution of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in rats after oral administration. Maes, RA; Plomp, TA; Van Rossum, JM; Wiersinga, WM, )	0.4
" Forty-five patients exhibited some form of neurotoxic reaction that was severe enough in nine patients to require discontinuation of treatment or reduction in dosage of the drug."	( Unusual neurotoxicity associated with amiodarone therapy. Iyer, V; Meckler, RJ; Palakurthy, PR, 1987)	0.54
" Although the incidence of some amiodarone-induced adverse reactions increases with dosage and serum drug level, dose-independent factors may play a role in the rare but serious pulmonary and hepatic side effects."	( [Amiodarone]. Stäubli, M, 1988)	1.47
" Decrease in drug dosage rendered the patients pain-free and testicular swelling resolved in a fortnight."	( Amiodarone-induced sterile epididymitis. Kirkali, Z, 1988)	1.72
" It is apparent that wide gaps still exist in our knowledge of amiodarone's pharmacokinetics in humans and the best fit for the observations following a single oral dose and chronic dosing is that of a three compartment model with body tissues acting as a large reservoir of the drug; hence the very large volume of distribution (greater than 5001)."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Haffajee, CI, 1987)	0.8
" Prognostic stratification revealed that this finding is independent of sex, age, dosage or duration of treatment."	( [Autoimmunity in thyroid disease secondary to amiodarone: heredofamilial aspects]. Baltazares, E; Boyer, JL; Cardoso, G; Molina, L; Nungaray, L; Olguín, R; Posadas, C; Reyes, PA, )	0.39
"Assay procedures based on derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been developed for the specific determination of amiodarone hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Determination of amiodarone hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations by derivative UV spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cavrini, V; Di Pietra, AM; Gatti, R; Raggi, MA, 1988)	0.81
" The association of amiodarone with a very low dosage of beta-blocking agents preventing interactions also looks promising."	( Amiodarone drug interactions: potential beneficial and adverse effects. Fontaine, G, 1987)	2.04
" A role for the direct toxicity of the drug is likely because (a) toxicity in part is related to dosage and duration of therapy, (b) many patients with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity have no evidence of an inflammatory or immune response in the lung, (c) in vitro studies indicate that amiodarone can be directly toxic to cultured lung cells or perfused isolated lung tissue, and (d) recent studies suggest plausible biochemical mechanisms that may explain in part the mechanism(s) of direct toxicity of the drug."	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Recognition and pathogenesis (Part 2). Martin, WJ; Rosenow, EC, 1988)	1.92
" Since this disparity may be explained by a different dosing schedule, we prospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of a low dose regimen in a group of 68 patients with cardiac arrhythmia resistant to conventional therapy, of whom 57 had manifested either ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation."	( Safety and efficacy of amiodarone. The low-dose perspective. Friehling, TD; Kowey, PR; Marinchak, RA; Stohler, JL; Sulpizi, AM, 1988)	0.59
" The dosing protocol used should be modified to a lower initial bolus and a higher early maintenance infusion rate."	( Efficacy of intravenous amiodarone as short-term treatment for refractory ventricular tachycardia. Klein, RC; Machell, C; Rushforth, N; Standefur, J, 1988)	0.58
" Pharmacokinetics should underlie the rational use of drugs and when a therapeutic range is known, the achievement of safe and effective target concentrations may be assured by a dosage regimen computed for a given administration schedule."	( Dynamical dosage regimen calculations in linear pharmacokinetics. Bruno, R; Cano, JP; Iliadis, A, 1988)	0.27
"Prolonged dosing of mice with amiodarone produced a myopathy characterized by autophagic vacuolation and phospholipid inclusions."	( Changes in denervated skeletal muscle of amiodarone-fed mice. Brook, GA; Costa-Jussà, FR; Duchen, LW; Guevara, A; Jacobs, JM, 1988)	0.83
" After one-month dosing apparent t1/2 el of desethylamiodarone increased to 29."	( Amiodarone pharmacokinetics in coronary patients: differences between acute and one-month chronic dosing. Cheymol, G; Coumel, P; Escoubet, B; Jaillon, P; Poirier, JM; Richard, MO, )	1.82
" These results were most likely due to the low daily dosage administered."	( Amiodarone and thyroid status in refractory arrhythmias. Codecà, L; Colamussi, V; Giganti, M; Giovannini, G; Pelizzola, D; Piffanelli, A; Ricci, L, 1988)	1.72
" All fulfilled the following criteria: (1) stable and therapeutic prothrombin time (PT) at baseline, defined as at least two consecutive PTs obtained within two weeks before beginning amiodarone therapy that varied by less than or equal to 15%; (2) no warfarin dosage adjustment in the two weeks prior to amiodarone therapy; (3) no other drugs given that alter coagulation study results; and (4) follow-up PTs obtained 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after initiation of amiodarone treatment."	( The incidence, magnitude, and time course of the amiodarone-warfarin interaction. Blevins, RD; Faitel, K; Goldman, L; Kerin, NZ; Rubenfire, M, 1988)	0.72
" The mean cumulative dosage of amiodarone was 229 g; clinical symptoms were mainly weight loss, asthenia, dyspnea and dry cough."	( [Interstitial pneumopathies during amiodarone treatment. Determination of serum amiodarone, typing of lymphocytes from bronchiolo-alveolar lavage]. Boita, F; Bouquet, S; Debacque, I; Meurice, JC; Patte, F; Preud'Homme, JL; Underner, M, 1986)	0.83
" These four patients (mean amiodarone dosage of 420 mg/day for 20 months) are compared to 13 other patients undergoing cardiothoracic operations with prior amiodarone treatment (one patient with preoperative pulmonary toxicity) in whom life-threatening postoperative pulmonary complications did not develop (mean dosage of 550 mg/day for 10 months)."	( Life-threatening postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with previous amiodarone pulmonary toxicity undergoing cardiothoracic operations. Fishbein, MC; Gang, ES; Kass, RM; Mandel, WJ; Nalos, PC; Peter, T, 1987)	0.8
" During the follow-up period a transient rise in T4 and T3 concentrations was observed in two patients in Group I when the methimazole dosage was tapered or stopped because of agranulocytosis."	( Effect of amiodarone on serum T4 and T3 levels in hyperthyroid patients treated with methimazole. Decoster, C; Unger, J; Van Reeth, O, 1987)	0.68
" There was no significant correlation between serum amiodarone or desethylamiodarone levels and dosage of amiodarone."	( Amiodarone efficacy in a young population: relationship to serum amiodarone and desethylamiodarone levels. Garson, A; Kannan, R; McVey, P; Miller, S; Singh, BN; Yabek, SM, 1987)	1.97
" At the pharmacologically active dosage we used, the drug induced a moderate redistribution of ventricular isomyosins in favour of V, at the expense of V1."	( Effect of amiodarone on myosin isoenzymic distribution in rat ventricular myocardium. Bouveret, P; Gagnol, JP; Jungbluth, L; Mercadier, JJ; Nahum, D; Nokin, P; Schwartz, K; Wisnewsky, C, 1987)	0.68
" Our results confirm the rarity of amiodarone lung toxicity when a low dosage is used, and suggest the advisability of periodical monitoring, including clinical examination, chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests in order to detect the earliest signs of amiodarone lung toxicity."	( Amiodarone lung toxicity: role of pulmonary function tests. Carini, L; Clini, V; Foresti, V; Lovagnini-Scher, CA; Parisio, E; Pozzi, G; Scolari, N, 1987)	1.99
"Thirty-three patients treated with an abbreviated oral amiodarone loading regimen for ventricular tachycardia underwent electrophysiologic testing in the control state, after 1 week of high-dose (1170 +/- 88 mg/day) inpatient therapy; and after an 8-week intermediate (669 +/- 129 mg/day) dosing phase."	( Dissociation of electrophysiologic and pharmacologic stability during an abbreviated oral loading regimen of amiodarone. Batsford, WP; Bookbinder, MJ; Kennedy, EE; McPherson, CA; Perlmutter, RA; Rosenfeld, LF, 1987)	0.73
"Thirty-eight patients with refractory supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias were administered a mean oral dosage of 400 mg amiodarone daily (200-600 mg)."	( [Amiodarone therapy--behavior of serum and fatty tissue concentrations]. Bethge, KP; Bosse, K; Gonska, BD; Köbberling, J; Kreuzer, H; Quentin, CD; Wagner, H, 1986)	1.38
" Minor reactions were defined as those that required dosage reduction and major reactions as those that required drug discontinuation or permanent pacing for bradycardia."	( Adverse reactions to antiarrhythmic drugs during therapy for ventricular arrhythmias. Cook, TS; DiMarco, JP; Nygaard, TW; Sellers, TD, 1986)	0.27
" Oral amiodarone was started using a loading dose of 600 mg daily for one week, 400 mg daily for one week, and a subsequent dosage of 200 mg daily five times a week."	( [Anti-arrhythmic efficacy of the amiodarone-mexiletine combination in the treatment of resistant complex ventricular arrhythmias]. Bilancini, A; Blandini, A; Costantini, C; Curzi, G; Massacci, C; Pigini, G; Purcaro, A, 1986)	1.03
" L-thyroxine dosage was adjusted cautiously in these high risk individuals to achieve serum thyroxine levels within the reference range of euthyroid individuals taking amiodarone: the mean dosage required was 136 micrograms/day."	( Thyroid dysfunction during chronic amiodarone therapy. Albert, SG; Alves, LE; Rose, EP, 1987)	0.74
" Daily dosage was 200 mg in 2 cases, 400 mg then 200 mg in the third one, and duration of therapy ranged between 36 and 60 months."	( Chronic liver disease after low daily doses of amiodarone. Report of three cases. Babany, G; Carcone, B; Dhumeaux, D; Mallat, A; Saint-Marc Girardin, MF; Zafrani, ES, 1986)	0.53
" In 17 of the 29 pts not controlled by this regimen, the dosage of A was increased to 6000-8000 mg week-1; short-term control of VT was achieved in 9/17 (53%) pts, but over a long-term follow-up 5/9 (56%) died and severe side-effects (11% pulmonary fibrosis and 11% hepatitis) occurred in 22%."	( Medical and surgical treatment of sustained and recurrent post-infarction ventricular tachycardia. Bobba, P; Bressan, MA; Chimienti, M; Martinelli, L; Montemartini, C; Pagnin, A; Previtali, M; Salerno, JA; Vigano, M, 1985)	0.27
" The study consisted of an initial 1-week, placebo-controlled, baseline period followed by two 12-day, randomized, crossover, double-blind treatment periods with incremental dosage and 1 month of placebo between drug periods."	( Efficacy of flecainide in the management of ventricular arrhythmias: comparative study with amiodarone. Bertolasi, CA; Dubner, SJ; Elencwajg, BD; Mendelzon, R; Palma, S; Ramos, A, 1985)	0.49
" Serial electrophysiologic testing was used in 25 patients with ventricular tachycardia to assess the adequacy of a 1-week oral loading regimen at 1,200 mg/day, to modify maintenance dosing at the conclusion of loading, and to evaluate the appropriateness of maintenance dosing after 2 months of therapy."	( Evaluation by serial electrophysiologic studies of an abbreviated oral loading regimen of amiodarone. Batsford, WP; Kennedy, EE; McPherson, CA; Rosenfeld, LE, 1985)	0.49
" The absolute bioavailability of oral amiodarone was calculated by comparison of AUCs after oral dosing with those after intravenous injection."	( Absolute bioavailability of amiodarone in normal subjects. Berger, Y; Desager, JP; Harvengt, C; Pacco, M; Pourbaix, S, 1985)	0.83
" The mean dosage in the patients with epididymitis was 700 mg."	( Amiodarone-associated epididymitis: drug-related epididymitis in the absence of infection. Berger, RE; Gasparich, JP; Greene, HL; Krieger, JN; Mason, JT, 1985)	1.71
" Reduction in the dosage of amiodarone resulted in the disappearance of the sinoatrial block and the persistence of asymptomatic sinus bradycardia."	( Amiodarone-induced sinoatrial block. Berand, M; Davidson, E; Strasberg, B, 1985)	2.01
" Serial observations for eye findings were made in 21 patients on a daily dosage of 200-600 mg for periods ranging from six months to three years."	( Amiodarone keratopathy and lens opacities. Dolan, BJ; Flach, AJ; Peterson, JS, 1985)	1.71
"In 23 patients with symptomatic severe supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias the effectiveness and the side effects of a long-term therapy with the class III antiarrhythmic drug Amiodarone (Cordarone) in a dosage of 100-800 mg/die in monotherapy and combination therapy were investigated."	( [Long-term therapy with amiodarone in tachyarrhythmias--report on various experiences with special reference to its side effects]. Assmann, I, 1985)	0.77
" Desethylamiodarone serum and tissue concentrations were substantially lower than the corresponding amiodarone concentrations and varied from 1 to 48% (mean 15%) depending on the dosage used and the kind of tissue."	( Tissue distribution of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in rats after multiple intraperitoneal administration of various amiodarone dosages. Maes, RA; Plomp, TA; Wiersinga, WM, 1985)	1
" We conclude that amiodarone is highly effective in the management of high-risk patients with complex refractory cardiac arrhythmias and that close monitoring and prompt recognition of side effects and appropriate adjustment of dosage or institution of supplemental or replacement therapy (in less than 5% of patients) will allow continuation of amiodarone."	( Evaluation of amiodarone therapy in the treatment of drug-resistant cardiac arrhythmias: long term follow-up. Hamer, A; Mandel, WJ; Peter, T, 1985)	0.96
"In eight patients who had previously responded to treatment with oral amiodarone for prevention of recurrent supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, a new regimen of oral amiodarone dosing was evaluated."	( Once per week oral administration of amiodarone in the prophylaxis of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia. Furlanello, F; Inama, G; Padrini, R; Piovan, D, 1985)	0.78
" If side effects intervene that may cause continued therapy to be intolerable, changing the antiarrhythmic agent, as opposed to decreasing the dosage to an ineffective range, may be appropriate."	( New directions in antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Somberg, JC, 1984)	0.27
" In such cases, combining amiodarone with conventional therapy allows a decrease in the maintenance dosage and a lower incidence of extracardiac side effects."	( The use of amiodarone in children. Coumel, P; Do Ngoc, D; Lucet, V, 1983)	0.96
" The exceedingly long and variable elimination half-life of amiodarone necessitates individualized loading and maintenance dosage regimens, and the latency of onset of antiarrhythmic action during oral therapy is not shortened by intravenous bolus injections or sustained infusions."	( The clinical results of amiodarone in cardiac arrhythmias: optimal dosing. Ikeda, N; Kannan, R; Nademanee, K; Singh, BN, 1984)	0.82
" Although the neuropathy may be severe, it tends to improve with lowering of the dosage or discontinuation of the medication."	( Amiodarone neuropathy. Martinez-Arizala, A; McCarty, GE; Nichols, BR; Rakita, L; Sobol, SM, 1983)	1.71
" Data from sequential pulmonary function tests and cumulative amiodarone dosage in 35 patients were also examined to determine their value in predicting pulmonary complications."	( Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Mostow, N; Rakita, L; Sobol, SM; Vrobel, T, 1983)	1.95
" It has an apparent elimination half-life of 15-45 days, which presents unique dosing problems."	( Amiodarone for tachyarrhythmias: pharmacology, kinetics, and efficacy. Asdourian, GK; Canada, AT; Haffajee, CI; Johnson, B; Lesko, LJ, 1983)	1.71
"The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical use and efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of amiodarone, an investigational antiarrhythmic agent, are reviewed."	( Amiodarone: a unique antiarrhythmic agent. Sloskey, GE, )	1.79
" Durations of treatment, daily doses and total dosage were extremely varied."	( [The amiodarone lung]. Akoun, G; Mayaud, C; Milleron, B, 1984)	0.78
" The responsiveness was maintained with the smaller dosage of 200 mg in 68% of this group."	( Multicenter controlled observation of a low-dose regimen of amiodarone for treatment of severe ventricular arrhythmias. Collaborative Group for Amiodarone Evaluation. , 1984)	0.51
"Measurement of drug levels is becoming increasingly popular to optimise the dosage of various drugs."	( Reliability of antiarrhythmic drug plasma concentration monitoring. Follath, F; Ganzinger, U; Schuetz, E, )	0.13
" Serious adverse effects occurred nearly always in association with four- to fivefold increases of rT3 above baseline values, and disappeared when such levels fell as a result of dosage reduction or after temporary drug discontinuation."	( Amiodarone and thyroid function: clinical implications during antiarrhythmic therapy. Nademanee, K; Singh, BN, 1983)	1.71
" The dosage was 400 to 600 mg/d following a loading dosage of 1000 mg for 8 to 12 days."	( [Control of anti-arrhythmia therapy with amiodarone. Value of the determination of blood levels]. Lüderitz, B; Nitsch, J, 1984)	0.53
" Dosage was adjusted, based on the ambulatory ECG, to maintain arrhythmia suppression at the lowest possible amiodarone dose and, hence, because of the extremely long half-life of amiodarone, patients were rarely in a true steady state."	( Amiodarone: correlation of serum concentration with suppression of complex ventricular ectopic activity. Blumer, J; Mostow, ND; Noon, DL; Rakita, L; Vrobel, TR, 1984)	1.92
" Monitoring serum amiodarone concentrations may differentiate failure of drug therapy from suboptimal dosing and reduce the incidence of concentration-related side effects."	( Steady-state serum amiodarone concentrations: relationships with antiarrhythmic efficacy and toxicity. Belhassen, B; Greenspan, AM; Greenspon, AJ; Horowitz, LN; Rotmensch, HH; Shoshani, D; Spielman, SR; Swanson, BN; Vlasses, PH, 1984)	0.93
" The deposits are in the corneal epithelium basal cell layer, and occur in stages (mild, moderate, and severe), which seem to correlate with dosage and duration of treatment."	( Amiodarone-induced corneal deposits. Cappaert, WE; Kaplan, LJ, 1984)	1.71
" The latter, however, was taking antiarrhythmic drugs at a dosage less than that proved to be effective during electropharmacological testing."	( [Value of a serial electropharmacologic study in survivors of a cardiac arrest secondary to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation]. Delise, P; Di Pede, F; Piccolo, E; Raviele, A, 1984)	0.27
" bolus of amiodarone, during 1 month of chronic oral dosing and after the discontinuation of the drug."	( Amiodarone kinetics after single i.v. bolus and multiple dosing in healthy volunteers. Aarons, L; Latini, R; Neyroz, P; Riva, E; Urso, R, 1984)	2.11
" On the other hand digitalis administered according to age, sex, weight, kidney function, together with amiodarone, can be given at full dosage in patients without cardiac failure."	( [Pharmacological and clinical research on the interaction of digitalis and amiodarone in heart disease patients with varying degrees of cardiac insufficiency]. Aquili, C; Ferrari, M; Fornaro, G; Fortina, A; Padrini, R; Piovan, D; Rossi, P; Tomassini, G, 1984)	0.71
" Drug or metabolite concentrations in plasma and RBCs correlated directly with daily dosage of amiodarone."	( Plasma and red blood cell concentrations of amiodarone during chronic therapy. Heger, JJ; Prystowsky, EN; Solow, EB; Zipes, DP, 1984)	0.75
"The concentrations of amiodarone (Cordarone) and desethylamiodarone in plasma after single oral and intravenous and long-term oral dosing were determined in seven normal subjects and 106 patients with various cardiac arrhythmias, respectively, using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method."	( Pharmacokinetics and body distribution of amiodarone in man. Maes, RA; Plomp, TA; Robles de Medina, EO; van Lier, T; van Rossum, JM, 1984)	0.85
" Amiodarone dosage during the first 2 to 4 weeks of treatment was 800 to 1600 mg/day."	( Clinical efficacy of amiodarone in treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Heger, JJ; Prystowsky, EN; Zipes, DP, 1983)	1.5
"The relationships between size of loading dose and drug concentration, size of maintenance dose and drug concentration, and pulmonary and cutaneous adverse side effects and drug dosage were examined in patients given amiodarone."	( Relationships between amiodarone dosage, drug concentrations, and adverse side effects. Heger, JJ; Prystowsky, EN; Zipes, DP, 1983)	0.77
" We conclude that amiodarone is highly effective in high-risk patients with complex refractory cardiac arrhythmias, and that close monitoring and prompt recognition of side effects and appropriate adjustment of dosage or institution of supplemental or replacement therapy (in less than 5% of patients) will allow continuation of amiodarone."	( Evaluation of amiodarone therapy in the treatment of drug-resistant cardiac arrhythmias: long-term follow-up. Hamer, A; Mandel, WJ; Peter, T; Weiss, D, 1983)	0.96
"The available data concerning amiodarone dosing may be summarized as follows: (1) there is an empirically demonstrated improvement in lag before onset of antiarrhythmic effect if amiodarone is given initially in large "loading" doses."	( Amiodarone dosing: a proposal based on its pharmacokinetics. McAllister, CB; Roden, DM; Siddoway, LA; Wilkinson, GR; Woosley, RL, 1983)	2
" Initial symptomatic response followed high dosage corticosteroid and immunosuppressant treatment, but reduction in the dosage of corticosteroids was achieved only by successive plasma exchange with concomitant reduction in plasma concentrations of both amiodarone and immune complexes."	( Amiodarone associated alveolitis and polyarthropathy. Treatment by plasma exchange. Douglas, AC; Paton, L; Russell, DC, 1983)	1.89
" The initial dosage of A was 1200 mg daily for 5 days to achieve saturation, followed by a maintenance dose of 200-400 mg daily."	( [Interaction of amiodarone and digoxin]. Nager, F; Nager, G, 1983)	0.61
" Although there was a strong correlation between the dosage given (mg/kg/day) and both plasma and myocardial concentrations, the correlation with the percentage increase in the QTc interval was weaker but still highly significant."	( The QT interval: a predictor of the plasma and myocardial concentrations of amiodarone. Bexton, RS; Camm, AJ; Debbas, NM; Demaille, JG; du Cailar, C; Puech, P, 1984)	0.5
"Mild pleuroparenchymal fibrosis associated with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity is reported in a 63-year-old white man; partial radiographic resolution and complete symptomatic resolution with decreasing the daily dosage to 200 mg permitted continued anti arrhythmic therapy."	( Pulmonary toxicity of amiodarone. Gallastegui, J; Leech, JA; Swiryn, S, 1984)	0.84
" It is suggested that patients taking amiodarone in high dosage for long periods have their eyes and retinal function monitored."	( Amiodarone-induced ultrastructural changes in human eyes. Ghosh, M; McCulloch, C, 1984)	1.98
"0005) regarding total digoxine dosage and length of treatment."	( [Short-term therapy of atrial fibrillation with an association of digitalis and amiodarone (author's transl)]. Bueno, J; del Río, A; Ferreira, JI; Ramos, F; Ruiz, C, 1980)	0.49
" For the dose-response study, 4 control pigs received increasing doses (4, 20, 200, and 2,000 micrograms) T3 at 15-min intervals, and the hemodynamic response and ECG features were monitored continuously."	( Acute increase in cardiac performance after triiodothyronine: blunted response in amiodarone-treated pigs. Gøtzsche, LB, 1994)	0.51
" The concentrations of all four drugs in the sample collected during life were consistent with the dosage given and in the range accepted for normal therapy."	( Differences in amiodarone, digoxin, flecainide and sotalol concentrations between antemortem serum and femoral postmortem blood. McCarthy, PT; O'Sullivan, JJ; Wren, C, 1995)	0.64
" Thus, in these patients, the speed and dosing accuracy of an intravenous formulation would be beneficial."	( Dose-ranging study of intravenous amiodarone in patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Investigators Group. Cannom, DS; Chilson, DA; Friehling, T; Kopelman, HA; Kowey, PR; Levine, JH; Platia, EV; Scheinman, MM; Wilber, DJ, 1995)	0.57
" Hypotension was the most common (26%) treatment-emergent adverse event during intravenous amiodarone therapy; there was no dose-response relationship."	( Dose-ranging study of intravenous amiodarone in patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Investigators Group. Cannom, DS; Chilson, DA; Friehling, T; Kopelman, HA; Kowey, PR; Levine, JH; Platia, EV; Scheinman, MM; Wilber, DJ, 1995)	0.79
" Of particular note was the number (15 or 58%) of dosage changes or therapy cessations made to digoxin therapy for patients also receiving amiodarone which occurred as a result of clinical pharmacist intervention."	( Digoxin-quinidine and digoxin-amiodarone interactions: frequency of occurrence and monitoring in Australian repatriation hospitals. Bebee, R; Freitag, D; Sunderland, B, 1995)	0.78
" Amiodarone was administered at a dosage of 800 mg/day for 2 weeks followed by 400 mg/day thereafter."	( Effect of amiodarone therapy on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias: Argentine Pilot Study of Sudden Death and Amiodarone (EPAMSA). Gambarte, A; Garguichevich, JJ; Gentile, A; Hauad, S; Ramos, JL; Scapin, O; Sirena, J; Tibaldi, M; Toplikar, J, 1995)	1.6
" Studies also are needed to determine the optimal dosing regimen."	( Amiodarone for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. Howard, PA, 1995)	1.73
"A 24 h intravenous dosing regimen of amiodarone was designed to reach a peak plasma concentration at 1 h and to maintain the concentration above a certain level during the infusion period."	( Acute treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter with a tailored dosing regimen of intravenous amiodarone. A randomized, digoxin-controlled study. Chang, MS; Chen, CY; Chiang, HT; Hou, ZY; Lin, SL; Tu, MS; Woosley, RL, 1995)	0.78
" Intravenous magnesium should be administered to newborns with acquired torsade de pointes; dosing guidelines for its use are suggested."	( Effective use of magnesium for acquired torsade de pointes in a 4-month-old infant. Bauman, JL; Bell, D; Mander, G; Thoele, DG, )	0.13
" Oral dosing with amiodarone has no such effect."	( Sympatholytic action of intravenous amiodarone in the rat heart. Dart, AM; Du, XJ; Esler, MD, 1995)	0.9
"The frequency-dependent electrophysiologic effects of sematilide (n = 11) and amiodarone (n = 22) were determined at (1) drug-free baseline, (2) during steady-state (> 48 hours) dosing with sematilide (455 +/- 5 mg/d [mean +/- SEM]) or after 10."	( The effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation on the frequency-dependent electrophysiologic actions of amiodarone and sematilide in humans. Follmer, C; Godfrey, R; Pruitt, C; Sager, PT; Uppal, P, 1994)	0.73
" Amiodarone dosing consisted of 600 mg 3 times daily for 10 days."	( Electrophysiologic effects of sotalol and amiodarone in patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Bakr, O; Daoud, E; Hummel, JD; Kou, W; Man, KC; Morady, F; Niebauer, M; Strickberger, SA; Williamson, BD, 1994)	1.46
" Dose-response curves were analysed by a four-parameter sigmoid curve-fitting program to determine competitor potency."	( Drug competition for intracellular triiodothyronine-binding sites. Barlow, JW; Curtis, AJ; Loidl, NM; Raggatt, LE; Stockigt, JR; Topliss, DJ, 1994)	0.29
"Uncontrolled studies in which patients have been treated with an oral loading dose of 2 to 4 g/day of amiodarone have suggested that, compared with a conventional loading dose, this dosing regimen results in more rapid control of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed stimulation."	( Prospective, randomized comparison of conventional and high dose loading regimens of amiodarone in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia. Calkins, H; Hasse, C; Hummel, JD; Kalbfleisch, SJ; Langberg, JJ; Man, KC; Morady, F; Strickberger, SA; Vorperian, V; Williamson, B, 1993)	0.73
" There were significant increases in the sinus cycle length, atrioventricular block cycle length, ventricular effective refractory period and ventricular tachycardia cycle length after 3 and 10 days of therapy compared with baseline values regardless of the dosing regimen."	( Prospective, randomized comparison of conventional and high dose loading regimens of amiodarone in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia. Calkins, H; Hasse, C; Hummel, JD; Kalbfleisch, SJ; Langberg, JJ; Man, KC; Morady, F; Strickberger, SA; Vorperian, V; Williamson, B, 1993)	0.51
" It should be stressed that the drug was administered at a low dosage level (200 mg/day) to 98 patients and did not cause serious side effects."	( Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction with class III antiarrhythmic drugs. Ceremuzyński, L, 1993)	0.29
" He was started on sodium levothyroxine for thyroid hormone replacement; the dosage was adjusted in accordance with subsequent TSH measurements."	( Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction. Jaffe, CA; Khanderia, U; Theisen, V, 1993)	1.73
" During A treatment (average daily dosage 216 mg) 32% of patients had reported more than two episodes of AF, 52% one or two episodes, and 16 none during the last 6 months."	( [Prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation with propafenone after withdrawal of amiodarone because of side effects]. Foscoli, M; Giofrè, R; Labriola, E; Lolli, C; Tarquinii, M; Toschi, GP, 1993)	0.51
" Following CsA dosage reduction, concentrations returned to the desired range."	( Cyclosporine-amiodarone interaction. Abdul-Haqq, AJ; Chitwood, KK; Heim-Duthoy, KL, 1993)	0.66
" When CsA is administered concurrently with amiodarone, CsA concentrations should be monitored closely and the CsA dosage should be adjusted as necessary."	( Cyclosporine-amiodarone interaction. Abdul-Haqq, AJ; Chitwood, KK; Heim-Duthoy, KL, 1993)	0.92
" This was confirmed in the one year follow-up, as torsade de pointes was no longer present despite increased dosage of amiodarone."	( ['Cardiac ballet' with and without amiodarone]. Balestra, B; Hess, T, 1993)	0.77
" A total quinidine dosage of 1097 +/- 408 mg was administered up the point of conversion or for a total of 48 hours."	( The effectiveness and safety of the simultaneous administration of quinidine and amiodarone in the conversion of chronic atrial fibrillation. Ansari-Leesar, M; Cohen, A; Faitel, K; Frumin, H; Kerin, NZ; Narala, C, 1993)	0.51
" Recognition of this side effect and treatment by lower drug dosage can prevent unnecessary antibiotic therapy and invasive urological procedures."	( Amiodarone-induced epididymitis. Report of 2 cases. Hamoud, K; Kaneti, J; Lissmer, L; Smailowitz, Z, 1996)	1.74
" The onset of maximal antiarrhythmic effect is a function of both amiodarone dosage and time."	( Intravenous amiodarone: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use. Chow, MS, 1996)	0.91
" Because no therapeutic plasma concentration has been defined in children and no kinetic studies are available in this population, we optimized the dosing regimen based on a computer simulation, taking into account the pharmacokinetic parameters of the patient and the individual concentration-effect relation."	( Amiodarone in a newborn with ventricular tachycardia and an intracardiac tumor: adjusting the dose according to an individualized dosing regimen. Bartmus, D; Bouillon, T; Gundert-Remy, U; Schiffmann, H, )	1.57
" Thus, dosage adjustment in patients with renal impairment is not necessary based on this pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Disposition of intravenous amiodarone in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Chow, MS; Izard, M; Klamerus, KJ; Neefe, DL; O'Rangers, E; Ujhelyi, MR; Vadiei, K; Zimmerman, JJ, 1996)	0.59
" After restoration of sinus rhythm, several therapeutic protocols were used, often in the same patient: abstention, leading to 5 recurrences in 6 cases; treatment with betablockers in 12 patients with well tolerated or exercise-induced atrial tachycardia with 11 successes; amiodarone, with 4 relapses out of 5 when the dosage was less than 200 mg/m2/day and 13 successes out of 18 when the dosage was 200-250 mg/m2/day."	( [Treatment and prognosis of tachyarrhythmia after atrial surgical repair of transposition of great vessels]. Aggoun, Y; Bonnet, D; Iserin, L; Kachaner, J; Sidi, D; Villain, E, 1996)	0.47
" The heart rate, PQ, QR, QS, QT, RR intervals, and P,R,S, and T amplitudes were also measured after dosing using telemetry."	( Effects of desethylamiodarone on the electrocardiogram in conscious freely moving animals: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling using computer-assisted radio telemetry. Eddington, ND; Kharidia, J, 1996)	0.62
" The defibrillation energy requirement does not correlate with the plasma concentrations of amiodarone, desethylamiodarone, amiodarone plus desethylamiodarone, or with the duration or daily dosage of amiodarone therapy."	( Relation between amiodarone and desethylamiodarone plasma concentrations and ventricular defibrillation energy requirements. Daoud, EG; Horwood, L; Man, KC; Morady, F; Strickberger, SA, 1997)	0.86
" The studies that were reviewed were selected on the basis of time published (from 1983 to 1995) and the completeness of information provided regarding patient clinical characteristics, drug dosing and methods of evaluation, efficacy analyses, long-term follow-up and complications."	( Intravenous amiodarone. Filart, RA; Kowey, PR; Marinchak, RA; Rials, SJ, 1997)	0.68
" The dose-response curve of this acute inhibitory action was unaffected by the presence of T3."	( Evidences of antagonism between amiodarone and triiodothyronine on the K+ channel activities of cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Guo, W; Kamiya, K; Toyama, J, 1997)	0.58
"Amiodarone is currently available in a tablet dosage form, which cannot be used in young pediatric patients."	( Stability of amiodarone in an oral suspension stored under refrigeration and at room temperature. Nahata, MC, )	1.94
" The dosage form was stored in 10 glass and 10 plastic prescription bottles."	( Stability of amiodarone in an oral suspension stored under refrigeration and at room temperature. Nahata, MC, )	0.5
" Future trials are needed to determine the precise subsets(s) of patients who would benefit from the drug and the most efficacious dosing regimen for the drug."	( Amiodarone therapy in chronic heart failure and myocardial infarction: a review of the mortality trials with special attention to STAT-CHF and the GESICA trials. Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina. Gheorghiade, M; Kown, M; Neelagaru, S; Pinto, JV; Ramani, K, )	1.57
"Optimal daily levothyroxine (LT4) dosage is reported to be significantly smaller in the elderly with primary hypothyroidism when compared with their younger counterparts."	( Influence of age on optimal daily levothyroxine dosage in patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology. Kabadi, UM, 1997)	0.3
" dosage in 337 patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology."	( Influence of age on optimal daily levothyroxine dosage in patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology. Kabadi, UM, 1997)	0.3
" dosage declined with increasing age in 99 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in 73 patients with idiopathic variety, and in 47 patients with hypothyroidism due to radical neck surgery and/or neck radiation for non-thyroidal malignancies."	( Influence of age on optimal daily levothyroxine dosage in patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology. Kabadi, UM, 1997)	0.3
"Optimal daily LT4 dosage does not decline universally in all elderly with primary hypothyroidism: it appears to depend also on the etiology of the disorder."	( Influence of age on optimal daily levothyroxine dosage in patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology. Kabadi, UM, 1997)	0.3
" Little justification for the use of agents or dosing in children is available."	( Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children. Part 1: Wolff-Parkinson-White and atrioventricular nodal reentry. Kuhn, RJ; Luedtke, SA; McCaffrey, FM, 1997)	0.3
" Additional well-designed, controlled trials are needed to further evaluate the comparative efficacy of antiarrhythmics in the management of WPW and AVNRT in children, as well as to evaluate dosing and toxicity in various age groups."	( Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children. Part 1: Wolff-Parkinson-White and atrioventricular nodal reentry. Kuhn, RJ; Luedtke, SA; McCaffrey, FM, 1997)	0.3
" In case of failure of this treatment, a high dose of prednisone (1 mg/kg) could be tried or a lower dosage (40 mg/day) could be used in cases with high IL-6 levels (type II)."	( [Treatment of amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism: corticosteroids or potassium perchlorate? What value do interleukin-6 levels have?]. Konfino, O; Martin-Du Pan, R; Zimmermann, M, 1997)	0.66
" After approximately 30 days, the perchlorate dosage can be tapered or stopped, continuing with thionamides alone."	( Perchlorate and the thyroid gland. Wolff, J, 1998)	0.3
" After the initial loading phase, the drug dose was tapered to maintenance levels over 7 to 12 days; thereafter, therapy was generally maintained at a dosage of 200 mg/day."	( Low-dose amiodarone versus sotalol for suppression of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Igoumenidis, NE; Kanoupakis, EM; Kochiadakis, GE; Marketou, ME; Solomou, MC; Vardas, PE, 1998)	0.72
" The dosage of amiodarone was reduced from 400 mg/day to 200 mg/day without reduction of mexiletine or disopyramide and the patient's symptoms diminished."	( A case report of myolysis during high-dose amiodarone therapy for uncontrolled ventricular tachycardia. Hotta, N; Itoh, K; Kato, R, 1998)	0.92
"Amiodarone caused a dose-response increase in DFT (mean +/- SD) from 22."	( Effects of amiodarone and its active metabolite desethylamiodarone on the ventricular defibrillation threshold. Chen, BP; Chow, MS; Fan, C; Kluger, J; Zhou, L, 1998)	2.13
" Whereas discontinuing amiodarone risks sudden cardiac death, a reduction in dosage or temporary cessation of the drug may result in rapid resolution of the epididymitis."	( Amiodarone induced epididymitis in children. Diamond, DA; Hutcheson, J; Peters, CA, 1998)	2.05
" When amiodarone was ineffective, propranolol was added at a dosage of 2-4 mg/kg/day."	( Amiodarone used alone or in combination with propranolol: a very effective therapy for tachyarrhythmias in infants and children. Di Liso, G; Drago, F; Guccione, P; Mafrici, A; Mazza, A; Ragonese, P, )	2.05
" However, in this patient, effective control of the arrhythmia was achieved with a moderate dosage of oral amiodarone (600 mg daily for 4 weeks, then 400 mg daily), and he had no further episodes of presyncope."	( Amiodarone for control of recurrent ventricular tachycardia secondary to cardiac metastasis. Leak, D, 1998)	1.96
"To review management and dosing guidelines for amiodarone therapy, and discuss the drug's adverse event profile."	( Optimal management of amiodarone therapy: efficacy and side effects. Doering, P; Hilleman, D; Miller, MA; Parker, R; Pieper, JA, )	0.7
" Dosage adjustments were performed in select patients."	( Rationale, development, and clinical outcomes of a multidisciplinary amiodarone clinic. Avitall, B; Bauman, JL; Gonzalez, RC; Sanoski, CA; Schoen, MD, )	0.37
" Implementation of a specialized, multidisciplinary amiodarone clinic improves outcomes by monitoring for early detection of drug-related toxicities and by facilitating proper dosage modifications."	( Rationale, development, and clinical outcomes of a multidisciplinary amiodarone clinic. Avitall, B; Bauman, JL; Gonzalez, RC; Sanoski, CA; Schoen, MD, )	0.62
" Increases in amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentrations were observed after an increase in the amiodarone dosage and discontinuation of rifampin."	( Impact of rifampin on serum amiodarone concentrations in a patient with congenital heart disease. Costanzo, MR; Fischer, SA; Porter, MT; Santucci, PA; Trohman, RG; Zarembski, DG, 1999)	0.96
" The dose-response curves of these four compounds are indicative of multiple binding sites and/or modes of interaction with ABCR."	( Retinal stimulates ATP hydrolysis by purified and reconstituted ABCR, the photoreceptor-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter responsible for Stargardt disease. Molday, RS; Nathans, J; Sun, H, 1999)	0.3
" In group A no antiarrhythmic drug was administered, while in group B 54/72 patients were treated with amiodarone (mean dosage 300 mg/day) for a mean period of 69."	( Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia as a predictor for sudden death in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The role of amiodarone treatment. Castelli, G; Cecchi, F; Ciaccheri, M; Dolara, A; Marconi, P; Montereggi, A; Nannini, M; Olivotto, J; Troiani, V, 1999)	0.72
" In the future, a better understanding of its pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, and optimal dosing regimens should provide a possibility of better strategies for avoidance, early diagnosis, and more directed therapy of toxicities associated with amiodarone."	( Clinical organ toxicity of antiarrhythmic compounds: ocular and pulmonary manifestations. Pollak, PT, 1999)	0.48
"The Authors discuss a case of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity, with simultaneous alveolar and interstitial infiltrates, in a female patient 75 years old, who took the drug for 6 months at a low dosage (200 mg/daily for 5 days a week)."	( [Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity]. De Angelis, G; Gidaro, M; Mazzei, L; Propati, A; Sciotto, V; Sposato, B, 1999)	1.5
" Optimum changes were observed after 21 days of AD administration at a dose of 175 mg/Kg body wt/day and this dosage was used for further studies."	( Effect of amiodarone on the membrane bound enzymes of rat intestine. Devaraj, H; Devaraj, NS; Selvi, RT; Sirajudeen, KN, 2000)	0.71
" A practical dosing regimen of 1600 mg/d for 2 days, 1,200 mg/d for 5 days, 1,000 mg/d for 7 days, 800 mg/d for 7 days, 600 mg/d for 7 days, and 400 mg/d for 62 days followed by a maintenance dose of 343 mg/d (400 mg/d for 6 of 7 days) is proposed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of long-term oral amiodarone therapy. Bouillon, T; Pollak, PT; Shafer, SL, 2000)	0.57
" However, based on the estimated variability, the proposed dosing regimen would produce steady-state concentrations within the therapeutic window for 90% of patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of long-term oral amiodarone therapy. Bouillon, T; Pollak, PT; Shafer, SL, 2000)	0.57
" Resting values of LVEF, FS, +LVdP/dt, and MBP remained unchanged whatever the drug and the dosing regimen, whereas resting HR was significantly and dose-dependently lowered after dronedarone and to a lesser extent after amiodarone."	( Hemodynamic and antiadrenergic effects of dronedarone and amiodarone in animals with a healed myocardial infarction. Djandjighian, L; Finance, O; Gautier, P; Nisato, D; Pastor, G; Planchenault, J, 2000)	0.74
" The patient had severe dilated cardiomyopathy, and even though he was treated with low oral doses of amiodarone, without dosage increments and electrolyte imbalance, he developed torsade de pointes at nights, after T-wave modification and increases of the corrected QT interval (QTc, 20%), QT dispersion (QTd, 175%) and QTcd (116%)."	( Amiodarone-induced torsade de pointes in a child with dilated cardiomyopathy. Bevilacqua, M; Drago, F; Ragonese, P; Silvetti, MS, 2001)	1.97
" Dosing regimens and previous experience with amiodarone in patients with JET are reviewed."	( Amiodarone in the treatment of junctional ectopic tachycardia after cardiac surgery in children: report of two cases and review of the literature. Michael, JG; Tobias, JD; Wilson, WR, 1999)	2
"The pharmacokinetics of amiodarone was studied after single and multiple dosing in two groups of male Wistar and Albino rats."	( Disposition of amiodarone in rats after single and multiple intra-peritoneal doses. Najjar, TA, )	0.79
"The pharmacokinetics of amiodarone was studied after single and multiple dosing in two groups of male Wistar and Albino rats."	( Disposition of amiodarone in rats after single and multiple intraperitoneal doses. Najjar, TA, )	0.79
" Male F344 rats were intratracheally dosed with AD (6."	( Quantitative image analysis of drug-induced lung fibrosis using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Antonini, JM; Hubbs, AF; Reasor, MJ; Roberts, JR; Taylor, MD, 2002)	0.31
" Amiodarone also demonstrated a J-shaped dose-response effect, with statistical significance at A(1), A(2), and A(3) versus tube 9 (control)."	( Amiodarone attenuates fluoride-induced hyperkalemia in vitro. Chu, J; Hoffman, RS; Howland, MA; Nelson, LS; Su, M, 2003)	2.67
" Toxic effects of amiodarone are well described with higher dosage but severe hepatic toxicity and cirrhosis with low dose amiodarone has not been reported in the English language literature."	( Low dose amiodarone causing pseudo-alcoholic cirrhosis. Ghosh, P; Khan, SA; Singhal, A, 2003)	1.07
" All dosing was for 8 weeks; 24 control dogs received no drugs prior to induction of atrial flutter."	( Combined amiodarone and silymarin treatment, but not amiodarone alone, prevents sustained atrial flutter in dogs. Besch, H; Vereckei, A; Zipes, DP, 2003)	0.74
" The median time until arrhythmia control was 24 h (range 1-96 h) and the median maintenance dosage 15 micro g/kg per min (range 5-26 micro g/kg per min)."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachycardias in infants. Bauersfeld, U; Burri, S; Hug, MI, 2003)	0.6
"Patients with chronic AF for more than 3 months were assigned to receive either amiodarone (200mg orally 3 times a day; group I: n=75) or the same dosage of amiodarone plus enalapril (10mg twice a day; group II: n=70) 4 weeks before scheduled external cardioversion."	( Use of enalapril to facilitate sinus rhythm maintenance after external cardioversion of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Results of a prospective and controlled study. Chan, KC; Chen, CY; Chen, SA; Lin, CS; Lin, MC; Tsai, CF; Tsai, TP; Ueng, KC; Wu, DJ; Yu, WC, 2003)	0.55
" The dosage of amiodarone should be kept at the lowest effective level."	( Amiodarone: guidelines for use and monitoring. Siddoway, LA, 2003)	2.11
"In this article, we document how an interdisciplinary committee of health professionals led to an approximate 50% reduction in the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) following a cardiac surgery procedure by using preoperative loading and dosing of PO amiodarone and beta blockade."	( National databases and clinical practice specialist: decreasing postoperative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. Barnett, SD; Burton, NA; Halpin, LS, )	0.31
"Two simple, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of amiodarone hydrochloride in pure form and commercial dosage form."	( Validated spectrophotometric methods for the determination of amiodarone hydrochloride in commercial dosage forms using p-chloranilic acid and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone. Azmi, SN; Khan, NA; Rahman, N, 2004)	0.78
" The amiodarone dosage was lowered to 200 mg/day in the sixth postoperative week."	( Effects of late regain of sinus rhythm on pulmonary artery pressure and functional status in patients with mitral valve replacement surgery and atrial fibrillation. Demircioglu, F; Ersel, F; Gölbasi, I; Kabukcu, M; Yanik, E, 2004)	0.84
"This study was designed to assess the effects of a perioperative dosing regimen of amiodarone administration, high thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA), or a combination of the 2 regimens on atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)."	( Effects of amiodarone and thoracic epidural analgesia on atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Aldershvile, J; Eliasen, K; Hviid, LB; Krogsgaard, K; Nygård, E; Pedersen, FM; Ravn, J; Svendsen, JH; Sørensen, LH; Thomassen, L, 2004)	0.94
" However, urinary PAG excretion was similar in rats dosed solely with amiodarone or in combination with phenobarbitone, despite the fact that the degree of phospholipid accumulation was far less in rats given the combined treatment."	( Phenylacetylglycine, a putative biomarker of phospholipidosis: its origins and relevance to phospholipid accumulation using amiodarone treated rats as a model. Delaney, J; Leonard, MS; Miles, A; Neville, WA; Swain, A; Waterfield, CJ, )	0.57
"In group A, the mean dosage of amiodarone was 224."	( Amiodarone keratopathy: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Kanpolat, A; Ozkan, M; Uçakhan, OO; Ylmaz, N, 2005)	2.06
"A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, dose-response study of the safety and efficacy of IV amiodarone was conducted in 61 children (30 days to 14."	( Intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachyarrhythmias in children: a randomized, double-blind, antiarrhythmic drug trial. Acevedo, V; Brown, S; Burriss, SW; Cargo, P; Etheridge, SP; Graepel, J; Koskelo, EK; Marantz, P; Perry, JC; Saul, JP; Scott, WA; Triedman, JK; Wang, R, 2005)	0.93
" Dosage reductions of blinded therapy were more common in amiodarone patients (34/299; 11."	( Prophylactic Oral Amiodarone for the Prevention of Arrhythmias that Begin Early After Revascularization, Valve Replacement, or Repair: PAPABEAR: a randomized controlled trial. Bayes, AJ; Burgess, JJ; Connolly, CJ; Exner, DV; Ferland, A; Kidd, WT; Kieser, T; MacAdams, CL; Maitland, A; Mitchell, LB; Prystai, GD; Wyse, DG, 2005)	0.91
" Six weeks before the onset of her chief complaint, her daily amiodarone dosage was increased from 100 mg to 300 mg."	( Acute onset of halos and glare: bilateral corneal epithelial edema with cystic eruptions--atypical presentation of amiodarone keratopathy. Dovie, JM; Gurwood, AS, 2006)	0.78
"By exclusion, it was determined that the subepithelial depositions and cystic formations were secondary to an acute amiodarone dosage increase by a new practitioner."	( Acute onset of halos and glare: bilateral corneal epithelial edema with cystic eruptions--atypical presentation of amiodarone keratopathy. Dovie, JM; Gurwood, AS, 2006)	0.75
"To determine whether prophylactic amiodarone, dosed according to Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (AFIST) I and II regimens, is a cost-effective strategy for prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation."	( Cost-effectiveness of amiodarone for prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation after cardiothoracic surgery. Coleman, CI; Gallagher, R; Gillespie, EL; Kluger, J; Rancourt, JA; White, CM, 2006)	0.93
"Each patient who received prophylactic amiodarone using the AFIST I or II dosing strategies was matched for age, sex, history of valvular surgery, history of atrial fibrillation, beta-blocker intolerance, and receipt of preoperative digoxin therapy with 10 patients who did not receive prophylactic amiodarone."	( Cost-effectiveness of amiodarone for prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation after cardiothoracic surgery. Coleman, CI; Gallagher, R; Gillespie, EL; Kluger, J; Rancourt, JA; White, CM, 2006)	0.92
" Inadequate dosing and later administration of amiodarone in the code were two confounding factors in this study."	( Comparing intravenous amiodarone or lidocaine, or both, outcomes for inpatients with pulseless ventricular arrhythmias. Henderson, SO; Idrees, U; Kane-Gill, SL; Kirisci, L; Ou, NN; Oyen, LJ; Rea, RS; Rudis, MI; Seybert, AL; Stauss, JL, 2006)	0.91
"One hundred and two patients with atrial fibrillation, 56 males and 46 females, aged 56 +/- 11, were randomized into 2 equal groups: amiodarone group, taking amiodarone 600 mg/d for 7 days, 400 mg/d for 7 days, 200 mg/d for 7 days, and then 200 mg/d as maintenance dosage if conversion to sinus rhythm occurred; and sotalol group, taking sotalol 40-80 mg/d for one week, 160 mg/d for 2 weeks and then 40-80 mg/d as maintenance dosage if conversion to sinus rhythm occurred."	( [Effects of amiodarone versus sotalol in treatment of atrial fibrillation: a random controlled clinical study]. Chen, YX; Guo, WL; Huang, CX; Jiang, H; Jin, CR; Liu, ZM; Niu, F; Yang, B, 2006)	0.92
" (4) 10 patients in the sotalol group taking a maintenance dosage of 80 mg/d showed atrial ventricular block and severe bradycardia during the follow-up of 6-2 months, then the medication was stopped, but there was no severe arrhythmia in amiodarone group."	( [Effects of amiodarone versus sotalol in treatment of atrial fibrillation: a random controlled clinical study]. Chen, YX; Guo, WL; Huang, CX; Jiang, H; Jin, CR; Liu, ZM; Niu, F; Yang, B, 2006)	0.9
" This article will help nurses to understand the use of drugs in cardiac arrest resuscitation, explaining the rationale for their use, the dosage and any significant problems likely to be encountered."	( Understanding the drugs used during cardiac arrest response. Gallimore, D, )	0.13
"To achieve similar concentrations, an approximately 3-fold increase in dosage of amiodarone was required when patients were given the drug nasogastrically rather than orally."	( Serum amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentrations following nasogastric versus oral administration. Goto, T; Kamakura, S; Komamura, K; Kotake, T; Morishita, H; Takada, M, 2006)	1.04
"Combined use of WXG and amiodarone has a better effect in improving conversion rate of AF, shortening conversion time and decreasing the required dosage of amiodarone in treating AF as compared with the treatment with amiodarone alone, and by which the adverse reaction of long-term using amiodarone could be avoided."	( [Clinical observation on effect and safety of combined use of wenxin granule and amiodarone for conversion of auricular fibrillation]. Huang, SE; Wang, M; Yu, YB, 2006)	0.87
" As of August 25, 2006, we found no reports describing its dosage and use in patients undergoing ECMO."	( Amiodarone treatment of junctional ectopic tachycardia in a neonate receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Kendrick, JG; Kissoon, N; Macready, JJ, 2006)	1.78
"5 nmol dose of [3H]-verapamil (infused within 1 min) in the absence and presence of the amiodarone (1 microM) in perfusate, as well as using a double dosing regimen (0."	( Modeling cardiac uptake and negative inotropic response of verapamil in rat heart: effect of amiodarone. Abdelrahman, O; Sermsappasuk, P; Weiss, M, 2007)	0.78
" Thus, clinicians should prescribe the lowest dosage possible in the elderly and have a low threshold to discontinue the amiodarone for anyone with unexplained fatigue, dyspnea, cough, or weight loss."	( An unintended consequence: fatal amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in an older woman. Charette, S; Smith, MI; Wang, T, 2006)	0.82
" CCAs can be safely used in children with renal insufficiency or failure and as a general rule there is no need to modify drug dosage in this population."	( A review of calcium channel antagonists in the treatment of pediatric hypertension. Sahney, S, 2006)	0.33
"To investigate a possible dose-response relationship between amiodarone and reduction in incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, and to determine whether pre- or postoperative initiation of amiodarone is superior."	( Amiodarone prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: meta-analysis of dose response and timing of initiation. Buckley, MS; Copeland, JG; Hilleman, DE; Nolan, PE; Slack, MK; Tisdale, JE, 2007)	2.02
" When a loading dose of oral amiodarone is required in a patient receiving digoxin, the digoxin dosage should first be reduced, and digoxin therapy should be adjusted based on signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity."	( Plasma digoxin concentration fluctuations associated with timing of plasma sampling and amiodarone administration. DeVore, KJ; Hobbs, RA, 2007)	0.85
" Depending on the intended indication and dosing regimen, PPL can delay or stop development of a compound in the drug discovery process."	( Evaluation of a published in silico model and construction of a novel Bayesian model for predicting phospholipidosis inducing potential. Gehlhaar, D; Greene, N; Johnson, TO; Pelletier, DJ; Tilloy-Ellul, A, )	0.13
" Clinicians must remain alert to detect amiodarone-related pneumonitis even under low dosage and short duration of amiodarone usage."	( Amiodarone-related pneumonitis. Chang, SN; Chiang, FT; Hsu, KL; Hwang, JJ; Lai, LP; Lin, JL; Tsai, CT; Tseng, CD, 2007)	2.05
" Inconsistent prescribing practices, variable dosage regimens, and a lack of consensus regarding the appropriate use of amiodarone prompted the need for developing practice guidelines."	( Amiodarone for atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: development of clinical practice guidelines at a university hospital. Khanderia, U; Prager, R; Wagner, D; Walker, PC; Woodcock, B, 2008)	2
" Phlebitis remains a significant complication associated with peripheral infusion of amiodarone within recommended dosing limits."	( The incidence of phlebitis with intravenous amiodarone at guideline dose recommendations. Boyd, SY; Duffy, B; Roth, JE; Rubal, BJ; Slim, AM, 2007)	0.82
" The secondary endpoint was the frequency of warfarin dosage changes."	( Characteristics of the amiodarone-warfarin interaction during long-term follow-up. Asinger, RW; Lu, Y; Nelson, BJ; Qi, D; Rausch, DJ; Won, KA, 2008)	0.66
" No other notable changes in INR or amiodarone or warfarin dosage occurred throughout the remainder of the 80-week study period."	( Characteristics of the amiodarone-warfarin interaction during long-term follow-up. Asinger, RW; Lu, Y; Nelson, BJ; Qi, D; Rausch, DJ; Won, KA, 2008)	0.93
"A dosing algorithm including genetic (VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes) and nongenetic factors (age, weight, therapeutic indication, and cotreatment with amiodarone or simvastatin) explained 51% of the variance in stable weekly warfarin doses in 390 patients attending an anticoagulant clinic in a Brazilian public hospital."	( Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: development of a dosing algorithm for brazilian patients. Dias-Neto, E; Ojopi, EB; Perini, JA; Rangel, F; Santana, IS; Silva-Assunção, E; Struchiner, CJ; Suarez-Kurtz, G, 2008)	0.55
" Frequent monitoring may be useful to determine dogs in which the dosage should be decreased or the drug withdrawn."	( Toxicity in Doberman Pinchers with ventricular arrhythmias treated with amiodarone (1996-2005). Calvert, CA; Fallaw, TL; Kraus, MS; Thomason, JD, )	0.36
"Adverse effects from amiodarone were common and were, in part, dosage related."	( Toxicity in Doberman Pinchers with ventricular arrhythmias treated with amiodarone (1996-2005). Calvert, CA; Fallaw, TL; Kraus, MS; Thomason, JD, )	0.68
" Venous blood samples were taken periodically during the first 72 hours after dosing to determine standard pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Bioequivalence of 2 intravenous amiodarone formulations in healthy participants. Adams, MP; Cooper, WD; Cushing, DJ; Kowey, PR; Lipicky, RJ, 2009)	0.64
" In the toxicology study, dosing in all animals in the AIV group was terminated within 17 min of initiation due to a severe hypersensitivity reaction."	( Comparison of the cardiac electrophysiology and general toxicology of two formulations of intravenous amiodarone in dogs. Cooper, WD; Cushing, DJ; Gralinski, MR; Kowey, PR; Kudenchuk, PJ; Lipicky, RJ, 2009)	0.57
"Estimates generated using NONMEM indicated that the clearance of AMD was influenced by BMI, age and daily dosage of AMD."	( Effect of obesity on serum amiodarone concentration in Japanese patients: population pharmacokinetic investigation by multiple trough screen analysis. Araki, R; Fukuchi, H; Hayano, M; Komiya, N; Nakashima, M; Sasaki, H; Yano, K; Yukawa, E, 2009)	0.65
" Compared with patients without AITD, there was no difference regarding dosage or duration of therapy, heart rhythm disorder or baseline cardiac condition."	( How frequently should a patient taking amiodarone be screened for thyroid dysfunction? Campos, D; de Jesus, AM; Maciel, BC; Maciel, LM; Magalhães, PK; Melato, LH; Pazin-Filho, A, 2009)	0.62
"An intravenous bolus injection and subsequent continuous infusion of NIF at a relatively low dosage were effective in treating severe ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating ACS, reducing the potential risk of proarrhythmia."	( Effects of intravenous nifekalant as a lifesaving drug for severe ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating acute coronary syndrome. Abe, A; Ikeda, T; Ishiguro, H; Mera, H; Miwa, Y; Miyakoshi, M; Shimizu, H; Tsukada, T; Yoshino, H; Yusu, S, 2009)	0.35
" The present study was performed to determine whether intravenous amiodarone-induced hypotension persists beyond the loading dose and into the maintenance infusion period and also whether hypotension occurs with maintenance level dosing alone."	( The hypotensive effect of intravenous amiodarone is sustained throughout the maintenance infusion period. Cooper, WD; Cushing, DJ; Gralinski, MR; Lipicky, RJ, 2010)	0.87
" Although these data should be viewed as hypothesis generating, cautious dosing and monitoring with simultaneous initiation of warfarin and amiodarone may be warranted."	( An evaluation of the early pharmacodynamic response after simultaneous initiation of warfarin and amiodarone. Edwin, SB; Jennings, DL; Kalus, JS, 2010)	0.78
" Review of the patient's medical records revealed that she had experienced similar symptoms and exudative pleural effusions 2 years earlier after a similar dose escalation of amiodarone; the symptoms and pleural effusions resolved after the amiodarone dosage was reduced."	( Amiodarone-induced loculated pleural effusion: case report and review of the literature. Alalawi, R; Nugent, K; Raj, R; Uong, V, 2010)	2
" Therefore, the dosage was titrated downward to allow discontinuation of the drug; levetiracetam was replaced with pregabalin 150 mg twice daily."	( Separate episodes of delirium associated with levetiracetam and amiodarone treatment in an elderly woman. Bugg, KS; Foley, KT, 2010)	0.6
" The phase II Dronedarone Atrial FibrillatioN study after Electrical cardioversion (DAFNE) study established 400 mg twice-daily dosing (bid) as the standard dose for dronedarone in the maintenance of sinus rhythm."	( Dronedarone therapy in atrial fibrillation: a summary of recent controlled trials. Duray, GZ; Hohnloser, SH; Schmitt, J, 2010)	0.36
" The dosage was reduced to 1 mg/day; there was no need for further adjustment."	( Significant sirolimus and dronedarone interaction in a kidney transplant recipient. Formica, RN; Kulkarni, S; Medwid, AJ; Mills, EA; Tichy, EM, )	0.13
" Patients who should benefit from amiodarone should be carefully selected and the lowest effective dosage of amiodarone should be taken."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity: an under-recognized and severe adverse effect? Berghaus, T; Haeckel, T; Schwaiblmair, M; von Scheidt, W; Wagner, T, 2010)	2.08
" Treatment consists of glucocorticoids in a dosage of 1 mg per kg body weight per day."	( [A rare cause of thyreotoxicosis]. Fend, F; Kurth, R; Müssig, K; Sauer-Schulz, A; Schnauder, G; Teichmann, R, 2010)	0.36
" Compared with amiodarone, dronedarone has poor bioavailability and a shorter terminal disposition half-life, which dictates a twice-daily dosing regimen."	( Dronedarone: an alternative to amiodarone? Cohenour, FV; Freeman, MK; Hughes, PJ; Price, EM, 2010)	1
" Amiodarone (30 mg/kg daily, a dosage corresponding to that used clinically) or vehicle was administered by gavage in 33 Wistar rats for two weeks."	( Amiodarone attenuates apoptosis, but induces phospholipidosis in rat alveolar epithelial cells. Agelaki, MG; Kapatou, E; Kolettis, TM; Malamou-Mitsi, V; Pantos, C; Skyrlas, A, 2010)	2.71
" Venous blood samples were taken periodically during the first 72 hours after dosing to determine standard pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Comparative bioavailability of a premixed, ready-to-use formulation of intravenous amiodarone with traditional admixture in healthy subjects. Adams, MP; Agha, B; Cooper, WD; Cushing, DJ; Souney, PF, 2012)	0.6
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
" The dosage regimen of amiodarone does not need to be taken into consideration when combined with neferine."	( Effects of neferine on the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in rats. Chang, M; Wan, J; Wang, J; Xiao, J; Xu, C; Zeng, C; Zhang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhao, L, 2011)	0.94
" The warfarin dose was decreased to 20 mg/wk, and the INR remained stable with that dosage for the next 11 months."	( Elevated international normalized ratio associated with use of dronedarone and warfarin. Haber, SL; Pogge, EK, 2011)	0.37
" If a significant interaction is noted, the warfarin dosage should be decreased and the patient should be monitored within 2 weeks to assess the need for further adjustments."	( Elevated international normalized ratio associated with use of dronedarone and warfarin. Haber, SL; Pogge, EK, 2011)	0.37
" In one patient, severe hypoglycemia limited dosing to 500 mg daily, but this was sufficient for VT control."	( Ranolazine reduces ventricular tachycardia burden and ICD shocks in patients with drug-refractory ICD shocks. Anderson, JL; Bair, TL; Bunch, TJ; Crandall, BG; Day, JD; Lappe, DL; Mader, KM; Mahapatra, S; May, HT; Molden, J; Muhlestein, JB; Murdock, D; Osborn, JS; Weiss, JP, 2011)	0.37
" The patient reported complete compliance with using amiodarone daily, with no recent changes in dosage or formulation."	( A significant drug-drug interaction detected through corneal examination: resolution of cornea verticillata while using amiodarone. Bunya, VY; Dunaief, JL; Mehta, S; Orlin, SE; Sulewski, ME, 2012)	0.84
" The increase in ALT activity in AMD/LPS cotreatment showed a clear dose-response relationship with AMD as well as LPS."	( Amiodarone exposure during modest inflammation induces idiosyncrasy-like liver injury in rats: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Ganey, PE; Harkema, JR; Jones, AD; Lu, J; Roth, RA, 2012)	1.82
"Estimates generated by nonlinear mixed effects modeling indicated that the clearance of AMD was influenced by the demographic variables: total body weight (TBW), daily dosage of AMD (DD), body mass index (BMI), gender (GEN), duration of AMD dosing (DUR), and patient clearance factor (Conc(θ); Conc = serum trough concentration of AMD)."	( Population pharmacokinetic investigation for optimization of amiodarone therapy in Japanese patients. Araki, R; Fukuchi, H; Nakashima, M; Nakashima, MN; Sasaki, H; Yano, K; Yukawa, E, 2011)	0.61
" The budiodarone dose-response was statistically significant (p < 0."	( A randomized trial of budiodarone in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Bandman, O; Canafax, D; Ellis, DJ; Ezekowitz, MD; Hohnloser, SH; Lubinski, A; Milner, PG; Nagarakanti, R; Thibault, B; Ziola, M, 2012)	0.38
" No dosage adjustments are required for patients with renal impairment."	( Managing atrial fibrillation in the elderly: critical appraisal of dronedarone. Fischer, GW; Trigo, P, 2012)	0.38
" Due to a very long half-life, accumulation can only be prevented by strict adherence to certain dosage patterns."	( Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity--a fatal case report and literature review. Breithardt, G; Buerke, B; Hilker, E; Lebiedz, P; Range, FT, 2013)	1.83
"The results suggest that pretreatment with saffron, especially at the dosage of 100 mg/kg/day, attenuates the susceptibility and incidence of fatal ventricular arrhythmia during the reperfusion period in the rat."	( Protective effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) against lethal ventricular arrhythmias induced by heart reperfusion in rat: a potential anti-arrhythmic agent. Bashiri, A; Ghasemipour-Afshar, E; Joukar, S; Naghsh, N; Sheibani, M, 2013)	0.39
"A simple, sensitive and reproducible method was developed on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection for the quantitative determination of dronedarone hydrochloride (DRO) in drug substance and pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Stability-indicating UPLC method for determining related substances and degradants in dronedarone. Cholleti, VK; Pydimarry, SP; Vangala, RR, 2014)	0.4
" Available experimental evidences and published patents are indicative of broadening the circle of the applications in point of both technological advantages and dosage forms."	( [Pharmaceutical applications of sulfobuthylether-beta-cyclodextrin]. Sebestyén, Z; Szabó, B; Szepesi, K, 2013)	0.39
" Therefore, the aims of this study were to: (a) determine serum concentrations of intravenous (IV) amiodarone following a widely implemented dosing regimen of 5 mg/kg bolus plus a 10 mg/kg/day continuous infusion and (b) generate descriptive data on safety parameters such as hypotension, bradycardia or corrected QT (QTc) prolongation during this regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous amiodarone in children. Läer, S; Lagler, FB; Meibohm, B; Paul, T; Ramusovic, S, 2013)	0.89
" Total dosage given via a peripheral catheter, duration of infusion, and number of catheters were significantly associated with phlebitis."	( Phlebitis in amiodarone administration: incidence, contributing factors, and clinical implications. Becker, N; Cotter, T; Forsey, L; Haynes, A; Matsuda, K; Norton, L; Ottoboni, LK; Pummer, E; Varady, A; Wang, P; Yang-Lu, CY, 2013)	0.76
" In the case of multiple dosing administration, we propose recurrence relations for the doses and the dosing times that also prevent drug accumulation."	( How to avoid unbounded drug accumulation with fractional pharmacokinetics. Hanert, E; Hennion, M, 2013)	0.39
" In the present multicentre study, we sought to develop and validate a model including genetic and non-genetic factors to predict the daily fluindione dose requirement in elderly patients in whom VKA dosing is challenging."	( A model predicting fluindione dose requirement in elderly inpatients including genotypes, body weight, and amiodarone. Andro, M; Berndt, C; Duverlie, C; Emmerich, J; Golmard, JL; Gouin-Thibault, I; Lacut, K; Le Gal, G; Loriot, MA; Mahé, I; Moreau, C; Pautas, E; Peyron, I; Siguret, V, 2014)	0.62
" Patients received either 24 h amiodarone infusion (loading dose 5 mg/kg followed by maintenance dose of 50 mg/h; n = 60), or amiodarone infusion at the same dosage plus a single oral dose of ranolazine 1500 mg (n = 61)."	( Ranolazine enhances the efficacy of amiodarone for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Fragakis, N; Katritsis, D; Koskinas, KC; Skeberis, V; Vassilikos, V, 2014)	0.96
" We recommend withdrawal or reduction of amiodarone dosage immediately once the signs and symptoms of epididymitis present in this population of patients."	( Amiodarone-induced epididymitis: a pathologically confirmed case report and review of the literature. Bu, P; Cheng, J; Liu, H; Shen, Y, 2014)	2.11
"This is age, drug dosage and therapy duration dependent."	( [Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity: case report]. Jovanović, D; Pesut, D; Radivojević, S; Stević, R; Vasić, N, )	1.04
"05), but also increased the cumulative dosage of aconitine required to induce various arrhythmias (all P<0."	( Comparative study of the protective effects of terfenadine and amiodarone on barium chloride/aconitine-induced ventricular arrhythmias in rats: a potential role of terfenadine. Li, S; Liu, B; Su, Y; Xiong, M; Xu, Y, 2014)	0.64
" Clinicians should therefore consider empiric reduction in initial dosing for tacrolimus or cyclosporine, and carefully monitor blood levels for at least 3 months post-transplant."	( Impact of pre-implant amiodarone exposure on outcomes in cardiac transplant recipients. Jennings, DL; Lanfear, DE; Martinez, B; Montalvo, S, 2015)	0.73
" Model simulations were in good agreement with the observed time courses of the drug-metabolite pair in tissues, under various dosing scenarios."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Amiodarone and its Metabolite Desethylamiodarone in Rats: Pooled Analysis of Published Data. Cai, Y; Chen, F; Hu, ZY; Jia, WW; Lu, JT; Zhao, YS, 2016)	0.69
" Therapy with these agents is often complicated because of the presence of significant associated adverse effects, clinician unfamiliarity, variable dosing strategies, and the potential for drug-drug interactions."	( Continuous intravenous antiarrhythmic agents in the intensive care unit: strategies for safe and effective use of amiodarone, lidocaine, and procainamide. Mohrien, KM; Oliphant, CS; Samarin, MJ, )	0.34
" Provided are management guides on the intravenous and oral dosing of amiodarone, appropriate outpatient follow-up of patients taking the drug, its recognized adverse effects, and recommendations on when to consult specialists to help in patient management."	( Practical Management Guide for Clinicians Who Treat Patients with Amiodarone. Epstein, AE; Goldschlager, N; Kennedy, JI; Murphy, EJ; Naccarelli, GV; Olshansky, B, 2016)	0.91
"To determine if amiodarone induces hepatic phospholipidosis (PLD) sufficient to detect changes in hepatobiliary transporter function as assessed by gadoxetate dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), rats were orally dosed with vehicle (1% methyl cellulose) or amiodarone (300 mg/kg/day) for 7 consecutive days."	( Hepatic Phospholipidosis Is Associated with Altered Hepatobiliary Function as Assessed by Gadoxetate Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Goulbourne, CN; Jucker, BM; Lenhard, SC; Lev, M; Miller, RT; Peterson, RA; Webster, LO, 2016)	0.78
" Administration of AMD was begun at 400 mg daily as a loading dose, and was continued at a dosage of 50-400 mg daily after the initial loading phase, determined by the control of the arrhythmias and occurrence of side-effects."	( Obesity Is Associated With the Development of Interstitial Pneumonia Under Long-Term Administration of Amiodarone in Refractory Atrial Fibrillation Patients. Fujino, T; Fukunaga, S; Ikeda, T; Kinoshita, T; Kitahara, K; Kobayashi, K; Koike, H; Koike, M; Sato, H; Shinohara, M; Suzuki, T; Yuzawa, H, 2016)	0.65
" Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy and long-term effects of this medication and the ideal dosing protocol for various arrhythmias."	( Retrospective evaluation of intravenous premixed amiodarone use and adverse effects in dogs (17 cases: 2011-2014). Koenigshof, AM; Levy, NA; Sanders, RA, 2016)	0.69
" Patterns of amiodarone prescription (including dosage schedule and duration) were assessed in relation to recurrence of atrial fibrillation during the intensive care unit stay."	( Variable use of amiodarone is associated with a greater risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation in the critically ill. Bandeshe, H; Boots, R; Clement, P; Mitrić, G; Udy, A, 2016)	1.15
" The increased plasma concentrations after oral dosing to hyperlipidemic rats appears to be attributable to a direct effect on metabolizing enzymes or transport proteins."	( The pharmacokinetics of dronedarone in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic rats. Brocks, DR; Jardan, YA, 2016)	0.43
" Finally, high dosage of amiodarone (10 mg/kgbw/d) led to continuous control of the heart rate without tachycardic episodes."	( [Perinatal Presentation and Complicated Course of a Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia]. Braun, M; Schirrmeister, J; Siauw, C; Wirbelauer, J, 2016)	0.74
" Objectives An investigation of how initiation of amiodarone affects the anticoagulant effect and dosing of warfarin, using data from three nationwide registries."	( The effect of amiodarone on warfarin anticoagulation: a register-based nationwide cohort study involving the Swedish population. Andersson, ML; Holm, J; Lindh, JD; Mannheimer, B, 2017)	1.07
" We utilized VOI analysis to compare the evidence levels over time for warfarin dosing based on pharmacogenomic vs."	( Are Evidence Standards Different for Genomic- vs. Clinical-Based Precision Medicine? A Quantitative Analysis of Individualized Warfarin Therapy. Basu, A; Carlson, JJ; Dhanda, DS; Guzauskas, GF; Veenstra, DL, 2017)	0.46
" Peripheral infusion of amiodarone may cause blood vessels irritation and phlebitis that is the most common complication of this drug by this route even when it is administered within recommended dosing limits."	( Effects of injection-site splinting on the incidence of phlebitis in patients taking peripherally infused amiodarone: A randomized clinical trial. Ayat-Isfahani, F; Davoudi, B; Jalali, A; Pashang, M; Sadeghian, S, 2017)	0.98
"Wistar rats were dosed orally with an amiodarone suspension and bile was collected via bile duct cannulation followed by solid-phase extraction, protein precipitation and centrifugation."	( Detection of glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools. Jhajra, S; Parmar, KR; Singh, S, 2016)	0.97
" Except for the dosage of noradrenaline (0."	( Propafenone for supraventricular arrhythmias in septic shock-Comparison to amiodarone and metoprolol. Balik, M; Kolnikova, I; Kristof, J; Maly, M; Tavazzi, G; Waldauf, P, 2017)	0.69
" Epinephrine, sedative drugs, fluid loading, use of diuretics, continuous renal replacement therapy and amiodarone dosing were among covariables assessed."	( Effectiveness of heart rate control on hemodynamics in critically ill patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias managed by amiodarone. Aissaoui, N; Dureau, P; El-Aissaoui, M; Faisy, C; Funck-Brentano, C; Hulot, JS; Salem, JE; Urien, S, 2017)	0.88
" Significant disagreement was found concerning the timing and sequential order of additional therapeutic measures and particularly about the dosing of amiodarone and the role of R-wave synchronized atrial pacing."	( Management of postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in pediatric patients: a survey of 30 centers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Egender, F; Entenmann, A; Gass, M; Gebauer, R; Haas, N; Herberg, U; Kumpf, M; Michel, M, 2017)	0.65
" What is new: • Dosing and duration of administration of amiodarone differ relevantly from center to center."	( Management of postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in pediatric patients: a survey of 30 centers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Egender, F; Entenmann, A; Gass, M; Gebauer, R; Haas, N; Herberg, U; Kumpf, M; Michel, M, 2017)	0.7
"Drug half-life has important implications for dosing regimen and peak-to-trough ratio at the steady state."	( Relevance of Half-Life in Drug Design. Beaumont, K; Di, L; Maurer, TS; Smith, DA, 2018)	0.48
" A uniform dosing of amiodarone to yield 1gm/day was used in all patients."	( Incidence of drug-induced torsades de pointes with intravenous amiodarone. Balasubramanian, V; Chakali, SS; Chollenhalli Nanjappa, M; Pillai, V; Rachaiah, JM; Shenthar, J, )	0.69
" These studies will provide useful information for future PopPK studies of amiodarone in infants and children that could improve dosage regimens."	( A pharmacokinetic model for amiodarone in infants developed from an opportunistic sampling trial and published literature data. Al-Uzri, A; Atz, AM; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Dallefeld, SH; Green, TP; Harper, B; Hornik, CP; Laughon, M; Lewandowski, A; Melloni, C; Mendley, SR; Mitchell, J; Sullivan, JE; Wu, H; Yogev, R, 2018)	1.01
" A protocol is presented for dosing the cells with the steatosis-inducing compound amiodarone, along with the conduction of assays for measuring lipid accumulation and mitochondrial function."	( The Use of Primary Hepatocytes in Assessment of Drug Safety and Toxicity. Guest, PC, 2019)	0.74
" The primary outcome was the tacrolimus therapeutic weight-based dosing requirements (mg/kg/day) for patients receiving amiodarone prior to transplant when compared to those without prior receipt of amiodarone."	( Prior Amiodarone Exposure Reduces Tacrolimus Dosing Requirements in Heart Transplant Recipients. Breslin, NT; Colombo, PC; Farr, M; Jennings, DL; Latif, F; Restaino, S; Salerno, DM; Takayama, H; Takeda, K; Topkara, VK, 2019)	1.2
" Future studies are warranted to evaluate the impact of alternative amiodarone dosing strategies on breakthrough tachyarrhythmia."	( Clinical effects of intravenous to oral amiodarone transition strategies in critically ill adult patients. Aberle, C; Altshuler, D; Arnouk, S; Merchan, C; Papadopoulos, J; Piper, GL, 2019)	1.02
"This study evaluates three warfarin dosing algorithms (Kimmel, Dawson, High Dose ≥ 2."	( Assessment of warfarin algorithms for hospitalized adults: searching for a safe dosing strategy. Cohen, JL; Kozikowski, A; Pekmezaris, R; Qiu, G; Sinvani, L; Spyropoulos, AC; Thompson, E; Wang, JJ, 2019)	0.51
"4 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h, with or without a loading dosage protocol) and itraconazole (approx 10 mg/kg [4."	( Investigation of a combination of amiodarone and itraconazole for treatment of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) in dogs. Benaím, G; Estep, JS; Luis Concepción, J; Madigan, R; Majoy, S; Márquez, ME; Mogollón-Mendoza, AC; Paniz-Mondolfi, AE; Pérez Alvarez, A; Ritter, K; Rodriguez-Morales, AJ; Silva, SC; Zao, CL, 2019)	0.79
" However, the relationship between the development of thyroid dysfunction and the dosage and treatment duration of AMD remains unclear."	( Time-to-onset analysis of amiodarone-associated thyroid dysfunction. Hosomi, K; Kinoshita, S; Takada, M; Yokoyama, S, 2020)	0.86
"The purpose of this study was to examine whether a dose-response relationship between amiodarone use and the risk of cancer could be ascertained in a large nationwide study cohort."	( Amiodarone treatment in atrial fibrillation and the risk of incident cancers: A nationwide observational study. D'Souza, M; Dalgaard, F; Hansen, ML; Hilmar Gislason, G; Pallisgaard, JL; Piccini, J; Rasmussen, PV; Ruwald, MH; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2020)	2.22
"In a large nationwide cohort of AF patients treated with amiodarone, we found no evidence of a dose-response relationship between cumulative dose of amiodarone and incident cancer risk."	( Amiodarone treatment in atrial fibrillation and the risk of incident cancers: A nationwide observational study. D'Souza, M; Dalgaard, F; Hansen, ML; Hilmar Gislason, G; Pallisgaard, JL; Piccini, J; Rasmussen, PV; Ruwald, MH; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2020)	2.25
" This information could inform warfarin dosage adjustment and monitoring and may have implications for the selection of oral anticoagulation agents in patients treated with amiodarone."	( The Magnitude of the Warfarin-Amiodarone Drug-Drug Interaction Varies With Renal Function: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study. Brown, JR; Hennessy, S; Miano, TA; Shashaty, MGS; Yang, W; Zuppa, A, 2020)	1.04
" Changes in serum thyroid hormone concentrations were evaluated in the short-term period (24 h and 7 days) and after a cumulative dosage of 400 and 800 mg equivalents of methylprednisolone; in addition, healing time and duration of exposure to GCs were calculated."	( Effect of high-dose intravenous glucocorticoid therapy on serum thyroid hormone concentrations in type 2 amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: an exploratory study. Bartalena, L; Bogazzi, F; Cappellani, D; Manetti, L; Martino, E; Urbani, C, 2020)	0.77
" The loading dosage of 150 mg appeared to be preferred, and the maintenance period was better to less than 12 hours."	( The use of intravenous amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Ren, J; Shao, X; Wang, J; Wu, S; Yang, Y; Zhang, H; Zhu, J, 2021)	0.93
"Amiodarone (AMD) is a class III antiarrhythmic drug whose chronic or high dosage administration alters the tests of thyroid function."	( Pathological thyroid findings in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Cameselle-Teijeiro, JM; Gómez-Isaza, L; González-Ortega, N, )	1.86
" The crystalloid circuits were dosed multiple times over 72 hours, including a massive dose at 48 hours."	( Amiodarone Extraction by the Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuit. Honeycutt, CC; McDaniel, CG; Watt, KM, 2021)	2.06
" Previous literature has described fixed-dose propofol boluses and continuous infusions to convert ventricular arrhythmias; however, to our knowledge, there are no reports of a weight-based dosing strategy for VT."	( Ventricular tachycardia converts to sinus rhythm after administration of propofol. Galletta, G; Li, I; Mokszycki, R; Saltzman, D; Shannon, K, 2021)	0.62
" The rate of side effects requiring dosage reduction or interruption was not neglectable."	( Mexiletine for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with chronic coronary syndrome: a cohort study. Bilato, C; Cavedon, S; Mecenero, A; Mugnai, G; Paolini, C; Perrone, C, 2022)	0.72
" The dosage of the active principle was measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection."	( Impact of Ambient Temperature on 5 Emergency Drugs Aboard an Emergency Medical Car Over a 1-Year Period. Marson, C; Roschel, K; Schneider, S; Stammet, P; Welter, C, 2022)	0.72
" For both patients, amiodarone dosage was maintained at 100 mg/day, and the administration of concomitant drugs that could affect amiodarone pharmacokinetics was neither initiated nor discontinued."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amiodarone in patients with hypertriglyceridemia: Two case reports. Hayakawa, N; Kusano, K; Mukai, Y; Noda, T; Sakakura, K; Takada, M; Uno, T, 2022)	1.31
" Our study demonstrated that PM101 can be used in a more aggressive dosing regimen than previously reported in pediatric literature with the prior formulation."	( Hemodynamic profile effects of PM101 amiodarone formulation in patients with post-operative tachyarrhythmias. Besunder, J; Breedlove, K; Brown, M; Clark, J; DeCoy, M; Gothard, D; Nofziger, R; Page-Goertz, C; Raimer, P; Ruggles, C; Stewart, R, 2023)	1.18
" Exclusions were an inappropriate dosage of apixaban or concomitant dronedarone, verapamil, ranolazine, naproxen, or both amiodarone and diltiazem."	( A Real-World Matched Cohort Study of the Effect of Concomitant Amiodarone or Diltiazem Administration on Apixaban Peak and Trough Concentrations. Ainsworth, M; Bookstaver, DA; Gleaton, M; Milner, E, 2023)	1.36
" A dose-response relationship was observed between the 1-year accumulated amiodarone dose and the subsequent 5-year cumulative incidence of thyroid dysfunction."	( Incidence of thyroid dysfunction following initiation of amiodarone treatment in patients with and without heart failure: a nationwide cohort study. Ali, SA; Butt, JH; Ersbøll, M; Fosbøl, E; Gustafsson, F; Jøns, C; Kristensen, SL; Køber, L; Mogensen, UM; Rørth, R; Selmer, C; Vinding, NE; Weeke, PE; Westergaard, LM, 2023)	1.39
" These results confirm the application of methyl-β-cyclodextrin as an effective excipient for incorporation in novel dosage forms to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs."	( Formulation and characterization of amiodarone-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: A molecular modelling perspective. Rhoden, CRB; Rolim, CMB; Rubenick, JB; Rubim, AM; Vendrame, LO; Zanella, I, 2024)	1.72