maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 444266 |
| CHEMBL ID | 539648 |
| CHEBI ID | 18300 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 613 |
| MeSH ID | M0095873 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| 2-butenedioic acid, (z)- |
| (z)-butenedioic acid |
| h2male |
| (2z)-but-2-enedioate |
| CHEBI:18300 , |
| cis-but-2-enedioic acid |
| wln: qv1u1vq-c |
| nsc25940 |
| nsc-25940 |
| butenedioic acid, (z)- |
| 2-butenedioic acid (z)- |
| cis-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid |
| (z)-2-butenedioic acid |
| 1, (z) |
| toxilic acid |
| MAE , |
| 2-butenedioic acid |
| 2-butenedioic acid, (2z)- |
| (2z)-but-2-enedioic acid |
| ccris 1115 |
| malenic acid |
| hsdb 666 |
| malezid cm |
| 2-butenedioic acid (2z)- (9ci) |
| scotchbond multipurpose etchant |
| ai3-01002 |
| cis-2-butenedioic acid |
| maleic acid (8ci) |
| maleic acid [na2215] [corrosive] |
| 1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (z) |
| maleinic acid |
| 2-butenedioic acid (2z)- |
| NCGC00090970-01 |
| einecs 203-742-5 |
| na2215 |
| kyselina maleinova [czech] |
| brn 0605762 |
| nsc 25940 |
| C01384 |
| cis-butenedioic acid |
| 110-16-7 |
| maleic acid |
| maleic acid, reagentplus(r), >=99.0% (hplc) |
| 1TOK |
| 1AHY |
| DB04299 |
| smr001230824 |
| MLS002153468 |
| 3B685B85-C1F3-4E32-9DBC-3854162A8DE1 |
| AKOS000268822 |
| CHEMBL539648 |
| BMSE000212 |
| (2z)-2-butenedioate |
| M0006 |
| A802156 |
| NCGC00090970-02 |
| NCGC00091192-02 |
| dtxsid8021517 , |
| tox21_303045 |
| NCGC00257215-01 |
| cas-110-16-7 |
| dtxcid201517 |
| tox21_113105 |
| NCGC00259742-01 |
| tox21_202193 |
| HMS2236F09 |
| maleic acid [nf] |
| maleic acid [na2215] [corrosive] |
| unii-91xw058u2c |
| kyselina maleinova |
| 91xw058u2c , |
| ec 203-742-5 |
| 4-02-00-02199 (beilstein handbook reference) |
| 68307-91-5 |
| 26099-09-2 |
| maleic acid [usp impurity] |
| maleic acid [ep monograph] |
| maleic acid [inci] |
| maleic acid [usp-rs] |
| maleic acid [mart.] |
| malic acid impurity b [ep impurity] |
| maleic acid [mi] |
| sodium aurothiomalate impurity a [ep impurity] |
| maleic acid [ii] |
| maleic acid [hsdb] |
| maleic acid [who-dd] |
| S3086 |
| SCHEMBL613 |
| NCGC00090970-03 |
| tox21_113105_1 |
| maleic-acid |
| bis-hydrogen maleate |
| (z)-2-butenedioate |
| butenedioic acid,(z)- |
| (2z)-2-butenedioic acid # |
| 1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, cis- |
| J-610085 |
| STR03481 |
| mfcd00063177 |
| (2z)-2-butenedioic acid |
| J-521667 |
| F2191-0240 |
| maleic acid, standard for quantitative nmr, tracecert(r) |
| maleic acid, tested according to ph.eur. |
| maleic acid, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard |
| maleic acid, saj special grade, >=99.0% |
| maleic acid, 99% |
| maleic acid, vetec(tm) reagent grade, 98% |
| maleic acid, for synthesis, 99% |
| maleic acid, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material |
| maleic acid, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard |
| gtpl9630 |
| 2-butenedioate |
| cis-but-2-enedioate |
| cis-2-butenedioate |
| cis-butenedioate |
| (2z)-butene-2-dioate |
| (2z)-butene-2-dioic acid |
| (z)-butenedioate |
| maleic acid [na2215] |
| CS-0015079 |
| HY-Y0367 |
| 1-(o-tolyl)piperazinehydrochloride |
| Q42038 |
| EN300-305309 |
| (z)-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid |
| malic acid impurity b (ep impurity) |
| 1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (z)- |
| maleic acid (ii) |
| cis-maleic acid |
| maleic acid (ep monograph) |
| cis-ethylene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid |
| maleic acid (usp-rs) |
| maleic acid (mart.) |
| maleic acid (usp impurity) |
| sodium aurothiomalate impurity a (ep impurity) |
| (z)-but-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid |
Maleic acid is a multi-functional chemical widely applied in the manufacturing of polymer products including food packaging. Maleic Acid is a dicarboxylic acid that functions as a fragrance ingredient and pH adjuster in cosmetics - it is used in a few cosmetic product formulations at low concentrations.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Maleic acid is an industrial-grade chemical that is often used in adhesives, stabilizers, and preservatives. " | ( Proteomic analysis of rat kidney under maleic acid treatment by SWATH-MS technology. Chen, HC; Chien, HJ; Lai, CC; Wu, KY; Xue, YT, 2020) | 2.27 |
| "Maleic acid is an effective irrigant that can remove the smear layer, open dentinal tubules, and act as a high-efficiency final irrigant in activation protocols." | ( Effect of maleic acid on the bond strength of fibre posts to root dentine. Dai, P; Fan, F; He, B; Huang, S; Ibrahim, M; Ma, J; Mao, Y; Wu, G, 2017) | 1.58 |
| "Maleic acid is a multi-functional chemical widely applied in the manufacturing of polymer products including food packaging. " | ( An in silico toxicogenomics approach for inferring potential diseases associated with maleic acid. Lin, YC; Tung, CW; Wang, CC, 2014) | 2.07 |
| "Maleic Acid is a dicarboxylic acid that functions as a fragrance ingredient and pH adjuster in cosmetics - it is used in a few cosmetic product formulations at low concentrations. " | ( Final report on the safety assessment of Maleic Acid. , 2007) | 2.05 |
Mealyic acid has been used as an etchant or non-rinse conditioner in adhesive dentistry. Maleic acid (MA) has been shown to induce Fanconi syndrome via disturbance of renal energy homeostasis, though the underlying pathomechanism is still under debate.
Malianic acid is able to inhibit the GAD of L.monocytogenes significantly enhancing its sensitivity to acidic conditions. Maleic acid did not cause increased permeability of the proximal tubule to either inulin or HCO3-.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Maleic acid is able to inhibit the GAD of L. monocytogenes significantly enhancing its sensitivity to acidic conditions and together with its ability to remove biofilms, make a good candidate for disinfection regimes." | ( A novel approach in acidic disinfection through inhibition of acid resistance mechanisms; Maleic acid-mediated inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase activity enhances acid sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes. Barnes, RH; Karatzas, KAG; Paudyal, R, 2018) | 1.42 |
| "Thus maleic acid did not cause increased permeability of the proximal tubule to either inulin or HCO3-." | ( Microperfusion study of proximal tubule bicarbonate transport in maleic acid-induced renal tubular acidosis. Aynedjian, HS; Bank, N; Mutz, BF, 1986) | 0.96 |
Mealic acid pretreatment was very effective for attaining high glucose yields after enzymatic hydrolysis. In maleic acid-treated rats the site and extent of tubular necrosis and the nature of urinary loss of solutes were studied.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " Complete blood counts, liver function test, and cardiac histology showed no sign of adverse effects for intravenous doses of the micellar preparation." | ( Copoly(styrene-maleic acid)-pirarubicin micelles: high tumor-targeting efficiency with little toxicity. Fang, J; Greish, K; Maeda, H; Nagamitsu, A, ) | 0.48 |
| "This study for the first time, clearly demonstrated the significantly less toxic effect of MA at a comparable dose of EDTA, suggesting its potential for use as root canal irrigant." | ( A comparative in vitro evaluation of cytotoxic effects of EDTA and maleic acid: root canal irrigants. Ballal, NV; Bhat, S; Kundabala, M; Rao, BS; Rao, N, 2009) | 0.59 |
| " An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems." | ( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010) | 0.36 |
| " The composites generally exhibit low acute toxicity, with values below the levels considered to have direct ecotoxic effect on aquatic ecosystems (<2 toxic units)." | ( Ecotoxicity and fungal deterioration of recycled polypropylene/wood composites: effect of wood content and coupling. Burgstaller, C; Keledi, G; López, MJ; Moreno, J; Pukánszky, B; Suárez-Estrella, F; Sudár, A; Vargas-García, MC, 2013) | 0.39 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " The pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that maleic acid produced a linear pharmacokinetic phenomenon within the doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg." | ( Pharmacokinetics of Maleic Acid as a Food Adulterant Determined by Microdialysis in Rat Blood and Kidney Cortex. Hou, ML; Lin, CH; Lin, LC; Lu, CM; Tsai, TH, 2016) | 1.01 |
| " Due to limited data on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ingested MA, we studied pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in serum and urine of Sprague Dawley rats." | ( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral single-dose maleic acid in biofluids of Sprague-Dawley rats. Chen, HC; Chiang, SY; Luo, YS; Wu, C; Wu, KY, 2016) | 0.68 |
| " Five pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including the maleate (2), fumarate (3), citrate (4, 5), and l-malate (6) of compound 1, were prepared via the salt formation reaction and evaluated for their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties." | ( Solubility-driven optimization of benzothiopyranone salts leading to a preclinical candidate with improved pharmacokinetic properties and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Fu, L; Gong, N; Guo, K; Huang, H; Li, G; Li, P; Lu, Y; Ma, C; Wang, B; Zhang, B, 2023) | 0.91 |
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " Na maleate, given at a dosage of 2 mM/kg body weight 2 h prior to micropuncture, inhibited tubular albumin uptake in the proximal convoluted tubule." | ( Renal albumin reabsorption in normal and sodium maleate-treated rats. Arbesman, H; Cho, J; Galaske, RG; Van Liew, JB, 1985) | 0.27 |
| "A rapid and specific nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic method was developed for determining dicyclomine hydrochloride in tablet, capsule, and injection dosage forms." | ( Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic determination of dicyclomine hydrochloride in tablet, capsule, and injection dosage forms. Hanna, GM, ) | 0.13 |
| " The induction of maleic acid-related nephrotoxicity in dogs may confound the interpretation of toxicologic studies of maleic acid salts of basic pharmaceutics, if the dosage of test article results in the delivery of dosages of maleic acid > or = 9 mg/kg." | ( Nephrotoxicity of pravadoline maleate (WIN 48098-6) in dogs: evidence of maleic acid-induced acute tubular necrosis. Benziger, DP; Bradford, JC; Descotes, G; Everett, RM; Greener, Y; Rollin, M; Ward, SJ, 1993) | 0.85 |
| " The temporal pattern of ROS production can be used to improve future dosing regimens." | ( Styrene maleic acid copolymer-pirarubicin induces tumor-selective oxidative stress and decreases tumor hypoxia as possible treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Christophi, C; Daruwalla, J; Greish, K; Maeda, H; Malcontenti-Wilson, C; Muralidharan, V, 2015) | 0.85 |
| "Ethionamide (ETH), a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drug, is a second-line drug manufactured as an oral dosage form by Pfizer to treat tuberculosis." | ( Mechanochemistry applied to reformulation and scale-up production of Ethionamide: Salt selection and solubility enhancement. da Silva, CC; de Melo, CC; Ellena, J; Pereira, CC; Rosa, PC, 2016) | 0.43 |
| " On the basis of preliminary results, no subacute toxicity was observed in major organs, tissues and hematological system up to a dosage of 60 mg/kg body weight in mice." | ( pH-Sensitive Biocompatible Nanoparticles of Paclitaxel-Conjugated Poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) for Anticancer Drug Delivery in Solid Tumors of Syngeneic Mice. Dalela, M; Kharbanda, S; Shrivastav, TG; Singh, H, 2015) | 0.64 |
| " Sprague-Dawley rats (225 to 250 g) were divided into three dosing groups, and polymyxin B was administered (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg) subcutaneously once daily." | ( Role of Renal Drug Exposure in Polymyxin B-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Babic, JT; Ledesma, KR; Manchandani, P; Tam, VH; Truong, LD; Zhou, J, 2017) | 0.46 |
| "Herein, we report on a quantitative analysis of zinc gluconate in the authentic form in presence of vitamin C, and the method was applied to their dosage form (Utozinc® tablets)." | ( Quantitative 1HNMR Spectroscopy: Analysis of Zinc Gluconate in Utozinc® Tablets, a Mixture of Zinc Gluconate and Vitamin C. Hassan, AEA; Hassan, MH, 2022) | 0.72 |
| Item | Process | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Groceries | core-ingredient | 1 |
| Condiments | core-ingredient | 1 |
| Role | Description |
|---|---|
| plant metabolite | Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. |
| algal metabolite | Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae. |
| mouse metabolite | Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus). |
| [role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| butenedioic acid | |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (µ) | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 89.1251 | 0.6310 | 35.7641 | 100.0000 | AID504339 |
| thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0316 | 0.0013 | 18.0743 | 39.8107 | AID926; AID938 |
| progesterone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.3312 | 0.0004 | 17.9460 | 75.1148 | AID1346795 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 63.2503 | 0.0030 | 41.6115 | 22,387.1992 | AID1159552 |
| pregnane X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 2.4337 | 0.0054 | 28.0263 | 1,258.9301 | AID1346982 |
| cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0079 | 0.3162 | 12.4435 | 31.6228 | AID924 |
| transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.6234 | 0.7943 | 21.2757 | 50.1187 | AID624246 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 66.8242 | 0.0006 | 27.2152 | 1,122.0200 | AID651741 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.3790 | 0.0046 | 11.3741 | 33.4983 | AID624296; AID624297 |
| Interferon beta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.3294 | 0.0033 | 9.1582 | 39.8107 | AID1347407 |
| Integrin beta-3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0079 | 0.3162 | 11.4157 | 31.6228 | AID924 |
| Integrin alpha-IIb | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0079 | 0.3162 | 11.4157 | 31.6228 | AID924 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chain A, Aspartate Aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 440.0000 | 120.0000 | 280.0000 | 440.0000 | AID977611 |
| Chain B, Aspartate Aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 440.0000 | 120.0000 | 280.0000 | 440.0000 | AID977611 |
| Chain A, Aspartate Aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 440.0000 | 120.0000 | 280.0000 | 440.0000 | AID977611 |
| Chain B, Aspartate Aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 440.0000 | 120.0000 | 280.0000 | 440.0000 | AID977611 |
| Chain A, Aspartate aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 3,400.0000 | 90.0000 | 1,125.0000 | 3,400.0000 | AID977611 |
| Chain B, Aspartate aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 3,400.0000 | 90.0000 | 1,125.0000 | 3,400.0000 | AID977611 |
| Chain A, Aspartate aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 3,400.0000 | 90.0000 | 1,125.0000 | 3,400.0000 | AID977611 |
| Chain A, Aspartate aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 3,400.0000 | 90.0000 | 1,125.0000 | 3,400.0000 | AID977611 |
| Chain A, Aspartate aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 3,400.0000 | 90.0000 | 1,125.0000 | 3,400.0000 | AID977611 |
| Chain B, Aspartate aminotransferase | Escherichia coli | Kd | 3,400.0000 | 90.0000 | 1,125.0000 | 3,400.0000 | AID977611 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Assay ID | Title | Year | Journal | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AID1345450 | Human succinate receptor (Succinate receptor) | 2004 | Nature, May-13, Volume: 429, Issue:6988 | Citric acid cycle intermediates as ligands for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors. |
| AID1345450 | Human succinate receptor (Succinate receptor) | 2015 | Biochemical pharmacology, Dec-01, Volume: 98, Issue:3 | Forskolin-free cAMP assay for Gi-coupled receptors. |
| AID1345450 | Human succinate receptor (Succinate receptor) | 2017 | British journal of pharmacology, 05, Volume: 174, Issue:9 | Identification and pharmacological characterization of succinate receptor agonists. |
| AID1296008 | Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening | 2020 | SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1 | Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening. |
| AID651635 | Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
| AID1346986 | P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen | 2019 | Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5 | A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. |
| AID1346987 | P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen | 2019 | Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5 | A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. |
| AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
| AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
| AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
| AID1745845 | Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
| AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
| AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
| AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
| AID504810 | Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign | 2010 | Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7 | A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. |
| AID504812 | Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign | 2010 | Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7 | A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. |
| AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
| AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
| AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
| AID1347407 | qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection | 2020 | ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7 | High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle. |
| AID1347105 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347090 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347424 | RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1) | 2019 | The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46 | Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens. |
| AID1347094 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347099 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347100 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347086 | qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal | 2020 | Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173 | A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity. |
| AID1347082 | qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal | 2020 | Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173 | A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity. |
| AID1347097 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347096 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347098 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347083 | qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen | 2020 | Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173 | A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity. |
| AID1347108 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347093 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347092 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347106 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347091 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347102 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347154 | Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors | 2020 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49 | Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors. |
| AID1347089 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347101 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347103 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347425 | Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1) | 2019 | The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46 | Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens. |
| AID1347104 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347095 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1347107 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
| AID1508630 | Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay | 2021 | Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4 | A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome. |
| AID588210 | Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al | 2010 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12 | A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury. |
| AID1432760 | Inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production by measuring steady state enzyme-inhibitor complex using urea as substrate measured for 120 mins by phenol-hypochlorite method | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6 | Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling. |
| AID1432754 | Time-dependent Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production using urea as substrate by phenol-hypochlorite method | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6 | Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling. |
| AID1432751 | Inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production using urea as substrate measured for 120 mins by phenol-hypochlorite method | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6 | Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling. |
| AID1432759 | Inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production by measuring initial state enzyme-inhibitor complex using urea as substrate measured for 120 mins by phenol-hypochlorite method | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6 | Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling. |
| AID1432755 | Competitive inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production preincubated with enzyme followed by addition of varying levels of urea as substrate measured for 120 mins by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6 | Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling. |
| AID429167 | Inhibition of wild type human recombinant mitochondrial NADP-ME expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as residual enzyme activity by spectrophotometry in presence of fumarate | 2009 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15 | Effects of structural analogues of the substrate and allosteric regulator of the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme. |
| AID429164 | Inhibition of human mitochondrial NADP-ME E59L mutant expressed in Escherichia coli XL-1 assessed as residual enzyme activity by spectrophotometry in presence of fumarate | 2009 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15 | Effects of structural analogues of the substrate and allosteric regulator of the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme. |
| AID1432756 | Reversible inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production by measuring recovery of enzyme activity at 10 times IC50 preincubated for 60 mins followed by 100-fold dilution in to PBS containing urea as subst | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6 | Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling. |
| AID588209 | Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset | 2010 | Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7 | Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. |
| AID429165 | Inhibition of human mitochondrial NADP-ME E59L mutant expressed in Escherichia coli XL-1 assessed as residual enzyme activity by spectrophotometry in absence of fumarate | 2009 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15 | Effects of structural analogues of the substrate and allosteric regulator of the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme. |
| AID429166 | Inhibition of wild type human recombinant mitochondrial NADP-ME expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as residual enzyme activity by spectrophotometry in absence of fumarate | 2009 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15 | Effects of structural analogues of the substrate and allosteric regulator of the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme. |
| AID1811 | Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB | 1995 | Nature structural biology, Jul, Volume: 2, Issue:7 | Alternating arginine-modulated substrate specificity in an engineered tyrosine aminotransferase. |
| AID977611 | Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB | 1995 | Nature structural biology, Jul, Volume: 2, Issue:7 | Alternating arginine-modulated substrate specificity in an engineered tyrosine aminotransferase. |
| AID1811 | Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB | 2004 | Biochemistry, Oct-12, Volume: 43, Issue:40 | Narrowing substrate specificity in a directly evolved enzyme: the A293D mutant of aspartate aminotransferase. |
| AID977611 | Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB | 2004 | Biochemistry, Oct-12, Volume: 43, Issue:40 | Narrowing substrate specificity in a directly evolved enzyme: the A293D mutant of aspartate aminotransferase. |
| [information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||||
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 134 (17.99) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 129 (17.32) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 120 (16.11) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 240 (32.21) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 122 (16.38) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (81.12) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 17 (2.17%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 11 (1.40%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 6 (0.77%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 0 (0.00%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 750 (95.66%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison of Intraocular Pressure, Blood Pressure, Ocular Perfusion and Blood Flow Fluctuations During the Addition of Dorzolamid vs Timolol in Glaucoma Subjects Treated With Prostaglandin Analogue Monotherapy [NCT01304264] | 35 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2011-03-31 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized Trial of Neratinib, A Pan-ERBB Inhibitor, Alone or in Combination With Palbociclib, a CDK4/6 Inhibitor, in Patients With HER2+ Gynecologic Cancers and Other Solid Tumors: A ComboMATCH Treatment Trial [NCT06126276] | Phase 2 | 70 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2024-02-20 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Randomized Phase II Trial of Triplet Therapy (A PD-L1 Inhibitor Durvalumab (MEDI4736) in Combination With Olaparib and Cediranib) Compared to Olaparib and Cediranib or Durvalumab (MEDI4736) and Cediranib or Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Women With Pl [NCT04739800] | Phase 2 | 164 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-06-10 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Randomized Phase II Study Comparing Single-Agent Olaparib, Single Agent Cediranib, and the Combinations of Cediranib/Olaparib, Olaparib/Durvalumab (MEDI4736), Cediranib/Durvalumab (MEDI4736), Olaparib/AZD5363 (Capivasertib) in Women With Recurrent, Pers [NCT03660826] | Phase 2 | 288 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-09-27 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Randomized Phase II/III Study of the Combination of Cediranib and Olaparib Compared to Cediranib or Olaparib Alone, or Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Women With Recurrent Platinum-Resistant or -Refractory Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal [NCT02502266] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 562 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-05-03 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Phase I/Randomized Phase II Study of Cediranib (NSC#732208) Versus Placebo in Combination With Cisplatin and Pemetrexed in Chemonaive Patients With Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma [NCT01064648] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 117 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-03-15 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Single Site, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Incremental Phase I Clinical Trial: to Evaluate the Tolerance, PK and PD Effects of TPN-672 Maleate in Chinese Healthy Volunteers After Single Dose Administration. [NCT03931668] | Early Phase 1 | 62 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-04-17 | Recruiting | ||
| Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Pyrotinib After Adjuvant Anti-HRE2 Therapy in Women With High-risk in Early or Locally Advanced Stage Breast Cancer [NCT05834764] | Phase 2 | 188 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-04-08 | Recruiting | ||
| International Randomized Study of Transarterial Chemoembolization Versus CyberKnife for Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma [NCT01327521] | Phase 3 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-02-28 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Accrual below target levels) | ||
| Optimizing Timolol Maleate Treatment of Infantile Hemangioma by Doppler Ultrasound Examination: a Single Center, Open Cohort Study. [NCT03842631] | 150 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2019-02-16 | Recruiting | |||
| Phase II Study Of Oral PHA-848125AC In Patients With Malignant Thymoma Previously Treated With Multiple Lines Of Chemotherapy [NCT01301391] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-02-02 | Terminated(stopped due to For the last patient still on treated nominal therapeutic use of the Milciclib was approved at INT Milano.) | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-escalation Phase I Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Multiple Doses of TPN672 Tablets Maleate in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT05192304] | Phase 1 | 62 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-02-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo Controlled, Two Period Cross-Over Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Orvepitant in Chronic Cough in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT05185089] | Phase 2 | 88 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-08-01 | Recruiting | ||
| A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Three Doses of Orvepitant in Subjects With Chronic Refractory Cough [NCT02993822] | Phase 2 | 315 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-05-22 | Completed | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 2b Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Twice-Daily Oral Administration of a Peripherally Acting Dopamine Receptor D2/D3 Antagonist, TAK-906 for the Treatment of Ad [NCT03544229] | Phase 2 | 242 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-10-14 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Three-period Cross-over Study to Assess the Pharmacodynamics, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Two Orally Inhaled Indacaterol Salts (Maleate and Acetate) Delivered Via the Concept1 Inhalation De [NCT03257995] | Phase 2 | 54 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-09-05 | Completed | ||
| Acute Effect of Indacaterol Maleate on Static and Dynamic Lung Volume in COPD Subjects. [NCT01377051] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Anti-histamines Promote Electroacupuncture Analgesia: Basic and Clinical Research [NCT03805035] | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-01-24 | Completed | |||
| Exploratory Study of Triple-targeted Neoadjuvant Treatment of HER2-positive Breast Cancer With Pyrotinib in Combination With Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab [NCT04929548] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-01-05 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Randomized Phase 2 Trial of Cediranib and Olaparib Compared to Bevacizumab in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma Who Have Not Received Prior VEGF Therapy [NCT02974621] | Phase 2 | 70 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-12-07 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Avandia™ + Amaryl™ or Avandamet™ Compared With Metformin: A 48-week Randomized, Open-label, Multicentre Phase IIIB Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Combination Therapy to Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients [NCT00131664] | Phase 3 | 391 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | ||
| A Multicenter, Open-label, Phase IIb Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Sutetinib Maleate Capsule in Locally Advanced or Metastatic NSCLC (Non-resistant Uncommon EGFR Mutations Only, Including L861Q, G719X, and/or S768I) [NCT05168566] | Phase 2 | 99 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-09-01 | Recruiting | ||
| COVER - Continuing Observation After Vicriviroc (VCV) Exposure Registry [NCT00705419] | 180 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2007-07-31 | Completed | |||
| A Phase II, Randomized, Double Blind, Double Dummy, Active-controlled, Parallel-group Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of HRG2005 Inhalation in Patients With Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [NCT06035393] | Phase 2 | 200 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-10-27 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Multicenter, Open-label, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Sutetinib Maleate Capsule in Locally Advanced or Metastatic NSCLC (Uncommon EGFR Mutations Only) [NCT06010329] | Phase 2 | 66 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Randomized, Phase II, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Conventional Chemoradiation and Adjuvant Temozolomide Plus Cediranib Versus Conventional Chemoradiation and Adjuvant Temozolomide Plus Placebo in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma [NCT01062425] | Phase 2 | 261 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-02-26 | Completed | ||
| Phase II Clinical Trial of AZD2171 Monotherapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients [NCT00458978] | Phase 2 | 6 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-02-28 | Completed | ||
| A Pharmacokinetic Feasibility Study on Ultibro Breezhaler, an Indacaterol-glycopyrronium Inhalation Powder Capsule, in Healthy Subjects [NCT04856098] | Phase 1 | 34 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-05-07 | Completed | ||
| An Open Label, Randomized, 2-sequence, 2-period, Single-dose Cross-over Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetics of Besifovir in Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT02300688] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase Ib/II Study of AZD2171 in Combination With Daily Temozolomide and Radiation in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Not Taking Enzyme-Inducing Anti-epileptic Drugs [NCT00662506] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 46 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Phase II Basket Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Neratinib, An Irreversible Tyrosine Kinases Inhibitor of EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB4 Receptors and Trastuzumab Biosimilar (Herzuma®) in Patients With HER2 Mutated Advanced Solid Cancers [NCT06083662] | Phase 2 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-06-15 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Pyrotinib in Combination With Nab-paclitaxel in Patients With HER2-positive Advanced Breast Cancer: an Exploratory Study [NCT03919253] | Phase 2 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-04-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Timolol in Infants With Infantile Hemangioma (IH) [NCT02913612] | Phase 2 | 105 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-05-05 | Completed | ||
| A 2-Part, Randomized, Double Blind and Open-Label, Placebo and Active-Comparator Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics for TAK-906 in Subjects With Diabetes Mellitus and Gastroparesis or With Idiopathic Gastropares [NCT03268941] | Phase 2 | 51 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-09-26 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized Controlled, Double-blind, Multicenter, Phase III Clinical Study to Compare Efficacy and Safety of Abivertinib Maleate Versus First-line Standard Therapy EGFR-TKI in Patients With Advanced NSCLC With Sensitive EGFR Mutation [NCT03856697] | Phase 3 | 406 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-03-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Phase II Study Of Oral PHA-848125AC In Patients With Thymic Carcinoma Previously Treated With Chemotherapy [NCT01011439] | Phase 2 | 72 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-02-22 | Terminated(stopped due to For the 2 last patients still on treated nominal therapeutic use of the Milciclib was approved at INT Milano.) | ||
| [NCT00822055] | Phase 4 | 140 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Non-randomized, Open, Single-dose, Parallel Designed Clinical Study to Evaluate Safety and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics After Oral Administration of Besivo® in Patients With Renal Impairment and Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT04249908] | Phase 1 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-02-13 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Phase IIA Exploratory Study of Oral Milciclib Maleate in Patients With Unresectable or Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma [NCT03109886] | Phase 2 | 31 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-07-12 | Completed | ||
| A Multicenter, Prospective, Adaptive, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Effect of Interferon Lambda 1A, Fluvoxamina + Budesonida, Fluoxetina + Budesonida in Mild COVID-19 and High Risk of Complications [NCT04727424] | Phase 3 | 6,246 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-01-19 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Study to Investigate the Safety and Tolerability of 14-days Treatment With an Inhaled Dose of QMF149 (500/800) in Mild to Moderate Asthmatic Patients [NCT00605306] | Phase 2 | 28 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Multicenter, Double-Blind, Active Comparator-controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of MK0507A in Patients With Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Who Are Inadequately Controlled on Beta-Blockers [NCT00449956] | Phase 3 | 474 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-03-12 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 2 Study of Olaparib and Cediranib for the Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian Cancer [NCT02345265] | Phase 2 | 72 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-05-17 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Phase Ib Study of Cediranib in Combination With Cilengitide in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma [NCT00979862] | Phase 1 | 47 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-03-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00759239] | Phase 4 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Enalapril Maleate and Folic Acid Tablets for Primary Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Hypertension: a Post-marketing, Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT00794885] | Phase 4 | 20,702 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Phase II Trial of Palliative Radiofrequency Ablation in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients With Small Primary Tumor [NCT00891475] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 114 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Vicriviroc (SCH 417690) Treatment Protocol in HIV-Infected Subjects: A Rollover Study for ACTG Protocol A5211 [NCT00686829] | Phase 2 | 79 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Role of Preemptive Chlorepheniramine Maleate in Reducing Postoperative Agitation After Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgeries (FESS) [NCT04293081] | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-01-16 | Completed | |||
| A Phase III Study Comparing Single-Agent Olaparib or the Combination of Cediranib and Olaparib to Standard Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Women With Recurrent Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer [NCT02446600] | Phase 3 | 579 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-03-28 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Cosopt® Versus Xalacom® on Ocular Hemodynamics and Intraocular Pressure in Patients With Primary Open-angle Glaucoma [NCT00815373] | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-12-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to no participants recruded.) | |||
| [NCT00822081] | Phase 4 | 140 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-01-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Paroxetine on the Plasma Levels of Timolol Using Ophthalmic 0.5% Timolol Eye Drops and 0.1% Timolol Eye Gel in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00879099] | Phase 1 | 12 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-04-30 | Completed | ||
| An Exploratory Basket Study of Pyrotinib Maleate Tablets in HER2 Mutated or Amplified of Metastatic Solid Tumors [NCT05274191] | Phase 2 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-03-04 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Phase I Study of Subutinib Maleate Capsules on Toleration and Pharmacokinetics [NCT01806376] | Phase 1 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-03-31 | Recruiting | ||
| A Pilot/Phase 1b Study of Glasdegib-Based Treatment Combinations in Adult Patients With Relapsed AML Post Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation [NCT04655391] | Phase 1 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-06-25 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Drug availability) | ||
| A 12 Week, Open-Label, Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Dorzolamide-Timolol as First Line Therapy to Reduce Intraocular Pressure in Patients With Untreated Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG) or Ocular Hypertension (OH) [NCT00546286] | Phase 3 | 170 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Open, Single-dose, Two-cycle, Double-sequence, Crossover Study to Investigate the Effects of a Low-fat Diet On the Pharmacokinetics of Healthy Chinese Adult Participants After Oral Administration of Pyrotinib Maleate Tablets [NCT04315493] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-03-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Real-World Study of Pyrotinib Maleate in the Treatment of Advanced/Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Rare Mutations in HER2 [NCT05411276] | 15 participants (Anticipated) | Observational [Patient Registry] | 2022-06-30 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Blood-aqueous Barrier Changes After the Use of Timolol and Prostaglandin Analogues Fixed Combination in Pseudophakic Patients With Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [NCT01978015] | Phase 4 | 69 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Trimebutine Maleate (NEWBUTIN SR 300 mg Tab) as a Prophylactic Anti-emetic Drug for Patients Who Underwent Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: a Randomized Controlled Study [NCT01984931] | Phase 3 | 45 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-10-31 | Recruiting | ||
| An Open-label, Multi-center, Phase II Umbrella Study to Assess Efficacy of Targeted Therapy or Immunotherapy Directed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in Chinese Patients With Advanced NSCLC (TRUMP) [NCT03574402] | Phase 2 | 400 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-07-09 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparison of Efficacy and Ocular Surface Disease Assessment Between BRIDIN- PLUS® Eye Drops and COMBIGAN® Eye Drops in Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertensive Patients [NCT06078592] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-10-08 | Completed | ||
| Topical Anti-angiogenic Therapy for Telangiectasia in HHT: Proof of Concept [NCT01752049] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Department of Geriatrics [NCT02575092] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 4,000 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-11-01 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-center, Randomized, Single-dose, Double-blind, 4-way Cross-over Study to Evaluate Tolerability Following Treatment With Indacaterol Salts (Maleate, Xinafoate and Acetate) in Comparison to Placebo in Patients With Mild to Moderate Persistent Asthma [NCT00624702] | Phase 1 | 98 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-02-29 | Completed | ||
| Phase I/II Trial of Cediranib Alone or Cediranib and Lenalidomide in Iodine 131-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer [NCT01208051] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 127 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-09 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II Evaluation of Cediranib (Recentin; AZD2171, IND#72740, NSC# 732208) in the Treatment of Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma [NCT01132820] | Phase 2 | 53 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Vicriviroc on HIV RNA Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid [NCT00632073] | Phase 1 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Completed | ||
| An Open-label, Phase I Study in Healthy Male Subjects to Compare the Pharmacokinetics of LB80331 and LB80317, Metabolites of LB80380, After a Single Oral Administration of LB80380 Free Base 150 mg (60 mg + 90 mg) Tablet or LB80380 Maleate Tablet 183 mg (1 [NCT01427868] | Phase 1 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Enalapril Maleate and Folic Acid Tablets for Prevention of Chronic Kidney Diseases in Patients With Hypertension: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01871740] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to The sponsor and the PIs both agreed that the CSPPT-CKD should be a sub-study of the CSPPT insted of an independent randomized trial.) | ||
| An Open-Label Phase Ib/II Multi-Arm Study of OX40 Agonist Monoclonal Antibody (mAb), Anti-PDL1 mAb, Smoothened Inhibitor, Anti-CD33 mAb, Bcl-2 Inhibitor and Azacitidine as Single-Agents and/or Combinations for the Treatment of Patients With Acute Myeloid [NCT03390296] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-12-27 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II Study of Olaparib Plus Cediranib in Combination With Standard Therapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT02899728] | Phase 2 | 9 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-03-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Inadequate accrual rate) | ||
| Patient Preference Comparison of AZARGA Versus COSOPT After Single Doses in Patients With Open-Angled Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension [NCT01471158] | Phase 4 | 120 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00273442] | Phase 4 | 60 participants | Interventional | 2005-11-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00273481] | Phase 4 | 33 participants | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Randomized, Multicenter, Dbl-Masked, Parallel Study Evaluating the 24 Hr. Diurnal Ocular Hypotensive Effect of 2% Dorzolamide Hydrochloride/0.5% Timolol Maleate Combo. Ophthalmic Sol. in Patients w/ Open Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension [NCT00108017] | Phase 3 | 330 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-04-30 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active (Formoterol 12 µg b.i.d) and Placebo Controlled, Multi-center, 5 Period Crossover Study to Assess the Bronchodilatory Efficacy and Safety of Single Doses of Indacaterol 150 µg, 300 µg and 600 µg Delivered V [NCT00403637] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 45 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Molecular Analysis for Combination Therapy Choice (ComboMATCH) [NCT05564377] | Phase 2 | 2,900 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-04-07 | Recruiting | ||
| Phase I/II Study of Cediranib and Olaparib in Combination for Treatment of Recurrent Papillary-Serous Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer or for Treatment of Recurrent Triple-Negative Breast Cancer [NCT01116648] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 155 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-04-14 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Patient Satisfaction With Timolol Maleate in Sorbate, Generic Timolol Gel Forming Solution or Timolol Hemihydrate in Subjects With Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension [NCT00804648] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-11-30 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-centre, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multiple-dose, 4-way Crossover Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Orally Inhaled Indacaterol Salts (Maleate, Xinafoate, and Acetate) in Patients With [NCT00927901] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active (Formoterol 12 µg b.i.d) and Placebo Controlled, Multi-center, 5 Period Crossover Study to Assess the Bronchodilatory Efficacy and Safety of Single Doses of Indacaterol 150 µg, 300 µg and 600 µg Delivered V [NCT00396604] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 51 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-10-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Study of Avatrombopag for Persistent Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Patients With Gastrointestinal Malignancies (ACT-GI) [NCT05772546] | Phase 2 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-09-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter, Dose-ranging, Efficacy and Safety Study of Three Doses of TCH346 (1mg, 5mg and 20mg Daily) in Patients With Early Parkinson's Disease [NCT00407212] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 301 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Combigan With Timolol Adjunctive to Xalatan in Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension Subjects [NCT00735449] | Phase 4 | 204 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-07-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00273429] | Phase 4 | 0 participants | Interventional | 2005-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Can Urgent Reduction of Intraocular Pressure With Ophthalmic Timolol Improve Recovery From Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION): a Randomized Study. [NCT01607671] | Phase 1 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-06-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to recruit participants from recruiting sites.) | ||
| A Phase I Clinical Trial of AZD2171 in Children With Recurrent or Progressive Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors [NCT00326664] | Phase 1 | 55 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Open-label, Three-period, Partial-replicate Design Study to Evaluate the Inter- and Intrasubject Variability of the Avatrombopag To-be-marketed Formulation Administered as Single Doses of 40 mg to Healthy Subjects Receiving a Low-fat Meal [NCT01759394] | Phase 1 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-10-31 | Completed | ||
| An Exploratory, Multi-centre, Double-blind, Placebocontrolled Crossover Study, to Investigate the Bronchodilatory Efficacy of a Single Dose of Indacaterol in Fixed Combination With Mometasone Furoate Delivered Via a MDDPI (Twisthaler®) in Adult Patients W [NCT00556673] | Phase 2 | 31 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Enhancing Breast Milk Production With Domperidone in Mothers of Preterm Neonates [NCT01512225] | Phase 2 | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Parallel-group Trial With an Open-label Extension Phase to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral E5501 Versus Eltrombopag, in Adults With Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (Idiopathic T [NCT01433978] | Phase 3 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-03-26 | Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated early due to significant enrollment challenges.) | ||
| Efficacy and Safety of Entecavir Maleate Tablets in Chinese Patients With Hepatitis B [NCT01926288] | Phase 4 | 287 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-10-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 2 Study of AZD2171 in Progressive Unresectable, Recurrent or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) [NCT00227760] | Phase 2 | 44 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Atazanavir Administered With and Without Ritonavir on the Pharmacokinetics of the Cytochrome P450 2C8 Substrate Rosiglitazone in Healthy Subjects [NCT00362726] | Phase 1 | 14 participants | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose, 6-Week, In-Patient Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of HP-3070 in Subjects Diagnosed With Schizophrenia [NCT02876900] | Phase 3 | 617 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Comparing the Dentin Conditioning Effect of Different Single and Combination Chelating Agents on Sealer Penetration and Dentin Erosion [NCT05778227] | 100 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-11-16 | Completed | |||
| Phase I Study of the Combination of the VEGFR Inhibitor, AZD2171, and MEK Inhibitor, AZD6244, in the Treatment of Solid Malignancies [NCT01364051] | Phase 1 | 19 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-05-25 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Multi-centre, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Multiple-dose, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Orally Inhaled Indacaterol Administered as Either PulmoSphere or Lactose-blend Powder Via [NCT01484197] | Phase 2 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy of Avatrombopag in Thrombocytopenic Patients With Chronic Liver Disease Undergoing an Elective Procedure: A Prospective Non-randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04915287] | Phase 4 | 476 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-06-06 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized Controlled Trial of Standardized Versus Conventional Oxytocin and Uterotonic Agent Use for Cesarean Delivery [NCT01549223] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-04-30 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II Study of AZD2171 in Adult Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Extensive Plexiform and Paraspinal Neurofibromas [NCT00326872] | Phase 2 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-05-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Closed due to slow accrual prior to interim analysis.) | ||
| Inetetamab, Pyrotinib and Chemotherapy in Combination for First-line Treatment of HER2-positive Recurrent/Metastatic Breast Cancer [NCT05621434] | Phase 2 | 63 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-12-10 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| [NCT00811850] | Phase 4 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Assessment of Relative Bioavailability of Avandamet 4 mg + 1000 mg (GSK) in the Form of Film Coated Tablets Versus Avandamet 2 mg + 500 mg (GSK) in the Form of Film Coated Tablets, in Healthy Volunteers After Feeding Standardized, Using Liquid Chromatogra [NCT01332071] | Phase 1 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-11-24 | Completed | ||
| Phase I Trial of DS-8201a (Trastuzumab Deruxtecan) in Combination With Neratinib in Solid Tumors With HER2 Alterations [NCT05372614] | Phase 1 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-10-05 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase 2 Study of Cediranib in Combination With Olaparib in Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT02498613] | Phase 2 | 126 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-08-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Trial With an Open-label Extension Phase to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral E5501 Plus Standard of Care for the Treatment of Thrombocytopenia in Adults With Chro [NCT01438840] | Phase 3 | 49 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-02-16 | Completed | ||
| The Efficacy and Safety of Brinzolamide 1%/Timolol 0.5% Fixed Combination Versus Dorzolamide 1%/Timolol 0.5% in Patients With Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension [NCT02325518] | Phase 4 | 218 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-12-31 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 6. Adiponectin was only done at baseline, months 6 and 12. The test was optional and performed only by participating sites. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | µg/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | 4.95 |
| Avandamet | 8.21 |
| Metformin | 1.453 |
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 4 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 4
| Intervention | percent (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | -1.44 |
| Avandamet | -1.28 |
| Metformin | -0.94 |
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | percent (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | -1.50 |
| Avandamet | -1.56 |
| Metformin | -1.14 |
"Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 2. The UKPDS (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study) risk engine calculated was based on 5 years risk using gender, race, age at diagnosis of diabetes, duration of diabetes, smoking status, A1C, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio at a specified visit.~The UKPDS cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk engine is used to estimate the risk of having coronary heart disease in type II diabetes according to the UKPDS model. The possible risk scores can range from 0 to 100% and hence lower scores would predict a person is less likely to have an event." (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6
| Intervention | percent (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | -1.09 |
| Avandamet | -1.05 |
| Metformin | -1.54 |
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | millimoles per litre (mmol/L) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | -2.71 |
| Avandamet | -2.76 |
| Metformin | -2.12 |
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 4 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 4
| Intervention | millimoles per litre (mmol/L) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | -2.86 |
| Avandamet | -2.33 |
| Metformin | -1.75 |
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6
| Intervention | millimoles per litre (mmol/L) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | -2.98 |
| Avandamet | -2.55 |
| Metformin | -1.86 |
A1C responders were described as subjects having achieved A1C less than 7 percent at Month 12 with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 12
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | 95 |
| Avandamet | 111 |
| Metformin | 82 |
A1C responders were described as subjects having achieved A1C less than 7 percent at Month 4, with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 4
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | 83 |
| Avandamet | 96 |
| Metformin | 69 |
A1C responders were described as subjects having achieved A1C less than 7 percent at Month 6, with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 6
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | 94 |
| Avandamet | 98 |
| Metformin | 69 |
FPG responders were described as subjects having achieved FPG less than 7 mmol/L at Month 12 with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 12
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | 64 |
| Avandamet | 86 |
| Metformin | 51 |
"Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 2. The UKPDS (U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study) risk engine calculated was based on 5 years risk using gender, race, age at diagnosis of diabetes, duration of diabetes, smoking status, A1C, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol to HDL ratio at a specified visit.~The UKPDS cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk engine is used to estimate the risk of having coronary heart disease in type II diabetes according to the UKPDS model. The possible risk scores can range from 0 to 100% and hence lower scores would predict a person is less likely to have an event." (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | percent (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | -0.72 |
| Avandamet | -0.62 |
| Metformin | -1.11 |
FPG responders were described as subjects having achieved FPG less than 7 mmol/L at Month 4 with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 4
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | 58 |
| Avandamet | 65 |
| Metformin | 38 |
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value. LOCF was not used for this analysis. CRP was only done at baseline, months 6 and 8. The test was optional and performed only by participating sites. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6
| Intervention | milligram per decilitre (mg/dL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | -1.20 |
| Avandamet | -1.68 |
| Metformin | -1.25 |
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6
| Intervention | percent (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from baseline | |
| Avandamet | 7.96 | -1.39 |
| Avandia and Amaryl | 8.14 | -1.61 |
| Metformin | 7.90 | -1.02 |
FPG responders were described as subjects having achieved FPG less than 7 mmol/L at Month 6 with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 6
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | 61 |
| Avandamet | 76 |
| Metformin | 43 |
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value. LOCF was not used for this analysis. Adiponectin was only done at baseline, months 6 and 12. The test was optional and performed only by participating sites. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6
| Intervention | microgram per millilitre (µg/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | 5.73 |
| Avandamet | 6.37 |
| Metformin | 0.23 |
Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 6. CRP was only done at baseline, months 6 and 12. The test was optional and performed only by participating sites. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Avandia and Amaryl | -0.40 |
| Avandamet | -1.52 |
| Metformin | -1.52 |
(NCT00227760)
Timeframe: Time from start of treatment to progression, death or last contact, or last tumor assessment before the start of further antitumor therapy, assessed up to 6.5 years
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Treatment (Cediranib Maleate) | 8.9 |
Partial response as assessed by RECIST criteria (NCT00227760)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Treatment (Cediranib Maleate) | 15 |
Stable disease for a clinical benefit rate, evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (NCT00227760)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | particip[ants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Treatment (Cediranib Maleate) | 18 |
"Time to treatment failure is defined to be the time from the date of randomization to the date at which the patient is removed from treatment due to progression, toxicity, or refusal. If the patient is considered to be a major treatment violation or is taken off study as a non-protocol failure, the patient will be censored on the date they are removed from treatment.~Time to treatment failure will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier." (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: From the date of randomization to the date at which the patient is removed from treatment due to progression, toxicity, or refusal up to 51 months.
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Treatment (Cediranib Maleate) | 5.9 |
"Progression (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of volumes of target lesions taking as reference the smallest volume recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions.~If a patient dies without documentation of disease progression, the patient will be considered to have had tumor progression at the time of their death unless there is sufficient documented evidence to conclude no progression occurred prior to death." (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: From registration to documentation of disease progression up to 26 cycles (28 days/cycle).
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Treatment (Cediranib Maleate) | 49.15 |
Survival time is defined as the time from registration to death due to any cause. (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: From registration to death (due to any cause) max 51 months
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Treatment (Cediranib Maleate) | NA |
Reduction in self reported worst pain per cycle as measured by the Worst Pain scale from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group Brief Pain Inventory (short form). The worst pain scale is from 0-10 (10 is worst pain possible). The per-cycle average reduction in worst pain will be analyzed using generalized linear models to account for repeated measures within patients. (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: At baseline, prior to each subsequent course (q 28+/- 3 days), and at end of treatment up to 51 months
| Intervention | units on a scale of 0-10 (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Treatment (Cediranib Maleate) | 0.137 |
"Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions.~Partial Response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the volume of target lesions taking as reference the baseline volume." (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of treatment, maximum of 26 cycles (28 days/cycle).
| Intervention | Proportion of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Treatment (Cediranib Maleate) | 0.0384 |
Percent Change from baseline to 8 weeks in Outflow Pressure Reduction Rate assessed 2 hours after ocular instillation (at Hour 2) (NCT00449956)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | Percent Change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| MK0507A (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5% Combination) | 23.47 |
| Timolol 0.5% | 17.17 |
| Concomitant (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5%) | 26.75 |
Percent Change from baseline to 8 weeks in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) assessed 2 hours after ocular instillation (at Hour 2) (NCT00449956)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | Percent Change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| MK0507A (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5% Combination) | -11.99 |
| Timolol 0.5% | -8.74 |
| Concomitant (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5%) | -13.46 |
Change from baseline to 8 weeks in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) assessed 2 hours after ocular instillation (at Hour 2) (NCT00449956)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | mmHg (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| MK0507A (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5% Combination) | -2.50 |
| Timolol 0.5% | -1.82 |
| Concomitant (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5%) | -2.78 |
(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | hours (Median) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 0.325 |
(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 47.3 |
(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 289 |
FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. Change from the period baseline to 24 hour post dose trough FEV1 after 1 day of treatment was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose FEV1 as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Pre-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 1, 8 and 15) and 24-hours post-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 2, 9 and 16).
| Intervention | liters (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 0.27 |
| Placebo | -0.12 |
| Fluticasone/Salmeterol | 0.37 |
"Trough FEV1 was measured 24 hours post-dose. The FEV1 percent predicted expresses FEV1 as a percentage of the predicted values for participants of similar characteristics (height, age, sex, and sometimes race and weight). A positive change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted indicates improvement in lung function. Change from baseline in trough FEV1 % predicted was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate." (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Pre-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 1, 8 and 15) and 24-hours post-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 2, 9 and 16).
| Intervention | Percent of predicted (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 6.95 |
| Placebo | -2.87 |
| Fluticasone/Salmeterol | 9.85 |
The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of an expiration. Trough FEV1/FVC was calculated from measurements taken 24 hours post-dose. Change from baseline in trough FEV1/FVC ratio was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Pre-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 1, 8 and 15) and 24-hours post-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 2, 9 and 16).
| Intervention | ratio (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 2.50 |
| Placebo | 2.15 |
| Fluticasone/Salmeterol | 2.65 |
"Peak FEV1 was defined as the peak FEV1 up to 4 hours post-dose. The FEV1 percent predicted expresses FEV1 as a percentage of the predicted values for participants of similar characteristics (height, age, sex, and sometimes race and weight). A positive change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted indicates improvement in lung function. Change from baseline in peak FEV1 % predicted was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate." (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Days 1, 8 and 15, pre-dose (Baseline) and 5, 15, and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | Percent of predicted (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 16.27 |
| Placebo | 6.85 |
| Fluticasone/Salmeterol | 16.49 |
Vital capacity is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. Peak FVC was measured up to 4 hours post-dose. Change from baseline in peak FVC was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Days 1, 8 and 15, pre-dose (Baseline) and 5, 15, and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | liters (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 0.47 |
| Placebo | 0.20 |
| Fluticasone/Salmeterol | 0.35 |
The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of an expiration. Peak FEV1/FVC was calculated from spirometry measurements taken up to 4 hours post-dose. Change from baseline in peak FEV1/FVC ratio was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Days 1, 8 and 15, pre-dose (Baseline) and 5, 15, and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | ratio (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 2.86 |
| Placebo | 2.53 |
| Fluticasone/Salmeterol | 2.90 |
FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. Peak FEV1 is defined as the peak FEV1 between 0 and 4 hours post-dose. The change from baseline in peak FEV1 was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose FEV1 as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Days 1, 8 and 15, pre-dose (Baseline) and 5, 15, and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | liters (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 0.64 |
| Placebo | 0.26 |
| Fluticasone/Salmeterol | 0.62 |
(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | pg*h/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 389 |
(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | pg*h/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 1331 |
(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, and 12 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | pg*h/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 287 |
Vital capacity is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. Trough FVC was measured 24 hours post-dose. Change form baseline in trough FVC was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Pre-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 1, 8 and 15) and 24-hours post-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 2, 9 and 16).
| Intervention | liters (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 0.22 |
| Placebo | -0.14 |
| Fluticasone/Salmeterol | 0.17 |
(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.
| Intervention | hours (Median) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol/Mometasone | 1.05 |
At the specified time-points, blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma glucose and the samples analyzed by a central laboratory. The end of study visit was conducted approximately 5-9 days after the last dose. (NCT00605306)
Timeframe: Baseline; Days 1 and 14 at pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 hours post-dose; 12 and 24 hours post dose (Day 2); study completion (5-9 days after last dose, Day 19-23).
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (N=14, 14) | Day 1, pre-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 2, 12 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 2, 24 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 14, pre-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 14, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | End of study (N=14, 13) | |
| Indacaterol Maleate/Mometasone Furoate | 5.079 | 5.057 | 5.007 | 4.950 | 5.036 | 5.057 | 7.064 | 5.221 | 5.293 | 5.129 | 5.136 | 5.157 | 5.136 | 5.093 | 6.929 | 5.257 |
| Placebo | 5.157 | 5.236 | 5.264 | 5.207 | 5.193 | 5.179 | 6.793 | 5.286 | 5.321 | 5.221 | 4.900 | 4.946 | 4.962 | 4.908 | 7.408 | 5.731 |
At the specified time-points, blood samples were collected for measurement of serum cortisol and the samples analyzed by a central laboratory. The end of study visit was conducted approximately 5-9 days after the last dose. (NCT00605306)
Timeframe: Baseline; Days 1 and 14 at pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 13 hours post-dose; 24 hours post dose (Day 2); study completion (5-9 days after last dose, Day 19-23).
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (N=14, 14) | Day 1, pre-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 2, 11 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 2, 12 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 2, 13 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 2, 24 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 14, pre-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 14, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 15, 11 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 15, 12 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 15, 13 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | End of study (N=14, 14) | |
| Indacaterol Maleate/Mometasone Furoate | 466.214 | 159.643 | 153.786 | 130.143 | 99.143 | 65.357 | 55.929 | 362.500 | 289.929 | 335.214 | 136.857 | 126.071 | 111.500 | 99.500 | 82.786 | 62.071 | 48.214 | 242.143 | 255.500 | 324.857 | 495.286 |
| Placebo | 441.143 | 140.714 | 151.000 | 130.571 | 131.929 | 84.286 | 102.071 | 478.214 | 404.214 | 370.071 | 193.500 | 122.857 | 127.231 | 121.154 | 106.385 | 94.154 | 102.154 | 417.000 | 388.769 | 385.769 | 417.786 |
At the specified time-points, blood samples were collected for measurement of serum potassium and the samples analyzed by a central laboratory. The end of study visit was conducted approximately 5-9 days after the last dose. (NCT00605306)
Timeframe: Baseline; Days 1 and 14 at pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 hours post-dose; 12 and 24 hours post-dose (Day 2); study completion (5-9 days after last dose, Day 19-23).
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (N=14, 14) | Day 1, pre-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 1, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 2, 12 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 2, 24 hours post-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 14, pre-dose (N=14, 14) | Day 14, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | Day 14, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 13) | End of study (N=14, 14) | |
| Indacaterol Maleate/Mometasone Furoate | 4.271 | 4.264 | 4.293 | 4.150 | 4.143 | 4.157 | 3.979 | 4.436 | 4.293 | 4.150 | 4.064 | 3.986 | 3.986 | 3.986 | 3.800 | 4.364 |
| Placebo | 4.336 | 4.279 | 4.314 | 4.179 | 4.171 | 4.093 | 3.929 | 4.500 | 4.386 | 4.136 | 4.092 | 4.092 | 4.038 | 4.038 | 3.792 | 4.429 |
"An adverse event (AE) is the appearance or worsening of any undesirable sign, symptom, or medical condition occurring after starting the study drug even if the event is not considered to be related to study drug. Abnormal laboratory values or test results constitute adverse events only if they induce clinical signs or symptoms, are considered clinically significant, or require intervention.~A serious adverse event (SAE) is defined as an event which is fatal or life-threatening, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, constitutes a congenital anomaly/birth defect, requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, or is medically significant, i.e., defined as an event that jeopardizes the participant or may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed above." (NCT00605306)
Timeframe: 15 days
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Any adverse event | Serious adverse event | AE resulting in discontinuation | |
| Indacaterol Maleate/Mometasone Furoate | 9 | 0 | 0 |
| Placebo | 12 | 0 | 1 |
"The percentage of participants with HIV RNA ≥400 copies/mL at each time point is reported. For this measure, month was defined as each 28-day period on study treatment. The Roche Amplicor® HIV-1 monitor test was used to quantify HIV RNA." (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Every 12 months up to 60 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month 12 | Month 24 | Month 36 | Month 48 | Month 60 | |
| VCV 30 mg | 35 | 25 | 8 | 9 | 5 |
"The percentage of participants with HIV RNA >50 to <400 copies/mL at each time point is reported. For this measure, month was defined as each 28-day period on study treatment. The Roche Amplicor® HIV-1 monitor test was used to quantify HIV RNA." (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Every 12 months up to 60 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month 12 | Month 24 | Month 36 | Month 48 | Month 60 | |
| VCV 30 mg | 13 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 15 |
"The mean change from baseline in CD4/CD8 counts throughout P4100 until the time of VF is reported. Month was defined as each 28-day period on study treatment. A fluorescent-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was used to quantify CD4/CD8 lymphocytes. The definition of VF is an increase in HIV RNA level >0.5 log10 copies/mL compared to the baseline HIV RNA level." (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 48 of ACTG study A5211) and up to time of VF in P4100, assessed up to approximately 5.5 years
| Intervention | cells/mm^3 (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month 2 | Month 4 | Month 6 | Month 8 | Month 10 | Month 12 | Month 14 | Month 16 | Month 18 | Month 20 | Month 22 | Month 24 | Month 26 | Month 28 | Month 30 | Month 32 | Month 34 | Month 36 | Month 38 | Month 40 | Month 42 | Month 44 | Month 46 | Month 48 | Month 50 | Month 52 | Month 54 | Month 56 | Month 58 | Month 60 | Month 62 | Month 64 | Month 66 | Month 68 | |
| VCV 30 mg | -16.26 | -17.70 | 9.30 | -0.20 | 12.59 | -13.81 | 18.56 | 21.63 | 2.82 | 19.71 | 24.19 | 32.04 | 34.36 | 36.10 | 38.10 | 47.59 | 61.93 | 43.63 | 90.81 | 75.53 | 104.65 | 91.61 | 91.19 | 93.93 | 128.12 | 107.41 | 136.00 | 129.87 | 188.81 | 122.60 | 132.54 | 147.50 | 283.50 | 300.00 |
"The percentage of participants with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL at each time point is reported. For this measure, month was defined as each 28-day period on study treatment. The Roche Amplicor® HIV-1 monitor test was used to quantify HIV RNA." (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Every 12 months up to 60 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month 12 | Month 24 | Month 36 | Month 48 | Month 60 | |
| VCV 30 mg | 52 | 64 | 80 | 89 | 80 |
The number of participants with ADEs is reported. An ADE is an SAE that is expected in the course of disease and not considered related to study intervention. The sponsor identified events that met ADE criteria based on the 1993 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Revised Classification System. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Plasmablastic Lymphoma | Kaposi's Sarcoma | |
| VCV 30 mg | 1 | 1 |
The number of participants with new infections is reported. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Herpes simplex virus infection | Upper respiratory tract infection | |
| VCV 30 mg | 6 | 39 |
The total number of participants with viruses having phenotypic resistance to VCV is reported. Viruses exhibiting both maximum percent inhibition (MPI) plateau values of <85% and relative MPI (R-MPI) values of <0.9 (based on the PhenoSense HIV entry assay) were considered to have phenotypic resistance to VCV. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to time of VF in P4100, assessed up to approximately 5.5 years
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| VCV 30 mg | 7 |
An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product, biologic (at any dose), or medical device, which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the treatment. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| VCV 30 mg | 6 |
An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product, biologic (at any dose), or medical device, which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the treatment. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| VCV 30 mg | 91 |
The number of participants with non reportable (NR) tropism, CCR5 (R5) tropism, or dual/mixed CCR5/CXCR4 (DM/X4) tropism at baseline, who had NR, R5, or DM/X4 tropism at the time of virologic failure (VF) is reported. The definition of VF is an increase in HIV RNA level >0.5 log10 copies/mL compared to the baseline HIV RNA level. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 48 of ACTG study A5211) and time of VF in P4100, assessed up to approximately 5.5 years
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NR Baseline to NR VF | NR at Baseline to R5 VF | NR Baseline to DM/X4 VF | R5 baseline to R5 VF | R5 baseline to NR VF | R5 baseline to DM/X4 VF | DM/X4 baseline to DM/X4 VF | DM/X4 baseline to R5 VF | |
| VCV 30 mg | 45 | 10 | 5 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
An SAE is any adverse occurrence that results in death; is life-threatening; results in a persistent disability; requires in-patient hospitalization or prolongs hospitalization; or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| VCV 30 mg | 48 |
Mean IOP at 8 AM at week 6. IOP is a measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye. (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 6
| Intervention | Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 17.3 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 17.8 |
Mean IOP at 8 AM at week 12. IOP is a measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye. (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 17.0 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 17.7 |
Mean IOP at 10 AM at week 6. IOP is a measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye. (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 6
| Intervention | Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 15.9 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 16.7 |
Number of subjects with adverse events, defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a subject, during the study (reported through the week 12 visit). (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 15 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 13 |
Mean IOP at 10 AM at week 12. IOP is a measurement of the fluid pressure in the eye. (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 15.1 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 16.9 |
Assessed from subject response to survey question asking about tolerability of medicine upon instillation, using a 0 through 7 scale, with 0=complete comfort and 7=worst pain imaginable. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 0.6 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 1.0 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 0.6 |
(NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | mm of mercury (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 16.3 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 16.2 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 16.2 |
Assessed by the investigator using a slit lamp and Oxford Scheme, grading 0,1,2,3,4,5. The higher the grade the worse the staining. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 1.2 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 1.1 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 1.0 |
Assessed by the investigator using a slit lamp, counting the number of spots. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | Number of spots (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 10.5 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 10.4 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 8.3 |
Assessed by investigator using a slit lamp and Oxford Scheme, grading 0,1,2,3,4,5 according to pictures provided. The higher the grade the worse the staining. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 0.8 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 0.7 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 0.8 |
Assessed by investigator using a slit lamp and counting number of spots. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | number of spots (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 4.7 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 4.8 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 5.3 |
Assessed by investigator using slit lamp and counting number of spots. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | number of spots (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 11.0 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 10.3 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 12.9 |
The visual acuity score is a count of the number of letters the subject successfully read from the eye chart. The higher the score, the better the vision. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | number of letters (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 52.3 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 52.5 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 51.4 |
Assessed by investigator using a slit lamp and a photographic grading scale. Photographs were graded: grade 0, grade 1, grade 2, grade 3. The higher the graded the worse the hyperemia. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 0.2 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 0.4 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 0.3 |
Schirmer's measures basic tear function. The higher the number, the less dry the eye. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | mm of moisture (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 17.7 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 14.8 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 15.4 |
Assessed by investigator using a slit lamp and the Oxford Scheme, grading 0,1,2,3,4,5 according to pictures provided. The higher the grade the worse the staining. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 1.2 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 1.1 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 1.3 |
(NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment
| Intervention | Seconds (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5% | 8.5 |
| Timolol Maleate 0.5% | 7.7 |
| Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5% | 8.5 |
End diastolic velocity (EDV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the nasal short posterior ciliary artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. EDV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the end of diastole (minimum pressure exerted in a blood vessel in between heart beats). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month
| Intervention | Centimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 2.63 |
| Cosopt® | 2.61 |
Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of retrobulbar blood as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the temporal short posterior ciliary artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. PSV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the time of systole (maximum pressure exerted in the blood vessel). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month
| Intervention | Centimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 8.52 |
| Cosopt® | 8.84 |
Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the ophthalmic artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. PSV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the time of systole (maximum pressure exerted in a blood vessel). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month
| Intervention | Centimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 24.5 |
| Cosopt® | 22.09 |
Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the nasal short posterior ciliary artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. PSV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the time of systole (maximum pressure exerted in a blood vessel). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month
| Intervention | Centimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 8.61 |
| Cosopt® | 8.02 |
End diastolic velocity (EDV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the central retinal artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. EDV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the end of diastole (minimum pressure exerted in a blood vessel in between heart beats). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month
| Intervention | Centimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 2.73 |
| Cosopt® | 2.75 |
Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the central retinal artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. PSV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the time of systole (maximum pressure exerted in a blood vessel). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month
| Intervention | Centimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 8.86 |
| Cosopt® | 8.81 |
End diastolic velocity (EDV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the temporal short posterior ciliary artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. EDV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the end of diastole (minimum pressure exerted in a blood vessel in between heart beats). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month
| Intervention | Centimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 2.73 |
| Cosopt® | 2.87 |
End diastolic velocity (EDV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the ophthalmic artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow through a vessel. EDV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the end of diastole (minimum pressure exerted in a blood vessel in between heart beats). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month
| Intervention | Centimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combigan® | 5.83 |
| Cosopt® | 5.18 |
Patients recorded use of rescue medication (salbutamol/albuterol multi-dose inhaler) as the number of puffs taken in respective preceding 12 hours morning and evening in a diary. Patient with any use of rescue medication (any number of puffs > 0) was included to calculate endpoint. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: Baseline to the end of each treatment period (Day 7)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg | 21 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg | 10 |
| Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg | 17 |
| Placebo to Indacaterol | 21 |
FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards at 5, 15, and 30 minutes; 1 hour, 1 hour 30 minutes; and 2, 4, and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1 and Day 7. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: Day 1 and Day 7
| Intervention | Hours (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1, N=29, 30, 29, 29 | Day 7, N=28, 29, 28, 29 | |
| Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg | 2.13 | 2.50 |
| Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg | 4.00 | 3.00 |
| Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg | 1.50 | 3.00 |
| Placebo to Indacaterol | 2.25 | 12.38 |
Venous blood samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation were collected at 15 and 30 minutes; and 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours post-dose at the end of each 7 day treatment period and were analyzed using a LC-MS/MS assay. Maximum (peak) plasma drug concentration after drug administration (Cmax) was calculated from concentration-time data and recorded sampling times using non-compartmental methods. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: End of each treatment period (Day 7)
| Intervention | pg/mL (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg | 720 |
| Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg | 753 |
| Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg | 664 |
FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. Trough FEV1 was defined as the average of measurements made 23 hours 10 minutes and 23 hours 45 minutes post-dose at Baseline and at the end of each treatment period. The analysis included period baseline FEV1 as covariate. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: Baseline to the end of each treatment period (Day 7)
| Intervention | Liters (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg | 0.186 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg | 0.190 |
| Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg | 0.194 |
| Placebo to Indacaterol | -0.021 |
FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. Trough FEV1 was defined as the average of measurements made 23 hours 10 minutes and 23 hours 45 minutes post-dose at Baseline and on Day 1. The analysis included period baseline FEV1 as covariate. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 1
| Intervention | Liters (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg | 0.161 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg | 0.185 |
| Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg | 0.205 |
| Placebo to Indacaterol | 0.008 |
Venous blood samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation were collected at 15 and 30 minutes; and 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours post-dose at the end of each 7 day treatment period and were analyzed using a LC-MS/MS assay. Area under the concentration-time curve up to 24 hours (AUC[0-24 hours]) was calculated from concentration-time data and recorded sampling times using non-compartmental methods. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: End of each treatment period (Day 7)
| Intervention | pg * hr/mL (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg | 5159 |
| Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg | 5434 |
| Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg | 5170 |
The length of time from the start of treatment for a disease, such as cancer, to the date in which the patients diagnosed with the disease were still alive. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Every 6 weeks during Follow-Up until PD or new therapy start; every 6 months thereafter, up to 2 years from the last dose of study drug.
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC) | 24.18 |
Assessed in patients achieving a confirmed objective tumor response by RECIST version 1.1 criteria. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD to a maximum duration of 242 weeks or until PD.
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC) | 8.41 |
"The adverse events (AEs) were coded with the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) and their severity graded according to the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0. The following subsets of AEs were considered: serious AEs, AEs with CTCAE grade 3-5, AEs with a relationship to study treatment classified by the Investigator as possible or probable or definite and AEs reported as leading to discontinuation from treatment.~Laboratory test values were graded according to the NCI CTCAE scale, v3.0, whenever possible. For each laboratory test included in the NCI CTCAE system, the incidence of abnormalities was evaluated by considering the worst occurrence for each patient throughout the whole treatment period." (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Adverse events: from date treatment consent signed to 28 days after last dose of study drug; hematology/blood chemistry tests: at baseline and between Day 11-14 of each cycle of a total of 135 two-week cycles.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N° patients with Adverse Events | N° patients with abnormal Hematology test | N° patients with abnormal Blood Chemistry test | |
| Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC) | 72 | 70 | 70 |
Point and 95% confidence interval estimates was calculated for the objective tumor response rate (confirmed CRs or PRs). The determination of antitumor efficacy was based on objective tumor assessments made according to the RECIST guideline (version 1.1) The analysis was performed in the evaluable population. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD to a maximum duration of 242 weeks or until PD.
| Intervention | Percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC) | 3.7 |
Point and 95% confidence interval estimates was calculated for the disease control rate (confirmed CRs / PRs and SD>/= 6 weeks). The analysis was performed in the evaluable populations. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD to a maximum duration of 242 weeks or until PD.
| Intervention | Percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC) | 75.9 |
The length of time during and after the treatment of a disease, such as cancer, that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse. In a clinical trial, measuring the progression-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD to a maximum duration of 242 weeks or until PD.
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC) | 6.83 |
Six-month progression-free survival is the rate of patients who have NOT progressed at six months, where progressive disease is defined as any of the following: ≥ 25% increase in sum of the products of perpendicular diameters of enhancing lesions; any new lesion; or clinical deterioration. Progression will be determined by central review of MRI exams, assessed using MacDonald criteria for progression versus response on 2D T1 and T2 weighted images. (NCT01062425)
Timeframe: From randomization to 6 months.
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo, TMZ, and RT | 24.5 |
| Cediranib, TMZ, and RT | 46.6 |
The number of patients with reported grade 3 and higher treatment-related toxicities as assessed by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 (NCT01062425)
Timeframe: From randomization to six months.
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo, TMZ, and RT | 35 |
| Cediranib, TMZ, and RT | 77 |
OS will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences between treatment arms will be tested using the log rank test. Multivariate analyses with the Cox proportional hazard model for OS will be performed with the stratification variables as fixed variables to assess the treatment effect adjusting patient-specific risk factors. (NCT01062425)
Timeframe: From randomization to time of death due to any cause. Patients are followed until death. Analysis occurs after all patients have been potentially followed for six months.
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo, TMZ, and RT | 13.8 |
| Cediranib, TMZ, and RT | 14.5 |
Progression-free survival time is defined as time from randomization to date of first progression or death from any cause and is estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients last known to be alive without progression are censored at the date of last contact. Progression is defined as any of the following: ≥ 25% increase in sum of the products of perpendicular diameters of enhancing lesions; any new lesion; or clinical deterioration. (NCT01062425)
Timeframe: From randomization to time of first progression or death due to any cause. Patients are followed until death. Analysis occurs after all patients have been potentially followed for six months.
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo, TMZ, and RT | 2.7 |
| Cediranib, TMZ, and RT | 6.2 |
"Per modified RECIST for Pleural Tumors. In addition to RECIST1.1, for modified RECIST, measurements based on the sum of 6 CT cuts in the pleural perpendicular to the chest wall are applied to standard RECIST criterial (sum of 6 = one univariate diameter). Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all measurable and non-measurable disease; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (STA), does not qualify for CR, PR, Progression or Symptomatic Deterioration. Disease Control Rate (DCR) = CR + PR + STA.~All target measurable lesions must be assessed using the same techniques as baseline." (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression, up to 3 years.Disease control is documented for as long as the patient remains on protocol treatment.
| Intervention | percentage of analyzed participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg | 75 |
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo | 83 |
Adverse Events (AEs) are reported by CTCAE Version 4.0. Only adverse events that are possibly, probably or definitely related to study drug are reported. (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Toxicity assessment is repeated weekly during first cycle (1cycle = 21 days), then every cycle while patient is on treatment.
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal pain | Anemia | Constipation | Dehydration | Diarrhea | Dyspnea | Fatigue | Gastrointestinal disorders - Other, specify | Heart failure | Hypertension | Hypokalemia | Hypomagnesemia | Hyponatremia | Irregular menstruation | Lymphocyte count decreased | Mucositis oral | Nausea | Nervous system disorders - Other, specify | Neutrophil count decreased | Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome | Peripheral sensory neuropathy | Platelet count decreased | Pulmonary hypertension | Vomiting | Weight loss | White blood cell decreased | |
| Phase I Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Phase I Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 30mg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Adverse Events (AEs) are reported by CTCAE Version 4.0. Only adverse events that are possibly, probably or definitely related to study drug are reported. (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Toxicity assessment is repeated every 3 weeks while patient is on treatment.
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute coronary syndrome | Anemia | Anorexia | Atrial fibrillation | Atrial flutter | Chest wall pain | Creatinine increased | Death NOS | Dehydration | Delirium | Diarrhea | Duodenal hemorrhage | Dyspnea | Epistaxis | Fall | Fatigue | General disorders and admin site conditions-Other | Generalized muscle weakness | Glucose intolerance | Headache | Hearing impaired | Heart failure | Hyperglycemia | Hypertension | Hypocalcemia | Hypokalemia | Hypomagnesemia | Hyponatremia | Hypotension | Hypoxia | Intracranial hemorrhage | Lung infection | Lymphocyte count decreased | Mucositis oral | Nausea | Neutrophil count decreased | Non-cardiac chest pain | Peripheral sensory neuropathy | Platelet count decreased | Rash maculo-papular | Renal and urinary disorders - Other, specify | Respiratory failure | Seizure | Sinus bradycardia | Supraventricular tachycardia | Syncope | Thromboembolic event | Urinary tract infection | Vomiting | Weight loss | White blood cell decreased | Wound dehiscence | |
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg | 0 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo | 1 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
"Per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1): Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all measurable and non-measurable disease; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall Response (OR) = CR + PR.~All target measurable lesions must be assessed using the same techniques as baseline." (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression, up to 3 years. Best response is documented for as long as the patient remains on protocol treatment.
| Intervention | percentage of analyzed participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg | 26 |
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo | 15 |
"Per modified RECIST for Pleural Tumors. In addition to RECIST1.1, for modified RECIST, measurements based on the sum of 6 CT cuts in the pleural perpendicular to the chest wall are applied to standard RECIST criterial (sum of 6 = one univariate diameter). Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all measurable and non-measurable disease; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall Response (OR) = CR + PR.~All target measurable lesions must be assessed using the same techniques as baseline." (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression, up to 3 years.Best response is documented for as long as the patient remains on protocol treatment.
| Intervention | percentage of analyzed participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg | 50 |
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo | 20 |
From date of registration to date of first documentation of progression or symptomatic deterioration, or death due to any cause. Patients last known to be alive and progression free are censored at date of last contact. Progression is defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v 1.1), as a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, or a measurable increase in a non-target lesions, or the appearance of new lesions. (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: From date of registration to date of first documentation of progression or symptomatic deterioration, or death due to any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 5 years.Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression.
| Intervention | month (Median) |
|---|---|
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg | 7.2 |
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo | 5.6 |
From date of registration to date of death due to any cause. Patients last known to be alive are censored at date of last contact. (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: From date of registration to death.Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression. After progression, follow up will occur every 6 months for the first two years and then at the end of the third year after registration.
| Intervention | month (Median) |
|---|---|
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg | 10 |
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo | 8.5 |
"MTD was determined by testing dose-de-escalation to 20mg PO daily on dose de-escalation cohort 1 to 2 with 3 to 6 patients each. MTD reflects the highest dose of drug that did not cause a Dose-Limiting Toxicity (DLT) in > 33% of participants. Toxicities will be graded according to the CTEP Active Version of the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) apply only during Cycle 1 and must be drug-related (i.e. possibly, probably or definitely related to one of the 3 study drugs). The following events occurring in the first cycle of treatment are considered dose limiting.~Febrile neutropenia~Grade 4 neutrophil count decrease for more than 7 days' duration~Grade 4 platelet count decrease~Grade 3 or 4 non-hematologic toxicity (excluding alopecia)" (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Weekly during first cycle (1cycle = 21 days). Then will be reported every cycle while patient is on treatment.
| Intervention | mg (Number) |
|---|---|
| All Phase I Participants | 20 |
"Per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1): Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all measurable and non-measurable disease; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (STA): Does not qualify for CR, PR, Progression or Symptomatic Deterioration. Disease Control Rate (DCR) = CR + PR + STA~All target measurable lesions must be assessed using the same techniques as baseline." (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression, up to 3 years.Disease control rate is documented for as long as the patient remains on protocol treatment.
| Intervention | percentage of analyzed participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg | 74 |
| Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo | 80 |
The Phase 1-T component of this trial employed a 3+3 design, escalating on 0/3 or 1/6 DLT, and de-escalating if 2 DLTs were encountered. The MTD (maximum tolerated dose) was the dose at which no more than 1 patient developed a DLT when at least 6 patients had been treated. (NCT01116648)
Timeframe: At 28 days
| Intervention | mg (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Cediranib PO daily | Olaparib (tablet) PO BID | |
| All Phase 1-T Participants | 30 | 200 |
This trial employed a 3+3 design, escalating on 0/3 or 1/6 DLT, and de-escalating if 2 DLTs were encountered. The MTD (maximum tolerated dose) was the dose at which no more than 1 patient developed a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) when at least 6 patients had been treated. (NCT01116648)
Timeframe: At 28 Days
| Intervention | mg (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Cediranib PO daily | Olaparib PO BID | |
| All Phase 1 Participants (28 Participants) | 30 | 200 |
"Evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test for between group comparison, and median survival times reported.~PFS is defined as time from randomization to investigator-assessed radiographic progression by RECIST 1.1 criteria or death.~Patients alive without evidence of progression were censored at the last disease assessment." (NCT01116648)
Timeframe: Time from start of treatment to time of objective disease progression, assessed up to 5 years
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Phase 2 - Olaparib Alone (46 Participants) | 8.2 |
| Phase 2 - Cediranib/Olaparib (44 Participants) | 16.5 |
Was determined using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 (NCT01116648)
Timeframe: At 28 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Level 0 | 0 |
| Level 1 | 0 |
| Level 2 | 0 |
| Level 3 | 2 |
Adverse Events (Grade 3 or higher) (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: Up to 5 years
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leukopenia | Thrombocytopenia | Neutropenia | Anemia | Other Investigations | Other Blood/Lymphatics | Cardiac | Ear and labyrinth | Endocrine | Eye | Nausea | Vomiting | Other Gastrointestinal | General and administration site | Hepatobiliary | Infections/infestations | Injury/poisoning | Metabolism/nutrition | Musculoskeletal/connective tissue | Neoplasms benign/malignant | Peripheral sensory neuropathy | Nervous system | Psychiatric | Renal/urinary | Reproductive/breast | Respiratory/thoracic/mediastinal | Skin/subcutaneous | Vascular disorders | |
| Cediranib | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 16 | 13 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 18 |
Complete and Partial Tumor Response by RECIST 1.1. Per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0) for target lesions and assessed by MRI: Complete Response (CR), disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall response (OR) = CR + PR. (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: For diesease evaluated by physical examination, response was assessed prior to each cycle. CT scan or MRI if used to follow lesion for measurable disease every other cycle from enrollment until stopping study therapy. The average time on study is 3 mnths
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Cediranib | 12.5 |
The observed length of life from entry into the study to death or the date of last contact. (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: From study entry to death or last contact, up to 5 years.
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Cediranib | 12.5 |
Time until disease progression, death, or date of last contact. (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: Disease that can be assessed by physical exam should be evaluated every cycle. disease assessed by imaging should be evaluated every other cycle. Time frame to determine the date of progression is from the date of enrollment up to 5 years after enrollment
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Cediranib | 3.61 |
Number of participants who survived for at least 6 months. Progression is defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v.1.0) as a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, or a measurable increase in a non-target lesion, or the appearance of new lesions. (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: For disease evaluated by physical examination, progression was assessed prior to each cycle. CT scan or MRI if used to follow lesion for measurable disease every other cycle. Evaluated from time of enrollment until progression or death, up to 5 years
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Cediranib | 33.3 |
Complete and partial tumor response by RECIST 1.1 (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: Tumor responses with time restriction starts at enrollment and goes to 6 months after enrollment or until pt. off study therapy,whichever occurs first. Without time restriction starts at enrollment,lasts until off study therapy, median duration = 2.63 mth
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Cediranib | 12.5 |
Per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1) for target lesions and assessed by CT or MRI: Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall Response (OR) = CR + PR. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: Assessed up to 3 years
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Dose Level 0 | 0 |
| Dose Level +1 | 2 |
| Dose Level +2 | 4 |
| Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate) | 17 |
| Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide) | 30 |
"Dose limiting toxicity was defined as any of the following occurring during the first cycle (28 days) of therapy:~Hematological toxicities:~Any grade 4 neutropenia (ANC < 500) lasting more than 5 days~Any grade 4 neutropenia with concomitant fever (temperature > 38.5)~Any grade 4 neutropenia and sepsis or other severe infection~Any grade 4 thrombocytopenia~Any other grade 3-4 non-hematological adverse drug reactions, except untreated nausea/vomiting, or hypersensitivity reactions.~Grade 4 hypertension~Grade 4 proteinuria Delay in the administration of a subsequent dose of cediranib and lenalidomide exceeding 2 weeks, due to an adverse drug reaction" (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: 28 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Phase I Dose Level 0 | 0 |
| Phase I Dose Level +1 | 1 |
| Phase I Dose Level +2 | 2 |
Time from randomization to death from any cause. Patients who have not died are censored as of the date last known alive. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: 24 months
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dose Level 0 | NA |
| Dose Level +1 | 60.0 |
| Dose Level +2 | 100 |
| Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate) | 64.8 |
| Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide) | 75.3 |
The percent change in tumor size from baseline to the end of cycle 2 (two months). The post-treatment total sum of lengths for a patient with a new lesion at cycle 2 will be scored as 1.2*max(pre-sum, post-sum) to ensure that the appearance of new lesions corresponds to a disease progression per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. In the event of any early deaths prior to cycle 2, a nonparametric rank sum test will be used with deaths ranked at the extreme end of the distribution. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: From baseline to 2 months
| Intervention | percent change (Median) |
|---|---|
| Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate) | -12.5 |
| Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide) | -4.2 |
Time from study enrollment until disease progression or death from any cause. Surviving patients without progression are censored as of the date of the last negative examination. Progression is defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0), as a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, or a measurable increase in a non-target lesion, or the appearance of new lesions. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: Assessed up to 3 years
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dose Level 0 | NA |
| Dose Level +1 | 14.8 |
| Dose Level +2 | 23.6 |
| Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate) | 14.8 |
| Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide) | 11.3 |
Time from enrollment on study to disease progression or death from any cause. Surviving patients without progression are censored as of the date of the last negative examination. Progression is defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0), as a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, or a measurable increase in a non-target lesion, or the appearance of new lesions. This analysis corresponds to the planned futility analysis after 40 events. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: Assessed up to 3 years
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate) | 20.9 |
| Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide Thru April 10, 2015) | 10.6 |
"The adverse events (AEs) were coded with the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) and their severity graded according to the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0. The following subsets of AEs were considered: serious AEs, AEs with CTCAE grade 3-5, AEs with a relationship to study treatment classified by the Investigator as possible or probable or definite and AEs reported as leading to discontinuation from treatment.~Laboratory test values were graded according to the NCI CTCAE scale, v3.0, whenever possible. For each laboratory test included in the NCI CTCAE system, the incidence of abnormalities were evaluated by considering the worst occurrence for each patient throughout the whole treatment period." (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Adverse events: from date treatment consent signed to 28 days after last treatment; hematology/blood chemistry tests: at baseline and between Day 11-14 of each cycle of a maximum total of 48 two-week cycles.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N° patients with Adverse Events | N° patients with abnormal Hematology test | N° patients with abnormal Blood chemistry test | |
| Milciclib | 30 | 28 | 27 |
The length of time from either the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as cancer, and to the date in which the patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive. Kaplan-Meier estimates as percentage of patients alive. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Every 6 weeks during Follow-Up until PD or new therapy start; every 6 months thereafter, up to 2 years from the last dose of study drug.
| Intervention | percentage of patients dead at 21 months (Number) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib | 41.666 |
Point and 95% confidence interval estimates was calculated for the objective tumor response rate (confirmed CRs or PRs). The determination of antitumor efficacy was based on objective tumor assessments made according to the RECIST guideline (version 1.1). The analysis was performed in the evaluable population. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD or up to a maximum duration of 134 weeks.
| Intervention | Percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib | 4.2 |
Calculated in patients achieving a confirmed objective tumor response by RECIST version 1.1 criteria. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD or up to a maximum duration of 134 weeks.
| Intervention | Months (Number) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib | 2.76 |
Point and 95% confidence interval estimates was calculated for the disease control rate (confirmed CRs / PRs and SD > or = 6 weeks). The analysis was performed in the evaluable patient populations. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD or up to a maximum duration of 134 weeks.
| Intervention | Percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib | 83.3 |
The length of time during and after the treatment of a disease, such as cancer, that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse. In a clinical trial, measuring the progression-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD or up to a maximum duration of 134 weeks.
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Milciclib | 9.76 |
The proportion of successes (i.e. patients alive and progression-free at 3 months since treatment start) out of the total number of evaluable patients. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: 3 months since treatment start
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| Success | Failure | |
| Milciclib | 13 | 11 |
The area under the plot of plasma concentration of drug against time after drug administration is defined as the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC0-infinity is calculated from time 0 (prior to administration of medication) to infinity (the time of complete elimination of the drug). The AUC is of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the extent of absorption. (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)
| Intervention | ng.h/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test Product | 10419.8 |
| Reference Product | 11063.7 |
The area under the plot of plasma concentration of drug against time after drug administration is defined as the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC0-infinity is calculated from time 0 (prior to administration of medication) to infinity (the time of complete elimination of the drug). The AUC is of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the extent of absorption. (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)
| Intervention | ng.h/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test Product | 1776.28 |
| Reference Product | 1825.35 |
The area under the plot of plasma concentration of drug against time after drug administration is defined as the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC0-t is calculated from time 0 (prior to administration of medication) to time t (the time of the last quantifiable concentration). The AUC is of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the extent of absorption. ng, nanograms; ml, milliliter. (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)
| Intervention | ng.h/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test Product | 9623.4 |
| Reference Product | 10074.4 |
The area under the plot of plasma concentration of drug against time after drug administration is defined as the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC 0-t is calculated from time 0 (prior to administration of medication) to time t (the time of the last quantifiable concentration). The AUC is of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the extent of absorption. ng, nanograms; ml, milliliter. (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)
| Intervention | ng per hour per ml (ng.h/ml) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test Product | 1731.22 |
| Reference Product | 1770.93 |
"Cmax is defined as the maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration. Cmax is one of the parameters of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the total amount of drug absorbed." (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)
| Intervention | ng/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test Product | 1623.6 |
| Reference Product | 1663.9 |
"Cmax is defined as the maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration. Cmax is one of the parameters of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the total amount of drug absorbed." (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)
| Intervention | ng/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test Product | 265.45 |
| Reference Product | 270.97 |
Platelet responses to avatrombopag was evaluated using the platelet counts determined at local clinical laboratories. Only participants with non-missing data at both baseline and the relevant post-baseline visit are included in the change from baseline summary statistics. Standard deviation is not applicable for some of the categories, from Visit 14 to Visit 22, as the number of participants analyzed for that visit was 1 individual. (NCT01433978)
Timeframe: Day 5, Day 8, Week 2, Week 3, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12, Week 14, Week 16, Week 18, Week 19, Week 20, Week 22, Week 23, Week 24, Week 25, Week 26
| Intervention | cells x 10^9/L (Geometric Mean) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 3 (Day 5) | Visit 4 (Day 8) | Visit 5 (Week 2) | Visit 6 (Week 3) | Visit 7 (Week 4) | Visit 8 (Week 6) | Visit 9 (Week 8) | Visit 10 (Week 10) | Visit 11 (Week 12) | Visit 12 (Week 14 ) | Visit 13 (Week 16) | Visit 14 (Week 18) | Visit 15 (Week 19) | |
| Eltrombopag (Core Study) | 8.60 | 32.50 | 73.41 | 67.20 | 28.72 | 57.21 | 67.25 | 92.67 | 87.33 | 104.33 | 47.75 | 107.50 | 13.50 |
Platelet responses to avatrombopag was evaluated using the platelet counts determined at local clinical laboratories. Only participants with non-missing data at both baseline and the relevant post-baseline visit are included in the change from baseline summary statistics. Standard deviation is not applicable for some of the categories, from Visit 14 to Visit 22, as the number of participants analyzed for that visit was 1 individual. (NCT01433978)
Timeframe: Day 5, Day 8, Week 2, Week 3, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12, Week 14, Week 16, Week 18, Week 19, Week 20, Week 22, Week 23, Week 24, Week 25, Week 26
| Intervention | cells x 10^9/L (Geometric Mean) | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 3 (Day 5) | Visit 4 (Day 8) | Visit 5 (Week 2) | Visit 6 (Week 3) | Visit 7 (Week 4) | Visit 8 (Week 6) | Visit 9 (Week 8) | Visit 10 (Week 10) | Visit 11 (Week 12) | Visit 12 (Week 14 ) | Visit 13 (Week 16) | Visit 14 (Week 18) | Visit 15 (Week 19) | Visit 16 (Week 20) | Visit 18 (Week 22) | Visit 19 (Week 23) | Visit 20 (Week 24) | Visit 21 (Week 25) | Visit 22 (Week 26) | |
| Avatrombopag (Core Study) | 12.85 | 47.00 | 171.71 | 114.21 | 108.79 | 150.68 | 121.31 | 126.25 | 185.10 | 159.38 | 123.88 | 46.50 | 29.50 | 50.50 | 75.50 | 104.50 | 106.50 | 120.50 | 58.50 |
The cumulative number of weeks of platelet response is defined as the total numbers of weeks in which the platelet count is greater than or equal to 50 x 10^ 9/L during 6 months of treatment of core study in the absence of rescue therapy. (NCT01438840)
Timeframe: Week 1 to Week 26
| Intervention | Weeks (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Core Study) | 0 |
| Avatrombopag (Core Study) | 12.4 |
Only participants on concomitant ITP medications at baseline were included. (NCT01438840)
Timeframe: Week 1 through Week 26
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |
| Avatrombopag (Core Study) | 5 | 10 |
| Placebo (Core Study) | 0 | 7 |
Participants with platelet response at Day 8 are defined as those who had a platelet count greater than or equal to 50 x 10^9/L at day 8 in the absence of rescue therapy on or before Day 8. (NCT01438840)
Timeframe: Week 1 (Day 8)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |
| Avatrombopag (Core Study) | 21 | 11 |
| Placebo (Core Study) | 0 | 17 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards at predose, 5 , 15 and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1 and Day 7. The standardized (with respect to the length of time) area under the curve (AUC) for FEV1 was calculated using trapezoidal rule between 5 min and 12 h post. Analysis of covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and FEV1 period baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7
| Intervention | Liters (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 7 (n=31,29,30,31) | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.87 | 2.91 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 2.90 | 2.93 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.94 | 2.92 |
| Placebo | 2.68 | 2.70 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards at predose, 5, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 2 and 4 hours post-dose on Day 1 and Day 7. The standardized (with respect to the length of time) area under the curve (AUC) for FEV1 was calculated using trapezoidal rule between 5 min and 4 h post. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7
| Intervention | Liters (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 7 (n=33,30,32,33) | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.94 | 2.97 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 2.94 | 2.96 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 3.00 | 2.98 |
| Placebo | 2.72 | 2.73 |
Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards. Time to the peak (maximum) FEV1 is recorded. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7
| Intervention | Hours (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 7 (n=33,30,32,33) | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 3.98 | 3.00 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 3.02 | 3.05 |
| Placebo | 3.00 | 3.97 |
(NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day1, Day 7
| Intervention | Hours (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 (n=31,30,31) | Day 7 (n=33,31,31) | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 0.48 | 0.25 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 0.27 | 0.25 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 0.48 | 0.48 |
PEFR was measured on all days from Screening Visit 2 to end of study visit: twice daily pre-dose (prior to Inhaled Corticosteroids) and approximately 12 hours post-dose (during the treatment period). Each subject was provided with a PEFR meter and recorded the PEFR readings in a daily diary. repeated measures. Analysis of covariance with treatment, period, sequence, day and treatment-day interaction as fixed effect and subject as a random effect and baseline PEFR as a covariate in the model. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Up to 101 days
| Intervention | Liters per second (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Morning | Evening | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 444.11 | 463.28 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 451.33 | 474.09 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 447.15 | 464.39 |
| Placebo | 421.58 | 433.60 |
Adverse event are defined as any unfavorable and unintended diagnosis, symptoms, sign (including an abnormal lab finding), syndrome or disease which either occurs during the study, having been absent at baseline, or if present at baseline appear to worsen. Serious adverse events are any untoward medical occurrences that result in death, are life threatening, require (or prolong) hospitalization , cause persistent or significant disability/incapacity, result in congenital anomalies or birth defects, or are other conditions which in judgments of the investigators represent significant hazards. Additional information about adverse events can be found in the Adverse Event section (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Up to 101 days
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 14 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 16 |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 17 |
| Placebo | 10 |
Salbutamol (100 µg/puff) was used as rescued medicine. The total number of puffs per day was calculated and divided by the number of days with data to determine the mean daily number of puffs of rescue medication for each patient and was recorded in the patient diary from Baseline until Day 8 of Treatment Period 4. Analysis of covariance with treatment, period, sequence, and subject nested within sequence as fixed effect. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Up to 101 days
| Intervention | Puffs/day (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 1.98 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 1.90 |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 1.91 |
| Placebo | 1.94 |
Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards at Day 2. Trough FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. Trough FEV1 was defined as the average of the FEV1 measurements at 23 hours 10 minutes and 23 hours 45 minutes post dose at Day 2. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 2
| Intervention | Liters (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 2.83 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.84 |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.81 |
| Placebo | 2.62 |
Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards at Day 8. Trough FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. Trough FEV1 was defined as the average of the FEV1 measurements at 23 hours 10 minutes and 23 hours 45 minutes post dose.at Day 8. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 8
| Intervention | Liters (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 2.84 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.83 |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.80 |
| Placebo | 2.64 |
(NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7
| Intervention | hour*pg/mL (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 (n=30,30,27) | Day 7 (n=33,31,31) | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 451 | 952 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 501 | 1110 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 802 | 1770 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2. FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2
| Intervention | Liters (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 minutes post-dose | 5 minutes post-dose | 30 minutes post-dose | 1 hour post-dose | 2 hours post-dose | 3 hours post-dose | 4 hours post-dose | 8 hours post-dose | 12 hours post-dose | 23.16 hours post-dose | 23.75 hours post-dose | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.68 | 2.90 | 2.93 | 2.95 | 3.02 | 3.05 | 3.00 | 2.89 | 2.85 | 2.83 | 2.85 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 2.61 | 2.85 | 2.86 | 2.89 | 2.98 | 2.98 | 2.99 | 2.80 | 2.74 | 2.81 | 2.89 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.65 | 2.97 | 2.96 | 3.03 | 3.06 | 3.09 | 3.07 | 2.99 | 2.92 | 2.85 | 2.88 |
| Placebo | 2.67 | 2.66 | 2.70 | 2.73 | 2.82 | 2.80 | 2.77 | 2.70 | 2.71 | 2.59 | 2.68 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1,2,3,4,8,12 hours on Day 7 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 8. FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 8
| Intervention | Liters (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 minutes post-dose | 15 minutes post-dose | 30 minutes post-dose | 1 hour post-dose | 2 hours post-dose | 3 hours post-dose | 4 hours post-dose | 8 hours post-dose | 12 hours post-dose | 23.16 hours post-dose | 23.75 hours post-dose | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.85 | 2.92 | 2.94 | 2.97 | 3.00 | 3.06 | 3.02 | 2.89 | 2.82 | 2.79 | 2.87 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 2.80 | 2.87 | 2.91 | 2.94 | 2.99 | 2.99 | 2.98 | 2.82 | 2.76 | 2.79 | 2.89 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 2.79 | 2.88 | 2.92 | 2.96 | 3.00 | 2.99 | 2.98 | 2.88 | 2.80 | 2.79 | 2.87 |
| Placebo | 2.63 | 2.65 | 2.64 | 2.72 | 2.79 | 2.79 | 2.78 | 2.76 | 2.65 | 2.64 | 2.74 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2. FEV1/FVC ratio is the percentage of the total FVC that is expelled from the lungs during the first second of forced exhalation. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day1, Day 2
| Intervention | Ratio (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 minutes post-dose | 15 minutes post-dose | 30 minutes post-dose | 1 hour post-dose | 2 hours post-dose | 3 hours post-dose | 4 hours post-dose | 8 hours post-dose | 12 hours post-dose | 23.16 hours post-dose | 23.75 hours post-dose | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.66 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.65 |
| Placebo | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.63 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2 after treatment. FEV1/FVC ratio is the percentage of the total FVC that is expelled from the lungs during the first second of forced exhalation. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 8
| Intervention | Ratio (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 minutes post-dose | 15 minutes post-dose | 30 minutes post-dose | 1 hour post-dose | 2 hours post-dose | 3 hours post-dose | 4 hours post-dose | 8 hours post-dose | 12 hours post-dose | 23.16 hours post-dose | 23.75 hours post-dose | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.66 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.65 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.66 |
| Placebo | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.63 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2. The forced expiratory flow (FEF) 25%-75% measurement describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs during the middle half (25% - 75%) of the forced vital capacity test and is measured using spirometry. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2
| Intervention | Liters/second (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 minutes post-dose | 15 minutes post-dose | 30 minutes post-dose | 1 hour post-dose | 2 hours post-dose | 3 hours post-dose | 4 hours post-dose | 8 hours post-dose | 12 hours post-dose | 23.16 hours post-dose | 23.75 hours post-dose | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 1.54 | 1.82 | 1.84 | 1.89 | 1.92 | 1.99 | 1.92 | 1.79 | 1.76 | 1.78 | 1.75 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 1.55 | 1.78 | 1.80 | 1.79 | 1.90 | 1.89 | 1.94 | 1.71 | 1.63 | 1.70 | 1.77 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 1.52 | 1.81 | 1.82 | 1.95 | 1.93 | 2.01 | 1.94 | 1.83 | 1.77 | 1.68 | 1.76 |
| Placebo | 1.56 | 1.54 | 1.61 | 1.59 | 1.68 | 1.68 | 1.65 | 1.59 | 1.61 | 1.51 | 1.56 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 7 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 8. The forced expiratory flow (FEF) 25%-75% measurement describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs during the middle half (25% - 75%) of the forced vital capacity test and is measured using spirometry. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 8
| Intervention | Liters/second (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 minutes post-dose | 15 minutes post-dose | 30 minutes post-dose | 1 hour post-dose | 2 hours post-dose | 3 hours post-dose | 4 hours post-dose | 8 hours post-dose | 12 hours post-dose | 23.16 hours post-dose | 23.75 hours post-dose | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 1.71 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 1.87 | 1.91 | 2.02 | 1.93 | 1.81 | 1.76 | 1.68 | 1.79 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 1.70 | 1.76 | 1.80 | 1.82 | 1.88 | 1.91 | 1.90 | 1.71 | 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.74 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 1.69 | 1.78 | 1.80 | 1.89 | 1.89 | 1.88 | 1.88 | 1.80 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.73 |
| Placebo | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.57 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 1.69 | 1.65 | 1.64 | 1.56 | 1.52 | 1.62 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2. FVC is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2
| Intervention | Liters (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 minutes post-dose | 15 minutes post-dose | 30 minutes post-dose | 1 hour post-dose | 2 hours post-dose | 3 hours post-dose | 4 hours post-dose | 8 hours post-dose | 12 hours post-dose | 23.16 hours post-dose | 23.75 hours post-dose | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 4.23 | 4.34 | 4.39 | 4.38 | 4.45 | 4.44 | 4.40 | 4.35 | 4.29 | 4.31 | 4.36 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 4.11 | 4.29 | 4.29 | 4.33 | 4.39 | 4.38 | 4.39 | 4.20 | 4.16 | 4.34 | 4.41 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 4.30 | 4.52 | 4.47 | 4.49 | 4.54 | 4.52 | 4.54 | 4.51 | 4.42 | 4.44 | 4.41 |
| Placebo | 4.27 | 4.25 | 4.18 | 4.30 | 4.36 | 4.33 | 4.30 | 4.21 | 4.24 | 4.21 | 4.30 |
Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 7 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 8. FVC is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 8
| Intervention | Liters (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 minutes post-dose | 15 minutes post-dose | 30 minutes post-dose | 1 hour post-dose | 2 hours post-dose | 3 hours post-dose | 4 hours post-dose | 8 hours post-dose | 12 hours post-dose | 23.16 hours post-dose | 23.75 hours post-dose | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 4.35 | 4.36 | 4.37 | 4.41 | 4.42 | 4.46 | 4.44 | 4.31 | 4.25 | 4.29 | 4.34 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 4.28 | 4.34 | 4.36 | 4.37 | 4.39 | 4.37 | 4.38 | 4.24 | 4.17 | 4.32 | 4.41 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 4.30 | 4.33 | 4.36 | 4.35 | 4.40 | 4.40 | 4.39 | 4.29 | 4.23 | 4.30 | 4.34 |
| Placebo | 4.22 | 4.21 | 4.21 | 4.28 | 4.37 | 4.34 | 4.32 | 4.31 | 4.21 | 4.28 | 4.36 |
(NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7
| Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 (n=31,30,31) | Day 7 (n=33,31,31) | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 64.2 | 90.5 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 72.9 | 112 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 124 | 174 |
Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1,2,3,4,8,12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2 after 1 day of treatment and on Day 7 and Day 8 following 7 days of treatment. Peak FEV1 was the maximum FEV1 post treatment. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline included as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7
| Intervention | Liters (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 7 (n=33,30,32,33) | |
| 37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 3.05 | 3.10 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (LB) | 3.08 | 3.09 |
| 75 µg Indacaterol (PoS) | 3.11 | 3.11 |
| Placebo | 2.85 | 2.89 |
The primary outcome is the difference in the proportion of women having a 50% increase in breast milk volume at the end of 14 days of treatment with domperidone compared to mothers receiving placebo (mean day 14 volume minus mean day 0 volume at entry). (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: Day 0 to day 14
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Group A: Domperidone | 35 |
| Group B: Placebo + Domperidone | 26 |
Number of mothers who achieved 50% increase in milk volume on day 28 (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: day 0 to day 28
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Group A: Domperidone | 31 |
| Group B: Placebo + Domperidone | 28 |
Mean milk volumes between the two groups at 14 days of study intervention (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: Day 0 and day 14
| Intervention | millilitres (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Group A: Domperidone | 267 |
| Group B: Placebo + Domperidone | 217 |
Mean milk volumes between the two groups at 28 days of study intervention (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: day 0 and 28
| Intervention | millilitres (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Group A: Domperidone | 290 |
| Group B: Placebo + Domperidone | 302 |
change on the volume of milk from day 0 to day 14 between the two groups (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: days 0 and 14
| Intervention | millilitres (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Group A: Domperidone | 254 |
| Group B: Placebo + Domperidone | 175 |
change on the volume of milk from day 15 to day 28 between the two groups (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: day 15 and day 28
| Intervention | millilitres (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Group A: Domperidone | 22 |
| Group B: Placebo + Domperidone | 49 |
Provision of breast milk at 6 weeks post term gestation as primary source of nutrition (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: 6 weeks post term gestation
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Group A: Domperidone | 19 |
| Group B: Placebo + Domperidone | 20 |
provision of breast milk as the primary source of nutrition (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: term gestation
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Group A: Domperidone | 26 |
| Group B: Placebo + Domperidone | 27 |
Number of subjects experiencing hypotension, flushing, nausea, and emesis reported after administration of uterotonic agents. (NCT01549223)
Timeframe: Up to 15 min from time of infant delivery
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Standard Care Group | 3 |
| Protocol Group | 2 |
Will measure total amount of oxytocin to achieve satisfactory uterine tone, as determined by the operating obstetrician. (NCT01549223)
Timeframe: Up to 15 min from time of infant delivery
| Intervention | IU (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Standard Care Group | 8.4 |
| Protocol Group | 4.0 |
Change in lesion area (compared with baseline measurement) of treated telangiectasia. (NCT01752049)
Timeframe: 84 days
| Intervention | mm^2 (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Topical Timolol Maleate | -6 |
| Placebo | -8 |
IOP (fluid pressure inside the eye) was assessed using Goldmann applanation tonometry and measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Data from 4 and 8 weeks at 11 AM were pooled, and a negative change indicates an improvement. One eye (target eye) was used for the analysis. (NCT02325518)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), Week 4, Week 8 at 11 AM
| Intervention | mmHg (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Mean change pooled over Week 4 and Week 8 | |
| BRI/TIM | 17.0 | -3.3 |
| DOR/TIM | 17.0 | -3.4 |
IOP (fluid pressure inside the eye) was assessed using Goldmann applanation tonometry and measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Data from 4 and 8 weeks at 9 AM were pooled, and a negative change indicates an improvement. One eye (target eye) was used for the analysis. (NCT02325518)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), Week 4, Week 8 at 9 AM
| Intervention | mmHg (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Pool (Week 4, Week 8) | |
| BRI/TIM | 17.4 | -3.3 |
| DOR/TIM | 17.3 | -2.9 |
Responses determined per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1) for target lesions and assessed by CT or MRI, where Objective Response (OR) represents either a Complete Response (CR; disappearance of all target lesions) or a Partial Response (PR; at least a 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum diameters); Objective Response (OR) = CR + PR. (NCT02345265)
Timeframe: Up to 32 months
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer | 22.86 |
"PFS determined per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1), where disease progression represents at least a 20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions, appearance of one or more new lesions, or unequivocal progression of existing non-target lesions.~Homologous recombination repair (HRR) status was measured by the BROCA-HR assay. BROCA-HR is a targeted NGS platform including all known gynecologic cancer susceptibility genes and other DNA repair or related genes as well as a 3100 single nucleotide polymorphism panel to increase coverage for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis. HRR status was associated as a pooled group against PFS using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator with 95% confidence bands derived using Greenwood's formula." (NCT02345265)
Timeframe: Interval from start of treatment to documented disease progression per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1 or death from any cause, whichever occurs first, assessed up to 32 months.
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| HRRmt | 16.79 |
| HRRwt | 16.43 |
Overall survival (OS) was defined as the number of months between study enrollment and death from any cause. Patients still alive at the last follow-up were censored on the date of last contact. Japanese cohort not included in overall survival analysis, the cohort was only included in toxicity assessments. (NCT02446600)
Timeframe: Approximately 30 months
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Arm I (Platinum-based Chemotherapy) | 31.3 |
| Arm II (Olaparib) | 29.2 |
| Arm III (Olaparib, Cediranib Maleate) | 30.5 |
Disease-related physical symptoms were measured by the Disease-Related Symptom-Physical (DRS-P) subscale of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network/Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Ovarian Symptom Index-18 (NCCN/FOSI-18). The DRS-P subscale is composed of 9 items. For the negative statements (or questions), reversal was performed prior to score calculation. According to the FACIT measurement system, a subscale score was the summation of the individual item scores if more than 50% of subscale items were answered. When unanswered items existed, a subscale score was prorated by multiplying the mean of the answered item scores by the number of items in the subscale. The DRS-P score ranges 0-36 with a larger score suggesting better QOL (Quality of Life) or less symptoms. This analysis did not include the Japanese cohort. (NCT02446600)
Timeframe: Prior to cycle 1, week 12, week 24, week 36, week 48, week 60, week 72, week 84, week 96 and 108 weeks after starting treatment
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 Weeks | 24 Weeks | 36 Weeks | 48 Weeks | 60 Weeks | 72 Weeks | 84 Weeks | 96 Weeks | 108 Weeks | |
| Arm I (Platinum-based Chemotherapy) | 17.1 | 16.5 | 16.3 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 16.5 | 17.1 | 17.4 | 17.0 | 17.3 |
| Arm II (Olaparib) | 17.8 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 17.2 | 17.1 | 16.9 | 17.3 | 17.2 | 16.9 | 17.4 |
| Arm III (Olaparib, Cediranib Maleate) | 17.9 | 15.9 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 16.5 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 16.6 | 17.0 | 17.2 |
Number of treated patients with Adverse Events (grade 3 or higher) observed while receiving randomized therapy, by Preferred term with incidence rate greater than 5%. (NCT02446600)
Timeframe: During treatment period and up to 100 days after stopping the study treatment, up to 39 months.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anemia | Fatigue | Neutrophil count decreased | Platelet count decreased | Urinary tract infection | White blood cell decreased | |
| Arm I (Platinum-based Chemotherapy) | 23 | 3 | 51 | 24 | 10 | 22 |
| Arm II (Olaparib) | 28 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 11 | 3 |
| Arm III (Olaparib, Cediranib Maleate) | 11 | 31 | 7 | 3 | 15 | 2 |
| Japanese Cohort | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Progression free survival (PFS) was defined as the number of months between study enrollment and documentation of disease progression (RECIST 1.1) or death from any cause. Patients still alive and disease free at the last follow-up were censored on the date of last CT Scan, or the CT Scan date prior to two missed assessments. Japanese cohort not included in progression free survival analysis, only included in toxicity assessments. (NCT02446600)
Timeframe: The protocol required lesion assessments every 9 weeks from cycle 1, day 1 for the first year, then every 12 weeks thereafter until disease progression. An average of approximately 10 months.
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Arm I (Platinum-based Chemotherapy) | 10.3 |
| Arm II (Olaparib) | 8.2 |
| Arm III (Olaparib, Cediranib Maleate) | 10.4 |
"To evaluate efficacy and safety of HP-3070 compared with placebo for the treatment of schizophrenia as evaluated by the Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness Scale.~The severity of illness for each participant was rated using the CGI-S. The rater or Investigator answered the following question: Considering your total clinical experience with this particular population, how mentally ill is the participant at this time?. Response choices included: 0 = not assessed; 1 = normal, not at all ill, 2 = borderline mentally ill; 3 = mildly ill; 4 = moderately ill; 5 = markedly ill; 6 = severely ill; and 7 = among the most extremely ill participants." (NCT02876900)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Low Dose Asenapine Maleate Patch | -1.3 |
| High Dose Asenapine Maleate Patch | -1.2 |
| Placebo Patch | -0.9 |
"To evaluate efficacy and safety of HP-3070 compared with placebo for the treatment of schizophrenia as evaluated by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score.~The PANSS total score is the sum of all 30 items (7 positive items, 7 negative items, and 16 general psychopathology items). For each item, severity was rated on an anchored 7-point scale, with a score of 1 indicating the absence of symptoms and a score of 7 indicating extremely severe symptoms. If one or more items are missing at a given assessment, the total score is set to missing. Total score ranges from 30 to 210. Score indicates severity of the disease, i.e. low score = low severity." (NCT02876900)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Low Dose Asenapine Maleate Patch | -22.1 |
| High Dose Asenapine Maleate Patch | -20.4 |
| Placebo Patch | -15.5 |
Assess time to partial response or greater by VAS-color, comparing baseline to day 30, day 60, day 120 and day 180. Partial response: >30% and up to 80% reduction in color of hemangioma (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30-Day Visit | 60-Day Visit | 120-Day Visit | 180-Day Visit | |
| 0.25% Timolol Treatment | 17 | 19 | 25 | 29 |
| 0.5% Timolol Treatment | 20 | 21 | 28 | 30 |
| Non-Intervention Group | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 |
The VAS-volume is a 100 mm scale used to independently grade hemangioma volume. -100 indicates hemangioma has doubled in size, 0 indicates no change, and +100 indicates complete shrinkage. Partial response is defined as >20% and up to 80% reduction in volumetric size of hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| 0.25% Timolol Treatment | 24 |
| 0.5% Timolol Treatment | 28 |
| Non-Intervention Group | 15 |
The VAS-volume is a 100 mm scale used to independently grade hemangioma volume. -100 indicates hemangioma has doubled in size, 0 indicates no change, and +100 indicates complete shrinkage. Partial response is defined as >20% and up to 80% reduction in volumetric size of hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| 0.25% Timolol Treatment | 24 |
| 0.5% Timolol Treatment | 28 |
Comparison of partial response of hemangioma color (partial response or greater as assessed by VAS-color) between the two treatment arms. Partial response: >30% and up to 80% reduction in color of hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| 0.25% Timolol Treatment | 32 |
| 0.5% Timolol Treatment | 34 |
Absolute change in IH-QoL score scale from Day 0 to end of study within each treatment arm. The IH-QoL score scale consists of 4 domains (physical symptom of patient, social functioning of patient, social and psychological functioning of caregiver, and emotional functioning of caregiver) and 29 items, with each item scored on a Likert scale : 0 = never a problem, 1 = almost never a problem, 2 = sometimes a problem, 3 = often a problem and 4 = almost always a problem). The total range is 0-116; the higher the total number indicates a worse outcome. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: baseline, day 180
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.25% Timolol Treatment | 35.3 |
| 0.5% Timolol Treatment | 37.4 |
| Non-Intervention Group | 32.6 |
Absolute change in hemangioma dynamic complication scale from Day 0 to end of study within each treatment arm. The HDCS provides a 6-point severity grading system for 12 individual hemangioma-related complications (grade 0 represents absent to minimal; grade 5 = most severe). The total score ranges from 0-60. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: baseline, day 180
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.25% Timolol Treatment | 0 |
| 0.5% Timolol Treatment | -0.1 |
| Non-Intervention Group | 0 |
The VAS-color is a 100 mm scale used to independently grade hemangioma color. -100 indicates hemangioma is twice as intense, 0 indicates no change, and +100 indicates complete resolution. Partial response is defined as >30% and up to 80% reduction in color of hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| 0.25% Timolol Treatment | 32 |
| 0.5% Timolol Treatment | 34 |
| Non-Intervention Group | 19 |
Serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest from randomization to Day 180 in infants treated with topical timolol maleate (0.25% and 0.5%) GFS for the treatment of infantile hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: up to 270 days
| Intervention | adverse events (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| AEs of Special Interest | Serious AEs | |
| 0.25% Timolol Treatment | 14 | 3 |
| 0.5% Timolol Treatment | 14 | 2 |
Assess time to partial response or greater by VAS-volume, comparing baseline to day 30, day 60, day 120 and day 180. Partial response: >20% and up to 80% reduction in volumetric size of hemangioma (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 30 days, 60 days, 120 days, 180 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30-Day Visit | 60-Day Visit | 120-Day Visit | 180-Day Visit | |
| 0.25% Timolol Treatment | 12 | 17 | 18 | 23 |
| 0.5% Timolol Treatment | 14 | 19 | 21 | 24 |
| Non-Intervention Group | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
Objective cough frequency measured by ambulatory cough monitoring device (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12
| Intervention | coughs per hour (log transformed) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -0.185 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -0.192 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -0.271 |
| Placebo | -0.243 |
Objective cough frequency measured by ambulatory cough monitoring device (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2
| Intervention | coughs per hour (log transformed) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -0.180 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -0.181 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -0.215 |
| Placebo | -0.139 |
Objective cough frequency measured by ambulatory cough monitoring device (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | coughs per hour (log transformed) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -0.188 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -0.231 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -0.211 |
| Placebo | -0.169 |
"The urge-to-cough VAS was a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their urge to cough over the previous 24 hours (day/awake time and night time combined). The VAS ranged from no urge to cough (0 mm) on the left to severe urge to cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the urge to cough VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -23.8 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -14.5 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -19.7 |
| Placebo | -11.0 |
"The urge-to-cough VAS was a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their urge to cough over the previous 24 hours (day/awake time and night time combined). The VAS ranged from no urge to cough (0 mm) on the left to severe urge to cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the urge to cough VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -19.0 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -12.0 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -17.3 |
| Placebo | -8.8 |
"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -18.8 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -11.6 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -20.1 |
| Placebo | -10.6 |
The Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) is a 19 item questionnaire that assessed cough related quality of life. It has three domains (physical, psychological and social) and subjects were asked to complete it based on their experience in a recall period of 8 weeks. The total score range is 3 to 21 and domain scores each range from 1 to 7; a higher score indicated a better quality of life. Subjects completed the LCQ whilst in the clinic at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Total score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | 2.78 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | 2.19 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | 2.82 |
| Placebo | 1.34 |
"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -17.7 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -10.5 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -13.5 |
| Placebo | -6.3 |
The Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) is a 19 item questionnaire that assessed cough related quality of life. It has three domains (physical, psychological and social) and subjects were asked to complete it based on their experience in a recall period of 4 weeks. The total score range is 3 to 21 and domain scores each range from 1 to 7; a higher score indicated a better quality of life. Subjects completed the LCQ whilst in the clinic at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4
| Intervention | Total score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | 2.50 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | 2.15 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | 2.98 |
| Placebo | 1.61 |
The Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) is a 19 item questionnaire that assessed cough related quality of life. It has three domains (physical, psychological and social) and subjects were asked to complete it based on their experience in a recall period of 2 weeks. The total score range is 3 to 21 and domain scores each range from 1 to 7; a higher score indicated a better quality of life. Subjects completed the LCQ whilst in the clinic at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2
| Intervention | Total score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | 2.41 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | 2.37 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | 2.93 |
| Placebo | 1.24 |
"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -12.8 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -7.8 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -6.2 |
| Placebo | -3.9 |
"The urge-to-cough VAS was a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their urge to cough over the previous 24 hours (day/awake time and night time combined). The VAS ranged from no urge to cough (0 mm) on the left to severe urge to cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the urge to cough VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -23.7 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -12.6 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -22.9 |
| Placebo | -11.8 |
"The urge-to-cough VAS was a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their urge to cough over the previous 24 hours (day/awake time and night time combined). The VAS ranged from no urge to cough (0 mm) on the left to severe urge to cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the urge to cough VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -20.8 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -12.0 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -13.8 |
| Placebo | -7.0 |
The Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) is a 19 item questionnaire that assessed cough related quality of life. It has three domains (physical, psychological and social) and subjects were asked to complete it based on their experience in a recall period of 12 weeks. The total score range is 3 to 21 and domain scores each range from 1 to 7; a higher score indicated a better quality of life. Subjects completed the LCQ whilst in the clinic at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12
| Intervention | Total score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | 2.38 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | 2.09 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | 3.23 |
| Placebo | 1.50 |
"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -11.5 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -6.8 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -9.8 |
| Placebo | -2.2 |
"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -21.0 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -9.9 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -18.6 |
| Placebo | -8.2 |
"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -10.1 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -7.9 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -5.8 |
| Placebo | -2.7 |
"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -17.9 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -9.4 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -15.9 |
| Placebo | -7.8 |
"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12
| Intervention | Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Orvepitant 10mg | -8.9 |
| Orvepitant 20mg | -7.1 |
| Orvepitant 30mg | -9.6 |
| Placebo | -1.5 |
The Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF) 25%-75% measurement describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs during the middle half (25% - 75%) of the forced vital capacity test and is measured using spirometry at each post dose time point after 14 days (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min
| Intervention | Liters/second (Least Squares Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 min | 15 min | 30 min | 1 hour | 2 hour | 4 hour | 8 hour | 12 hour | 23 hour 15 min | 23 hour 45 min | |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 1.6918 | 1.7458 | 1.7413 | 1.7349 | 1.8074 | 1.7503 | 1.6774 | 1.5849 | 1.6257 | 1.6580 |
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 1.6968 | 1.7454 | 1.7347 | 1.7715 | 1.7907 | 1.7663 | 1.6755 | 1.6549 | 1.6667 | 1.6446 |
| Placebo | 1.4962 | 1.4531 | 1.4690 | 1.4963 | 1.5088 | 1.4843 | 1.4217 | 1.3862 | 1.4214 | 1.4584 |
FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of forced exhalation. Treatment differences in trough FEV1 after 14 days of treatment between indacaterol maleate 150 μg and placebo, between indacaterol acetate 150 μg and placebo and indacaterol maleate and indacaterol acetate (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods
| Intervention | Liters (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate | 2.4173 |
| Indacaterol Acetate | 2.3774 |
| Placebo | 2.2191 |
The differences in median time to peak FEV1 (h) between indacaterol maleate 150 µg and placebo (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods
| Intervention | h (Median) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate | -0.02 |
| Indacaterol Acetate | -0.02 |
| Placebo | 0.00 |
Time of maximal plasma concentration of indacaterol maleate and indacaterol acetate at steady state. Time to reach the maximum concentration after administration. In this analysis Tmax will be reported using blood samples taken on Days 14 (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods
| Intervention | h (Median) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 0.250 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 0.467 |
Maximal plasma concentrations of indacaterol maleate and indacaterol acetate at steady state. The maximum concentration (Cmax) were obtained directly from the measured concentration-time curves. The concentration-time curve is the result of time points of blood sampling and its measured concentration in the blood samplings. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods
| Intervention | pg/mL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 249 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 224 |
The lowest plasma (or serum or blood) concentration observed during a dosing interval at steady state. Only summary statistics was provided. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods
| Intervention | pg/mL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 56 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 52.3 |
The mean daily number of puffs of rescue medication usage as reported by subjects via diary. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: 14 days of treatment for each of the three treatment periods
| Intervention | Puffs (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 1.01 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 1.01 |
| Placebo | 1.43 |
AUC 0-24hours of plasma concentrations of indacaterol maleate and indacaterol acetate at steady state.The area under the concentrations-time curve (AUC0-24) was calculated with the measured data points from the time of administration up to 24 h after administration by the trapezoidal formula. The concentration-time curve is the result of time points of blood sampling and its measured concentration in the blood samplings (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods
| Intervention | h*pg/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 2300 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 2050 |
A Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) meter was distributed to patients at Visit 1, to be used to measure PEF twice-daily as directed. During the Screening and Treatment Periods, PEF was measured in the morning and evening every day. the morning PEF was performed within 15 minutes after waking, and the evening PEF approximately 12 hours later. The highest of 3 values was recorded as the daily personal best. The personal best was used to calculate the mean morning PEF and mean evening PEF value collected between assessment Visits LS Mean of change from baseline in mean morning PEF is calculated with the ANOVA model using treatment, stratification group, dosing schedule, gender, center grouping, smoking status, and baseline mean morning PEF as covariates (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Days 8 through Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods
| Intervention | Liters/min (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 409.7 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 407.6 |
| Placebo | 376.8 |
Standardized FEV1 AUC from pre-dose to 4 h post-dose. Evaluated the differences in standardized FEV1 AUC0-4h (L) after 14 days of treatment between indacaterol maleate 150 μg and placebo, and between indacaterol acetate 150 μg and placebo. FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. The standardized AUC FEV1 was calculated as the sum of trapezoids divided by the length of time over an entire day (AUC 0-4h) (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Pre-dose to 4 hours post-dose on Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods
| Intervention | Liters (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 2.5179 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 2.5151 |
| Placebo | 2.2703 |
Bronchodilator effect of indacaterol salts compared to placebo in terms of FEV1/FVC at each post dose time point after 14 days. FEV1/FVC ratio is the percentage of the total FVC that is expelled from the lungs during the first second of forced exhalation. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min
| Intervention | Ratio (Least Squares Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 min | 15 min | 30 min | 1 hour | 2 hour | 4 hour | 8 hour | 12 hour | 23 hour 15 min | 23 hour 45 min | |
| Indacaterol Acetate | 0.6952 | 0.7017 | 0.6996 | 0.7007 | 0.7085 | 0.7010 | 0.6967 | 0.6885 | 0.6853 | 0.6899 |
| Indacaterol Maleate | 0.6979 | 0.7002 | 0.7012 | 0.7053 | 0.7085 | 0.7057 | 0.6962 | 0.6958 | 0.6898 | 0.6934 |
| Placebo | 0.6729 | 0.6672 | 0.6706 | 0.6729 | 0.6747 | 0.6732 | 0.6651 | 0.6599 | 0.6572 | 0.6633 |
Relative bioavailability will be determined for AUC0-24h,ss and Cmax,ss comparing systemic exposure of indacaterol acetate and indacaterol maleate. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14
| Intervention | Ratio (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Indacaterol Maleate / Indacaterol Acetate | 0.912 |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 0.910 |
"The FEV1 percent predicted expresses FEV1 as a percentage of the predicted values for participants of similar characteristics (height, age, sex, and sometimes race and weight). A positive change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted indicates improvement in lung function. FEV1 % predicted was assessed at each post dose time point after 14 days" (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min
| Intervention | Percent of predicted (Least Squares Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 min | 15 min | 30 min | 1 hour | 2 hours | 4 hours | 8 hours | 12 hours | 23 hours 15 min | 23 hours 45 min | |
| Indacaterol Acetate | 78.2 | 78.5 | 78.9 | 78.8 | 79.8 | 79.1 | 77.5 | 75.0 | 76.1 | 77.2 |
| Indacaterol Maleate | 78.2 | 78.7 | 79.4 | 79.5 | 79.6 | 78.8 | 77.5 | 76.2 | 77.9 | 77.8 |
| Placebo | 71.1 | 70.2 | 70.7 | 71.4 | 72.0 | 71.8 | 70.2 | 68.6 | 71.0 | 71.4 |
Forced Vital Capacity is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. FVC was assessed by spirometry at each post dose time point after 14 days. A positive change from baseline in FVC indicates improvement in lung function. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min
| Intervention | Percentage of predicted FVC (Least Squares Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 min | 15 min | 30 min | 1 hour | 2 hours | 4 hours | 8 hours | 12 hours | 23 hours 15 min | 23 hours 45 min | |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 91.2 | 90.7 | 91.4 | 91.1 | 91.4 | 91.3 | 90.3 | 88.2 | 89.9 | 90.6 |
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 90.4 | 90.8 | 91.6 | 91.1 | 90.7 | 90.5 | 90.4 | 88.5 | 91.5 | 90.6 |
| Placebo | 85.3 | 84.9 | 85.1 | 85.6 | 85.9 | 86.2 | 85.4 | 84 | 86.9 | 86.5 |
Forced Vital Capacity is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. FVC was assessed by spirometry at each post dose time point after 14 days. A positive change from baseline in FVC indicates improvement in lung function. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min
| Intervention | liter (Least Squares Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 min | 15 min | 30 min | 1 hour | 2 hour | 4 hour | 8 hour | 12 hour | 23 hour 15 min | 23 hour 45 min | |
| Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg | 3.5912 | 3.5773 | 3.6039 | 3.5886 | 3.5992 | 3.5999 | 3.5617 | 3.4812 | 3.5448 | 3.5731 |
| Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg | 3.5648 | 3.5850 | 3.6068 | 3.5946 | 3.5789 | 3.5674 | 3.5670 | 3.4941 | 3.6055 | 3.5668 |
| Placebo | 3.3783 | 3.3600 | 3.3664 | 3.3873 | 3.3987 | 3.4053 | 3.3680 | 3.3193 | 3.4199 | 3.4185 |
Bronchodilator effect of indacaterol salts compared to placebo in terms of FEV1. Day 14, FEV1 was measured at 24hours post dose (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min
| Intervention | Liter (Least Squares Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 min | 15 min | 30 min | 1 hour | 2 hour | 4 hour | 8 hour | 12 hour | 23 hour 15 min | 23 hour 45 min | |
| Indacaterol Acetate | 2.4813 | 2.4965 | 2.5047 | 2.5018 | 2.5338 | 2.5103 | 2.4596 | 2.3836 | 2.4022 | 2.4424 |
| Indacaterol Maleate | 2.4795 | 2.5005 | 2.5204 | 2.5279 | 2.5286 | 2.5054 | 2.4668 | 2.4222 | 2.4678 | 2.4585 |
| Placebo | 2.2617 | 2.2282 | 2.2475 | 2.2670 | 2.2792 | 2.2781 | 2.2272 | 2.1779 | 2.2398 | 2.2631 |
An Adverse Event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (e.g., a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug, whether or not it is considered related to the drug. A treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) is defined as an adverse event with an onset that occurs after receiving study drug. A SAE is an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any following reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; or congenital anomaly; or a medically important event. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 14 days after the last dose of study drug (Up to approximately 39 days)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| TEAEs | SAEs | |
| Part 1: Placebo | 4 | 1 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 4 | 1 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 3 | 0 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 4 | 0 |
| Part 2: Metoclopramide 10 mg | 1 | 0 |
| Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fasted Condition | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fed Condition | 1 | 0 |
The GEBT is a nonradioactive, noninvasive, orally administered test for measuring the rate of solid phase gastric emptying (GE) in adults. The GEBT measures how fast solid food moves from the stomach to the small intestine during the digestive process and aids in the diagnosis of delayed stomach emptying (GP). GE half-emptying time is the time in minutes (min) for half of the ingested solids to leave the stomach. This value was measured by the 13C spirulina GEBT. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 1 of Part 1
| Intervention | minute (min) (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Day 1 | |
| Part 1: Placebo | 118.74 | -5.71 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 122.50 | 0.71 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 121.26 | 6.74 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 130.18 | 0.12 |
The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) values outside the range Heart Rate <50 (beats/min), PR Interval ≤120 (msec), PR Interval ≥200 (msec), QRS Duration ≥120 (msec), QT Interval ≥460 (msec) were considered markedly abnormal. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 14 days after the last dose of study drug (Up to approximately 39 days)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate (bpm) <50 | PR Interval (msec) ≤120 | PR Interval (msec) ≥200 | QRS Duration (msec) ≥120 | QT Interval (msec) ≥460 | |
| Part 1: Placebo | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Part 2: Metoclopramide 10 mg | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fasted Condition | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fed Condition | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Clinical Laboratory parameters included tests for chemistry, hematology and urinalysis. Markedly abnormal values during treatment period were categorized as:alanine aminotransferase (ALT)>3.0 U/L*upper limit of normal(ULN),albumin<25 g/L*lower limit of normal(LLN),alkaline phosphatase >3.0 U/L*ULN,aspartate aminotransferase >3.0 U/L*ULN,bilirubin >2 umol/L*ULN,blood urea nitrogen(BUN) >10.7 mmol/L,calcium <1.75 mmol/L, >2.88 mmol/L,chloride <75 mmol/L, >126 mmol/L,creatinine >177umol/L,gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) >3 U/L*ULN,glucose <2.8 mmol/L, >19.4 mmol/L,phosphate <0.52 mmol/L, >2.10 mmol/L,potassium<3 mmol/L, >6 mmol/L,sodium <130 mmol/L, >150 mmol/L,hematocrit (%) <0.8*LLN, >1.2*ULN,hemoglobin <0.8 g/L*LLN, >1.2 g/L*ULN,leukocytes <0.5 (10^9/L)*LLN, >1.5 (10^9/L)*ULN,erythrocytes<0.8 (10^12/L)*LLN, >1.2(10^12/L)*ULN,platelets <75(10^9/L), >600(10^9/L). Participants with at least 1 markedly abnormal laboratory parameter value is reported. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 14 days after the last dose of study drug in Part 1 (Up to approximately 23 days)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hematocrit (%)<0.8 x LLN | Hemoglobin (g/L) <0.8 x LLN | ALT >3.0 U/Lx ULN | AST >3.0 U/L x ULN | BUN >10.7 mmol/L | Calcium >2.88 mmol/L | GGT >3 x ULN | Sodium (mmol/L) <130 mmol/L | |
| Part 1: Placebo | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Part 1: Day 1 predose and at multiple timepoints, (Up to 8 hours) postdose and Day 7 predose and at multiple timepoints (Up to 48 hours) postdose
| Intervention | hour (hr) (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 7 | |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 1.00 | 0.98 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Vital signs included body temperature, diastolic and systolic blood pressure (mmHg), and heart rate (beats per minute [bpm]). Heart rate<50 bpm and systolic blood pressure <85 mmHg were considered markedly abnormal. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 14 days after the last dose of study drug (Up to approximately 39 days)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate (bpm) <50 | Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) <85 | |
| Part 1: Placebo | 0 | 1 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 0 | 0 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 0 | 0 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 1 | 0 |
| Part 2: Metoclopramide 10 mg | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fasted Condition | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fed Condition | 0 | 0 |
The GEBT is a nonradioactive, noninvasive, orally administered test for measuring the rate of solid phase gastric emptying (GE) in adults. The GEBT measures how fast solid food moves from the stomach to the small intestine during the digestive process and aids in the diagnosis of delayed stomach emptying (GP). GE half-emptying time is the time in minutes (min) for half of the ingested solids to leave the stomach. This value was measured by the 13C spirulina GEBT. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 7
| Intervention | min (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Day 7 | |
| Part 1: Placebo | 118.74 | 4.55 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 122.50 | 7.72 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 121.26 | 7.80 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 130.18 | 6.21 |
(NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Part 1: Day 1 predose and at multiple timepoints, (Up to 8 hours) postdose and Day 7 predose and at multiple timepoints (Up to 48 hours) postdose
| Intervention | h*ng/mL (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 7 | |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 131 | 166 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 23.0 | 26.3 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 4.67 | 5.46 |
SmartPill is an ingestible capsule that measures pressure, potential of hydrogen (pH) and temperature as it travels through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to assess GE and GI motility. SmartPill eliminates radiation exposure and is the only motility test that provides a complete transit profile of the GI tract. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 7
| Intervention | percent change in GE time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1: Placebo | 124.62 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 61.72 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 419.27 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 71.09 |
Change in serum prolactin on Day 1 at the Tmax, time of first occurrence of maximum serum concentration (Cmax) relative to Baseline was calculated as a ratio of maximum serum prolactin concentration on Day 1 to serum prolactin concentration at Baseline. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Day 1 predose (Baseline), 1 hour and at multiple timepoints (Up to 8 hours) postdose
| Intervention | ratio (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1: Placebo | 1.54 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 12.77 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 19.92 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 20.07 |
(NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Part 1: Day 1 predose and at multiple timepoints, (Up to 8 hours) postdose and Day 7 predose and at multiple timepoints (Up to 48 hours) postdose
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 7 | |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 75.7 | 99.6 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 12.0 | 15.5 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 2.27 | 2.87 |
(NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Part 1: Predose on Days 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predose on Day 2 | Predose on Day 3 | Predose on Day 4 | Predose on Day 5 | Predose on Day 6 | Predose on Day 7 | Predose on Day 8 | Predose on Day 9 | |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg | 0.770 | 0.958 | 1.17 | 1.95 | 1.01 | 1.48 | 1.16 | 1.40 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg | 0.262 | 0.503 | 0.302 | 1.09 | 0.412 | 0.336 | 0.522 | 0.280 |
| Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg | 0.0121 | 0.0423 | 0.0178 | 0.0457 | 0.0423 | 0.0596 | 0.0763 | 0.0700 |
Response is: CR + complete response with incomplete recovery of platelets (CRp) + complete response with incomplete recovery of counts (CRi) within 3 months. CR: Bone Marrow blasts /= 1,000, Platelets >/= 100 and no extra medullary disease.CRp: Bone Marrow blasts /= 1,000 and no extra medullary disease. CRi: Bone Marrow blasts NCT03390296)
Timeframe: within 3 months of initiation of therapy
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Arm A (Anti-OX40 Antibody PF-04518600) | 0 |
| Arm B (Azacitidine, Venetoclax, GO) | 8 |
| Arm C (Azacitidine, GO, Avelumab) | 1 |
| Arm D (Azacitidine, Venetoclax, Avelumab) | 2 |
| Arm F (GO, Glasdegib) | 0 |
Time from date of treatment start until date of death due to any cause or last Follow-up. (NCT03390296)
Timeframe: Up to 4 years
| Intervention | Months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Arm A (Anti-OX40 Antibody PF-04518600) | 3.0 |
| Arm B (Azacitidine, Venetoclax, GO) | 7.6 |
| Arm C (Azacitidine, GO, Avelumab) | 5.9 |
| Arm D (Azacitidine, Venetoclax, Avelumab) | 4.8 |
| Arm F (GO, Glasdegib) | 1.1 |
ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis . The ANMS GCSI-DD composite score included score of nausea, early satiety, upper abdominal pain and postprandial fullness. The severity scores of these symptoms range from 0 (none) to 4 (very severe). The daily composite score was calculated by summing the scores on the 4 symptom items (nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain) and then dividing by 4, that is the number of items within the composite score. Thus, the maximum daily composite score was (4 symptoms × maximum score 4 divided by 4) = 16/4 = 4. The ANMS GCSI-DD daily composite score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 42.5 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | 39.1 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | 47.2 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | 41.9 |
ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD composite score included score of nausea, early satiety, upper abdominal pain, and postprandial fullness. The severity scores of these symptoms range from 0 (none) to 4 (very severe). The daily composite score was calculated by summing the scores on the 4 symptom items (nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain) and then dividing by 4, that is the number of items within the composite score. Thus, the maximum daily composite score was (4 symptoms × maximum score 4 divided by 4) = 16/4 = 4. The ANMS GCSI-DD daily composite score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. Mixed-effects Model for Repeated Measures (MMRM) was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.19 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -1.11 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -1.17 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -1.21 |
The bloating severity scale was scored from 0 to 4 (where 0 = no symptom and 4 = severe symptom). The daily total score can range from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.15 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -1.09 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -1.26 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -1.16 |
ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD assesses nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain on a severity score calculated from a 5-point Likert scale. The ANMS GCSI-DD early satiety symptom score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.26 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -1.25 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -1.17 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -1.33 |
ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD assesses nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain on a severity score calculated from a 5-point Likert scale. The ANMS GCSI-DD nausea symptom score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.42 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -1.36 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -1.36 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -1.40 |
The overall severity of gastroparesis symptoms is the participant report of the overall severity rating of their symptoms as entered daily in the ANMS GCSI-DD and at time of visit. Severity was rated on a 0 (none) to 4 (very severe) scale. Higher score values indicated more severe symptoms. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.20 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -1.02 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -1.22 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -1.25 |
ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD assesses nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain on a severity score calculated from a 5-point Likert scale. The ANMS GCSI-DD postprandial fullness symptom score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.32 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -1.26 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -1.27 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -1.35 |
Symptomatic weeks are weeks with average composite symptom score assessed as >mild [ANMS GCSI-DD score ≥2] during 12 weeks of treatment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of weeks (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 54.89 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | 46.42 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | 50.03 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | 51.31 |
Vomiting frequency was collected as the number of times a participant vomited in a 24-hour period i.e., vomiting episodes using the ANMS GCSI-DD. The daily score was averaged over 7 days. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | vomiting episodes/day (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -0.71 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -0.44 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -0.48 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -0.63 |
Daily total score was calculated by summing scores on each of the 5 symptom items in ANMS GCSI-DD (nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, upper abdominal pain and vomiting) plus the bloating severity item and then dividing by 6. When calculating total score, vomiting frequency was scored from 0 to 4 (where 0=no vomiting and 4=four or more episodes of vomiting). The daily total score can range from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. MMRM was used for analyses. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.10 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -1.00 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -1.09 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -1.11 |
ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD assesses nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain on a severity score calculated from a 5-point Likert scale. The ANMS GCSI-DD upper abdominal pain symptom score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -0.72 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -0.68 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -0.90 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -0.76 |
The PAGI-SYM total score is defined as the mean of 6 PAGI-SYM subscale scores from 20 items. A 6-point Likert response scale, ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (very severe), is used to measure symptom severity in participants with upper GI disorders. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.33 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg | -1.25 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg | -1.51 |
| TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg | -1.57 |
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes | allergen; epitope; sensitiser |
| ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | chloroethanes | hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent |
| alpha-ketoglutaric acid 2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle. | 2.93 | 1 | 0 | oxo dicarboxylic acid | fundamental metabolite |
| acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body | metabolite |
| 3-phenylpropionic acid 3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group. | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid | antifungal agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| cysteine sulfinic acid cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid | antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ethanediol; glycol | metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin |
| acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent |
| acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H). | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent |
| acetyl phosphate acetyl dihydrogen phosphate : An acyl monophosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | acyl monophosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| adenine [no description available] | 2.79 | 3 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid | food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite |
| ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2. | 3.25 | 6 | 0 | azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant |
| benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids | algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
| butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group. | 2.49 | 2 | 0 | fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| carbamates [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | amino-acid anion | |
| carbamyl phosphate Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING). | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | acyl monophosphate; one-carbon compound | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. | 2.54 | 2 | 0 | carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound | biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent |
| formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent |
| catechol [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | catechols | allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite |
| choline [no description available] | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | cholines | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | tricarboxylic acid | |
| citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. | 5.76 | 20 | 1 | tricarboxylic acid | antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
| chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. | 3.47 | 8 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic chlorine | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms. | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride | mouse metabolite |
| salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL). | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid | algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite |
| 2-butynedioic acid 2-butynedioic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. butynedioic acid : An acetylenic compound that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by carboxy groups. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; C4-dicarboxylic acid | |
| 4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminophenol | allergen; metabolite |
| 3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid | human metabolite |
| guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | guaiacols | disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite |
| methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group. | 8.68 | 3 | 0 | C4-dicarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group. | 3.7 | 10 | 0 | 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid | food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
| propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids | antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
| lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 3.28 | 6 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite |
| dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | sulfoxide; volatile organic compound | alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger |
| hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | chlorocyclohexane | |
| glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid. | 2.93 | 4 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid | Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite |
| glycine [no description available] | 3.39 | 7 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical |
| glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil. | 3.46 | 7 | 0 | alditol; triol | algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent |
| glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| histamine [no description available] | 3.04 | 5 | 0 | aralkylamino compound; imidazoles | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond. | 3.21 | 6 | 0 | elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity | antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite |
| hydroquinone [no description available] | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | benzenediol; hydroquinones | antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1. | 7.02 | 1 | 0 | imidazole | |
| itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. | 5.23 | 8 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound | fungal metabolite; human metabolite |
| thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid | fundamental metabolite; geroprotector |
| malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups. | 8.61 | 9 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound | amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cyclitol; hexol | |
| melatonin [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
| nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28. | 7.8 | 3 | 0 | metal allergen; nickel group element atom | epitope; micronutrient |
| niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
| niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | |
| nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms. | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | nitrogen oxoacid | protic solvent; reagent |
| hydroxide ion [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | oxygen hydride | mouse metabolite |
| hydroxypyruvic acid hydroxypyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxypyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate involved in the glycine and serine metabolism. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid | geroprotector; metabolite |
| oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2. | 5.96 | 25 | 1 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 4-nitrophenols | human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| phenol [no description available] | 7.36 | 2 | 0 | phenols | antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| phenylpyruvic acid phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.. keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | chromogenic compound; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom. | 12.52 | 28 | 2 | phosphoric acids | algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent |
| phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | phosphocholines | allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions. | 3.12 | 5 | 0 | benzenedicarboxylic acid | human xenobiotic metabolite |
| propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze. | 7.6 | 1 | 0 | glycol; propane-1,2-diols | allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent |
| propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group. | 2.59 | 2 | 0 | saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid | antifungal drug |
| purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | purine | |
| pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines | antitubercular agent; prodrug |
| pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate | coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyridoxamine [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyridoxamine phosphate pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | aminoalkylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | cofactor; fundamental metabolite |
| sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis | 7.01 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines | Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. | 10.44 | 24 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid | anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent |
| sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | sulfur oxoacid | catalyst |
| thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | primary alcohol; vitamin B1 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound | cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent |
| uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. | 7.44 | 2 | 0 | isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | prenol phosphate | antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen |
| 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene | agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin |
| 2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dinitrophenol | allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor |
| meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol | anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent |
| 3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound | antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin |
| 4-aminopyridine [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; aromatic amine | avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker |
| p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid | |
| phenytoin [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxyquinoline | antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator |
| tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | acridines; aromatic amine | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | 3.56 | 8 | 0 | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | 3.24 | 6 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor |
| albendazole [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester | anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| alpha-methyl-dl-aspartate 2-methylaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| aluminum fluoride [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | aluminium coordination entity | |
| aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline | adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | N-acylglycine | Daphnia magna metabolite |
| theophylline [no description available] | 3.29 | 6 | 0 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| 2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound | |
| amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
| amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
| astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; piperidines | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic |
| azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | azobenzenes | |
| benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone | uricosuric drug |
| benzethonium Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol | |
| bithionol Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; bridged diphenyl antifungal drug; bridged diphenyl fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine pesticide; polyphenol | antifungal agrochemical; antiplatyhelmintic drug |
| bumetanide [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide | diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor |
| bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound | |
| buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines | anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist |
| busulfan [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent |
| caffeine [no description available] | 3.13 | 5 | 0 | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; ureas | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic |
| carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile | antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore |
| celecoxib [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups. | 4.69 | 6 | 1 | quaternary ammonium ion | |
| chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug |
| chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. | 3.19 | 6 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound | muscle relaxant; sedative |
| ciclopirox [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone | antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic |
| ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; thiazolidinone | antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug |
| cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile | adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| ciprofibrate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | antilipemic drug |
| ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzamides | |
| citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound | |
| clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist |
| clomiphene [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine | estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| clotrimazole [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes | antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| cromolyn cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | chromones; dicarboxylic acid | anti-asthmatic drug; calcium channel blocker |
| cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia. | 2.33 | 2 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| dapsone [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | substituted aniline; sulfone | anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug |
| desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine | |
| pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | pentacarboxylic acid | copper chelator |
| diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | imidothiocarbamic ester | |
| dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | dithiol; primary alcohol | chelator |
| diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative |
| dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| disulfiram [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor |
| valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent |
| donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent |
| erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker |
| ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | alkane-alpha,omega-diamine | GABA agonist |
| etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator |
| famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide | anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound | ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore |
| felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester | anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent |
| fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding. | 7.02 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| fipexide fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzodioxoles | |
| fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone | prodrug |
| flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist |
| fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | |
| flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor |
| furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| gemfibrozil [no description available] | 7.73 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether | antilipemic drug |
| gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | ||
| glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound | inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger |
| glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5. | 3.24 | 6 | 0 | dialdehyde | cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative |
| glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | piperidines | |
| guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines. | 7.45 | 2 | 0 | carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound | |
| haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. | 6.22 | 5 | 1 | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene | acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug |
| hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | thioxanthenes | mutagen; schistosomicide drug |
| hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| hydroxyurea [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | one-carbon compound; ureas | antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent |
| ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic |
| phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | primary amine | |
| lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline. | 2.78 | 3 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic |
| ifosfamide [no description available] | 2.72 | 3 | 0 | ifosfamides | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | bipyridines | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic |
| iproniazid [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | carbohydrazide; pyridines | |
| avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzenes | |
| isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
| benzylsuccinic acid benzylsuccinic acid: inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A. 2-benzylsuccinic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of succinic acid carrying a 2-benzyl substituent. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite |
| labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles | angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | anthracenes | |
| mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester | antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| meclofenamate sodium anhydrous [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| memantine [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical |
| meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603) | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 2.77 | 3 | 0 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative | anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative |
| methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester. | 2 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol | |
| nocodazole [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes | antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines | |
| metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor |
| metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. | 2.75 | 3 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist |
| miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. | 2.74 | 3 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles | |
| ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. | 7.34 | 2 | 0 | maleimides | anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor |
| nalidixic acid [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent |
| nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | |
| nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | isoquinolines | dopamine uptake inhibitor |
| ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline | |
| oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid | analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| oxibendazole oxibendazole: structure | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; carbamate ester | |
| aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; phenols | antitubercular agent |
| quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzoquinones | cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| pamidronate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | phosphonoacetic acid | |
| 4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene | insecticide |
| pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine | |
| pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles | central nervous system stimulant |
| perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | piperidines | cardiovascular drug |
| phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; aromatic ether | cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus. | 2.62 | 3 | 0 | pyridines; tertiary amino compound | |
| phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative |
| phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pyrazolidines | antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug |
| phloretin [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | dihydrochalcones | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed) | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pyridines | |
| pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | indoles; secondary amine | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones | antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic |
| piperazine [no description available] | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | anthelminthic drug |
| praziquantel azinox: Russian drug | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidone | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; sulfonamide | uricosuric drug |
| probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dithioketal; polyphenol | anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug |
| prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic |
| propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion | fluorochrome; intercalator |
| propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 2.74 | 3 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
| propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. | 2.78 | 3 | 0 | naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group. | 2.62 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative | H1-receptor antagonist |
| pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes | antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| ranitidine [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aralkylamine | |
| riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazoles | |
| risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. | 3.14 | 5 | 0 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| sodium fluoride [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | fluoride salt | mutagen |
| iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound | alkylating agent |
| succinylacetone succinylacetone: inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia. | 3.77 | 3 | 0 | beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| sulfabenzamide sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial drug |
| sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor |
| sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| sulfanilamide [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pyrazolidines; sulfoxide | uricosuric drug |
| sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols | dye |
| sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen. | 7.17 | 1 | 0 | isothiocyanate; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| telenzepine telenzepine: structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| temozolomide [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90) | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | |
| thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles | antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug |
| ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker |
| tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker |
| tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| trifluoperazine [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | oxazolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector |
| trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes | antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | chromanes; thiazolidinone | anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| urethane [no description available] | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester | fungal metabolite; mutagen |
| viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines | |
| ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist |
| zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | imidazopyridine | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative |
| zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles | cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| oxyphenonium Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | acylcholine | |
| cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C. | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol). | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | glucitol | cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent |
| isoproterenol hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | catechols | |
| thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid | androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| promazine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | |
| 2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-acetamidofluorenes | antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen |
| adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine. | 6.93 | 1 | 0 | indoles | |
| idoxuridine [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pilocarpine | antiglaucoma drug |
| triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| isonicotinic acid isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridinemonocarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; human metabolite |
| biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton. | 3.9 | 2 | 1 | guanidines | |
| carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | chlorocarbon; chloromethanes | hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant |
| alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. | 2.95 | 4 | 0 | alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. | 7.66 | 3 | 0 | L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. | 9.96 | 12 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. | 3.23 | 6 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. | 7.91 | 4 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; indole alkaloid | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic |
| sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | glycosyl glycoside | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenoestrogen |
| promethazine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative |
| puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | 3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines | |
| adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | tetrachlorophenol | xenobiotic metabolite |
| kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | kanamycins | bacterial metabolite |
| galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose. | 6.93 | 1 | 0 | D-galactose; galactopyranose | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | 3.64 | 1 | 1 | monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite |
| phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug |
| edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. | 7.98 | 38 | 6 | ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid | anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector |
| tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine | EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | amine; thiol | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent |
| acetylcholine chloride acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | quaternary ammonium salt | |
| phlorhizin [no description available] | 6.93 | 1 | 0 | aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| methoxamine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dimethoxybenzene | |
| adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties. | 3.82 | 2 | 1 | organic chloride salt | acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer |
| leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | nitrosamine | geroprotector; mutagen |
| lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose. | 7.9 | 4 | 0 | lactose | |
| primaquine phosphate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| diethyl sulfate diethyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diethyl sulfate : The diethyl ester of sulfuric acid. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | alkyl sulfate | alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mutagen |
| colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | alkaloid; colchicine | anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen |
| gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198) | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminouracil; nitrogen mustard | |
| chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | chloromethanes; one-carbon compound | carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant |
| dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | formamides; volatile organic compound | geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent |
| norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol | progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. | 7.41 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide | indicator |
| asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 2-thiomalic acid [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | C4-dicarboxylic acid | |
| histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. | 7.71 | 3 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester | adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| mestranol [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound | prodrug; xenoestrogen |
| tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzoic acid | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite |
| n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound | antioxidant |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 8.28 | 6 | 0 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges | 4.32 | 2 | 2 | alkene; gas molecular entity | plant hormone; refrigerant |
| acetylene [no description available] | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound | |
| boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | boranes; mononuclear parent hydride | |
| methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | chloromethanes; volatile organic compound | carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant |
| 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424) | 3.35 | 7 | 0 | primary amino compound; triol | buffer |
| tetraethoxysilane [no description available] | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | ||
| isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds. | 3 | 4 | 0 | alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound | plant metabolite |
| trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | chloroethenes | inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite |
| acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group. | 3.4 | 7 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid | metabolite |
| peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant. | 7.31 | 1 | 0 | a peroxy acid | disinfectant; oxidising agent |
| methacrylamide [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | acrylamides; primary carboxamide | |
| methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | enoate ester; methyl ester | allergen; polymerisation monomer |
| rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | organic chloride salt; xanthene dye | fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye |
| cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine | antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic |
| rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones | antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin |
| diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic cation | defoliant; herbicide |
| 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; naphthols | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite |
| isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | glucitol derivative; nitrate ester | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| hexachlorobutadiene hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound | |
| xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | pyrrolidin-2-ones | |
| phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | phenothiazine | ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger |
| 2-bromophenol bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | bromophenol | marine metabolite |
| 4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | butan-4-olide | metabolite; neurotoxin |
| sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols | metabolite |
| butyl methacrylate [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | enoate ester | |
| nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | nitroarene; nitrobenzenes | |
| trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | trehalose | Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dinitrobenzene | neurotoxin |
| styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species. | 6.48 | 48 | 0 | styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound | mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite |
| pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pyridinium salt | |
| 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine | allergen; carcinogenic agent |
| phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | isothiocyanate | allergen; reagent |
| 4-bromophenol 4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | bromophenol | human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; persistent organic pollutant; rat metabolite |
| 2-bromoethylamine [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. | 2.53 | 2 | 0 | alkylamine | |
| allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds. | 2.73 | 3 | 0 | primary allylic alcohol; propenol | antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite |
| diisobutylene 2,4,4-trimethylpentene: a hazardous substance | 4.26 | 14 | 0 | ||
| acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | acyclic carboxylic anhydride | metabolite; reagent |
| maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid. | 3.73 | 10 | 0 | cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans | allergen |
| 2,6-lutidine 2,6-dimethylpyridine : A member of the class of methylpyridines that is pyridine carrying methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6. | 2.55 | 2 | 0 | methylpyridines | |
| melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | triamino-1,3,5-triazine | xenobiotic metabolite |
| bromobenzene [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound | hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent |
| thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | aryl thiol | |
| triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available] | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ||
| n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms. | 2.49 | 2 | 0 | short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | plant metabolite |
| tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound | polar aprotic solvent |
| succinamide [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | peptide ergot alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| imipramine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | antidepressant |
| isobutylene 2-methylprop-1-ene : An alkene that is prop-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 2. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | alkene; gas molecular entity | |
| mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant |
| edrophonium chloride edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt | antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor |
| diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. | 2.49 | 2 | 0 | diester; phthalate ester | androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser |
| framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside | allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite |
| di-n-pentyl phthalate dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | diester; phthalate ester | plasticiser |
| meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | hexosamine; secondary amino compound | |
| cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | quinolines | |
| iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound | |
| 2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | naphthol | antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
| phenazopyridine hydrochloride phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic |
| tetrracaine hydrochloride leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzoate ester | |
| shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.) | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | NTA; tricarboxylic acid | carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent |
| ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound | EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | chelator |
| diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine. | 2.72 | 3 | 0 | hydrochloride; organoammonium salt | anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative |
| tripelennamine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist |
| thiazoles [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL). | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | azane; hydrazines | EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor |
| monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pyrrolizidine alkaloid | |
| azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent |
| pseudoephedrine hydrochloride pseudoephedrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of pseudoephedrine. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | plant metabolite |
| thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate). | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | thymidine 5'-monophosphate | fundamental metabolite |
| procarbazine hydrochloride procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | antineoplastic agent |
| betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
| silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses | 4.65 | 3 | 2 | organosilicon compound | |
| cyproterone acetate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester | androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin |
| lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride 4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride: inhibitor of peptide hydrolases; structure in second source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| propiolic acid propiolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propynoic acid : A terminal acetylenic compound that is a 3-carbon, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid having one acetylenic bond. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic fatty acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenobiotic metabolite |
| chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate | colour indicator; human metabolite |
| 4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid | general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative |
| oxetane oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom. | 7.6 | 1 | 0 | oxetanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | |
| isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid | mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite |
| luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations. | 7.41 | 1 | 0 | ||
| gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | gluconic acid | chelator; Penicillium metabolite |
| trimellitic acid trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | tricarboxylic acid | |
| 2-n-butylmalonate 2-n-butylmalonate: structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| maleimide [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | dicarboximide; maleimides | EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | dialdehyde | biomarker |
| amitriptyline hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic tricyclic compound | |
| 1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | isothiocyanate | insecticide |
| 3-nitrophenol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 3-nitrophenols | |
| glycylglycine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide | human metabolite |
| isoxsuprine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| betaine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | plant metabolite |
| megestrol acetate [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester | antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| 2,2-dimethylmalonate dimethylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which both methylene hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid | fatty acid synthesis inhibitor |
| 1,1'-binaphthyl 1,1'-binaphthyl: structure in first source | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| 3-hydroxyacetanilide metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; phenols | non-narcotic analgesic |
| methoxyacetic acid methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ether; monocarboxylic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; human xenobiotic metabolite; mutagen |
| brilliant green brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion. | 7.41 | 1 | 0 | organic hydrogensulfate salt | antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; poison |
| erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin | |
| tetracosane tetracosane: a pure alkane compound. tetracosane : A straight-chain alkane containing 24 carbon atoms. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | long-chain alkane | plant metabolite; volatile oil component |
| acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride [no description available] | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | butenolide | |
| calcium citrate Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio. | 2 | 1 | 0 | organic calcium salt | flavouring agent; food additive; food preservative; nutraceutical |
| calcium lactate [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol. | 4.92 | 14 | 0 | enoate ester | allergen; polymerisation monomer |
| n-methylolacrylamide N-methylolacrylamide: bifunctional monomer possessing both vinyl & hydroxymethyl groups; used in adhesives, binders, surface coatings & resins; toxicity equals that of acrylamide | 2 | 1 | 0 | secondary carboxamide | |
| cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | alicyclic ketone; enone | Hsp70 inducer |
| 2-cyclohexen-1-one 2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | cyclohexenone | |
| cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | |
| 4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7 trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane-1-oxide [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phenylglyoxal [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | phenylacetaldehydes | |
| 1,8-octanedithiol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alkanethiol | |
| durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). | 3.13 | 5 | 0 | ||
| hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
| vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | glycopeptide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic nitrile | |
| isonicotinamide isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid. | 7.21 | 1 | 0 | pyridinecarboxamide | |
| ibufenac ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials. | 5.8 | 12 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | polychlorinated dibenzodioxine | |
| paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic cation | geroprotector; herbicide |
| amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound | antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| 4-chlorocatechol 4-chlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol substituted by a chloro group at position 4. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | chlorocatechol; monochlorobenzenes | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite |
| n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye | fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium |
| thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | organic chloride salt | fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye |
| acetophenazine acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; phenothiazines | phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity | antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol | chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent |
| streptomycin [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | |
| 3-chlorocatechol 3-chlorocatechol: inhibits catechol-2,3-dioxygenase. chlorocatechol : Any member of the class of catechols that is catechol substituted by at least one chloro group.. 3-chlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol in which the hydrogen adjacent to one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a chlorine. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | chlorocatechol; monochlorobenzenes | |
| clonidine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene | |
| cladribine [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| ethylene dimethanesulfonate ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| mexiletine hydrochloride mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| beclomethasone dipropionate beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; enone; glucocorticoid; propanoate ester; steroid ester | anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic |
| maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage. | 2.84 | 4 | 0 | pyridazinone | |
| n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound | neurotransmitter agent |
| metoclopramide hydrochloride metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | elemental manganese; manganese group element atom | Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient |
| mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero. | 7.66 | 3 | 0 | elemental mercury; zinc group element atom | neurotoxin |
| neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom | |
| platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom | |
| rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45. | 7.08 | 1 | 0 | cobalt group element atom | |
| ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom | |
| silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA. | 7.05 | 1 | 0 | copper group element atom; elemental silver | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | manganese group element atom | |
| titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. | 2.99 | 4 | 0 | titanium group element atom | |
| argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom | food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent |
| cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common. | 2.73 | 3 | 0 | cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom | |
| cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24. | 7.46 | 2 | 0 | chromium group element atom; metal allergen | micronutrient |
| erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts. | 8.2 | 5 | 0 | copper group element atom; elemental gold | |
| zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr. | 7.66 | 14 | 2 | titanium group element atom | |
| zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed. | 3.21 | 6 | 0 | mercury coordination entity | sensitiser |
| phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | sodium phosphate | |
| ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | iron coordination entity | astringent; Lewis acid |
| bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | diatomic bromine | |
| sodium sulfate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | |
| tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | calcium phosphate | |
| chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion | oxidising agent |
| copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion. | 7.41 | 1 | 0 | metal sulfate | emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser |
| potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid. | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | potassium salt | allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser |
| deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | dihydrogen | |
| chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity | bleaching agent |
| deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | deuterated compound; water | NMR solvent |
| fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | sulfur oxoacid | NMR solvent |
| ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen | antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer |
| chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | chlorine dioxide | |
| lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity | |
| carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester | antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent |
| ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ammonium salt; inorganic chloride | ferroptosis inhibitor |
| tricalcium silicate tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement | 2.59 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | S-ethylhomocysteine | antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent |
| titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | titanium oxides | food colouring |
| tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole | antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator |
| fluorides [no description available] | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic fluorine | |
| danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector |
| disopyramide phosphate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organoammonium phosphate | |
| tri-n-butylborane [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; phenyl acetates | |
| ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| butylated hydroxytoluene 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | phenols | antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; food additive; geroprotector |
| transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| alkenes [no description available] | 9.45 | 19 | 0 | ||
| calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones). | 7.4 | 2 | 0 | organic calcium salt | |
| glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. | 3.39 | 7 | 0 | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
| glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | glucaric acid | antineoplastic agent |
| azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pseudohalide anion | mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor |
| amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine. | 6.96 | 1 | 0 | timolol | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| moricizine hydrochloride moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pyrroline | |
| serentil mesoridazine besylate : The benzenesulfonate salt of mesoridazine prepared using equimolar amounts of mesoridazine and benzenesulfonic acid. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organosulfonate salt | dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
| tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin |
| paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | 7.76 | 3 | 0 | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
| etoposide [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| propafenone hydrochloride propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin |
| carbidopa [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | catechols; hydrate; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor |
| cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes | antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic |
| methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent |
| bezafibrate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| nonachlazine Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist |
| permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes | agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide |
| flecainide acetate flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart). | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | acetate salt | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| nicardipine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dihydropyridine | geroprotector |
| epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug. | 2.96 | 4 | 0 | alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| butoconazole nitrate butoconazole nitrate : An organic nitrate salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of butaconazole and nitric acid. An antifungal agent, it is used in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; organic nitrate salt | |
| cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| fialuridine [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mitoxantrone hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | antineoplastic agent |
| cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug |
| tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenes | EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor |
| simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic) | EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug |
| bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines | anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent |
| atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| alpidem [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | imidazoles | |
| raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride. | 2.61 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| pravadoline [no description available] | 6.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam | androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor |
| temafloxacin temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | |
| clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | quinolines | |
| aromasil [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| zileuton [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzothiophenes; ureas | anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | tetralins | T-type calcium channel blocker |
| bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| lamivudine [no description available] | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol | allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug |
| valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate | antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug |
| tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | biphenyls | |
| saquinavir monomethanesulfonate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 8.09 | 5 | 0 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| 4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | pentenoic acid | |
| allyl formate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| desferrioxamine b mesylate desferrioxamine B mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of desferrioxamine B with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. It is an iron-chelating medicine used to remove excess iron from the body. It binds to iron in the blood, which is then passed out in the urine. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | methanesulfonate salt | antidote; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator |
| bupropion hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| diltiazem hydrochloride Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| verapamil hydrochloride verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ciprofloxacin hydrochloride anhydrous [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| amantadine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | antiviral agent; dopamine agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | D-glucopyranose | epitope; mouse metabolite |
| irganox 1010 pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate): has antioxidant activity | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt | colorimetric reagent; dye |
| dobutamine hydrochloride dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; organic nitrate salt | |
| telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| boron nitride [no description available] | 8.14 | 1 | 0 | nitride | |
| 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | 1,2,3-triazole | |
| 2-imidazoline 2-imidazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. imidazoline : An imidazoline compound having the double bond at the 2-position. | 1.92 | 1 | 0 | imidazolines | |
| trimethobenzamide monohydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 2-butynoic acid [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| amiloride hydrochloride amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrate | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| econazole nitrate econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| lomefloxacin hydrochloride lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent |
| flunoxaprofen flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound | antirheumatic drug; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist |
| tianeptine tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dibenzothiazepine; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | |
| 1-triacontanol 1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | fatty alcohol 30:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol | |
| phenylpropiolic acid phenylpropiolic acid: structure. phenylpropiolic acid : An acetylenic compound that is propynoic acid in which the acetylenic hydrogen is replaced by a phenyl group. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; benzenes | |
| loperamide hydrochloride loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist |
| methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| grepafloxacin grepafloxacin: structure in first source | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic | |
| bromosuccinic acid bromosuccinic acid: RN given refers to undesignated isomer. bromosuccinic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted at position 2 by a bromine atom. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | 2-bromocarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid | |
| 2-naphthylisothiocyanate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 5-aminofluorescein 5-aminofluorescein: used to determine progesterone in human serum or plasma. 5-aminofluorescein : A primary amino compound that is fluorescein carrying an amino substituent at C-5. Building block/intermediate for the synthesis of the fluorescent dye flourescein; also used to produce N-(fluorescein-5-yl)maleamic acid. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | primary amino compound | |
| rosiglitazone [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones | EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug |
| ethyl 2-butynoate [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chloroquine diphosphate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| orphenadrine citrate orphenadrine citrate : A citrate salt which comprises equimolar amounts of orphenadrine and citric acid. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | citrate salt | H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organoammonium salt | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor |
| clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| coenzyme a [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate | coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine | anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic |
| n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | pyrrolidines | |
| phentolamine mesylate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| oxybutynin hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | |
| ethylphenylpropiolate ethylphenylpropiolate: structure | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methylglucoside [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol | |
| cordium bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrate; hydrochloride | |
| acetoacetyl coa [no description available] | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cobalt group element atom; metal allergen | micronutrient |
| arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| 2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid 2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid: putative toxic metabolite of valproic acid | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | methyl-branched fatty acid | |
| laurdan laurdan: RN from CA Index Guide | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | ||
| eudragit-e Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available] | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine 6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine: compound used in second source was chlorhydrate; has been used as retinoprotector | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion | plant metabolite |
| matairesinol matairesinol: lignan that is a central precursor in plants in the biosynthesis of numerous lignans (coordinate with specific); RN refers to (3R-trans)-isomer. (-)-matairesinol : A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer). | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | gamma-lactone; lignan; polyphenol | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-asthmatic agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite |
| hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1,3-indandione 1,2-indanedione: use for detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; structure in first source | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| gefitinib [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist |
| 3-iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine 3-iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine: used for SPECT imaging of brain tumors; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without stereoisomeric designation | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| c & b metabond Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB) | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| methotrexate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
| dilevalol (R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide | |
| xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source | 8.03 | 4 | 0 | D-xylose | |
| proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| nsc-141549 [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase. | 2.96 | 4 | 0 | 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer). | 7.21 | 1 | 0 | azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite |
| cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| 3-hydroxy-2-methylvalerate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy fatty acid | |
| naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species | |
| olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent |
| calcium aluminate [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | ||
| fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dhurrin dhurrin: cyanogenic glucoside from plant Sorghum; (R)-epimer is taxiphyllin; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside consisting of (S)-prunasin carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; cyanogenic glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; nitrile | |
| asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole | |
| byssochlamic acid byssochlamic acid: isolated from Byssochlamys nivea | 7.11 | 1 | 0 | organooxygen compound | |
| gulonolactone gulonolactone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | gamma-lactone | |
| technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | biotins; vitamin B7 | coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure. | 3.76 | 9 | 0 | ||
| zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | diamino-1,3,5-triazine | |
| organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid. | 2.61 | 2 | 0 | divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion | |
| aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone | carcinogenic agent; human metabolite |
| troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative | EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| lapatinib [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| cortisone [no description available] | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| lithium fluoride lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | ||
| fludrocortisone acetate fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | |
| vincristine sulfate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic sulfate salt | antineoplastic agent; geroprotector |
| solanine Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol]. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acivicin [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound | antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite |
| ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas | antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| protoverin Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | inorganic chloride; lithium salt | antimanic drug; geroprotector |
| arabinose [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | L-arabinose | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2. | 8.01 | 4 | 0 | D-glucosamine | Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite |
| puromycin [no description available] | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | puromycins | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid. | 3.5 | 8 | 0 | tartaric acid | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide | human metabolite |
| (+)-limonene (4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | limonene | plant metabolite |
| cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | cellotriose | |
| strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound | avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide |
| quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker |
| griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound | antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite |
| cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| moxalactam disodium [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 2,6-diaminopurines | antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| nortriptyline hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic tricyclic compound | geroprotector |
| erythromycin estolate Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminoglycoside sulfate salt; erythromycin derivative | enzyme inhibitor |
| kanamycin sulfate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aminoglycoside sulfate salt | antibacterial drug; geroprotector |
| paromomycin sulfate paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound | |
| alpha-chaconine alpha-chaconine: glycoside of solanidine; structure in 5th source | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | glycoalkaloid; steroid saponin | |
| lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed) | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chloramphenicol palmitate chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer) | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hexadecanoate ester | |
| calcium pantothenate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | polymer | |
| ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin |
| doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | anthracycline | |
| betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. | 2.99 | 4 | 0 | cyclodextrin | |
| aconitic acid trans-aconitic acid : The trans-isomer of aconitic acid. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | aconitic acid | fundamental metabolite |
| acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | acyl-CoA | acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite |
| e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | cinnamic acid | plant metabolite |
| tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | retinoic acid; vitamin A | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule |
| fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. | 6.63 | 39 | 0 | butenedioic acid | food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector |
| cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | microcystin | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic) | |
| fumaramide [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| imidazolidines [no description available] | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | |
| dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
| azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
| tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | potassium salt | |
| sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt | antacid; food anticaking agent |
| ammonium carbonate ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| arsenic trioxide Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | arsenic oxide | antineoplastic agent; insecticide |
| idarubicin hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | anthracycline | |
| carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | triterpenoid | |
| anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole. | 1.92 | 1 | 0 | anethole | flavouring agent |
| dimethyl fumarate [no description available] | 2.57 | 2 | 0 | diester; enoate ester; methyl ester | antipsoriatic; immunomodulator |
| ethyl cinnamate ethyl cinnamate: a pine weevil antifeedant; structure in first source | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | alkyl cinnamate; ethyl ester | |
| diethyl fumarate diethyl fumarate : A dieter obtained by the formal condensation of fumaric acid with ethanol. | 2.49 | 2 | 0 | diester | metabolite |
| sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid | |
| citraconic acid citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid | human metabolite |
| pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups. | 5.17 | 6 | 2 | diphosphate ion | |
| mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | caffeic acid | geroprotector; mouse metabolite |
| 3-(4-methylbenzoyl)acrylic acid [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | carbonyl compound | |
| urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | urocanic acid | human metabolite |
| thiothixene [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | N-methylpiperazine | anticoronaviral agent |
| curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa. | 2.82 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger |
| methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones | antithyroid drug |
| sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent |
| capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | capsaicinoid | non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker |
| thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | barbiturates | allergen; reagent |
| (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | |
| D-fructopyranose [no description available] | 2.55 | 2 | 0 | cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose | sweetening agent |
| thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | thiocarboxamide | hepatotoxic agent |
| tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | aminoxyls; piperidines | catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| tungsten carbide tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid | chelator |
| cystine dimethyl ester cystine dimethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope |
| streptozocin [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| tamoxifen [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; thiocarboxamide | antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug |
| valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle | antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore |
| hmr 3647 [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| quinine [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic |
| thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | primary aliphatic amine | |
| cystine [no description available] | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| fospropofol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | ||
| sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | detergent; protein denaturant |
| 4-nitrocatechol 4-nitrocatechol : A member of the class of catechols that is benzene-1,2-diol substituted by a nitro group at position 4.It is the by-product of the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; catechols | human xenobiotic metabolite; lipoxygenase inhibitor |
| 3,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-1-methylpiperidine-4-one 3,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-1-methylpiperidine-4-one: structure in first source | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate | |
| tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols | antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
| myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| dimethyl maleate dimethyl maleate: structure. dimethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with methanol. It is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | diester; maleate ester; methyl ester | |
| dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins E | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic |
| 11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry. | 3.04 | 3 | 0 | retinal | chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| maleylpyruvate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 4,6-dioxohept-2-enedioic acid; beta-diketone | |
| glutaconic acid glutaconic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. glutaconic acid : A pentenedioic acid that is pent-2-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1 and 5.. (E)-glutaconic acid : The (E)-isomer of glutaconic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | glutaconic acid | |
| retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate | antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite |
| vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D | bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide |
| amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections. | 3.02 | 4 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic | antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite |
| eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines | anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist |
| timolol maleate (S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | maleate salt | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | maleate salt | anti-allergic agent |
| chlorpheniramine maleate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| clemastine fumarate clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | fumarate salt | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist |
| methylergonovine maleate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ergoline alkaloid | geroprotector |
| entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
| flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | flupenthixol | dopaminergic antagonist |
| estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 3-hydroxy steroid; steroid glucosiduronic acid | |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol [no description available] | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | phosphatidylglycerol | |
| isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent |
| zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic. | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | geroprotector |
| cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
| phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid | keratolytic drug |
| ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | carbacephem; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester | anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker |
| 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | phosphatidylcholine(1+) | |
| malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | but-2-enedial | |
| furazolidone [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb. | 2.94 | 4 | 0 | carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom | neurotoxin |
| (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound | |
| octylmethoxycinnamate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cinnamate ester | |
| muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | muconic acid | biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite |
| ethyl fumarate [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. | 3.13 | 1 | 0 | boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom | |
| bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | metal atom; pnictogen | |
| naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | dipeptide | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | chalcogen; nonmetal atom | macronutrient |
| enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration). | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug |
| vinblastine sulfate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| trientine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl). | 4.05 | 11 | 0 | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester | antigen; mouse metabolite |
| fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-) | 6.79 | 46 | 0 | butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate | human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | cysteinium | fundamental metabolite |
| isophthalate isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid dianion | |
| phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions. | 7.69 | 3 | 0 | monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen | macronutrient |
| dextromethorphan hydrobromide dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrate; hydrobromide | |
| indinavir sulfate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | azaheterocycle sulfate salt | |
| enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor |
| ceftazidime [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| famotidine [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide | anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| fenoterol fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrobromide | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent |
| aztreonam [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils. | 7.4 | 2 | 0 | ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt | fertilizer |
| oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure. | 3.92 | 13 | 0 | ||
| enclomiphene citrate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| diisononyl adipate [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| diphenoxylate hydrochloride diphenoxylate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenoxylate. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | antidiarrhoeal drug |
| dioctyl maleate [no description available] | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer | 2.57 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ergonovine maleate ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | maleate salt | diagnostic agent; oxytocic |
| dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent |
| indacaterol indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | 3.64 | 1 | 1 | indanes; monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent |
| staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ammonium ion derivative | |
| chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge. | 9.69 | 6 | 1 | biguanides; monochlorobenzenes | antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent |
| gs-7340 tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; ether; isopropyl ester; L-alanine derivative; phosphoramidate ester | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug |
| s-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)glutathione S-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)glutathione: isolated from calf lens; structure in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | bile acid taurine conjugate | anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| molindone hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | indoles | |
| gentamicin sulfate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. | 4.32 | 4 | 1 | ||
| alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. | 2.69 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| baci-im [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent |
| ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | D-ribose; ribopyranose | |
| acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose | |
| pirarubicin [no description available] | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | anthracycline | |
| cytidine diphosphate choline [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye | |
| nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety. | 3.82 | 3 | 0 | organophosphate oxoanion | cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| clindamycin hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | S-glycosyl compound | |
| cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. | 2.99 | 4 | 0 | ||
| cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| (dtpa-phe(1))-octreotide SDZ 215-811: potential radiopharmaceutical for imaging of somatostatin receptor-positive tumors | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | peptide hormone | |
| cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications. | 4.22 | 15 | 0 | glycoside | |
| sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| quinine sulfate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrate | |
| phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety. | 2.96 | 4 | 0 | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | |
| atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium cyanoborohydride sodium cyanoborohydride: reagent for preparing biologically active nitroxides | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| cefotiam hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| chitosan [no description available] | 4.12 | 14 | 0 | ||
| potassium aminobenzoate [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ampicillin sodium [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach. | 12.32 | 23 | 5 | inorganic sodium salt | bleaching agent; disinfectant |
| methicillin sodium [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| nafcillin sodium [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| 4-hydroxymercuribenzoate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| penicillin g sodium [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| cefamandole nafate cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic sodium salt | antibacterial drug |
| cephapirin sodium cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin; organic sodium salt | antibacterial drug |
| sodium cephalothin [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| dicloxacillin sodium [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | hydrate | |
| azlocillin sodium [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | ||
| peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed) | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| oclacitinib [no description available] | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | ||
| colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. | 7.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 3.18 | 5 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent |
| tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoate | plant metabolite |
| piroxicam [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor |
| mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | |
| chlortetracycline hydrochloride Alexomycin: a thiopeptide; a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arginensis isolated from the soil | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| sudoxicam sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methacycline monohydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| minocycline hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| demeclocycline hydrochloride demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter. | 7.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| gluma Gluma: bonding agent; aqueous solution of hydroxyethylmethacrylate & glutaral | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | ||
| transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ketal | |
| glutaminase [no description available] | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | ||
| nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | angiotensin; peptide zwitterion | human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent |
| ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| carboxyatractyloside carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| daptomycin [no description available] | 7.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alpha-solanine [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | ||
| all-bond 2 All-Bond 2: a 2-component primer system; primer A contains 2% sodium salt of N-p-tolylglycineglycidyl methacrylate | 4.4 | 3 | 0 | ||
| technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. | 3.46 | 1 | 1 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol | antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
| guanine [no description available] | 4.16 | 3 | 1 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient |
| rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160) | 2.73 | 3 | 0 | cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic |
| dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dacarbazine | |
| didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger |
| citrovorum factor [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | tetrahydrofolic acid | |
| rifabutin [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure, High [description not available] | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment. | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available] | 0 | 2.49 | 2 | 0 |
| Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. | 0 | 7.49 | 2 | 0 |
| Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 5.18 | 18 | 0 |
| Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 0 | 8.46 | 7 | 0 |
| Eczema, Atopic [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Canine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Acidemia Propionic [description not available] | 0 | 2.72 | 2 | 0 |
| Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.59 | 2 | 0 |
| Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. | 0 | 2.59 | 2 | 0 |
| Propionic Acidemia Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in PROPIONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. Neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, HYPERGLYCEMIA, lethargy, vomiting, HYPOTONIA; and HEPATOMEGALY. Survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. Late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia. | 0 | 2.72 | 2 | 0 |
| Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available] | 0 | 3.94 | 2 | 1 |
| Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact. | 0 | 3.94 | 2 | 1 |
| Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002) | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Preterm Birth [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION). | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 2 | 0 |
| Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 6 | 0 |
| Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 3.57 | 6 | 0 |
| Koch's Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. | 0 | 7.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Smear Layer Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin. | 0 | 6.85 | 24 | 3 |
| 4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Tyrosinemias A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3) | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Colorectal Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2.79 | 3 | 0 |
| Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI. | 0 | 2.79 | 3 | 0 |
| Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available] | 0 | 2.55 | 2 | 0 |
| Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. | 0 | 2.55 | 2 | 0 |
| ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION). | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS). | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available] | 0 | 3.64 | 1 | 1 |
| Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA. | 0 | 3.64 | 1 | 1 |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Liver [description not available] | 0 | 2.57 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. | 0 | 2.57 | 2 | 0 |
| Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 5.34 | 22 | 0 |
| Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 3.01 | 4 | 0 |
| Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2.58 | 2 | 0 |
| Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. | 0 | 2.58 | 2 | 0 |
| Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues. | 0 | 3.37 | 7 | 0 |
| Cancer of Endometrium [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296) | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Azotaemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 3.72 | 10 | 0 |
| Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available] | 0 | 2.48 | 2 | 0 |
| Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA. | 0 | 2.48 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions. | 0 | 3.72 | 10 | 0 |
| Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Coinfection [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration. | 0 | 5.64 | 10 | 2 |
| Cancer of Cervix [description not available] | 0 | 2.52 | 2 | 0 |
| Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX. | 0 | 2.52 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Health Care Associated Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators. | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 3.41 | 7 | 0 |
| Experimental Hepatoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. | 0 | 7.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Closed Head Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy. | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Breast Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA). | 0 | 8.64 | 10 | 0 |
| Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Glycosuria, Renal An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Allergic Rhinitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Nasal Catarrh [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613) | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Hay Fever [description not available] | 0 | 2.33 | 2 | 0 |
| Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS. | 0 | 2.33 | 2 | 0 |
| Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available] | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS). | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 3.57 | 9 | 0 |
| Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin. | 0 | 1.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Allergic Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 2.33 | 2 | 0 |
| Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. | 0 | 2.33 | 2 | 0 |
| Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 1.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death. | 0 | 1.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available] | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC). | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Citrullinemia A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49) | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes. | 0 | 2.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION. | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Metabolic Acidosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available] | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS. | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Calculus, Dental [description not available] | 0 | 5.17 | 6 | 2 |
| Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Infarct [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Transmissible Venereal Tumors [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Demineralization, Tooth [description not available] | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure. | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253) | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Dentin, Secondary Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Illness [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Deafness, Transitory [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Allergy, Food [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available] | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero. | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Interstitial Nephritis [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Consumption [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Cystine Diathesis [description not available] | 0 | 2.89 | 1 | 0 |
| Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.89 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases, Occupational [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |