Compounds > maleic acid
Page last updated: 2024-12-08

maleic acid

Description

maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID444266
CHEMBL ID539648
CHEBI ID18300
SCHEMBL ID613
MeSH IDM0095873

Synonyms (137)

Synonym
2-butenedioic acid, (z)-
(z)-butenedioic acid
h2male
(2z)-but-2-enedioate
CHEBI:18300 ,
cis-but-2-enedioic acid
wln: qv1u1vq-c
nsc25940
nsc-25940
butenedioic acid, (z)-
2-butenedioic acid (z)-
cis-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
(z)-2-butenedioic acid
1, (z)
toxilic acid
MAE ,
2-butenedioic acid
2-butenedioic acid, (2z)-
(2z)-but-2-enedioic acid
ccris 1115
malenic acid
hsdb 666
malezid cm
2-butenedioic acid (2z)- (9ci)
scotchbond multipurpose etchant
ai3-01002
cis-2-butenedioic acid
maleic acid (8ci)
maleic acid [na2215] [corrosive]
1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (z)
maleinic acid
2-butenedioic acid (2z)-
NCGC00090970-01
einecs 203-742-5
na2215
kyselina maleinova [czech]
brn 0605762
nsc 25940
C01384
cis-butenedioic acid
110-16-7
maleic acid
maleic acid, reagentplus(r), >=99.0% (hplc)
1TOK
1AHY
DB04299
smr001230824
MLS002153468
3B685B85-C1F3-4E32-9DBC-3854162A8DE1
AKOS000268822
CHEMBL539648
BMSE000212
(2z)-2-butenedioate
M0006
A802156
NCGC00090970-02
NCGC00091192-02
dtxsid8021517 ,
tox21_303045
NCGC00257215-01
cas-110-16-7
dtxcid201517
tox21_113105
NCGC00259742-01
tox21_202193
HMS2236F09
maleic acid [nf]
maleic acid [na2215] [corrosive]
unii-91xw058u2c
kyselina maleinova
91xw058u2c ,
ec 203-742-5
4-02-00-02199 (beilstein handbook reference)
68307-91-5
26099-09-2
maleic acid [usp impurity]
maleic acid [ep monograph]
maleic acid [inci]
maleic acid [usp-rs]
maleic acid [mart.]
malic acid impurity b [ep impurity]
maleic acid [mi]
sodium aurothiomalate impurity a [ep impurity]
maleic acid [ii]
maleic acid [hsdb]
maleic acid [who-dd]
S3086
SCHEMBL613
NCGC00090970-03
tox21_113105_1
maleic-acid
bis-hydrogen maleate
(z)-2-butenedioate
butenedioic acid,(z)-
(2z)-2-butenedioic acid #
1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, cis-
J-610085
STR03481
mfcd00063177
(2z)-2-butenedioic acid
J-521667
F2191-0240
maleic acid, standard for quantitative nmr, tracecert(r)
maleic acid, tested according to ph.eur.
maleic acid, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
maleic acid, saj special grade, >=99.0%
maleic acid, 99%
maleic acid, vetec(tm) reagent grade, 98%
maleic acid, for synthesis, 99%
maleic acid, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
maleic acid, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
gtpl9630
2-butenedioate
cis-but-2-enedioate
cis-2-butenedioate
cis-butenedioate
(2z)-butene-2-dioate
(2z)-butene-2-dioic acid
(z)-butenedioate
maleic acid [na2215]
CS-0015079
HY-Y0367
1-(o-tolyl)piperazinehydrochloride
Q42038
EN300-305309
(z)-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
malic acid impurity b (ep impurity)
1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (z)-
maleic acid (ii)
cis-maleic acid
maleic acid (ep monograph)
cis-ethylene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
maleic acid (usp-rs)
maleic acid (mart.)
maleic acid (usp impurity)
sodium aurothiomalate impurity a (ep impurity)
(z)-but-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid

Research Excerpts

Overview

Maleic acid is a multi-functional chemical widely applied in the manufacturing of polymer products including food packaging. Maleic Acid is a dicarboxylic acid that functions as a fragrance ingredient and pH adjuster in cosmetics - it is used in a few cosmetic product formulations at low concentrations.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Maleic acid is an industrial-grade chemical that is often used in adhesives, stabilizers, and preservatives. "( Proteomic analysis of rat kidney under maleic acid treatment by SWATH-MS technology.
Chen, HC; Chien, HJ; Lai, CC; Wu, KY; Xue, YT, 2020)		2.27
"Maleic acid is an effective irrigant that can remove the smear layer, open dentinal tubules, and act as a high-efficiency final irrigant in activation protocols."( Effect of maleic acid on the bond strength of fibre posts to root dentine.
Dai, P; Fan, F; He, B; Huang, S; Ibrahim, M; Ma, J; Mao, Y; Wu, G, 2017)		1.58
"Maleic acid is a multi-functional chemical widely applied in the manufacturing of polymer products including food packaging. "( An in silico toxicogenomics approach for inferring potential diseases associated with maleic acid.
Lin, YC; Tung, CW; Wang, CC, 2014)		2.07
"Maleic Acid is a dicarboxylic acid that functions as a fragrance ingredient and pH adjuster in cosmetics - it is used in a few cosmetic product formulations at low concentrations. "( Final report on the safety assessment of Maleic Acid.
, 2007)		2.05

Effects

Mealyic acid has been used as an etchant or non-rinse conditioner in adhesive dentistry. Maleic acid (MA) has been shown to induce Fanconi syndrome via disturbance of renal energy homeostasis, though the underlying pathomechanism is still under debate.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Maleic acid (MA), which has been reported to be highly excreted in propionic acidemia (PAcidemia), was demonstrated to cause nephropathy by bioenergetics impairment and oxidative stress, but the effects on kidney mitochondrial respiration has not yet been properly investigated. "( Experimental evidence that maleic acid markedly compromises glutamate oxidation through inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activities in kidney of developing rats.
Amaral, AU; Camera, FD; Castilho, RF; Cecatto, C; Roginski, AC; Wajner, M; Wajner, SM, 2019)		2.25
"Maleic acid (MA) has been shown to induce Fanconi syndrome via disturbance of renal energy homeostasis, though the underlying pathomechanism is still under debate. "( Maleic Acid--but Not Structurally Related Methylmalonic Acid--Interrupts Energy Metabolism by Impaired Calcium Homeostasis.
Kölker, S; Morath, MA; Okun, JG; Ruppert, T; Sauer, SW; Tuncel, AT; Wang, BT, 2015)		3.3
"Maleic acid has been shown to be used as a food adulterant in the production of modified starch by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration. "( Pharmacokinetics of Maleic Acid as a Food Adulterant Determined by Microdialysis in Rat Blood and Kidney Cortex.
Hou, ML; Lin, CH; Lin, LC; Lu, CM; Tsai, TH, 2016)		2.2
"Maleic acid has recently been proposed as an alternative irrigant to EDTA given its better smear layer removal and biocompatibility; however, its antimicrobial activity is not known."( Antimicrobial activity of maleic acid and combinations of cetrimide with chelating agents against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.
Arias-Moliz, MT; Baca, P; Ferrer-Luque, CM; González-Rodríguez, MP, 2010)		1.38
"Maleic acid has been used as an etchant or non-rinse conditioner in adhesive dentistry. "( Evidence of chemisorption of maleic acid to enamel and hydroxyapatite.
Fu, B; Hannig, M; Qian, W; Shen, Q; Sun, X; Yuan, J, 2004)		2.06

Actions

Malianic acid is able to inhibit the GAD of L.monocytogenes significantly enhancing its sensitivity to acidic conditions. Maleic acid did not cause increased permeability of the proximal tubule to either inulin or HCO3-.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Maleic acid is able to inhibit the GAD of L. monocytogenes significantly enhancing its sensitivity to acidic conditions and together with its ability to remove biofilms, make a good candidate for disinfection regimes."( A novel approach in acidic disinfection through inhibition of acid resistance mechanisms; Maleic acid-mediated inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase activity enhances acid sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes.
Barnes, RH; Karatzas, KAG; Paudyal, R, 2018)		1.42
"Thus maleic acid did not cause increased permeability of the proximal tubule to either inulin or HCO3-."( Microperfusion study of proximal tubule bicarbonate transport in maleic acid-induced renal tubular acidosis.
Aynedjian, HS; Bank, N; Mutz, BF, 1986)		0.96

Treatment

Mealic acid pretreatment was very effective for attaining high glucose yields after enzymatic hydrolysis. In maleic acid-treated rats the site and extent of tubular necrosis and the nature of urinary loss of solutes were studied.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The maleic acid pretreated biomass, which included 17.5% of the phenolic OH group, was very effective for attaining high glucose yields and ethanol yield, after simultaneous saccharification and fermentation."( Structural properties of pretreated biomass from different acid pretreatments and their effects on simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation.
Choi, IG; Choi, JW; Kim, HY; Kim, JY; Lee, JW; Lim, WS, 2013)		0.87
"Maleic acid pretreatment was very effective for attaining high glucose yields after enzymatic hydrolysis."( Effects of pretreatment factors on fermentable sugar production and enzymatic hydrolysis of mixed hardwood.
Lee, JW; Lim, WS, 2013)		1.11
"In maleic acid-treated rats the site and extent of tubular necrosis and the nature of urinary loss of solutes were studied."( Urinary loss of glucose, phosphate, and protein by diffusion into proximal straight tubules injured by D-serine and maleic acid.
Carone, FA; Goldman, B; Nakamura, S, 1985)		0.99
"maleic acid-treated rats."( Microperfusion study of proximal tubule bicarbonate transport in maleic acid-induced renal tubular acidosis.
Aynedjian, HS; Bank, N; Mutz, BF, 1986)		1.23

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Complete blood counts, liver function test, and cardiac histology showed no sign of adverse effects for intravenous doses of the micellar preparation."( Copoly(styrene-maleic acid)-pirarubicin micelles: high tumor-targeting efficiency with little toxicity.
Fang, J; Greish, K; Maeda, H; Nagamitsu, A, )		0.48
"This study for the first time, clearly demonstrated the significantly less toxic effect of MA at a comparable dose of EDTA, suggesting its potential for use as root canal irrigant."( A comparative in vitro evaluation of cytotoxic effects of EDTA and maleic acid: root canal irrigants.
Ballal, NV; Bhat, S; Kundabala, M; Rao, BS; Rao, N, 2009)		0.59
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)		0.36
" The composites generally exhibit low acute toxicity, with values below the levels considered to have direct ecotoxic effect on aquatic ecosystems (<2 toxic units)."( Ecotoxicity and fungal deterioration of recycled polypropylene/wood composites: effect of wood content and coupling.
Burgstaller, C; Keledi, G; López, MJ; Moreno, J; Pukánszky, B; Suárez-Estrella, F; Sudár, A; Vargas-García, MC, 2013)		0.39

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that maleic acid produced a linear pharmacokinetic phenomenon within the doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg."( Pharmacokinetics of Maleic Acid as a Food Adulterant Determined by Microdialysis in Rat Blood and Kidney Cortex.
Hou, ML; Lin, CH; Lin, LC; Lu, CM; Tsai, TH, 2016)		1.01
" Due to limited data on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ingested MA, we studied pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in serum and urine of Sprague Dawley rats."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral single-dose maleic acid in biofluids of Sprague-Dawley rats.
Chen, HC; Chiang, SY; Luo, YS; Wu, C; Wu, KY, 2016)		0.68
" Five pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including the maleate (2), fumarate (3), citrate (4, 5), and l-malate (6) of compound 1, were prepared via the salt formation reaction and evaluated for their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties."( Solubility-driven optimization of benzothiopyranone salts leading to a preclinical candidate with improved pharmacokinetic properties and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Fu, L; Gong, N; Guo, K; Huang, H; Li, G; Li, P; Lu, Y; Ma, C; Wang, B; Zhang, B, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The investigation was undertaken with the objective of comparing two in vitro techniques, measuring dialyzable iron (method A) and measuring ionizable iron (method B), for iron bioavailability in a model system."( Comparative analysis of influence of promoters and inhibitors on in vitro available iron using two methods.
Gupta, S; Jyothi Lakshmi, A; Prakash, J, )		0.13
" Bioavailability of the formulations was tested in dogs."( In vivo predictive mini-scale dissolution for weak bases: Advantages of pH-shift in combination with an absorptive compartment.
Fleth, J; Frank, KJ; Locher, K; Wagner, KG; Zecevic, DE, 2014)		0.4
"Drug delivery systems could potentially overcome low bioavailability and gastrointestinal toxicity, which are the major challenges for the development of oral anticancer drugs."( Styrene maleic acid micelles as a nanocarrier system for oral anticancer drug delivery - dual uptake through enterocytes and M-cells.
Greish, K; Müller, P; Nehoff, H; Parayath, NN; Taurin, S, 2015)		0.85
" Due to limited data on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ingested MA, we studied pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in serum and urine of Sprague Dawley rats."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral single-dose maleic acid in biofluids of Sprague-Dawley rats.
Chen, HC; Chiang, SY; Luo, YS; Wu, C; Wu, KY, 2016)		0.68
"An advanced oral drug delivery system that can effectively deliver drugs with poor oral bioavailability is strongly desirable."( Multifunctional Nanotube-Mucoadhesive Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid)@Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate Composite for Site-Specific Oral Drug Delivery.
Airavaara, M; Correia, A; Ding, Y; Hirvonen, J; Kemell, M; Kerdsakundee, N; Li, W; Liu, Z; Martins, JP; Santos, HA; Wiwattanapatapee, R; Zhang, F, 2017)		0.69
"To prepare nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with asenapine maleate (ASPM) to increase its oral bioavailability by intestinal lymphatic uptake."( Asenapine maleate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: optimization and in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations.
Al-Jamal, KT; Faruqu, FN; Jain, S; Kushwah, V; Managuli, RS; Mutalik, S; Raut, SY; Shreya, AB; Wang, JT, 2019)		0.51
" ASPM-NLCs showed greater cellular uptake, superior preclinical oral bioavailability and higher efficacy in reducing the L-DOPA-carbidopa-induced locomotor count compared with plain drug."( Asenapine maleate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: optimization and in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations.
Al-Jamal, KT; Faruqu, FN; Jain, S; Kushwah, V; Managuli, RS; Mutalik, S; Raut, SY; Shreya, AB; Wang, JT, 2019)		0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
"012mg/ml 23oC) and low oral bioavailability (about 35-65% for a once 10mg dose)."( Dissolution rate enhancement of new co-crystals of ezetimibe with maleic acid and isonicotinamide.
Kai, S; Li Na, D; Ling, F; Man, Z; Wen, L; Xiao-Hui, Z; Yan-Jie, H; Yu-Zhen, Y, 2019)		0.75
" Compared with 1, all the target salts exhibited greatly increased aqueous solubility and improved oral bioavailability in mice."( Solubility-driven optimization of benzothiopyranone salts leading to a preclinical candidate with improved pharmacokinetic properties and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Fu, L; Gong, N; Guo, K; Huang, H; Li, G; Li, P; Lu, Y; Ma, C; Wang, B; Zhang, B, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Na maleate, given at a dosage of 2 mM/kg body weight 2 h prior to micropuncture, inhibited tubular albumin uptake in the proximal convoluted tubule."( Renal albumin reabsorption in normal and sodium maleate-treated rats.
Arbesman, H; Cho, J; Galaske, RG; Van Liew, JB, 1985)		0.27
"A rapid and specific nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic method was developed for determining dicyclomine hydrochloride in tablet, capsule, and injection dosage forms."( Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic determination of dicyclomine hydrochloride in tablet, capsule, and injection dosage forms.
Hanna, GM, )		0.13
" The induction of maleic acid-related nephrotoxicity in dogs may confound the interpretation of toxicologic studies of maleic acid salts of basic pharmaceutics, if the dosage of test article results in the delivery of dosages of maleic acid > or = 9 mg/kg."( Nephrotoxicity of pravadoline maleate (WIN 48098-6) in dogs: evidence of maleic acid-induced acute tubular necrosis.
Benziger, DP; Bradford, JC; Descotes, G; Everett, RM; Greener, Y; Rollin, M; Ward, SJ, 1993)		0.85
" The temporal pattern of ROS production can be used to improve future dosing regimens."( Styrene maleic acid copolymer-pirarubicin induces tumor-selective oxidative stress and decreases tumor hypoxia as possible treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases.
Christophi, C; Daruwalla, J; Greish, K; Maeda, H; Malcontenti-Wilson, C; Muralidharan, V, 2015)		0.85
"Ethionamide (ETH), a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drug, is a second-line drug manufactured as an oral dosage form by Pfizer to treat tuberculosis."( Mechanochemistry applied to reformulation and scale-up production of Ethionamide: Salt selection and solubility enhancement.
da Silva, CC; de Melo, CC; Ellena, J; Pereira, CC; Rosa, PC, 2016)		0.43
" On the basis of preliminary results, no subacute toxicity was observed in major organs, tissues and hematological system up to a dosage of 60 mg/kg body weight in mice."( pH-Sensitive Biocompatible Nanoparticles of Paclitaxel-Conjugated Poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) for Anticancer Drug Delivery in Solid Tumors of Syngeneic Mice.
Dalela, M; Kharbanda, S; Shrivastav, TG; Singh, H, 2015)		0.64
" Sprague-Dawley rats (225 to 250 g) were divided into three dosing groups, and polymyxin B was administered (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg) subcutaneously once daily."( Role of Renal Drug Exposure in Polymyxin B-Induced Nephrotoxicity.
Babic, JT; Ledesma, KR; Manchandani, P; Tam, VH; Truong, LD; Zhou, J, 2017)		0.46
"Herein, we report on a quantitative analysis of zinc gluconate in the authentic form in presence of vitamin C, and the method was applied to their dosage form (Utozinc® tablets)."( Quantitative 1HNMR Spectroscopy: Analysis of Zinc Gluconate in Utozinc® Tablets, a Mixture of Zinc Gluconate and Vitamin C.
Hassan, AEA; Hassan, MH, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (1 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Plant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Cereals and potatoes, Breads, Special breads, Hamburger buns1

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
algal metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
mouse metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
butenedioic acid
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (22)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3AHomo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.631035.7641100.0000AID504339
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.03160.001318.074339.8107AID926; AID938
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.33120.000417.946075.1148AID1346795
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency63.25030.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.43370.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.00790.316212.443531.6228AID924
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.62340.794321.275750.1187AID624246
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency66.82420.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.37900.004611.374133.4983AID624296; AID624297
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.32940.00339.158239.8107AID1347407
Integrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.00790.316211.415731.6228AID924
Integrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.00790.316211.415731.6228AID924
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Aspartate AminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd440.0000120.0000280.0000440.0000AID977611
Chain B, Aspartate AminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd440.0000120.0000280.0000440.0000AID977611
Chain A, Aspartate AminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd440.0000120.0000280.0000440.0000AID977611
Chain B, Aspartate AminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd440.0000120.0000280.0000440.0000AID977611
Chain A, Aspartate aminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd3,400.000090.00001,125.00003,400.0000AID977611
Chain B, Aspartate aminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd3,400.000090.00001,125.00003,400.0000AID977611
Chain A, Aspartate aminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd3,400.000090.00001,125.00003,400.0000AID977611
Chain A, Aspartate aminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd3,400.000090.00001,125.00003,400.0000AID977611
Chain A, Aspartate aminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd3,400.000090.00001,125.00003,400.0000AID977611
Chain B, Aspartate aminotransferaseEscherichia coliKd3,400.000090.00001,125.00003,400.0000AID977611
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (100)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activityIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell-substrate junction assemblyIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell-matrix adhesionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
integrin-mediated signaling pathwayIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
embryo implantationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
blood coagulationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell migrationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fibroblast migrationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid storageIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
response to activityIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle cell migrationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migrationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
platelet activationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathwayIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell-substrate adhesionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase activityIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid transportIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein localizationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organizationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion mediated by integrinIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrinIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of osteoblast proliferationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
heterotypic cell-cell adhesionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreadingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
tube developmentIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
wound healing, spreading of epidermal cellsIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulusIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathwayIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
wound healingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic cell clearanceIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of bone resorptionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesisIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone resorptionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathwayIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fibroblast proliferationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
mesodermal cell differentiationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipoprotein metabolic processIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
negative chemotaxisIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of serotonin uptakeIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis involved in wound healingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
platelet aggregationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to mechanical stimulusIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
blood coagulation, fibrin clot formationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
maintenance of postsynaptic specialization structureIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalizationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor diffusion trappingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreadingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting opioid receptor signaling pathwayIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of trophoblast cell migrationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of extracellular matrix organizationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to insulin-like growth factor stimulusIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic processIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell migrationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell migrationIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of leukocyte migrationIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
cell-matrix adhesionIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
integrin-mediated signaling pathwayIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell adhesionIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion mediated by integrinIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (25)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
fibroblast growth factor bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
C-X3-C chemokine bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
insulin-like growth factor I bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
neuregulin bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
virus receptor activityIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
fibronectin bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
protein disulfide isomerase activityIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
coreceptor activityIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion molecule bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
fibrinogen bindingIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix bindingIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
molecular adaptor activityIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
fibrinogen bindingIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (32)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junctionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
platelet alpha granule membraneIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodium membraneIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
filopodium membraneIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membraneIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
ruffle membraneIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
integrin alphav-beta3 complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
melanosomeIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
synapseIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
integrin alphaIIb-beta3 complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
glycinergic synapseIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
integrin complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
alphav-beta3 integrin-PKCalpha complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
alphav-beta3 integrin-IGF-1-IGF1R complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
alphav-beta3 integrin-HMGB1 complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
alphav-beta3 integrin-vitronectin complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
alpha9-beta1 integrin-ADAM8 complexIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
synapseIntegrin beta-3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
platelet alpha granule membraneIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
integrin alphaIIb-beta3 complexIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
blood microparticleIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
integrin complexIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneIntegrin alpha-IIbHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (63)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1345450Human succinate receptor (Succinate receptor)2004Nature, May-13, Volume: 429, Issue:6988
Citric acid cycle intermediates as ligands for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors.
AID1345450Human succinate receptor (Succinate receptor)2015Biochemical pharmacology, Dec-01, Volume: 98, Issue:3
Forskolin-free cAMP assay for Gi-coupled receptors.
AID1345450Human succinate receptor (Succinate receptor)2017British journal of pharmacology, 05, Volume: 174, Issue:9
Identification and pharmacological characterization of succinate receptor agonists.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID588210Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al2010Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12
A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
AID1432760Inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production by measuring steady state enzyme-inhibitor complex using urea as substrate measured for 120 mins by phenol-hypochlorite method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling.
AID1432754Time-dependent Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production using urea as substrate by phenol-hypochlorite method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling.
AID1432751Inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production using urea as substrate measured for 120 mins by phenol-hypochlorite method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling.
AID1432759Inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production by measuring initial state enzyme-inhibitor complex using urea as substrate measured for 120 mins by phenol-hypochlorite method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling.
AID1432755Competitive inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production preincubated with enzyme followed by addition of varying levels of urea as substrate measured for 120 mins by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling.
AID429167Inhibition of wild type human recombinant mitochondrial NADP-ME expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as residual enzyme activity by spectrophotometry in presence of fumarate2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Effects of structural analogues of the substrate and allosteric regulator of the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme.
AID429164Inhibition of human mitochondrial NADP-ME E59L mutant expressed in Escherichia coli XL-1 assessed as residual enzyme activity by spectrophotometry in presence of fumarate2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Effects of structural analogues of the substrate and allosteric regulator of the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme.
AID1432756Reversible inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii CCM 2056 urease assessed as reduction in ammonia production by measuring recovery of enzyme activity at 10 times IC50 preincubated for 60 mins followed by 100-fold dilution in to PBS containing urea as subst2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Potent covalent inhibitors of bacterial urease identified by activity-reactivity profiling.
AID588209Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
AID429165Inhibition of human mitochondrial NADP-ME E59L mutant expressed in Escherichia coli XL-1 assessed as residual enzyme activity by spectrophotometry in absence of fumarate2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Effects of structural analogues of the substrate and allosteric regulator of the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme.
AID429166Inhibition of wild type human recombinant mitochondrial NADP-ME expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as residual enzyme activity by spectrophotometry in absence of fumarate2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Effects of structural analogues of the substrate and allosteric regulator of the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme.
AID1811Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB1995Nature structural biology, Jul, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Alternating arginine-modulated substrate specificity in an engineered tyrosine aminotransferase.
AID977611Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB1995Nature structural biology, Jul, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Alternating arginine-modulated substrate specificity in an engineered tyrosine aminotransferase.
AID1811Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB2004Biochemistry, Oct-12, Volume: 43, Issue:40
Narrowing substrate specificity in a directly evolved enzyme: the A293D mutant of aspartate aminotransferase.
AID977611Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2004Biochemistry, Oct-12, Volume: 43, Issue:40
Narrowing substrate specificity in a directly evolved enzyme: the A293D mutant of aspartate aminotransferase.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (745)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990134 (17.99)18.7374
1990's129 (17.32)18.2507
2000's120 (16.11)29.6817
2010's240 (32.21)24.3611
2020's122 (16.38)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 81.12

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index81.12 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.69 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.81 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index144.80 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (81.12)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials17 (2.17%)5.53%
Reviews11 (1.40%)6.00%
Case Studies6 (0.77%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other750 (95.66%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (110)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Comparison of Intraocular Pressure, Blood Pressure, Ocular Perfusion and Blood Flow Fluctuations During the Addition of Dorzolamid vs Timolol in Glaucoma Subjects Treated With Prostaglandin Analogue Monotherapy [NCT01304264]35 participants (Actual)Observational2011-03-31Completed
A Randomized Trial of Neratinib, A Pan-ERBB Inhibitor, Alone or in Combination With Palbociclib, a CDK4/6 Inhibitor, in Patients With HER2+ Gynecologic Cancers and Other Solid Tumors: A ComboMATCH Treatment Trial [NCT06126276]Phase 270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-02-20Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Phase II Trial of Triplet Therapy (A PD-L1 Inhibitor Durvalumab (MEDI4736) in Combination With Olaparib and Cediranib) Compared to Olaparib and Cediranib or Durvalumab (MEDI4736) and Cediranib or Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Women With Pl [NCT04739800]Phase 2164 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-10Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Phase II Study Comparing Single-Agent Olaparib, Single Agent Cediranib, and the Combinations of Cediranib/Olaparib, Olaparib/Durvalumab (MEDI4736), Cediranib/Durvalumab (MEDI4736), Olaparib/AZD5363 (Capivasertib) in Women With Recurrent, Pers [NCT03660826]Phase 2288 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-27Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Phase II/III Study of the Combination of Cediranib and Olaparib Compared to Cediranib or Olaparib Alone, or Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Women With Recurrent Platinum-Resistant or -Refractory Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal [NCT02502266]Phase 2/Phase 3562 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-05-03Active, not recruiting
A Phase I/Randomized Phase II Study of Cediranib (NSC#732208) Versus Placebo in Combination With Cisplatin and Pemetrexed in Chemonaive Patients With Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma [NCT01064648]Phase 1/Phase 2117 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-15Active, not recruiting
A Single Site, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Incremental Phase I Clinical Trial: to Evaluate the Tolerance, PK and PD Effects of TPN-672 Maleate in Chinese Healthy Volunteers After Single Dose Administration. [NCT03931668]Early Phase 162 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-04-17Recruiting
Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Pyrotinib After Adjuvant Anti-HRE2 Therapy in Women With High-risk in Early or Locally Advanced Stage Breast Cancer [NCT05834764]Phase 2188 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-08Recruiting
International Randomized Study of Transarterial Chemoembolization Versus CyberKnife for Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma [NCT01327521]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Withdrawn(stopped due to Accrual below target levels)
Optimizing Timolol Maleate Treatment of Infantile Hemangioma by Doppler Ultrasound Examination: a Single Center, Open Cohort Study. [NCT03842631]150 participants (Anticipated)Observational2019-02-16Recruiting
Phase II Study Of Oral PHA-848125AC In Patients With Malignant Thymoma Previously Treated With Multiple Lines Of Chemotherapy [NCT01301391]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-02Terminated(stopped due to For the last patient still on treated nominal therapeutic use of the Milciclib was approved at INT Milano.)
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-escalation Phase I Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Multiple Doses of TPN672 Tablets Maleate in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT05192304]Phase 162 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-01Not yet recruiting
A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo Controlled, Two Period Cross-Over Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Orvepitant in Chronic Cough in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT05185089]Phase 288 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-01Recruiting
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Three Doses of Orvepitant in Subjects With Chronic Refractory Cough [NCT02993822]Phase 2315 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-22Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 2b Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Twice-Daily Oral Administration of a Peripherally Acting Dopamine Receptor D2/D3 Antagonist, TAK-906 for the Treatment of Ad [NCT03544229]Phase 2242 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-14Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Three-period Cross-over Study to Assess the Pharmacodynamics, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Two Orally Inhaled Indacaterol Salts (Maleate and Acetate) Delivered Via the Concept1 Inhalation De [NCT03257995]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-05Completed
Acute Effect of Indacaterol Maleate on Static and Dynamic Lung Volume in COPD Subjects. [NCT01377051]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Anti-histamines Promote Electroacupuncture Analgesia: Basic and Clinical Research [NCT03805035]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-24Completed
Exploratory Study of Triple-targeted Neoadjuvant Treatment of HER2-positive Breast Cancer With Pyrotinib in Combination With Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab [NCT04929548]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-05Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Phase 2 Trial of Cediranib and Olaparib Compared to Bevacizumab in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma Who Have Not Received Prior VEGF Therapy [NCT02974621]Phase 270 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-07Active, not recruiting
Avandia™ + Amaryl™ or Avandamet™ Compared With Metformin: A 48-week Randomized, Open-label, Multicentre Phase IIIB Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Combination Therapy to Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients [NCT00131664]Phase 3391 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Multicenter, Open-label, Phase IIb Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Sutetinib Maleate Capsule in Locally Advanced or Metastatic NSCLC (Non-resistant Uncommon EGFR Mutations Only, Including L861Q, G719X, and/or S768I) [NCT05168566]Phase 299 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-01Recruiting
COVER - Continuing Observation After Vicriviroc (VCV) Exposure Registry [NCT00705419]180 participants (Actual)Observational2007-07-31Completed
A Phase II, Randomized, Double Blind, Double Dummy, Active-controlled, Parallel-group Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of HRG2005 Inhalation in Patients With Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [NCT06035393]Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-27Not yet recruiting
A Multicenter, Open-label, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Sutetinib Maleate Capsule in Locally Advanced or Metastatic NSCLC (Uncommon EGFR Mutations Only) [NCT06010329]Phase 266 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-31Recruiting
Randomized, Phase II, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Conventional Chemoradiation and Adjuvant Temozolomide Plus Cediranib Versus Conventional Chemoradiation and Adjuvant Temozolomide Plus Placebo in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma [NCT01062425]Phase 2261 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-26Completed
Phase II Clinical Trial of AZD2171 Monotherapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients [NCT00458978]Phase 26 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
A Pharmacokinetic Feasibility Study on Ultibro Breezhaler, an Indacaterol-glycopyrronium Inhalation Powder Capsule, in Healthy Subjects [NCT04856098]Phase 134 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-07Completed
An Open Label, Randomized, 2-sequence, 2-period, Single-dose Cross-over Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetics of Besifovir in Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT02300688]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
A Phase Ib/II Study of AZD2171 in Combination With Daily Temozolomide and Radiation in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Not Taking Enzyme-Inducing Anti-epileptic Drugs [NCT00662506]Phase 1/Phase 246 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Phase II Basket Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Neratinib, An Irreversible Tyrosine Kinases Inhibitor of EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB4 Receptors and Trastuzumab Biosimilar (Herzuma®) in Patients With HER2 Mutated Advanced Solid Cancers [NCT06083662]Phase 242 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-15Active, not recruiting
Pyrotinib in Combination With Nab-paclitaxel in Patients With HER2-positive Advanced Breast Cancer: an Exploratory Study [NCT03919253]Phase 280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-04-30Not yet recruiting
Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Timolol in Infants With Infantile Hemangioma (IH) [NCT02913612]Phase 2105 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-05Completed
A 2-Part, Randomized, Double Blind and Open-Label, Placebo and Active-Comparator Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics for TAK-906 in Subjects With Diabetes Mellitus and Gastroparesis or With Idiopathic Gastropares [NCT03268941]Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-26Completed
A Randomized Controlled, Double-blind, Multicenter, Phase III Clinical Study to Compare Efficacy and Safety of Abivertinib Maleate Versus First-line Standard Therapy EGFR-TKI in Patients With Advanced NSCLC With Sensitive EGFR Mutation [NCT03856697]Phase 3406 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-31Not yet recruiting
Phase II Study Of Oral PHA-848125AC In Patients With Thymic Carcinoma Previously Treated With Chemotherapy [NCT01011439]Phase 272 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-22Terminated(stopped due to For the 2 last patients still on treated nominal therapeutic use of the Milciclib was approved at INT Milano.)
[NCT00822055]Phase 4140 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
A Non-randomized, Open, Single-dose, Parallel Designed Clinical Study to Evaluate Safety and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics After Oral Administration of Besivo® in Patients With Renal Impairment and Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT04249908]Phase 140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-02-13Not yet recruiting
Phase IIA Exploratory Study of Oral Milciclib Maleate in Patients With Unresectable or Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma [NCT03109886]Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-12Completed
A Multicenter, Prospective, Adaptive, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Effect of Interferon Lambda 1A, Fluvoxamina + Budesonida, Fluoxetina + Budesonida in Mild COVID-19 and High Risk of Complications [NCT04727424]Phase 36,246 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-19Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Study to Investigate the Safety and Tolerability of 14-days Treatment With an Inhaled Dose of QMF149 (500/800) in Mild to Moderate Asthmatic Patients [NCT00605306]Phase 228 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Multicenter, Double-Blind, Active Comparator-controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of MK0507A in Patients With Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Who Are Inadequately Controlled on Beta-Blockers [NCT00449956]Phase 3474 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-12Completed
A Phase 2 Study of Olaparib and Cediranib for the Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian Cancer [NCT02345265]Phase 272 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-17Active, not recruiting
A Phase Ib Study of Cediranib in Combination With Cilengitide in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma [NCT00979862]Phase 147 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
[NCT00759239]Phase 436 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Enalapril Maleate and Folic Acid Tablets for Primary Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Hypertension: a Post-marketing, Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT00794885]Phase 420,702 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Phase II Trial of Palliative Radiofrequency Ablation in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients With Small Primary Tumor [NCT00891475]Phase 1/Phase 2114 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Vicriviroc (SCH 417690) Treatment Protocol in HIV-Infected Subjects: A Rollover Study for ACTG Protocol A5211 [NCT00686829]Phase 279 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-30Completed
Role of Preemptive Chlorepheniramine Maleate in Reducing Postoperative Agitation After Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgeries (FESS) [NCT04293081]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-16Completed
A Phase III Study Comparing Single-Agent Olaparib or the Combination of Cediranib and Olaparib to Standard Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Women With Recurrent Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer [NCT02446600]Phase 3579 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-28Active, not recruiting
A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Cosopt® Versus Xalacom® on Ocular Hemodynamics and Intraocular Pressure in Patients With Primary Open-angle Glaucoma [NCT00815373]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to no participants recruded.)
[NCT00822081]Phase 4140 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
The Effect of Paroxetine on the Plasma Levels of Timolol Using Ophthalmic 0.5% Timolol Eye Drops and 0.1% Timolol Eye Gel in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00879099]Phase 112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
An Exploratory Basket Study of Pyrotinib Maleate Tablets in HER2 Mutated or Amplified of Metastatic Solid Tumors [NCT05274191]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-04Not yet recruiting
A Phase I Study of Subutinib Maleate Capsules on Toleration and Pharmacokinetics [NCT01806376]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-03-31Recruiting
A Pilot/Phase 1b Study of Glasdegib-Based Treatment Combinations in Adult Patients With Relapsed AML Post Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation [NCT04655391]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-06-25Withdrawn(stopped due to Drug availability)
A 12 Week, Open-Label, Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Dorzolamide-Timolol as First Line Therapy to Reduce Intraocular Pressure in Patients With Untreated Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG) or Ocular Hypertension (OH) [NCT00546286]Phase 3170 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Open, Single-dose, Two-cycle, Double-sequence, Crossover Study to Investigate the Effects of a Low-fat Diet On the Pharmacokinetics of Healthy Chinese Adult Participants After Oral Administration of Pyrotinib Maleate Tablets [NCT04315493]Phase 116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-31Not yet recruiting
A Real-World Study of Pyrotinib Maleate in the Treatment of Advanced/Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Rare Mutations in HER2 [NCT05411276]15 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2022-06-30Not yet recruiting
Blood-aqueous Barrier Changes After the Use of Timolol and Prostaglandin Analogues Fixed Combination in Pseudophakic Patients With Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [NCT01978015]Phase 469 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Trimebutine Maleate (NEWBUTIN SR 300 mg Tab) as a Prophylactic Anti-emetic Drug for Patients Who Underwent Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: a Randomized Controlled Study [NCT01984931]Phase 345 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-10-31Recruiting
An Open-label, Multi-center, Phase II Umbrella Study to Assess Efficacy of Targeted Therapy or Immunotherapy Directed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in Chinese Patients With Advanced NSCLC (TRUMP) [NCT03574402]Phase 2400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-09Recruiting
Comparison of Efficacy and Ocular Surface Disease Assessment Between BRIDIN- PLUS® Eye Drops and COMBIGAN® Eye Drops in Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertensive Patients [NCT06078592]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-08Completed
Topical Anti-angiogenic Therapy for Telangiectasia in HHT: Proof of Concept [NCT01752049]Phase 1/Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Department of Geriatrics [NCT02575092]Phase 2/Phase 34,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-01Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Single-dose, Double-blind, 4-way Cross-over Study to Evaluate Tolerability Following Treatment With Indacaterol Salts (Maleate, Xinafoate and Acetate) in Comparison to Placebo in Patients With Mild to Moderate Persistent Asthma [NCT00624702]Phase 198 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Phase I/II Trial of Cediranib Alone or Cediranib and Lenalidomide in Iodine 131-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer [NCT01208051]Phase 1/Phase 2127 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-09Completed
A Phase II Evaluation of Cediranib (Recentin; AZD2171, IND#72740, NSC# 732208) in the Treatment of Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Carcinoma [NCT01132820]Phase 253 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Effect of Vicriviroc on HIV RNA Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid [NCT00632073]Phase 113 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
An Open-label, Phase I Study in Healthy Male Subjects to Compare the Pharmacokinetics of LB80331 and LB80317, Metabolites of LB80380, After a Single Oral Administration of LB80380 Free Base 150 mg (60 mg + 90 mg) Tablet or LB80380 Maleate Tablet 183 mg (1 [NCT01427868]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Enalapril Maleate and Folic Acid Tablets for Prevention of Chronic Kidney Diseases in Patients With Hypertension: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01871740]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to The sponsor and the PIs both agreed that the CSPPT-CKD should be a sub-study of the CSPPT insted of an independent randomized trial.)
An Open-Label Phase Ib/II Multi-Arm Study of OX40 Agonist Monoclonal Antibody (mAb), Anti-PDL1 mAb, Smoothened Inhibitor, Anti-CD33 mAb, Bcl-2 Inhibitor and Azacitidine as Single-Agents and/or Combinations for the Treatment of Patients With Acute Myeloid [NCT03390296]Phase 1/Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-27Completed
A Phase II Study of Olaparib Plus Cediranib in Combination With Standard Therapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT02899728]Phase 29 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-30Terminated(stopped due to Inadequate accrual rate)
Patient Preference Comparison of AZARGA Versus COSOPT After Single Doses in Patients With Open-Angled Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension [NCT01471158]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
[NCT00273442]Phase 460 participants Interventional2005-11-30Completed
[NCT00273481]Phase 433 participants Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Randomized, Multicenter, Dbl-Masked, Parallel Study Evaluating the 24 Hr. Diurnal Ocular Hypotensive Effect of 2% Dorzolamide Hydrochloride/0.5% Timolol Maleate Combo. Ophthalmic Sol. in Patients w/ Open Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension [NCT00108017]Phase 3330 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active (Formoterol 12 µg b.i.d) and Placebo Controlled, Multi-center, 5 Period Crossover Study to Assess the Bronchodilatory Efficacy and Safety of Single Doses of Indacaterol 150 µg, 300 µg and 600 µg Delivered V [NCT00403637]Phase 2/Phase 345 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
Molecular Analysis for Combination Therapy Choice (ComboMATCH) [NCT05564377]Phase 22,900 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-07Recruiting
Phase I/II Study of Cediranib and Olaparib in Combination for Treatment of Recurrent Papillary-Serous Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer or for Treatment of Recurrent Triple-Negative Breast Cancer [NCT01116648]Phase 1/Phase 2155 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-14Active, not recruiting
Patient Satisfaction With Timolol Maleate in Sorbate, Generic Timolol Gel Forming Solution or Timolol Hemihydrate in Subjects With Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension [NCT00804648]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
A Multi-centre, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multiple-dose, 4-way Crossover Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Orally Inhaled Indacaterol Salts (Maleate, Xinafoate, and Acetate) in Patients With [NCT00927901]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active (Formoterol 12 µg b.i.d) and Placebo Controlled, Multi-center, 5 Period Crossover Study to Assess the Bronchodilatory Efficacy and Safety of Single Doses of Indacaterol 150 µg, 300 µg and 600 µg Delivered V [NCT00396604]Phase 2/Phase 351 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Study of Avatrombopag for Persistent Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Patients With Gastrointestinal Malignancies (ACT-GI) [NCT05772546]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-30Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter, Dose-ranging, Efficacy and Safety Study of Three Doses of TCH346 (1mg, 5mg and 20mg Daily) in Patients With Early Parkinson's Disease [NCT00407212]Phase 1/Phase 2301 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-01-31Completed
Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Combigan With Timolol Adjunctive to Xalatan in Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension Subjects [NCT00735449]Phase 4204 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
[NCT00273429]Phase 40 participants Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Can Urgent Reduction of Intraocular Pressure With Ophthalmic Timolol Improve Recovery From Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION): a Randomized Study. [NCT01607671]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to recruit participants from recruiting sites.)
A Phase I Clinical Trial of AZD2171 in Children With Recurrent or Progressive Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors [NCT00326664]Phase 155 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Three-period, Partial-replicate Design Study to Evaluate the Inter- and Intrasubject Variability of the Avatrombopag To-be-marketed Formulation Administered as Single Doses of 40 mg to Healthy Subjects Receiving a Low-fat Meal [NCT01759394]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
An Exploratory, Multi-centre, Double-blind, Placebocontrolled Crossover Study, to Investigate the Bronchodilatory Efficacy of a Single Dose of Indacaterol in Fixed Combination With Mometasone Furoate Delivered Via a MDDPI (Twisthaler®) in Adult Patients W [NCT00556673]Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Enhancing Breast Milk Production With Domperidone in Mothers of Preterm Neonates [NCT01512225]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Parallel-group Trial With an Open-label Extension Phase to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral E5501 Versus Eltrombopag, in Adults With Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (Idiopathic T [NCT01433978]Phase 324 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-26Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated early due to significant enrollment challenges.)
Efficacy and Safety of Entecavir Maleate Tablets in Chinese Patients With Hepatitis B [NCT01926288]Phase 4287 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
A Phase 2 Study of AZD2171 in Progressive Unresectable, Recurrent or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) [NCT00227760]Phase 244 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Effect of Atazanavir Administered With and Without Ritonavir on the Pharmacokinetics of the Cytochrome P450 2C8 Substrate Rosiglitazone in Healthy Subjects [NCT00362726]Phase 114 participants Interventional2006-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose, 6-Week, In-Patient Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of HP-3070 in Subjects Diagnosed With Schizophrenia [NCT02876900]Phase 3617 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
Comparing the Dentin Conditioning Effect of Different Single and Combination Chelating Agents on Sealer Penetration and Dentin Erosion [NCT05778227]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-11-16Completed
Phase I Study of the Combination of the VEGFR Inhibitor, AZD2171, and MEK Inhibitor, AZD6244, in the Treatment of Solid Malignancies [NCT01364051]Phase 119 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-25Active, not recruiting
A Multi-centre, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Multiple-dose, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Orally Inhaled Indacaterol Administered as Either PulmoSphere or Lactose-blend Powder Via [NCT01484197]Phase 236 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Efficacy of Avatrombopag in Thrombocytopenic Patients With Chronic Liver Disease Undergoing an Elective Procedure: A Prospective Non-randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04915287]Phase 4476 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-06Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Standardized Versus Conventional Oxytocin and Uterotonic Agent Use for Cesarean Delivery [NCT01549223]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
A Phase II Study of AZD2171 in Adult Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Extensive Plexiform and Paraspinal Neurofibromas [NCT00326872]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Closed due to slow accrual prior to interim analysis.)
Inetetamab, Pyrotinib and Chemotherapy in Combination for First-line Treatment of HER2-positive Recurrent/Metastatic Breast Cancer [NCT05621434]Phase 263 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-10Not yet recruiting
[NCT00811850]Phase 415 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Assessment of Relative Bioavailability of Avandamet 4 mg + 1000 mg (GSK) in the Form of Film Coated Tablets Versus Avandamet 2 mg + 500 mg (GSK) in the Form of Film Coated Tablets, in Healthy Volunteers After Feeding Standardized, Using Liquid Chromatogra [NCT01332071]Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-24Completed
Phase I Trial of DS-8201a (Trastuzumab Deruxtecan) in Combination With Neratinib in Solid Tumors With HER2 Alterations [NCT05372614]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-05Recruiting
A Phase 2 Study of Cediranib in Combination With Olaparib in Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT02498613]Phase 2126 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-08-31Active, not recruiting
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Trial With an Open-label Extension Phase to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral E5501 Plus Standard of Care for the Treatment of Thrombocytopenia in Adults With Chro [NCT01438840]Phase 349 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-16Completed
The Efficacy and Safety of Brinzolamide 1%/Timolol 0.5% Fixed Combination Versus Dorzolamide 1%/Timolol 0.5% in Patients With Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension [NCT02325518]Phase 4218 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Adiponectin at Month 12
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in A1C at Month 4
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in A1C at Month 12
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in 5 Year UKPDS Risk Scores at Month 6
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Month 12
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Month 4
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Month 6
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Achieving A1C Target at Month 12
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Achieving A1C Target at Month 4
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Achieving A1C Target at Month 6
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Achieving FPG Target at Month 12
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in 5 Year UKPDS Risk Scores at Month 12
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Achieving FPG Target at Month 4
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in C-reactive Protein (CRP) at Month 6
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in A1C at Month 6
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Achieving FPG Target at Month 6
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Adiponectin at Month 6
NCT00131664 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in C-reactive Protein (CRP) at Month 12
NCT00227760 (3) [back to overview]Progression Free Survival
NCT00227760 (3) [back to overview]Objective Response, Evaluated Using RECIST
NCT00227760 (3) [back to overview]Incidence of Durable Stable Disease, Evaluated Using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)
NCT00326872 (5) [back to overview]Time to Treatment Failure as Assessed Using the Method of Kaplan-Meier
NCT00326872 (5) [back to overview]Time to Disease Progression as Measured Using Kaplan-Meier Method
NCT00326872 (5) [back to overview]Survival Time as Measured Using Kaplan-Meier Method
NCT00326872 (5) [back to overview]Reduction in Self Reported Worst Pain Per Cycle.
NCT00326872 (5) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients With Tumor Response (Complete Response [CR] or Partial Response [PR])
NCT00449956 (3) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Outflow Pressure Reduction Rate at 8 Weeks
NCT00449956 (3) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 8 Weeks
NCT00449956 (3) [back to overview]Change in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) From Baseline at 8 Weeks
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Time to Reach Peak or Maximum Concentration Following Drug Administration for Indacaterol
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Maximum (Peak) Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Mometasone Furoate
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Maximum (Peak) Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Indacaterol
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Change From Period Baseline to 24 Hour Post-dose (Trough) Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Change From Period Baseline in Trough Percent Predicted Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Change From Period Baseline in Trough FEV1/FVC Ratio
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Change From Period Baseline in Peak Percent Predicted Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Change From Period Baseline in Peak Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Change From Period Baseline in Peak FEV1/FVC Ratio
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Peak Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1)
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to 24 Hours Post-dose for Mometasone Furoate
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to 24 Hours Post-dose for Indacaterol
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to 12 Hours Post-dose for Mometasone Furoate
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Change From Period Baseline in Trough Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT00556673 (15) [back to overview]Time to Reach Peak or Maximum Concentration Following Drug Administration for Mometasone Furoate
NCT00605306 (4) [back to overview]Levels of Plasma Glucose Over Time
NCT00605306 (4) [back to overview]Levels of Serum Cortisol Over Time
NCT00605306 (4) [back to overview]Levels of Serum Potassium Over Time
NCT00605306 (4) [back to overview]Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With HIV RNA ≥400 Copies/mL
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With HIV RNA >50 to <400 Copies/mL
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in CD4/CD8 Cell Counts
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With HIV Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) <50 Copies/mL
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With AIDS-defining Events (ADEs)
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With New Infections
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Reduced Susceptibility to VCV
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Discontinuing Study Therapy Due to AEs
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With ≥1 Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Coreceptor Tropism Shifts From Baseline
NCT00686829 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With ≥1 Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT00735449 (5) [back to overview]Mean Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 8 AM at Week 6
NCT00735449 (5) [back to overview]Mean Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 8 AM at Week 12
NCT00735449 (5) [back to overview]Mean Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 10 AM at Week 6
NCT00735449 (5) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Adverse Events
NCT00735449 (5) [back to overview]Mean Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 10 AM at Week 12
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Stinging on Instillation
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Intraoclular Pressure
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Corneal Staining Grade
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Corneal Staining Count
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Conjunctival Staining - Temporal Grade
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Conjunctival Staining - Temporal Count
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Conjunctival Staining - Nasal Count
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Visual Acuity
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Conjunctival Hyperemia
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Basic Schirmer's
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Conjunctival Staining - Nasal Grade
NCT00804648 (12) [back to overview]Tear Film Break-up Time
NCT00811850 (8) [back to overview]Retrobulbar Blood Flow (End Diastolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Nasal Short Posterior Ciliary Artery
NCT00811850 (8) [back to overview]Retrobulbar Blood Flow (Peak Systolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Temporal Short Posterior Ciliary Artery
NCT00811850 (8) [back to overview]Retrobulbar Blood Flow (Peak Systolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Ophthalmic Artery
NCT00811850 (8) [back to overview]Retrobulbar Blood Flow (Peak Systolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Nasal Short Posterior Ciliary Artery
NCT00811850 (8) [back to overview]Retrobulbar Blood Flow (End Diastolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Central Retinal Artery
NCT00811850 (8) [back to overview]Retrobulbar Blood Flow (Peak Systolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Central Retinal Artery
NCT00811850 (8) [back to overview]Retrobulbar Blood Flow (End Diastolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Temporal Short Posterior Ciliary Artery
NCT00811850 (8) [back to overview]Retrobulbar Blood Flow (End Diastolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Ophthalmic Artery
NCT00927901 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Using Rescue Medication During Each 7 Day Treatment Period
NCT00927901 (6) [back to overview]Time to Peak Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) on Day 1 and Day 7
NCT00927901 (6) [back to overview]Indacaterol Exposure (Cmax) at the End of Each 7 Day Treatment Period
NCT00927901 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Trough Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) 24 Hours Post-dose at the End of Each Treatment Period (Day 7)
NCT00927901 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Trough Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) 24 Hours Post-dose on Day 1
NCT00927901 (6) [back to overview]Indacaterol Exposure (AUC[0-24 Hours]) at the End of Each 7 Day Treatment Period
NCT01011439 (6) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT01011439 (6) [back to overview]Duration of Response
NCT01011439 (6) [back to overview]Overall Safety Profile (Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) and Hematological and Blood Chemistry Parameters)
NCT01011439 (6) [back to overview]Confirmed Objective Response Rate (ORR)
NCT01011439 (6) [back to overview]Disease Control Rate
NCT01011439 (6) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival
NCT01062425 (4) [back to overview]6-month Progression-free Survival Rate
NCT01062425 (4) [back to overview]Incidence of Grade 3+ Toxicities
NCT01062425 (4) [back to overview]Overall Survival (OS)
NCT01062425 (4) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS)
NCT01064648 (9) [back to overview]Disease Control Rate by Modified RECIST (Phase II)
NCT01064648 (9) [back to overview](Phase I) Number of Patients With Gr 3 Through 5 Adverse Events That Are Related to Study Drugs
NCT01064648 (9) [back to overview](Phase II) Number of Patients With Gr 3 Through 5 Adverse Events That Are Related to Study Drugs
NCT01064648 (9) [back to overview]Response Rate by RECIST1.1 (Phase II)
NCT01064648 (9) [back to overview]Response Rate by Modified RECIST (Phase II)
NCT01064648 (9) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (Phase II)
NCT01064648 (9) [back to overview]Overall Survival (Phase II)
NCT01064648 (9) [back to overview]Maximum Tolerated Dose of Cediranib in Combination With Cisplatin and Pemetrexed (Phase I)
NCT01064648 (9) [back to overview]Disease Control Rate by RECIST 1.1 (Phase II)
NCT01116648 (4) [back to overview]The Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Cediranib in Combination With Olaparib Tablet Formulation in the Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer (Phase I-T).
NCT01116648 (4) [back to overview]The Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Cediranib in Combination With Olaparib in the Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer or Metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer (Phase I)
NCT01116648 (4) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS) at the Maximum Tolerated Dose/Recommended Phase 2 Dose of Cediranib Maleate With Olaparib Compared to That of Olaparib Alone (Phase II)
NCT01116648 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Dose Limiting Toxicities of Cediranib Maleate in Combination With Olaparib (Phase I)
NCT01132820 (6) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Effects as Assessed by the National Cancer Institute CTCAE v. 4.0
NCT01132820 (6) [back to overview]Tumor Response
NCT01132820 (6) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT01132820 (6) [back to overview]Progression Free Survival
NCT01132820 (6) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS) = > 6 Months
NCT01132820 (6) [back to overview]Response Without Regard to the Time of Documented Response
NCT01208051 (6) [back to overview]Objective Response Rate
NCT01208051 (6) [back to overview]Dose Limiting Toxicity
NCT01208051 (6) [back to overview]Overall Survival (Final Results After Crossover)
NCT01208051 (6) [back to overview]Percent Change in Tumor Size (Phase II)
NCT01208051 (6) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (Final Results After Crossover)
NCT01208051 (6) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (Phase II Futility Analysis)
NCT01301391 (7) [back to overview]Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) and Hematological and Blood Chemistry Parameters
NCT01301391 (7) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT01301391 (7) [back to overview]Objective Response Rate (ORR)
NCT01301391 (7) [back to overview]Duration of Response
NCT01301391 (7) [back to overview]Disease Control Rate (ORR+SD Rate)
NCT01301391 (7) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS)
NCT01301391 (7) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival Rate at 3 Months
NCT01332071 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-infinity of Metformin Hydrochloride
NCT01332071 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-infinity of Rosiglitazone Maleate
NCT01332071 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-t of Metformin Hydrochloride
NCT01332071 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-t of Rosiglitazone Maleate
NCT01332071 (6) [back to overview]Cmax of Metformin Hydrochloride
NCT01332071 (6) [back to overview]Cmax of Rosiglitazone Maleate
NCT01433978 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Local Platelet Count for the 6 Month Treatment Period
NCT01433978 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Local Platelet Count for the 6 Month Treatment Period
NCT01438840 (3) [back to overview]Number of Weeks With Platelet Count Greater Than or Equal to 50 x 10^9/L During 6-Month Treatment Period
NCT01438840 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Reduction in Use of Concomitant Immune/Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Medication
NCT01438840 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Platelet Count Greater Than or Equal to 50 x 10^9/L at Day 8
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Standardized FEV1 AUC Between Baseline (Pre-dose) and 12 Hour Post-dose (AUC0-12h)
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Standardized FEV1 AUC Between Baseline (Pre-dose) and 4 Hour Post-dose (AUC0-4h)
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Time to Peak FEV1 at Day 1 and Day 7
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Time to Reach Maximum Concentration (Tmax) After Drug Administration
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in the Morning in the Evening
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Number of Puffs of Rescue Medicine
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Trough Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) After 1 Day of Treatment
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Trough Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) After 7 Days of Treatment
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve Pre-dose to 24 Hour Post Dose (AUC0-24h)
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]FEV1 at Each Time-Point on Day 1 and Day 2
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]FEV1 at Each Time-Point on Day 7 and Day 8
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]FEV1/FVC at Each Post-Dose Time Point on Day 1 and Day 2
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]FEV1/FVC at Each Post-dose Time Point on Day 7 and Day 8
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Forced Expiratory Flow 25- 75% (FEF25-75) on Day 1 and Day 2
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Forced Expiratory Flow 25- 75% (FEF25-75) on Day 7 and Day 8
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Each Time-Point on Day 1 and Day 2
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Each Time-Point on Day 7 and Day 8
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Observed Maximum Concentration (Cmax) After Drug Administration
NCT01484197 (20) [back to overview]Peak FEV1 at Day 1 and Day 7
NCT01512225 (8) [back to overview]Increase in Breast Milk Production
NCT01512225 (8) [back to overview]Increase in Breast Milk Volume on Day 28
NCT01512225 (8) [back to overview]Mean Breast Milk Volumes on Day 14
NCT01512225 (8) [back to overview]Mean Breast Milk Volumes on Day 28
NCT01512225 (8) [back to overview]Mean Volume Change From Day 0 to Day 14
NCT01512225 (8) [back to overview]Mean Volume Change on the Volume of Milk From Day 15 to Day 28
NCT01512225 (8) [back to overview]Provision of Breast Milk at 6 Weeks Post Term Gestation
NCT01512225 (8) [back to overview]Provision of Breast Milk at Term Gestation
NCT01549223 (2) [back to overview]Side Effects (Hypotension, Flushing, Nausea and Emesis) Associated With Uterotonic Drug Use
NCT01549223 (2) [back to overview]1. Amount of Oxytocin to Obtain Satisfactory Uterine Tone.
NCT01752049 (1) [back to overview]Change in Lesion Area of Treated Telangiectasia.
NCT02325518 (2) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Change From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 11 AM
NCT02325518 (2) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Change From Baseline in IOP at 9 AM
NCT02345265 (2) [back to overview]Objective Response Rate (ORR) in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer
NCT02345265 (2) [back to overview]Progression-Free Survival (PFS) by HRR Status in Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian Cancer
NCT02446600 (4) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT02446600 (4) [back to overview]Patient Reported Scores of Disease-related Symptoms as Measured by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network/Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Ovarian Symptom Index-18 Disease-Related Symptom-Physical
NCT02446600 (4) [back to overview]Frequency and Severity of Adverse Effects
NCT02446600 (4) [back to overview]Progression Free Survival Determined Using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1 Criteria
NCT02876900 (2) [back to overview]Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Asenapine Maleate Patches Compared With Placebo Patches in Subjects Diagnosed With Schizophrenia as Measured Using the Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness Scale: Change From Baseline to Week 6.
NCT02876900 (2) [back to overview]Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Asenapine Maleate Patches Compared With Placebo Patches in Subjects Diagnosed With Schizophrenia as Measured Using the Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score: Change From Baseline to Week 6.
NCT02913612 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Reach Partial Response, Assessed by Hemangioma Color
NCT02913612 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Partial Response of Hemangioma Volume as Measured by VAS (Visual Analog Scale) Within Each Treatment Arm and Compared With Untreated Controls
NCT02913612 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Partial Response of Hemangioma Volume as Measured by VAS (Visual Analog Scale) Within Each Treatment Arm
NCT02913612 (9) [back to overview]Comparison of Partial Response of Hemangioma Color From Baseline to 180 Days, Within Each Treatment Arm
NCT02913612 (9) [back to overview]Change in Hemangioma Quality of Life (IH-QoL) Assessment for Infants
NCT02913612 (9) [back to overview]Change in Hemangioma Dynamic Complication Scale (HDCS)
NCT02913612 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Partial Response in Hemangioma Color as Measured by VAS (Visual Analog Scale) Within Each Treatment Arm and Compared With Untreated Controls
NCT02913612 (9) [back to overview]Number of Serious Adverse Events and Adverse Events of Special Interest in Infants Treated With Topical Timolol Maleate
NCT02913612 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Reach Partial Response, Assessed by Volume
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Awake Objective Cough Frequency
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in Awake Objective Cough Frequency at Week 2 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in Awake Objective Cough Frequency at Week 4 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Urge-to-cough Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 8 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Urge-to-cough Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 4 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 12 Compared to Baseline - Day-time
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) at Week 8 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 2 Compared to Baseline - Day-time
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) at Week 4 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) at Week 2 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 2 Compared to Baseline - Night-time
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Urge-to-cough Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 12 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Urge-to-cough Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 2 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) at Week 12 Compared to Baseline
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 8 Compared to Baseline - Night-time
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 8 Compared to Baseline - Day-time
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 4 Compared to Baseline - Night-time
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 4 Compared to Baseline - Day-time
NCT02993822 (19) [back to overview]Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 12 Compared to Baseline - Night-time
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by FEF25-75%
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Trough FEV1
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Time to Peak FEV1 on Day 14
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Time of Maximal Plasma Concentration (Tmax) at Steady State
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]The Maximum Concentration (Cmax) at Steady State (ss)
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]The Lowest Plasma (or Serum or Blood) Concentration (Cmin) at Steady State
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Rescue Medication Usage
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetics AUC 0-24hours at Steady State
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Mean Overall Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo in Standardized FEV1 AUC.
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by FEV1/FVC
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Relative Bioavailability (Frel) of Indacaterol Acetate and Indacaterol Maleate
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Percent of Predicted Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by FEV1 (% Predicted) at All Timepoints
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by FVC (% Predicted)
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT03257995 (16) [back to overview]Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) at All Timepoints
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced At Least One or More Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Gastric Emptying Breath Test (GEBT) Gastric Half-emptying Time Following Single Dose Administration of TAK-906 Maleate as Measured by the 13C Spirulina GEBT on Day 1
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Markedly Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Values
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Markedly Abnormal Laboratory Parameters Values
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Tmax: Time to Reach the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for TAK-906 in Part 1
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Markedly Abnormal Vital Signs
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Gastric Emptying Breath Test (GEBT) Gastric Half-emptying Time as Measured by the 13C Spirulina GEBT Following Multiple Dose Administration of TAK-906 Maleate on Day 7 for Part 1
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]AUCτ: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From 0 to Time (T) Over the Dosing Interval for TAK-906 in Part 1
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Gastric Emptying (GE) Time as Measured by the SmartPill on Day 7 for Part 1
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Prolactin Concentration on Day 1 at Tmax, Time of First Occurrence of Maximum Serum Concentration (Cmax) for TAK-906 Maleate for Part 1
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for TAK 906 in Part 1
NCT03268941 (12) [back to overview]Ctrough: Observed Concentration at the End of a Dosing Interval for TAK-906 in Part 1
NCT03390296 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Response
NCT03390296 (2) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least 50% Reduction From Baseline in ANMS GCSI-DD Composite Score at Week 12
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index-Daily Diary (ANMS GCSI-DD) Composite Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCI-DD Bloating Severity Scale Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Early Satiety Symptom Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Nausea Symptom Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Overall Severity of Gastroparesis Symptoms Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Postprandial Fullness Symptom Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Symptomatic Weeks
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Recorded Vomiting Frequency at Week 12 of the Treatment Period
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Total Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Upper Abdominal Pain Symptom Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period
NCT03544229 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Symptom Severity Index (PAGI-SYM) Total Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

Mean Change From Baseline in Adiponectin at Month 12

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 6. Adiponectin was only done at baseline, months 6 and 12. The test was optional and performed only by participating sites. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionµg/mL (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl4.95
Avandamet8.21
Metformin1.453

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Mean Change From Baseline in A1C at Month 4

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 4 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 4

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl-1.44
Avandamet-1.28
Metformin-0.94

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Mean Change From Baseline in A1C at Month 12

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl-1.50
Avandamet-1.56
Metformin-1.14

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Mean Change From Baseline in 5 Year UKPDS Risk Scores at Month 6

"Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 2. The UKPDS (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study) risk engine calculated was based on 5 years risk using gender, race, age at diagnosis of diabetes, duration of diabetes, smoking status, A1C, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio at a specified visit.~The UKPDS cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk engine is used to estimate the risk of having coronary heart disease in type II diabetes according to the UKPDS model. The possible risk scores can range from 0 to 100% and hence lower scores would predict a person is less likely to have an event." (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl-1.09
Avandamet-1.05
Metformin-1.54

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Mean Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Month 12

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionmillimoles per litre (mmol/L) (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl-2.71
Avandamet-2.76
Metformin-2.12

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Mean Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Month 4

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 4 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 4

Interventionmillimoles per litre (mmol/L) (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl-2.86
Avandamet-2.33
Metformin-1.75

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Mean Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Month 6

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionmillimoles per litre (mmol/L) (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl-2.98
Avandamet-2.55
Metformin-1.86

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Number of Subjects Achieving A1C Target at Month 12

A1C responders were described as subjects having achieved A1C less than 7 percent at Month 12 with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Avandia and Amaryl95
Avandamet111
Metformin82

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Number of Subjects Achieving A1C Target at Month 4

A1C responders were described as subjects having achieved A1C less than 7 percent at Month 4, with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 4

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Avandia and Amaryl83
Avandamet96
Metformin69

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Number of Subjects Achieving A1C Target at Month 6

A1C responders were described as subjects having achieved A1C less than 7 percent at Month 6, with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Avandia and Amaryl94
Avandamet98
Metformin69

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Number of Subjects Achieving FPG Target at Month 12

FPG responders were described as subjects having achieved FPG less than 7 mmol/L at Month 12 with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Avandia and Amaryl64
Avandamet86
Metformin51

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Mean Change From Baseline in 5 Year UKPDS Risk Scores at Month 12

"Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 2. The UKPDS (U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study) risk engine calculated was based on 5 years risk using gender, race, age at diagnosis of diabetes, duration of diabetes, smoking status, A1C, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol to HDL ratio at a specified visit.~The UKPDS cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk engine is used to estimate the risk of having coronary heart disease in type II diabetes according to the UKPDS model. The possible risk scores can range from 0 to 100% and hence lower scores would predict a person is less likely to have an event." (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl-0.72
Avandamet-0.62
Metformin-1.11

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Number of Subjects Achieving FPG Target at Month 4

FPG responders were described as subjects having achieved FPG less than 7 mmol/L at Month 4 with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 4

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Avandia and Amaryl58
Avandamet65
Metformin38

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Mean Change From Baseline in C-reactive Protein (CRP) at Month 6

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value. LOCF was not used for this analysis. CRP was only done at baseline, months 6 and 8. The test was optional and performed only by participating sites. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionmilligram per decilitre (mg/dL) (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl-1.20
Avandamet-1.68
Metformin-1.25

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Mean Change From Baseline in A1C at Month 6

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value, with last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) from Month 2 for withdrawn subjects or missing values. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

,,
Interventionpercent (Mean)
BaselineChange from baseline
Avandamet7.96-1.39
Avandia and Amaryl8.14-1.61
Metformin7.90-1.02

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Number of Subjects Achieving FPG Target at Month 6

FPG responders were described as subjects having achieved FPG less than 7 mmol/L at Month 6 with LOCF from Month 2. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Avandia and Amaryl61
Avandamet76
Metformin43

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Mean Change From Baseline in Adiponectin at Month 6

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 6 value minus the baseline value. LOCF was not used for this analysis. Adiponectin was only done at baseline, months 6 and 12. The test was optional and performed only by participating sites. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionmicrogram per millilitre (µg/mL) (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl5.73
Avandamet6.37
Metformin0.23

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Mean Change From Baseline in C-reactive Protein (CRP) at Month 12

Change from baseline was calculated as the Month 12 value minus the baseline value, with LOCF from Month 6. CRP was only done at baseline, months 6 and 12. The test was optional and performed only by participating sites. (NCT00131664)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Avandia and Amaryl-0.40
Avandamet-1.52
Metformin-1.52

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Progression Free Survival

(NCT00227760)
Timeframe: Time from start of treatment to progression, death or last contact, or last tumor assessment before the start of further antitumor therapy, assessed up to 6.5 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Treatment (Cediranib Maleate)8.9

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Objective Response, Evaluated Using RECIST

Partial response as assessed by RECIST criteria (NCT00227760)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Treatment (Cediranib Maleate)15

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Incidence of Durable Stable Disease, Evaluated Using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)

Stable disease for a clinical benefit rate, evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (NCT00227760)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionparticip[ants (Number)
Treatment (Cediranib Maleate)18

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Time to Treatment Failure as Assessed Using the Method of Kaplan-Meier

"Time to treatment failure is defined to be the time from the date of randomization to the date at which the patient is removed from treatment due to progression, toxicity, or refusal. If the patient is considered to be a major treatment violation or is taken off study as a non-protocol failure, the patient will be censored on the date they are removed from treatment.~Time to treatment failure will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier." (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: From the date of randomization to the date at which the patient is removed from treatment due to progression, toxicity, or refusal up to 51 months.

InterventionMonths (Median)
Treatment (Cediranib Maleate)5.9

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Time to Disease Progression as Measured Using Kaplan-Meier Method

"Progression (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of volumes of target lesions taking as reference the smallest volume recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions.~If a patient dies without documentation of disease progression, the patient will be considered to have had tumor progression at the time of their death unless there is sufficient documented evidence to conclude no progression occurred prior to death." (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: From registration to documentation of disease progression up to 26 cycles (28 days/cycle).

InterventionMonths (Median)
Treatment (Cediranib Maleate)49.15

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Survival Time as Measured Using Kaplan-Meier Method

Survival time is defined as the time from registration to death due to any cause. (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: From registration to death (due to any cause) max 51 months

InterventionMonths (Median)
Treatment (Cediranib Maleate)NA

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Reduction in Self Reported Worst Pain Per Cycle.

Reduction in self reported worst pain per cycle as measured by the Worst Pain scale from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group Brief Pain Inventory (short form). The worst pain scale is from 0-10 (10 is worst pain possible). The per-cycle average reduction in worst pain will be analyzed using generalized linear models to account for repeated measures within patients. (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: At baseline, prior to each subsequent course (q 28+/- 3 days), and at end of treatment up to 51 months

Interventionunits on a scale of 0-10 (Mean)
Treatment (Cediranib Maleate)0.137

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Proportion of Patients With Tumor Response (Complete Response [CR] or Partial Response [PR])

"Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions.~Partial Response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the volume of target lesions taking as reference the baseline volume." (NCT00326872)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of treatment, maximum of 26 cycles (28 days/cycle).

InterventionProportion of patients (Number)
Treatment (Cediranib Maleate)0.0384

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Percent Change From Baseline in Outflow Pressure Reduction Rate at 8 Weeks

Percent Change from baseline to 8 weeks in Outflow Pressure Reduction Rate assessed 2 hours after ocular instillation (at Hour 2) (NCT00449956)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
MK0507A (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5% Combination)23.47
Timolol 0.5%17.17
Concomitant (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5%)26.75

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Percent Change From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 8 Weeks

Percent Change from baseline to 8 weeks in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) assessed 2 hours after ocular instillation (at Hour 2) (NCT00449956)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
MK0507A (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5% Combination)-11.99
Timolol 0.5%-8.74
Concomitant (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5%)-13.46

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Change in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) From Baseline at 8 Weeks

Change from baseline to 8 weeks in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) assessed 2 hours after ocular instillation (at Hour 2) (NCT00449956)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionmmHg (Least Squares Mean)
MK0507A (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5% Combination)-2.50
Timolol 0.5%-1.82
Concomitant (Dorzolamide 1.0% / Timolol 0.5%)-2.78

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Time to Reach Peak or Maximum Concentration Following Drug Administration for Indacaterol

(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.

Interventionhours (Median)
Indacaterol/Mometasone0.325

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Maximum (Peak) Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Mometasone Furoate

(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone47.3

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Maximum (Peak) Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Indacaterol

(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone289

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Change From Period Baseline to 24 Hour Post-dose (Trough) Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)

FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. Change from the period baseline to 24 hour post dose trough FEV1 after 1 day of treatment was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose FEV1 as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Pre-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 1, 8 and 15) and 24-hours post-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 2, 9 and 16).

Interventionliters (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone0.27
Placebo-0.12
Fluticasone/Salmeterol0.37

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Change From Period Baseline in Trough Percent Predicted Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)

"Trough FEV1 was measured 24 hours post-dose. The FEV1 percent predicted expresses FEV1 as a percentage of the predicted values for participants of similar characteristics (height, age, sex, and sometimes race and weight). A positive change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted indicates improvement in lung function. Change from baseline in trough FEV1 % predicted was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate." (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Pre-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 1, 8 and 15) and 24-hours post-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 2, 9 and 16).

InterventionPercent of predicted (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone6.95
Placebo-2.87
Fluticasone/Salmeterol9.85

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Change From Period Baseline in Trough FEV1/FVC Ratio

The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of an expiration. Trough FEV1/FVC was calculated from measurements taken 24 hours post-dose. Change from baseline in trough FEV1/FVC ratio was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Pre-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 1, 8 and 15) and 24-hours post-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 2, 9 and 16).

Interventionratio (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone2.50
Placebo2.15
Fluticasone/Salmeterol2.65

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Change From Period Baseline in Peak Percent Predicted Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)

"Peak FEV1 was defined as the peak FEV1 up to 4 hours post-dose. The FEV1 percent predicted expresses FEV1 as a percentage of the predicted values for participants of similar characteristics (height, age, sex, and sometimes race and weight). A positive change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted indicates improvement in lung function. Change from baseline in peak FEV1 % predicted was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate." (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Days 1, 8 and 15, pre-dose (Baseline) and 5, 15, and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose.

InterventionPercent of predicted (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone16.27
Placebo6.85
Fluticasone/Salmeterol16.49

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Change From Period Baseline in Peak Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Vital capacity is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. Peak FVC was measured up to 4 hours post-dose. Change from baseline in peak FVC was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Days 1, 8 and 15, pre-dose (Baseline) and 5, 15, and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose.

Interventionliters (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone0.47
Placebo0.20
Fluticasone/Salmeterol0.35

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Change From Period Baseline in Peak FEV1/FVC Ratio

The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of an expiration. Peak FEV1/FVC was calculated from spirometry measurements taken up to 4 hours post-dose. Change from baseline in peak FEV1/FVC ratio was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Days 1, 8 and 15, pre-dose (Baseline) and 5, 15, and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose.

Interventionratio (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone2.86
Placebo2.53
Fluticasone/Salmeterol2.90

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Change From Baseline in Peak Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1)

FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. Peak FEV1 is defined as the peak FEV1 between 0 and 4 hours post-dose. The change from baseline in peak FEV1 was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose FEV1 as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Days 1, 8 and 15, pre-dose (Baseline) and 5, 15, and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose.

Interventionliters (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone0.64
Placebo0.26
Fluticasone/Salmeterol0.62

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to 24 Hours Post-dose for Mometasone Furoate

(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.

Interventionpg*h/mL (Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone389

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to 24 Hours Post-dose for Indacaterol

(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.

Interventionpg*h/mL (Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone1331

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to 12 Hours Post-dose for Mometasone Furoate

(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, and 12 hours post-dose.

Interventionpg*h/mL (Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone287

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Change From Period Baseline in Trough Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Vital capacity is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. Trough FVC was measured 24 hours post-dose. Change form baseline in trough FVC was modeled using a linear mixed effect model fitting treatment, sequence and period as fixed factors, patient within sequence as a random factor and pre-dose value as covariate. (NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Pre-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 1, 8 and 15) and 24-hours post-dose for each Treatment Period (Days 2, 9 and 16).

Interventionliters (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol/Mometasone0.22
Placebo-0.14
Fluticasone/Salmeterol0.17

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Time to Reach Peak or Maximum Concentration Following Drug Administration for Mometasone Furoate

(NCT00556673)
Timeframe: Samples were taken pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours post-dose.

Interventionhours (Median)
Indacaterol/Mometasone1.05

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Levels of Plasma Glucose Over Time

At the specified time-points, blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma glucose and the samples analyzed by a central laboratory. The end of study visit was conducted approximately 5-9 days after the last dose. (NCT00605306)
Timeframe: Baseline; Days 1 and 14 at pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 hours post-dose; 12 and 24 hours post dose (Day 2); study completion (5-9 days after last dose, Day 19-23).

,
Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Baseline (N=14, 14)Day 1, pre-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 2, 12 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 2, 24 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 14, pre-dose (N=14, 14)Day 14, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)End of study (N=14, 13)
Indacaterol Maleate/Mometasone Furoate5.0795.0575.0074.9505.0365.0577.0645.2215.2935.1295.1365.1575.1365.0936.9295.257
Placebo5.1575.2365.2645.2075.1935.1796.7935.2865.3215.2214.9004.9464.9624.9087.4085.731

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Levels of Serum Cortisol Over Time

At the specified time-points, blood samples were collected for measurement of serum cortisol and the samples analyzed by a central laboratory. The end of study visit was conducted approximately 5-9 days after the last dose. (NCT00605306)
Timeframe: Baseline; Days 1 and 14 at pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 13 hours post-dose; 24 hours post dose (Day 2); study completion (5-9 days after last dose, Day 19-23).

,
Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Baseline (N=14, 14)Day 1, pre-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 2, 11 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 2, 12 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 2, 13 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 2, 24 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 14, pre-dose (N=14, 14)Day 14, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 15, 11 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 15, 12 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 15, 13 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)End of study (N=14, 14)
Indacaterol Maleate/Mometasone Furoate466.214159.643153.786130.14399.14365.35755.929362.500289.929335.214136.857126.071111.50099.50082.78662.07148.214242.143255.500324.857495.286
Placebo441.143140.714151.000130.571131.92984.286102.071478.214404.214370.071193.500122.857127.231121.154106.38594.154102.154417.000388.769385.769417.786

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Levels of Serum Potassium Over Time

At the specified time-points, blood samples were collected for measurement of serum potassium and the samples analyzed by a central laboratory. The end of study visit was conducted approximately 5-9 days after the last dose. (NCT00605306)
Timeframe: Baseline; Days 1 and 14 at pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 hours post-dose; 12 and 24 hours post-dose (Day 2); study completion (5-9 days after last dose, Day 19-23).

,
Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Baseline (N=14, 14)Day 1, pre-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 1, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 2, 12 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 2, 24 hours post-dose (N=14, 14)Day 14, pre-dose (N=14, 14)Day 14, 0.25 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 0.5 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 1 hour post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 2 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)Day 14, 4 hours post-dose (N=14, 13)End of study (N=14, 14)
Indacaterol Maleate/Mometasone Furoate4.2714.2644.2934.1504.1434.1573.9794.4364.2934.1504.0643.9863.9863.9863.8004.364
Placebo4.3364.2794.3144.1794.1714.0933.9294.5004.3864.1364.0924.0924.0384.0383.7924.429

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Participants With Adverse Events

"An adverse event (AE) is the appearance or worsening of any undesirable sign, symptom, or medical condition occurring after starting the study drug even if the event is not considered to be related to study drug. Abnormal laboratory values or test results constitute adverse events only if they induce clinical signs or symptoms, are considered clinically significant, or require intervention.~A serious adverse event (SAE) is defined as an event which is fatal or life-threatening, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, constitutes a congenital anomaly/birth defect, requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, or is medically significant, i.e., defined as an event that jeopardizes the participant or may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed above." (NCT00605306)
Timeframe: 15 days

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Any adverse eventSerious adverse eventAE resulting in discontinuation
Indacaterol Maleate/Mometasone Furoate900
Placebo1201

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Percentage of Participants With HIV RNA ≥400 Copies/mL

"The percentage of participants with HIV RNA ≥400 copies/mL at each time point is reported. For this measure, month was defined as each 28-day period on study treatment. The Roche Amplicor® HIV-1 monitor test was used to quantify HIV RNA." (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Every 12 months up to 60 months

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
VCV 30 mg3525895

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Percentage of Participants With HIV RNA >50 to <400 Copies/mL

"The percentage of participants with HIV RNA >50 to <400 copies/mL at each time point is reported. For this measure, month was defined as each 28-day period on study treatment. The Roche Amplicor® HIV-1 monitor test was used to quantify HIV RNA." (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Every 12 months up to 60 months

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
VCV 30 mg131112215

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Mean Change From Baseline in CD4/CD8 Cell Counts

"The mean change from baseline in CD4/CD8 counts throughout P4100 until the time of VF is reported. Month was defined as each 28-day period on study treatment. A fluorescent-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was used to quantify CD4/CD8 lymphocytes. The definition of VF is an increase in HIV RNA level >0.5 log10 copies/mL compared to the baseline HIV RNA level." (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 48 of ACTG study A5211) and up to time of VF in P4100, assessed up to approximately 5.5 years

Interventioncells/mm^3 (Mean)
Month 2Month 4Month 6Month 8Month 10Month 12Month 14Month 16Month 18Month 20Month 22Month 24Month 26Month 28Month 30Month 32Month 34Month 36Month 38Month 40Month 42Month 44Month 46Month 48Month 50Month 52Month 54Month 56Month 58Month 60Month 62Month 64Month 66Month 68
VCV 30 mg-16.26-17.709.30-0.2012.59-13.8118.5621.632.8219.7124.1932.0434.3636.1038.1047.5961.9343.6390.8175.53104.6591.6191.1993.93128.12107.41136.00129.87188.81122.60132.54147.50283.50300.00

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Percentage of Participants With HIV Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) <50 Copies/mL

"The percentage of participants with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL at each time point is reported. For this measure, month was defined as each 28-day period on study treatment. The Roche Amplicor® HIV-1 monitor test was used to quantify HIV RNA." (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Every 12 months up to 60 months

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Month 12Month 24Month 36Month 48Month 60
VCV 30 mg5264808980

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Number of Participants With AIDS-defining Events (ADEs)

The number of participants with ADEs is reported. An ADE is an SAE that is expected in the course of disease and not considered related to study intervention. The sponsor identified events that met ADE criteria based on the 1993 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Revised Classification System. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Plasmablastic LymphomaKaposi's Sarcoma
VCV 30 mg11

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Number of Participants With New Infections

The number of participants with new infections is reported. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Herpes simplex virus infectionUpper respiratory tract infection
VCV 30 mg639

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Number of Participants With Reduced Susceptibility to VCV

The total number of participants with viruses having phenotypic resistance to VCV is reported. Viruses exhibiting both maximum percent inhibition (MPI) plateau values of <85% and relative MPI (R-MPI) values of <0.9 (based on the PhenoSense HIV entry assay) were considered to have phenotypic resistance to VCV. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to time of VF in P4100, assessed up to approximately 5.5 years

InterventionParticipants (Number)
VCV 30 mg7

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Percentage of Participants Discontinuing Study Therapy Due to AEs

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product, biologic (at any dose), or medical device, which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the treatment. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
VCV 30 mg6

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Percentage of Participants With ≥1 Adverse Events (AEs)

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product, biologic (at any dose), or medical device, which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the treatment. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
VCV 30 mg91

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Number of Participants With Coreceptor Tropism Shifts From Baseline

The number of participants with non reportable (NR) tropism, CCR5 (R5) tropism, or dual/mixed CCR5/CXCR4 (DM/X4) tropism at baseline, who had NR, R5, or DM/X4 tropism at the time of virologic failure (VF) is reported. The definition of VF is an increase in HIV RNA level >0.5 log10 copies/mL compared to the baseline HIV RNA level. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 48 of ACTG study A5211) and time of VF in P4100, assessed up to approximately 5.5 years

InterventionParticipants (Number)
NR Baseline to NR VFNR at Baseline to R5 VFNR Baseline to DM/X4 VFR5 baseline to R5 VFR5 baseline to NR VFR5 baseline to DM/X4 VFDM/X4 baseline to DM/X4 VFDM/X4 baseline to R5 VF
VCV 30 mg45105113131

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Percentage of Participants With ≥1 Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

An SAE is any adverse occurrence that results in death; is life-threatening; results in a persistent disability; requires in-patient hospitalization or prolongs hospitalization; or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect. (NCT00686829)
Timeframe: Up to discontinuation of commercial VCV availability (up to approximately 5.5 years)

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
VCV 30 mg48

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Mean Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 8 AM at Week 6

Mean IOP at 8 AM at week 6. IOP is a measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye. (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 6

InterventionMillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
Combigan®17.3
Timolol Maleate 0.5%17.8

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Mean Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 8 AM at Week 12

Mean IOP at 8 AM at week 12. IOP is a measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye. (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionMillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
Combigan®17.0
Timolol Maleate 0.5%17.7

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Mean Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 10 AM at Week 6

Mean IOP at 10 AM at week 6. IOP is a measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye. (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 6

InterventionMillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
Combigan®15.9
Timolol Maleate 0.5%16.7

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Number of Subjects With Adverse Events

Number of subjects with adverse events, defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a subject, during the study (reported through the week 12 visit). (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Combigan®15
Timolol Maleate 0.5%13

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Mean Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 10 AM at Week 12

Mean IOP at 10 AM at week 12. IOP is a measurement of the fluid pressure in the eye. (NCT00735449)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionMillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
Combigan®15.1
Timolol Maleate 0.5%16.9

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Stinging on Instillation

Assessed from subject response to survey question asking about tolerability of medicine upon instillation, using a 0 through 7 scale, with 0=complete comfort and 7=worst pain imaginable. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%0.6
Timolol Maleate 0.5%1.0
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%0.6

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Intraoclular Pressure

(NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

Interventionmm of mercury (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%16.3
Timolol Maleate 0.5%16.2
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%16.2

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Corneal Staining Grade

Assessed by the investigator using a slit lamp and Oxford Scheme, grading 0,1,2,3,4,5. The higher the grade the worse the staining. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%1.2
Timolol Maleate 0.5%1.1
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%1.0

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Corneal Staining Count

Assessed by the investigator using a slit lamp, counting the number of spots. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

InterventionNumber of spots (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%10.5
Timolol Maleate 0.5%10.4
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%8.3

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Conjunctival Staining - Temporal Grade

Assessed by investigator using a slit lamp and Oxford Scheme, grading 0,1,2,3,4,5 according to pictures provided. The higher the grade the worse the staining. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%0.8
Timolol Maleate 0.5%0.7
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%0.8

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Conjunctival Staining - Temporal Count

Assessed by investigator using a slit lamp and counting number of spots. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

Interventionnumber of spots (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%4.7
Timolol Maleate 0.5%4.8
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%5.3

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Conjunctival Staining - Nasal Count

Assessed by investigator using slit lamp and counting number of spots. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

Interventionnumber of spots (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%11.0
Timolol Maleate 0.5%10.3
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%12.9

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Visual Acuity

The visual acuity score is a count of the number of letters the subject successfully read from the eye chart. The higher the score, the better the vision. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

Interventionnumber of letters (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%52.3
Timolol Maleate 0.5%52.5
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%51.4

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Conjunctival Hyperemia

Assessed by investigator using a slit lamp and a photographic grading scale. Photographs were graded: grade 0, grade 1, grade 2, grade 3. The higher the graded the worse the hyperemia. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%0.2
Timolol Maleate 0.5%0.4
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%0.3

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Basic Schirmer's

Schirmer's measures basic tear function. The higher the number, the less dry the eye. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

Interventionmm of moisture (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%17.7
Timolol Maleate 0.5%14.8
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%15.4

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Conjunctival Staining - Nasal Grade

Assessed by investigator using a slit lamp and the Oxford Scheme, grading 0,1,2,3,4,5 according to pictures provided. The higher the grade the worse the staining. (NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%1.2
Timolol Maleate 0.5%1.1
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%1.3

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Tear Film Break-up Time

(NCT00804648)
Timeframe: following 3 days of treatment

InterventionSeconds (Mean)
Timolol Hemihydrate 0.5%8.5
Timolol Maleate 0.5%7.7
Timolol Maleate Gel Forming Solution 0.5%8.5

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Retrobulbar Blood Flow (End Diastolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Nasal Short Posterior Ciliary Artery

End diastolic velocity (EDV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the nasal short posterior ciliary artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. EDV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the end of diastole (minimum pressure exerted in a blood vessel in between heart beats). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month

InterventionCentimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean)
Combigan®2.63
Cosopt®2.61

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Retrobulbar Blood Flow (Peak Systolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Temporal Short Posterior Ciliary Artery

Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of retrobulbar blood as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the temporal short posterior ciliary artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. PSV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the time of systole (maximum pressure exerted in the blood vessel). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month

InterventionCentimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean)
Combigan®8.52
Cosopt®8.84

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Retrobulbar Blood Flow (Peak Systolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Ophthalmic Artery

Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the ophthalmic artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. PSV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the time of systole (maximum pressure exerted in a blood vessel). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month

InterventionCentimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean)
Combigan®24.5
Cosopt®22.09

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Retrobulbar Blood Flow (Peak Systolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Nasal Short Posterior Ciliary Artery

Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the nasal short posterior ciliary artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. PSV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the time of systole (maximum pressure exerted in a blood vessel). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month

InterventionCentimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean)
Combigan®8.61
Cosopt®8.02

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Retrobulbar Blood Flow (End Diastolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Central Retinal Artery

End diastolic velocity (EDV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the central retinal artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. EDV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the end of diastole (minimum pressure exerted in a blood vessel in between heart beats). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month

InterventionCentimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean)
Combigan®2.73
Cosopt®2.75

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Retrobulbar Blood Flow (Peak Systolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Central Retinal Artery

Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the central retinal artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. PSV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the time of systole (maximum pressure exerted in a blood vessel). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month

InterventionCentimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean)
Combigan®8.86
Cosopt®8.81

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Retrobulbar Blood Flow (End Diastolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Temporal Short Posterior Ciliary Artery

End diastolic velocity (EDV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the temporal short posterior ciliary artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow of blood through a vessel. EDV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the end of diastole (minimum pressure exerted in a blood vessel in between heart beats). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month

InterventionCentimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean)
Combigan®2.73
Cosopt®2.87

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Retrobulbar Blood Flow (End Diastolic Velocity) as Measured by Color Doppler Imaging in the Ophthalmic Artery

End diastolic velocity (EDV) of retrobulbar blood flow as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the ophthalmic artery after 1 month of treatment. CDI is a high-resolution ultrasound system which provides visualization of the flow through a vessel. EDV is the maximum blood flow speed within a vessel at the end of diastole (minimum pressure exerted in a blood vessel in between heart beats). (NCT00811850)
Timeframe: 1 Month

InterventionCentimeters per second (cm/s) (Mean)
Combigan®5.83
Cosopt®5.18

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Percentage of Patients Using Rescue Medication During Each 7 Day Treatment Period

Patients recorded use of rescue medication (salbutamol/albuterol multi-dose inhaler) as the number of puffs taken in respective preceding 12 hours morning and evening in a diary. Patient with any use of rescue medication (any number of puffs > 0) was included to calculate endpoint. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: Baseline to the end of each treatment period (Day 7)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg21
Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg10
Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg17
Placebo to Indacaterol21

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Time to Peak Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) on Day 1 and Day 7

FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards at 5, 15, and 30 minutes; 1 hour, 1 hour 30 minutes; and 2, 4, and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1 and Day 7. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: Day 1 and Day 7

,,,
InterventionHours (Median)
Day 1, N=29, 30, 29, 29Day 7, N=28, 29, 28, 29
Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg2.132.50
Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg4.003.00
Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg1.503.00
Placebo to Indacaterol2.2512.38

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Indacaterol Exposure (Cmax) at the End of Each 7 Day Treatment Period

Venous blood samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation were collected at 15 and 30 minutes; and 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours post-dose at the end of each 7 day treatment period and were analyzed using a LC-MS/MS assay. Maximum (peak) plasma drug concentration after drug administration (Cmax) was calculated from concentration-time data and recorded sampling times using non-compartmental methods. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: End of each treatment period (Day 7)

Interventionpg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg720
Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg753
Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg664

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Change From Baseline in Trough Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) 24 Hours Post-dose at the End of Each Treatment Period (Day 7)

FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. Trough FEV1 was defined as the average of measurements made 23 hours 10 minutes and 23 hours 45 minutes post-dose at Baseline and at the end of each treatment period. The analysis included period baseline FEV1 as covariate. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: Baseline to the end of each treatment period (Day 7)

InterventionLiters (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg0.186
Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg0.190
Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg0.194
Placebo to Indacaterol-0.021

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Change From Baseline in Trough Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) 24 Hours Post-dose on Day 1

FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. Trough FEV1 was defined as the average of measurements made 23 hours 10 minutes and 23 hours 45 minutes post-dose at Baseline and on Day 1. The analysis included period baseline FEV1 as covariate. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 1

InterventionLiters (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg0.161
Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg0.185
Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg0.205
Placebo to Indacaterol0.008

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Indacaterol Exposure (AUC[0-24 Hours]) at the End of Each 7 Day Treatment Period

Venous blood samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation were collected at 15 and 30 minutes; and 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours post-dose at the end of each 7 day treatment period and were analyzed using a LC-MS/MS assay. Area under the concentration-time curve up to 24 hours (AUC[0-24 hours]) was calculated from concentration-time data and recorded sampling times using non-compartmental methods. (NCT00927901)
Timeframe: End of each treatment period (Day 7)

Interventionpg * hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
Indacaterol Acetate 400 μg5159
Indacaterol Maleate 400 μg5434
Indacaterol Xinafoate 400 μg5170

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Overall Survival

The length of time from the start of treatment for a disease, such as cancer, to the date in which the patients diagnosed with the disease were still alive. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Every 6 weeks during Follow-Up until PD or new therapy start; every 6 months thereafter, up to 2 years from the last dose of study drug.

InterventionMonths (Median)
Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC)24.18

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Duration of Response

Assessed in patients achieving a confirmed objective tumor response by RECIST version 1.1 criteria. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD to a maximum duration of 242 weeks or until PD.

InterventionMonths (Median)
Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC)8.41

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Overall Safety Profile (Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) and Hematological and Blood Chemistry Parameters)

"The adverse events (AEs) were coded with the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) and their severity graded according to the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0. The following subsets of AEs were considered: serious AEs, AEs with CTCAE grade 3-5, AEs with a relationship to study treatment classified by the Investigator as possible or probable or definite and AEs reported as leading to discontinuation from treatment.~Laboratory test values were graded according to the NCI CTCAE scale, v3.0, whenever possible. For each laboratory test included in the NCI CTCAE system, the incidence of abnormalities was evaluated by considering the worst occurrence for each patient throughout the whole treatment period." (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Adverse events: from date treatment consent signed to 28 days after last dose of study drug; hematology/blood chemistry tests: at baseline and between Day 11-14 of each cycle of a total of 135 two-week cycles.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
N° patients with Adverse EventsN° patients with abnormal Hematology testN° patients with abnormal Blood Chemistry test
Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC)727070

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Confirmed Objective Response Rate (ORR)

Point and 95% confidence interval estimates was calculated for the objective tumor response rate (confirmed CRs or PRs). The determination of antitumor efficacy was based on objective tumor assessments made according to the RECIST guideline (version 1.1) The analysis was performed in the evaluable population. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD to a maximum duration of 242 weeks or until PD.

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC)3.7

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Disease Control Rate

Point and 95% confidence interval estimates was calculated for the disease control rate (confirmed CRs / PRs and SD>/= 6 weeks). The analysis was performed in the evaluable populations. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD to a maximum duration of 242 weeks or until PD.

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC)75.9

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Progression-free Survival

The length of time during and after the treatment of a disease, such as cancer, that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse. In a clinical trial, measuring the progression-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. (NCT01011439)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD to a maximum duration of 242 weeks or until PD.

InterventionMonths (Median)
Milciclib Maleate (PHA-848125AC)6.83

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6-month Progression-free Survival Rate

Six-month progression-free survival is the rate of patients who have NOT progressed at six months, where progressive disease is defined as any of the following: ≥ 25% increase in sum of the products of perpendicular diameters of enhancing lesions; any new lesion; or clinical deterioration. Progression will be determined by central review of MRI exams, assessed using MacDonald criteria for progression versus response on 2D T1 and T2 weighted images. (NCT01062425)
Timeframe: From randomization to 6 months.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo, TMZ, and RT24.5
Cediranib, TMZ, and RT46.6

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Incidence of Grade 3+ Toxicities

The number of patients with reported grade 3 and higher treatment-related toxicities as assessed by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 (NCT01062425)
Timeframe: From randomization to six months.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo, TMZ, and RT35
Cediranib, TMZ, and RT77

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Overall Survival (OS)

OS will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences between treatment arms will be tested using the log rank test. Multivariate analyses with the Cox proportional hazard model for OS will be performed with the stratification variables as fixed variables to assess the treatment effect adjusting patient-specific risk factors. (NCT01062425)
Timeframe: From randomization to time of death due to any cause. Patients are followed until death. Analysis occurs after all patients have been potentially followed for six months.

InterventionMonths (Median)
Placebo, TMZ, and RT13.8
Cediranib, TMZ, and RT14.5

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Progression-free Survival (PFS)

Progression-free survival time is defined as time from randomization to date of first progression or death from any cause and is estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients last known to be alive without progression are censored at the date of last contact. Progression is defined as any of the following: ≥ 25% increase in sum of the products of perpendicular diameters of enhancing lesions; any new lesion; or clinical deterioration. (NCT01062425)
Timeframe: From randomization to time of first progression or death due to any cause. Patients are followed until death. Analysis occurs after all patients have been potentially followed for six months.

InterventionMonths (Median)
Placebo, TMZ, and RT2.7
Cediranib, TMZ, and RT6.2

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Disease Control Rate by Modified RECIST (Phase II)

"Per modified RECIST for Pleural Tumors. In addition to RECIST1.1, for modified RECIST, measurements based on the sum of 6 CT cuts in the pleural perpendicular to the chest wall are applied to standard RECIST criterial (sum of 6 = one univariate diameter). Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all measurable and non-measurable disease; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (STA), does not qualify for CR, PR, Progression or Symptomatic Deterioration. Disease Control Rate (DCR) = CR + PR + STA.~All target measurable lesions must be assessed using the same techniques as baseline." (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression, up to 3 years.Disease control is documented for as long as the patient remains on protocol treatment.

Interventionpercentage of analyzed participants (Number)
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg75
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo83

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Response Rate by RECIST1.1 (Phase II)

"Per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1): Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all measurable and non-measurable disease; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall Response (OR) = CR + PR.~All target measurable lesions must be assessed using the same techniques as baseline." (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression, up to 3 years. Best response is documented for as long as the patient remains on protocol treatment.

Interventionpercentage of analyzed participants (Number)
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg26
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo15

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Response Rate by Modified RECIST (Phase II)

"Per modified RECIST for Pleural Tumors. In addition to RECIST1.1, for modified RECIST, measurements based on the sum of 6 CT cuts in the pleural perpendicular to the chest wall are applied to standard RECIST criterial (sum of 6 = one univariate diameter). Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all measurable and non-measurable disease; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall Response (OR) = CR + PR.~All target measurable lesions must be assessed using the same techniques as baseline." (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression, up to 3 years.Best response is documented for as long as the patient remains on protocol treatment.

Interventionpercentage of analyzed participants (Number)
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg50
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo20

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Progression-free Survival (Phase II)

From date of registration to date of first documentation of progression or symptomatic deterioration, or death due to any cause. Patients last known to be alive and progression free are censored at date of last contact. Progression is defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v 1.1), as a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, or a measurable increase in a non-target lesions, or the appearance of new lesions. (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: From date of registration to date of first documentation of progression or symptomatic deterioration, or death due to any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 5 years.Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression.

Interventionmonth (Median)
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg7.2
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo5.6

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Overall Survival (Phase II)

From date of registration to date of death due to any cause. Patients last known to be alive are censored at date of last contact. (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: From date of registration to death.Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression. After progression, follow up will occur every 6 months for the first two years and then at the end of the third year after registration.

Interventionmonth (Median)
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg10
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo8.5

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Maximum Tolerated Dose of Cediranib in Combination With Cisplatin and Pemetrexed (Phase I)

"MTD was determined by testing dose-de-escalation to 20mg PO daily on dose de-escalation cohort 1 to 2 with 3 to 6 patients each. MTD reflects the highest dose of drug that did not cause a Dose-Limiting Toxicity (DLT) in > 33% of participants. Toxicities will be graded according to the CTEP Active Version of the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) apply only during Cycle 1 and must be drug-related (i.e. possibly, probably or definitely related to one of the 3 study drugs). The following events occurring in the first cycle of treatment are considered dose limiting.~Febrile neutropenia~Grade 4 neutrophil count decrease for more than 7 days' duration~Grade 4 platelet count decrease~Grade 3 or 4 non-hematologic toxicity (excluding alopecia)" (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Weekly during first cycle (1cycle = 21 days). Then will be reported every cycle while patient is on treatment.

Interventionmg (Number)
All Phase I Participants20

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Disease Control Rate by RECIST 1.1 (Phase II)

"Per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1): Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all measurable and non-measurable disease; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (STA): Does not qualify for CR, PR, Progression or Symptomatic Deterioration. Disease Control Rate (DCR) = CR + PR + STA~All target measurable lesions must be assessed using the same techniques as baseline." (NCT01064648)
Timeframe: Disease assessment will be repeated every 6 weeks until disease progression, up to 3 years.Disease control rate is documented for as long as the patient remains on protocol treatment.

Interventionpercentage of analyzed participants (Number)
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Cediranib 20mg74
Phase II Cisplatin-pemetrexed Placebo80

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The Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Cediranib in Combination With Olaparib Tablet Formulation in the Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer (Phase I-T).

The Phase 1-T component of this trial employed a 3+3 design, escalating on 0/3 or 1/6 DLT, and de-escalating if 2 DLTs were encountered. The MTD (maximum tolerated dose) was the dose at which no more than 1 patient developed a DLT when at least 6 patients had been treated. (NCT01116648)
Timeframe: At 28 days

Interventionmg (Number)
Cediranib PO dailyOlaparib (tablet) PO BID
All Phase 1-T Participants30200

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The Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Cediranib in Combination With Olaparib in the Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer or Metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer (Phase I)

This trial employed a 3+3 design, escalating on 0/3 or 1/6 DLT, and de-escalating if 2 DLTs were encountered. The MTD (maximum tolerated dose) was the dose at which no more than 1 patient developed a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) when at least 6 patients had been treated. (NCT01116648)
Timeframe: At 28 Days

Interventionmg (Number)
Cediranib PO dailyOlaparib PO BID
All Phase 1 Participants (28 Participants)30200

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Progression-free Survival (PFS) at the Maximum Tolerated Dose/Recommended Phase 2 Dose of Cediranib Maleate With Olaparib Compared to That of Olaparib Alone (Phase II)

"Evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test for between group comparison, and median survival times reported.~PFS is defined as time from randomization to investigator-assessed radiographic progression by RECIST 1.1 criteria or death.~Patients alive without evidence of progression were censored at the last disease assessment." (NCT01116648)
Timeframe: Time from start of treatment to time of objective disease progression, assessed up to 5 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase 2 - Olaparib Alone (46 Participants)8.2
Phase 2 - Cediranib/Olaparib (44 Participants)16.5

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Number of Participants With Dose Limiting Toxicities of Cediranib Maleate in Combination With Olaparib (Phase I)

Was determined using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 (NCT01116648)
Timeframe: At 28 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Level 00
Level 10
Level 20
Level 32

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Incidence of Adverse Effects as Assessed by the National Cancer Institute CTCAE v. 4.0

Adverse Events (Grade 3 or higher) (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: Up to 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LeukopeniaThrombocytopeniaNeutropeniaAnemiaOther InvestigationsOther Blood/LymphaticsCardiacEar and labyrinthEndocrineEyeNauseaVomitingOther GastrointestinalGeneral and administration siteHepatobiliaryInfections/infestationsInjury/poisoningMetabolism/nutritionMusculoskeletal/connective tissueNeoplasms benign/malignantPeripheral sensory neuropathyNervous systemPsychiatricRenal/urinaryReproductive/breastRespiratory/thoracic/mediastinalSkin/subcutaneousVascular disorders
Cediranib0003411000141613060834011314018

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Tumor Response

Complete and Partial Tumor Response by RECIST 1.1. Per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0) for target lesions and assessed by MRI: Complete Response (CR), disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall response (OR) = CR + PR. (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: For diesease evaluated by physical examination, response was assessed prior to each cycle. CT scan or MRI if used to follow lesion for measurable disease every other cycle from enrollment until stopping study therapy. The average time on study is 3 mnths

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cediranib12.5

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Overall Survival

The observed length of life from entry into the study to death or the date of last contact. (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: From study entry to death or last contact, up to 5 years.

Interventionmonths (Median)
Cediranib12.5

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Progression Free Survival

Time until disease progression, death, or date of last contact. (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: Disease that can be assessed by physical exam should be evaluated every cycle. disease assessed by imaging should be evaluated every other cycle. Time frame to determine the date of progression is from the date of enrollment up to 5 years after enrollment

InterventionMonths (Median)
Cediranib3.61

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Progression-free Survival (PFS) = > 6 Months

Number of participants who survived for at least 6 months. Progression is defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v.1.0) as a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, or a measurable increase in a non-target lesion, or the appearance of new lesions. (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: For disease evaluated by physical examination, progression was assessed prior to each cycle. CT scan or MRI if used to follow lesion for measurable disease every other cycle. Evaluated from time of enrollment until progression or death, up to 5 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cediranib33.3

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Response Without Regard to the Time of Documented Response

Complete and partial tumor response by RECIST 1.1 (NCT01132820)
Timeframe: Tumor responses with time restriction starts at enrollment and goes to 6 months after enrollment or until pt. off study therapy,whichever occurs first. Without time restriction starts at enrollment,lasts until off study therapy, median duration = 2.63 mth

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cediranib12.5

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Objective Response Rate

Per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1) for target lesions and assessed by CT or MRI: Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall Response (OR) = CR + PR. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: Assessed up to 3 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dose Level 00
Dose Level +12
Dose Level +24
Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate)17
Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide)30

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Dose Limiting Toxicity

"Dose limiting toxicity was defined as any of the following occurring during the first cycle (28 days) of therapy:~Hematological toxicities:~Any grade 4 neutropenia (ANC < 500) lasting more than 5 days~Any grade 4 neutropenia with concomitant fever (temperature > 38.5)~Any grade 4 neutropenia and sepsis or other severe infection~Any grade 4 thrombocytopenia~Any other grade 3-4 non-hematological adverse drug reactions, except untreated nausea/vomiting, or hypersensitivity reactions.~Grade 4 hypertension~Grade 4 proteinuria Delay in the administration of a subsequent dose of cediranib and lenalidomide exceeding 2 weeks, due to an adverse drug reaction" (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase I Dose Level 00
Phase I Dose Level +11
Phase I Dose Level +22

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Overall Survival (Final Results After Crossover)

Time from randomization to death from any cause. Patients who have not died are censored as of the date last known alive. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dose Level 0NA
Dose Level +160.0
Dose Level +2100
Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate)64.8
Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide)75.3

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Percent Change in Tumor Size (Phase II)

The percent change in tumor size from baseline to the end of cycle 2 (two months). The post-treatment total sum of lengths for a patient with a new lesion at cycle 2 will be scored as 1.2*max(pre-sum, post-sum) to ensure that the appearance of new lesions corresponds to a disease progression per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. In the event of any early deaths prior to cycle 2, a nonparametric rank sum test will be used with deaths ranked at the extreme end of the distribution. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: From baseline to 2 months

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate)-12.5
Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide)-4.2

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Progression-free Survival (Final Results After Crossover)

Time from study enrollment until disease progression or death from any cause. Surviving patients without progression are censored as of the date of the last negative examination. Progression is defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0), as a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, or a measurable increase in a non-target lesion, or the appearance of new lesions. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: Assessed up to 3 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Dose Level 0NA
Dose Level +114.8
Dose Level +223.6
Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate)14.8
Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide)11.3

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Progression-free Survival (Phase II Futility Analysis)

Time from enrollment on study to disease progression or death from any cause. Surviving patients without progression are censored as of the date of the last negative examination. Progression is defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0), as a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, or a measurable increase in a non-target lesion, or the appearance of new lesions. This analysis corresponds to the planned futility analysis after 40 events. (NCT01208051)
Timeframe: Assessed up to 3 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase II Arm A (Cediranib Maleate)20.9
Phase II Arm B (Cediranib Maleate Plus Lenalidomide Thru April 10, 2015)10.6

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Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) and Hematological and Blood Chemistry Parameters

"The adverse events (AEs) were coded with the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) and their severity graded according to the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0. The following subsets of AEs were considered: serious AEs, AEs with CTCAE grade 3-5, AEs with a relationship to study treatment classified by the Investigator as possible or probable or definite and AEs reported as leading to discontinuation from treatment.~Laboratory test values were graded according to the NCI CTCAE scale, v3.0, whenever possible. For each laboratory test included in the NCI CTCAE system, the incidence of abnormalities were evaluated by considering the worst occurrence for each patient throughout the whole treatment period." (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Adverse events: from date treatment consent signed to 28 days after last treatment; hematology/blood chemistry tests: at baseline and between Day 11-14 of each cycle of a maximum total of 48 two-week cycles.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
N° patients with Adverse EventsN° patients with abnormal Hematology testN° patients with abnormal Blood chemistry test
Milciclib302827

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Overall Survival

The length of time from either the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as cancer, and to the date in which the patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive. Kaplan-Meier estimates as percentage of patients alive. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Every 6 weeks during Follow-Up until PD or new therapy start; every 6 months thereafter, up to 2 years from the last dose of study drug.

Interventionpercentage of patients dead at 21 months (Number)
Milciclib41.666

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Objective Response Rate (ORR)

Point and 95% confidence interval estimates was calculated for the objective tumor response rate (confirmed CRs or PRs). The determination of antitumor efficacy was based on objective tumor assessments made according to the RECIST guideline (version 1.1). The analysis was performed in the evaluable population. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD or up to a maximum duration of 134 weeks.

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Milciclib4.2

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Duration of Response

Calculated in patients achieving a confirmed objective tumor response by RECIST version 1.1 criteria. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD or up to a maximum duration of 134 weeks.

InterventionMonths (Number)
Milciclib2.76

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Disease Control Rate (ORR+SD Rate)

Point and 95% confidence interval estimates was calculated for the disease control rate (confirmed CRs / PRs and SD > or = 6 weeks). The analysis was performed in the evaluable patient populations. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD or up to a maximum duration of 134 weeks.

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Milciclib83.3

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Progression-free Survival (PFS)

The length of time during and after the treatment of a disease, such as cancer, that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse. In a clinical trial, measuring the progression-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: Assessments were made every 6 weeks from start date until PD or up to a maximum duration of 134 weeks.

InterventionMonths (Median)
Milciclib9.76

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Progression-free Survival Rate at 3 Months

The proportion of successes (i.e. patients alive and progression-free at 3 months since treatment start) out of the total number of evaluable patients. (NCT01301391)
Timeframe: 3 months since treatment start

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
SuccessFailure
Milciclib1311

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AUC0-infinity of Metformin Hydrochloride

The area under the plot of plasma concentration of drug against time after drug administration is defined as the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC0-infinity is calculated from time 0 (prior to administration of medication) to infinity (the time of complete elimination of the drug). The AUC is of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the extent of absorption. (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)

Interventionng.h/ml (Mean)
Test Product10419.8
Reference Product11063.7

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AUC0-infinity of Rosiglitazone Maleate

The area under the plot of plasma concentration of drug against time after drug administration is defined as the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC0-infinity is calculated from time 0 (prior to administration of medication) to infinity (the time of complete elimination of the drug). The AUC is of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the extent of absorption. (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)

Interventionng.h/ml (Mean)
Test Product1776.28
Reference Product1825.35

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AUC0-t of Metformin Hydrochloride

The area under the plot of plasma concentration of drug against time after drug administration is defined as the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC0-t is calculated from time 0 (prior to administration of medication) to time t (the time of the last quantifiable concentration). The AUC is of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the extent of absorption. ng, nanograms; ml, milliliter. (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)

Interventionng.h/ml (Mean)
Test Product9623.4
Reference Product10074.4

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AUC0-t of Rosiglitazone Maleate

The area under the plot of plasma concentration of drug against time after drug administration is defined as the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC 0-t is calculated from time 0 (prior to administration of medication) to time t (the time of the last quantifiable concentration). The AUC is of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the extent of absorption. ng, nanograms; ml, milliliter. (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)

Interventionng per hour per ml (ng.h/ml) (Mean)
Test Product1731.22
Reference Product1770.93

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Cmax of Metformin Hydrochloride

"Cmax is defined as the maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration. Cmax is one of the parameters of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the total amount of drug absorbed." (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Test Product1623.6
Reference Product1663.9

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Cmax of Rosiglitazone Maleate

"Cmax is defined as the maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration. Cmax is one of the parameters of particular use in estimating the bioavailability of drugs, by measuring the total amount of drug absorbed." (NCT01332071)
Timeframe: Day 1 (day that blood collection started) and Day 2 (Period 1) and Days 8 and 9 (Period 2)

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Test Product265.45
Reference Product270.97

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Change From Baseline in Local Platelet Count for the 6 Month Treatment Period

Platelet responses to avatrombopag was evaluated using the platelet counts determined at local clinical laboratories. Only participants with non-missing data at both baseline and the relevant post-baseline visit are included in the change from baseline summary statistics. Standard deviation is not applicable for some of the categories, from Visit 14 to Visit 22, as the number of participants analyzed for that visit was 1 individual. (NCT01433978)
Timeframe: Day 5, Day 8, Week 2, Week 3, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12, Week 14, Week 16, Week 18, Week 19, Week 20, Week 22, Week 23, Week 24, Week 25, Week 26

Interventioncells x 10^9/L (Geometric Mean)
Visit 3 (Day 5)Visit 4 (Day 8)Visit 5 (Week 2)Visit 6 (Week 3)Visit 7 (Week 4)Visit 8 (Week 6)Visit 9 (Week 8)Visit 10 (Week 10)Visit 11 (Week 12)Visit 12 (Week 14 )Visit 13 (Week 16)Visit 14 (Week 18)Visit 15 (Week 19)
Eltrombopag (Core Study)8.6032.5073.4167.2028.7257.2167.2592.6787.33104.3347.75107.5013.50

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Change From Baseline in Local Platelet Count for the 6 Month Treatment Period

Platelet responses to avatrombopag was evaluated using the platelet counts determined at local clinical laboratories. Only participants with non-missing data at both baseline and the relevant post-baseline visit are included in the change from baseline summary statistics. Standard deviation is not applicable for some of the categories, from Visit 14 to Visit 22, as the number of participants analyzed for that visit was 1 individual. (NCT01433978)
Timeframe: Day 5, Day 8, Week 2, Week 3, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12, Week 14, Week 16, Week 18, Week 19, Week 20, Week 22, Week 23, Week 24, Week 25, Week 26

Interventioncells x 10^9/L (Geometric Mean)
Visit 3 (Day 5)Visit 4 (Day 8)Visit 5 (Week 2)Visit 6 (Week 3)Visit 7 (Week 4)Visit 8 (Week 6)Visit 9 (Week 8)Visit 10 (Week 10)Visit 11 (Week 12)Visit 12 (Week 14 )Visit 13 (Week 16)Visit 14 (Week 18)Visit 15 (Week 19)Visit 16 (Week 20)Visit 18 (Week 22)Visit 19 (Week 23)Visit 20 (Week 24)Visit 21 (Week 25)Visit 22 (Week 26)
Avatrombopag (Core Study)12.8547.00171.71114.21108.79150.68121.31126.25185.10159.38123.8846.5029.5050.5075.50104.50106.50120.5058.50

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Number of Weeks With Platelet Count Greater Than or Equal to 50 x 10^9/L During 6-Month Treatment Period

The cumulative number of weeks of platelet response is defined as the total numbers of weeks in which the platelet count is greater than or equal to 50 x 10^ 9/L during 6 months of treatment of core study in the absence of rescue therapy. (NCT01438840)
Timeframe: Week 1 to Week 26

InterventionWeeks (Median)
Placebo (Core Study)0
Avatrombopag (Core Study)12.4

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Number of Participants With a Reduction in Use of Concomitant Immune/Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Medication

Only participants on concomitant ITP medications at baseline were included. (NCT01438840)
Timeframe: Week 1 through Week 26

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNo
Avatrombopag (Core Study)510
Placebo (Core Study)07

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Number of Participants With Platelet Count Greater Than or Equal to 50 x 10^9/L at Day 8

Participants with platelet response at Day 8 are defined as those who had a platelet count greater than or equal to 50 x 10^9/L at day 8 in the absence of rescue therapy on or before Day 8. (NCT01438840)
Timeframe: Week 1 (Day 8)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNo
Avatrombopag (Core Study)2111
Placebo (Core Study)017

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Standardized FEV1 AUC Between Baseline (Pre-dose) and 12 Hour Post-dose (AUC0-12h)

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards at predose, 5 , 15 and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1 and Day 7. The standardized (with respect to the length of time) area under the curve (AUC) for FEV1 was calculated using trapezoidal rule between 5 min and 12 h post. Analysis of covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and FEV1 period baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7

,,,
InterventionLiters (Least Squares Mean)
Day 1Day 7 (n=31,29,30,31)
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.872.91
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)2.902.93
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.942.92
Placebo2.682.70

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Standardized FEV1 AUC Between Baseline (Pre-dose) and 4 Hour Post-dose (AUC0-4h)

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards at predose, 5, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 2 and 4 hours post-dose on Day 1 and Day 7. The standardized (with respect to the length of time) area under the curve (AUC) for FEV1 was calculated using trapezoidal rule between 5 min and 4 h post. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7

,,,
InterventionLiters (Least Squares Mean)
Day 1Day 7 (n=33,30,32,33)
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.942.97
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)2.942.96
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)3.002.98
Placebo2.722.73

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Time to Peak FEV1 at Day 1 and Day 7

Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards. Time to the peak (maximum) FEV1 is recorded. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7

,,,
InterventionHours (Median)
Day 1Day 7 (n=33,30,32,33)
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)3.003.00
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)3.983.00
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)3.023.05
Placebo3.003.97

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Time to Reach Maximum Concentration (Tmax) After Drug Administration

(NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day1, Day 7

,,
InterventionHours (Median)
Day 1 (n=31,30,31)Day 7 (n=33,31,31)
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)0.480.25
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)0.270.25
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)0.480.48

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Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in the Morning in the Evening

PEFR was measured on all days from Screening Visit 2 to end of study visit: twice daily pre-dose (prior to Inhaled Corticosteroids) and approximately 12 hours post-dose (during the treatment period). Each subject was provided with a PEFR meter and recorded the PEFR readings in a daily diary. repeated measures. Analysis of covariance with treatment, period, sequence, day and treatment-day interaction as fixed effect and subject as a random effect and baseline PEFR as a covariate in the model. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Up to 101 days

,,,
InterventionLiters per second (Least Squares Mean)
MorningEvening
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)444.11463.28
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)451.33474.09
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)447.15464.39
Placebo421.58433.60

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety

Adverse event are defined as any unfavorable and unintended diagnosis, symptoms, sign (including an abnormal lab finding), syndrome or disease which either occurs during the study, having been absent at baseline, or if present at baseline appear to worsen. Serious adverse events are any untoward medical occurrences that result in death, are life threatening, require (or prolong) hospitalization , cause persistent or significant disability/incapacity, result in congenital anomalies or birth defects, or are other conditions which in judgments of the investigators represent significant hazards. Additional information about adverse events can be found in the Adverse Event section (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Up to 101 days

InterventionParticipants (Number)
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)14
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)16
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)17
Placebo10

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Number of Puffs of Rescue Medicine

Salbutamol (100 µg/puff) was used as rescued medicine. The total number of puffs per day was calculated and divided by the number of days with data to determine the mean daily number of puffs of rescue medication for each patient and was recorded in the patient diary from Baseline until Day 8 of Treatment Period 4. Analysis of covariance with treatment, period, sequence, and subject nested within sequence as fixed effect. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Up to 101 days

InterventionPuffs/day (Least Squares Mean)
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)1.98
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)1.90
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)1.91
Placebo1.94

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Trough Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) After 1 Day of Treatment

Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards at Day 2. Trough FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. Trough FEV1 was defined as the average of the FEV1 measurements at 23 hours 10 minutes and 23 hours 45 minutes post dose at Day 2. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 2

InterventionLiters (Least Squares Mean)
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)2.83
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.84
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.81
Placebo2.62

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Trough Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) After 7 Days of Treatment

Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards at Day 8. Trough FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. Trough FEV1 was defined as the average of the FEV1 measurements at 23 hours 10 minutes and 23 hours 45 minutes post dose.at Day 8. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 8

InterventionLiters (Least Squares Mean)
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)2.84
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.83
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.80
Placebo2.64

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Area Under the Curve Pre-dose to 24 Hour Post Dose (AUC0-24h)

(NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7

,,
Interventionhour*pg/mL (Mean)
Day 1 (n=30,30,27)Day 7 (n=33,31,31)
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)451952
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)5011110
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)8021770

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FEV1 at Each Time-Point on Day 1 and Day 2

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2. FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2

,,,
InterventionLiters (Mean)
0 minutes post-dose5 minutes post-dose30 minutes post-dose1 hour post-dose2 hours post-dose3 hours post-dose4 hours post-dose8 hours post-dose12 hours post-dose23.16 hours post-dose23.75 hours post-dose
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.682.902.932.953.023.053.002.892.852.832.85
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)2.612.852.862.892.982.982.992.802.742.812.89
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.652.972.963.033.063.093.072.992.922.852.88
Placebo2.672.662.702.732.822.802.772.702.712.592.68

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FEV1 at Each Time-Point on Day 7 and Day 8

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1,2,3,4,8,12 hours on Day 7 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 8. FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 8

,,,
InterventionLiters (Mean)
0 minutes post-dose15 minutes post-dose30 minutes post-dose1 hour post-dose2 hours post-dose3 hours post-dose4 hours post-dose8 hours post-dose12 hours post-dose23.16 hours post-dose23.75 hours post-dose
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.852.922.942.973.003.063.022.892.822.792.87
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)2.802.872.912.942.992.992.982.822.762.792.89
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)2.792.882.922.963.002.992.982.882.802.792.87
Placebo2.632.652.642.722.792.792.782.762.652.642.74

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FEV1/FVC at Each Post-Dose Time Point on Day 1 and Day 2

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2. FEV1/FVC ratio is the percentage of the total FVC that is expelled from the lungs during the first second of forced exhalation. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day1, Day 2

,,,
InterventionRatio (Mean)
0 minutes post-dose15 minutes post-dose30 minutes post-dose1 hour post-dose2 hours post-dose3 hours post-dose4 hours post-dose8 hours post-dose12 hours post-dose23.16 hours post-dose23.75 hours post-dose
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)0.640.670.670.680.680.690.680.670.660.660.66
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)0.630.670.670.670.680.680.680.670.660.650.66
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)0.620.660.660.670.670.680.670.660.660.640.65
Placebo0.630.630.650.640.650.650.650.640.640.620.63

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FEV1/FVC at Each Post-dose Time Point on Day 7 and Day 8

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2 after treatment. FEV1/FVC ratio is the percentage of the total FVC that is expelled from the lungs during the first second of forced exhalation. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 8

,,,
InterventionRatio (Mean)
0 minutes post-dose15 minutes post-dose30 minutes post-dose1 hour post-dose2 hours post-dose3 hours post-dose4 hours post-dose8 hours post-dose12 hours post-dose23.16 hours post-dose23.75 hours post-dose
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)0.650.670.670.670.680.690.680.670.660.650.66
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)0.650.660.670.670.680.680.680.660.660.640.65
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)0.650.660.670.680.680.680.680.670.660.650.66
Placebo0.620.630.630.640.640.650.640.640.630.620.63

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Forced Expiratory Flow 25- 75% (FEF25-75) on Day 1 and Day 2

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2. The forced expiratory flow (FEF) 25%-75% measurement describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs during the middle half (25% - 75%) of the forced vital capacity test and is measured using spirometry. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2

,,,
InterventionLiters/second (Mean)
0 minutes post-dose15 minutes post-dose30 minutes post-dose1 hour post-dose2 hours post-dose3 hours post-dose4 hours post-dose8 hours post-dose12 hours post-dose23.16 hours post-dose23.75 hours post-dose
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)1.541.821.841.891.921.991.921.791.761.781.75
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)1.551.781.801.791.901.891.941.711.631.701.77
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)1.521.811.821.951.932.011.941.831.771.681.76
Placebo1.561.541.611.591.681.681.651.591.611.511.56

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Forced Expiratory Flow 25- 75% (FEF25-75) on Day 7 and Day 8

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 7 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 8. The forced expiratory flow (FEF) 25%-75% measurement describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs during the middle half (25% - 75%) of the forced vital capacity test and is measured using spirometry. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 8

,,,
InterventionLiters/second (Mean)
0 minutes post-dose15 minutes post-dose30 minutes post-dose1 hour post-dose2 hours post-dose3 hours post-dose4 hours post-dose8 hours post-dose12 hours post-dose23.16 hours post-dose23.75 hours post-dose
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)1.711.831.831.871.912.021.931.811.761.681.79
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)1.701.761.801.821.881.911.901.711.661.661.74
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)1.691.781.801.891.891.881.881.801.681.691.73
Placebo1.511.541.571.611.641.691.651.641.561.521.62

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Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Each Time-Point on Day 1 and Day 2

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2. FVC is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 2

,,,
InterventionLiters (Mean)
0 minutes post-dose15 minutes post-dose30 minutes post-dose1 hour post-dose2 hours post-dose3 hours post-dose4 hours post-dose8 hours post-dose12 hours post-dose23.16 hours post-dose23.75 hours post-dose
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)4.234.344.394.384.454.444.404.354.294.314.36
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)4.114.294.294.334.394.384.394.204.164.344.41
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)4.304.524.474.494.544.524.544.514.424.444.41
Placebo4.274.254.184.304.364.334.304.214.244.214.30

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Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Each Time-Point on Day 7 and Day 8

Spirometry was conducted according to internationally accepted standards post-dose at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 hours on Day 7 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 8. FVC is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 8

,,,
InterventionLiters (Mean)
0 minutes post-dose15 minutes post-dose30 minutes post-dose1 hour post-dose2 hours post-dose3 hours post-dose4 hours post-dose8 hours post-dose12 hours post-dose23.16 hours post-dose23.75 hours post-dose
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)4.354.364.374.414.424.464.444.314.254.294.34
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)4.284.344.364.374.394.374.384.244.174.324.41
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)4.304.334.364.354.404.404.394.294.234.304.34
Placebo4.224.214.214.284.374.344.324.314.214.284.36

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Observed Maximum Concentration (Cmax) After Drug Administration

(NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7

,,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Day 1 (n=31,30,31)Day 7 (n=33,31,31)
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)64.290.5
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)72.9112
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)124174

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Peak FEV1 at Day 1 and Day 7

Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards at 0, 15 and 30 minutes; 1,2,3,4,8,12 hours on Day 1 and 23.16 and 23.75 hours on Day 2 after 1 day of treatment and on Day 7 and Day 8 following 7 days of treatment. Peak FEV1 was the maximum FEV1 post treatment. Analysis of Covariance with treatment, period, sequence and subject nested within sequence as fixed effects and period FEV1 baseline included as a covariate. (NCT01484197)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 7

,,,
InterventionLiters (Least Squares Mean)
Day 1Day 7 (n=33,30,32,33)
37.5 µg Indacaterol (PoS)3.053.10
75 µg Indacaterol (LB)3.083.09
75 µg Indacaterol (PoS)3.113.11
Placebo2.852.89

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Increase in Breast Milk Production

The primary outcome is the difference in the proportion of women having a 50% increase in breast milk volume at the end of 14 days of treatment with domperidone compared to mothers receiving placebo (mean day 14 volume minus mean day 0 volume at entry). (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: Day 0 to day 14

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A: Domperidone35
Group B: Placebo + Domperidone26

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Increase in Breast Milk Volume on Day 28

Number of mothers who achieved 50% increase in milk volume on day 28 (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: day 0 to day 28

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A: Domperidone31
Group B: Placebo + Domperidone28

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Mean Breast Milk Volumes on Day 14

Mean milk volumes between the two groups at 14 days of study intervention (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: Day 0 and day 14

Interventionmillilitres (Mean)
Group A: Domperidone267
Group B: Placebo + Domperidone217

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Mean Breast Milk Volumes on Day 28

Mean milk volumes between the two groups at 28 days of study intervention (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: day 0 and 28

Interventionmillilitres (Mean)
Group A: Domperidone290
Group B: Placebo + Domperidone302

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Mean Volume Change From Day 0 to Day 14

change on the volume of milk from day 0 to day 14 between the two groups (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: days 0 and 14

Interventionmillilitres (Mean)
Group A: Domperidone254
Group B: Placebo + Domperidone175

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Mean Volume Change on the Volume of Milk From Day 15 to Day 28

change on the volume of milk from day 15 to day 28 between the two groups (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: day 15 and day 28

Interventionmillilitres (Mean)
Group A: Domperidone22
Group B: Placebo + Domperidone49

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Provision of Breast Milk at 6 Weeks Post Term Gestation

Provision of breast milk at 6 weeks post term gestation as primary source of nutrition (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: 6 weeks post term gestation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A: Domperidone19
Group B: Placebo + Domperidone20

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Provision of Breast Milk at Term Gestation

provision of breast milk as the primary source of nutrition (NCT01512225)
Timeframe: term gestation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group A: Domperidone26
Group B: Placebo + Domperidone27

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Side Effects (Hypotension, Flushing, Nausea and Emesis) Associated With Uterotonic Drug Use

Number of subjects experiencing hypotension, flushing, nausea, and emesis reported after administration of uterotonic agents. (NCT01549223)
Timeframe: Up to 15 min from time of infant delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Standard Care Group3
Protocol Group2

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1. Amount of Oxytocin to Obtain Satisfactory Uterine Tone.

Will measure total amount of oxytocin to achieve satisfactory uterine tone, as determined by the operating obstetrician. (NCT01549223)
Timeframe: Up to 15 min from time of infant delivery

InterventionIU (Mean)
Standard Care Group8.4
Protocol Group4.0

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Change in Lesion Area of Treated Telangiectasia.

Change in lesion area (compared with baseline measurement) of treated telangiectasia. (NCT01752049)
Timeframe: 84 days

Interventionmm^2 (Geometric Mean)
Topical Timolol Maleate-6
Placebo-8

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Least Squares Mean Change From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) at 11 AM

IOP (fluid pressure inside the eye) was assessed using Goldmann applanation tonometry and measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Data from 4 and 8 weeks at 11 AM were pooled, and a negative change indicates an improvement. One eye (target eye) was used for the analysis. (NCT02325518)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), Week 4, Week 8 at 11 AM

,
InterventionmmHg (Least Squares Mean)
BaselineMean change pooled over Week 4 and Week 8
BRI/TIM17.0-3.3
DOR/TIM17.0-3.4

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Least Squares Mean Change From Baseline in IOP at 9 AM

IOP (fluid pressure inside the eye) was assessed using Goldmann applanation tonometry and measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Data from 4 and 8 weeks at 9 AM were pooled, and a negative change indicates an improvement. One eye (target eye) was used for the analysis. (NCT02325518)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), Week 4, Week 8 at 9 AM

,
InterventionmmHg (Least Squares Mean)
BaselineChange at Pool (Week 4, Week 8)
BRI/TIM17.4-3.3
DOR/TIM17.3-2.9

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Objective Response Rate (ORR) in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer

Responses determined per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1) for target lesions and assessed by CT or MRI, where Objective Response (OR) represents either a Complete Response (CR; disappearance of all target lesions) or a Partial Response (PR; at least a 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum diameters); Objective Response (OR) = CR + PR. (NCT02345265)
Timeframe: Up to 32 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer22.86

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Progression-Free Survival (PFS) by HRR Status in Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian Cancer

"PFS determined per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.1), where disease progression represents at least a 20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions, appearance of one or more new lesions, or unequivocal progression of existing non-target lesions.~Homologous recombination repair (HRR) status was measured by the BROCA-HR assay. BROCA-HR is a targeted NGS platform including all known gynecologic cancer susceptibility genes and other DNA repair or related genes as well as a 3100 single nucleotide polymorphism panel to increase coverage for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis. HRR status was associated as a pooled group against PFS using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator with 95% confidence bands derived using Greenwood's formula." (NCT02345265)
Timeframe: Interval from start of treatment to documented disease progression per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1 or death from any cause, whichever occurs first, assessed up to 32 months.

Interventionmonths (Median)
HRRmt16.79
HRRwt16.43

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Overall Survival

Overall survival (OS) was defined as the number of months between study enrollment and death from any cause. Patients still alive at the last follow-up were censored on the date of last contact. Japanese cohort not included in overall survival analysis, the cohort was only included in toxicity assessments. (NCT02446600)
Timeframe: Approximately 30 months

Interventionmonths (Median)
Arm I (Platinum-based Chemotherapy)31.3
Arm II (Olaparib)29.2
Arm III (Olaparib, Cediranib Maleate)30.5

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Frequency and Severity of Adverse Effects

Number of treated patients with Adverse Events (grade 3 or higher) observed while receiving randomized therapy, by Preferred term with incidence rate greater than 5%. (NCT02446600)
Timeframe: During treatment period and up to 100 days after stopping the study treatment, up to 39 months.

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AnemiaFatigueNeutrophil count decreasedPlatelet count decreasedUrinary tract infectionWhite blood cell decreased
Arm I (Platinum-based Chemotherapy)23351241022
Arm II (Olaparib)281232113
Arm III (Olaparib, Cediranib Maleate)113173152
Japanese Cohort101001

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Progression Free Survival Determined Using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1 Criteria

Progression free survival (PFS) was defined as the number of months between study enrollment and documentation of disease progression (RECIST 1.1) or death from any cause. Patients still alive and disease free at the last follow-up were censored on the date of last CT Scan, or the CT Scan date prior to two missed assessments. Japanese cohort not included in progression free survival analysis, only included in toxicity assessments. (NCT02446600)
Timeframe: The protocol required lesion assessments every 9 weeks from cycle 1, day 1 for the first year, then every 12 weeks thereafter until disease progression. An average of approximately 10 months.

Interventionmonths (Median)
Arm I (Platinum-based Chemotherapy)10.3
Arm II (Olaparib)8.2
Arm III (Olaparib, Cediranib Maleate)10.4

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Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Asenapine Maleate Patches Compared With Placebo Patches in Subjects Diagnosed With Schizophrenia as Measured Using the Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness Scale: Change From Baseline to Week 6.

"To evaluate efficacy and safety of HP-3070 compared with placebo for the treatment of schizophrenia as evaluated by the Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness Scale.~The severity of illness for each participant was rated using the CGI-S. The rater or Investigator answered the following question: Considering your total clinical experience with this particular population, how mentally ill is the participant at this time?. Response choices included: 0 = not assessed; 1 = normal, not at all ill, 2 = borderline mentally ill; 3 = mildly ill; 4 = moderately ill; 5 = markedly ill; 6 = severely ill; and 7 = among the most extremely ill participants." (NCT02876900)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Low Dose Asenapine Maleate Patch-1.3
High Dose Asenapine Maleate Patch-1.2
Placebo Patch-0.9

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Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Asenapine Maleate Patches Compared With Placebo Patches in Subjects Diagnosed With Schizophrenia as Measured Using the Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score: Change From Baseline to Week 6.

"To evaluate efficacy and safety of HP-3070 compared with placebo for the treatment of schizophrenia as evaluated by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score.~The PANSS total score is the sum of all 30 items (7 positive items, 7 negative items, and 16 general psychopathology items). For each item, severity was rated on an anchored 7-point scale, with a score of 1 indicating the absence of symptoms and a score of 7 indicating extremely severe symptoms. If one or more items are missing at a given assessment, the total score is set to missing. Total score ranges from 30 to 210. Score indicates severity of the disease, i.e. low score = low severity." (NCT02876900)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Low Dose Asenapine Maleate Patch-22.1
High Dose Asenapine Maleate Patch-20.4
Placebo Patch-15.5

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Number of Participants Who Reach Partial Response, Assessed by Hemangioma Color

Assess time to partial response or greater by VAS-color, comparing baseline to day 30, day 60, day 120 and day 180. Partial response: >30% and up to 80% reduction in color of hemangioma (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
30-Day Visit60-Day Visit120-Day Visit180-Day Visit
0.25% Timolol Treatment17192529
0.5% Timolol Treatment20212830
Non-Intervention Group0245

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Number of Participants With Partial Response of Hemangioma Volume as Measured by VAS (Visual Analog Scale) Within Each Treatment Arm and Compared With Untreated Controls

The VAS-volume is a 100 mm scale used to independently grade hemangioma volume. -100 indicates hemangioma has doubled in size, 0 indicates no change, and +100 indicates complete shrinkage. Partial response is defined as >20% and up to 80% reduction in volumetric size of hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0.25% Timolol Treatment24
0.5% Timolol Treatment28
Non-Intervention Group15

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Number of Participants With Partial Response of Hemangioma Volume as Measured by VAS (Visual Analog Scale) Within Each Treatment Arm

The VAS-volume is a 100 mm scale used to independently grade hemangioma volume. -100 indicates hemangioma has doubled in size, 0 indicates no change, and +100 indicates complete shrinkage. Partial response is defined as >20% and up to 80% reduction in volumetric size of hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0.25% Timolol Treatment24
0.5% Timolol Treatment28

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Comparison of Partial Response of Hemangioma Color From Baseline to 180 Days, Within Each Treatment Arm

Comparison of partial response of hemangioma color (partial response or greater as assessed by VAS-color) between the two treatment arms. Partial response: >30% and up to 80% reduction in color of hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0.25% Timolol Treatment32
0.5% Timolol Treatment34

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Change in Hemangioma Quality of Life (IH-QoL) Assessment for Infants

Absolute change in IH-QoL score scale from Day 0 to end of study within each treatment arm. The IH-QoL score scale consists of 4 domains (physical symptom of patient, social functioning of patient, social and psychological functioning of caregiver, and emotional functioning of caregiver) and 29 items, with each item scored on a Likert scale : 0 = never a problem, 1 = almost never a problem, 2 = sometimes a problem, 3 = often a problem and 4 = almost always a problem). The total range is 0-116; the higher the total number indicates a worse outcome. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: baseline, day 180

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
0.25% Timolol Treatment35.3
0.5% Timolol Treatment37.4
Non-Intervention Group32.6

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Change in Hemangioma Dynamic Complication Scale (HDCS)

Absolute change in hemangioma dynamic complication scale from Day 0 to end of study within each treatment arm. The HDCS provides a 6-point severity grading system for 12 individual hemangioma-related complications (grade 0 represents absent to minimal; grade 5 = most severe). The total score ranges from 0-60. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: baseline, day 180

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
0.25% Timolol Treatment0
0.5% Timolol Treatment-0.1
Non-Intervention Group0

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Number of Participants With Partial Response in Hemangioma Color as Measured by VAS (Visual Analog Scale) Within Each Treatment Arm and Compared With Untreated Controls

The VAS-color is a 100 mm scale used to independently grade hemangioma color. -100 indicates hemangioma is twice as intense, 0 indicates no change, and +100 indicates complete resolution. Partial response is defined as >30% and up to 80% reduction in color of hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 180 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0.25% Timolol Treatment32
0.5% Timolol Treatment34
Non-Intervention Group19

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Number of Serious Adverse Events and Adverse Events of Special Interest in Infants Treated With Topical Timolol Maleate

Serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest from randomization to Day 180 in infants treated with topical timolol maleate (0.25% and 0.5%) GFS for the treatment of infantile hemangioma. (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: up to 270 days

,
Interventionadverse events (Number)
AEs of Special InterestSerious AEs
0.25% Timolol Treatment143
0.5% Timolol Treatment142

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Number of Participants Who Reach Partial Response, Assessed by Volume

Assess time to partial response or greater by VAS-volume, comparing baseline to day 30, day 60, day 120 and day 180. Partial response: >20% and up to 80% reduction in volumetric size of hemangioma (NCT02913612)
Timeframe: 30 days, 60 days, 120 days, 180 days

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
30-Day Visit60-Day Visit120-Day Visit180-Day Visit
0.25% Timolol Treatment12171823
0.5% Timolol Treatment14192124
Non-Intervention Group0134

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Awake Objective Cough Frequency

Objective cough frequency measured by ambulatory cough monitoring device (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12

Interventioncoughs per hour (log transformed) (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-0.185
Orvepitant 20mg-0.192
Orvepitant 30mg-0.271
Placebo-0.243

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Change in Awake Objective Cough Frequency at Week 2 Compared to Baseline

Objective cough frequency measured by ambulatory cough monitoring device (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2

Interventioncoughs per hour (log transformed) (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-0.180
Orvepitant 20mg-0.181
Orvepitant 30mg-0.215
Placebo-0.139

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Change in Awake Objective Cough Frequency at Week 4 Compared to Baseline

Objective cough frequency measured by ambulatory cough monitoring device (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventioncoughs per hour (log transformed) (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-0.188
Orvepitant 20mg-0.231
Orvepitant 30mg-0.211
Placebo-0.169

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Change in the Urge-to-cough Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 8 Compared to Baseline

"The urge-to-cough VAS was a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their urge to cough over the previous 24 hours (day/awake time and night time combined). The VAS ranged from no urge to cough (0 mm) on the left to severe urge to cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the urge to cough VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-23.8
Orvepitant 20mg-14.5
Orvepitant 30mg-19.7
Placebo-11.0

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Change in the Urge-to-cough Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 4 Compared to Baseline

"The urge-to-cough VAS was a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their urge to cough over the previous 24 hours (day/awake time and night time combined). The VAS ranged from no urge to cough (0 mm) on the left to severe urge to cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the urge to cough VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-19.0
Orvepitant 20mg-12.0
Orvepitant 30mg-17.3
Placebo-8.8

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Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 12 Compared to Baseline - Day-time

"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-18.8
Orvepitant 20mg-11.6
Orvepitant 30mg-20.1
Placebo-10.6

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Change in the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) at Week 8 Compared to Baseline

The Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) is a 19 item questionnaire that assessed cough related quality of life. It has three domains (physical, psychological and social) and subjects were asked to complete it based on their experience in a recall period of 8 weeks. The total score range is 3 to 21 and domain scores each range from 1 to 7; a higher score indicated a better quality of life. Subjects completed the LCQ whilst in the clinic at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

InterventionTotal score (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg2.78
Orvepitant 20mg2.19
Orvepitant 30mg2.82
Placebo1.34

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Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 2 Compared to Baseline - Day-time

"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-17.7
Orvepitant 20mg-10.5
Orvepitant 30mg-13.5
Placebo-6.3

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Change in the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) at Week 4 Compared to Baseline

The Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) is a 19 item questionnaire that assessed cough related quality of life. It has three domains (physical, psychological and social) and subjects were asked to complete it based on their experience in a recall period of 4 weeks. The total score range is 3 to 21 and domain scores each range from 1 to 7; a higher score indicated a better quality of life. Subjects completed the LCQ whilst in the clinic at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionTotal score (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg2.50
Orvepitant 20mg2.15
Orvepitant 30mg2.98
Placebo1.61

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Change in the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) at Week 2 Compared to Baseline

The Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) is a 19 item questionnaire that assessed cough related quality of life. It has three domains (physical, psychological and social) and subjects were asked to complete it based on their experience in a recall period of 2 weeks. The total score range is 3 to 21 and domain scores each range from 1 to 7; a higher score indicated a better quality of life. Subjects completed the LCQ whilst in the clinic at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2

InterventionTotal score (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg2.41
Orvepitant 20mg2.37
Orvepitant 30mg2.93
Placebo1.24

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Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 2 Compared to Baseline - Night-time

"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-12.8
Orvepitant 20mg-7.8
Orvepitant 30mg-6.2
Placebo-3.9

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Change in the Urge-to-cough Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 12 Compared to Baseline

"The urge-to-cough VAS was a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their urge to cough over the previous 24 hours (day/awake time and night time combined). The VAS ranged from no urge to cough (0 mm) on the left to severe urge to cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the urge to cough VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-23.7
Orvepitant 20mg-12.6
Orvepitant 30mg-22.9
Placebo-11.8

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Change in the Urge-to-cough Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 2 Compared to Baseline

"The urge-to-cough VAS was a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their urge to cough over the previous 24 hours (day/awake time and night time combined). The VAS ranged from no urge to cough (0 mm) on the left to severe urge to cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the urge to cough VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 2

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-20.8
Orvepitant 20mg-12.0
Orvepitant 30mg-13.8
Placebo-7.0

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Change in the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) at Week 12 Compared to Baseline

The Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) is a 19 item questionnaire that assessed cough related quality of life. It has three domains (physical, psychological and social) and subjects were asked to complete it based on their experience in a recall period of 12 weeks. The total score range is 3 to 21 and domain scores each range from 1 to 7; a higher score indicated a better quality of life. Subjects completed the LCQ whilst in the clinic at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12

InterventionTotal score (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg2.38
Orvepitant 20mg2.09
Orvepitant 30mg3.23
Placebo1.50

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Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 8 Compared to Baseline - Night-time

"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-11.5
Orvepitant 20mg-6.8
Orvepitant 30mg-9.8
Placebo-2.2

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Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 8 Compared to Baseline - Day-time

"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-21.0
Orvepitant 20mg-9.9
Orvepitant 30mg-18.6
Placebo-8.2

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Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 4 Compared to Baseline - Night-time

"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-10.1
Orvepitant 20mg-7.9
Orvepitant 30mg-5.8
Placebo-2.7

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Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 4 Compared to Baseline - Day-time

"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-17.9
Orvepitant 20mg-9.4
Orvepitant 30mg-15.9
Placebo-7.8

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Change in the Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Week 12 Compared to Baseline - Night-time

"The cough VAS is a 100 mm scale on which subjects indicated their severity of cough over the previous 24 hours, both during the day-time and during night time separately. The VAS ranged from no cough (0 mm) on the left to worst cough (100 mm) on the right. Subjects completed the cough severity VAS at baseline/Day 1 (pre dose) and at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12." (NCT02993822)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12

InterventionScore (Mean)
Orvepitant 10mg-8.9
Orvepitant 20mg-7.1
Orvepitant 30mg-9.6
Placebo-1.5

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Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by FEF25-75%

The Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF) 25%-75% measurement describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs during the middle half (25% - 75%) of the forced vital capacity test and is measured using spirometry at each post dose time point after 14 days (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min

,,
InterventionLiters/second (Least Squares Mean)
5 min15 min30 min1 hour2 hour4 hour8 hour12 hour23 hour 15 min23 hour 45 min
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg1.69181.74581.74131.73491.80741.75031.67741.58491.62571.6580
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg1.69681.74541.73471.77151.79071.76631.67551.65491.66671.6446
Placebo1.49621.45311.46901.49631.50881.48431.42171.38621.42141.4584

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Trough FEV1

FEV1 is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of forced exhalation. Treatment differences in trough FEV1 after 14 days of treatment between indacaterol maleate 150 μg and placebo, between indacaterol acetate 150 μg and placebo and indacaterol maleate and indacaterol acetate (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods

InterventionLiters (Mean)
Indacaterol Maleate2.4173
Indacaterol Acetate2.3774
Placebo2.2191

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Time to Peak FEV1 on Day 14

The differences in median time to peak FEV1 (h) between indacaterol maleate 150 µg and placebo (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods

Interventionh (Median)
Indacaterol Maleate-0.02
Indacaterol Acetate-0.02
Placebo0.00

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Time of Maximal Plasma Concentration (Tmax) at Steady State

Time of maximal plasma concentration of indacaterol maleate and indacaterol acetate at steady state. Time to reach the maximum concentration after administration. In this analysis Tmax will be reported using blood samples taken on Days 14 (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods

Interventionh (Median)
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg0.250
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg0.467

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The Maximum Concentration (Cmax) at Steady State (ss)

Maximal plasma concentrations of indacaterol maleate and indacaterol acetate at steady state. The maximum concentration (Cmax) were obtained directly from the measured concentration-time curves. The concentration-time curve is the result of time points of blood sampling and its measured concentration in the blood samplings. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg249
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg224

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The Lowest Plasma (or Serum or Blood) Concentration (Cmin) at Steady State

The lowest plasma (or serum or blood) concentration observed during a dosing interval at steady state. Only summary statistics was provided. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg56
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg52.3

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Rescue Medication Usage

The mean daily number of puffs of rescue medication usage as reported by subjects via diary. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: 14 days of treatment for each of the three treatment periods

InterventionPuffs (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg1.01
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg1.01
Placebo1.43

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Pharmacokinetics AUC 0-24hours at Steady State

AUC 0-24hours of plasma concentrations of indacaterol maleate and indacaterol acetate at steady state.The area under the concentrations-time curve (AUC0-24) was calculated with the measured data points from the time of administration up to 24 h after administration by the trapezoidal formula. The concentration-time curve is the result of time points of blood sampling and its measured concentration in the blood samplings (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods

Interventionh*pg/mL (Mean)
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg2300
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg2050

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Mean Overall Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)

A Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) meter was distributed to patients at Visit 1, to be used to measure PEF twice-daily as directed. During the Screening and Treatment Periods, PEF was measured in the morning and evening every day. the morning PEF was performed within 15 minutes after waking, and the evening PEF approximately 12 hours later. The highest of 3 values was recorded as the daily personal best. The personal best was used to calculate the mean morning PEF and mean evening PEF value collected between assessment Visits LS Mean of change from baseline in mean morning PEF is calculated with the ANOVA model using treatment, stratification group, dosing schedule, gender, center grouping, smoking status, and baseline mean morning PEF as covariates (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Days 8 through Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods

InterventionLiters/min (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg409.7
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg407.6
Placebo376.8

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Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo in Standardized FEV1 AUC.

Standardized FEV1 AUC from pre-dose to 4 h post-dose. Evaluated the differences in standardized FEV1 AUC0-4h (L) after 14 days of treatment between indacaterol maleate 150 μg and placebo, and between indacaterol acetate 150 μg and placebo. FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. The standardized AUC FEV1 was calculated as the sum of trapezoids divided by the length of time over an entire day (AUC 0-4h) (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Pre-dose to 4 hours post-dose on Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods

InterventionLiters (Least Squares Mean)
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg2.5179
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg2.5151
Placebo2.2703

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Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by FEV1/FVC

Bronchodilator effect of indacaterol salts compared to placebo in terms of FEV1/FVC at each post dose time point after 14 days. FEV1/FVC ratio is the percentage of the total FVC that is expelled from the lungs during the first second of forced exhalation. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min

,,
InterventionRatio (Least Squares Mean)
5 min15 min30 min1 hour2 hour4 hour8 hour12 hour23 hour 15 min23 hour 45 min
Indacaterol Acetate0.69520.70170.69960.70070.70850.70100.69670.68850.68530.6899
Indacaterol Maleate0.69790.70020.70120.70530.70850.70570.69620.69580.68980.6934
Placebo0.67290.66720.67060.67290.67470.67320.66510.65990.65720.6633

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Relative Bioavailability (Frel) of Indacaterol Acetate and Indacaterol Maleate

Relative bioavailability will be determined for AUC0-24h,ss and Cmax,ss comparing systemic exposure of indacaterol acetate and indacaterol maleate. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Indacaterol Maleate / Indacaterol Acetate0.912
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg0.910

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Percent of Predicted Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by FEV1 (% Predicted) at All Timepoints

"The FEV1 percent predicted expresses FEV1 as a percentage of the predicted values for participants of similar characteristics (height, age, sex, and sometimes race and weight). A positive change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted indicates improvement in lung function. FEV1 % predicted was assessed at each post dose time point after 14 days" (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min

,,
InterventionPercent of predicted (Least Squares Mean)
5 min15 min30 min1 hour2 hours4 hours8 hours12 hours23 hours 15 min23 hours 45 min
Indacaterol Acetate78.278.578.978.879.879.177.575.076.177.2
Indacaterol Maleate78.278.779.479.579.678.877.576.277.977.8
Placebo71.170.270.771.472.071.870.268.671.071.4

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Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by FVC (% Predicted)

Forced Vital Capacity is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. FVC was assessed by spirometry at each post dose time point after 14 days. A positive change from baseline in FVC indicates improvement in lung function. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min

,,
InterventionPercentage of predicted FVC (Least Squares Mean)
5 min15 min30 min1 hour2 hours4 hours8 hours12 hours23 hours 15 min23 hours 45 min
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg91.290.791.491.191.491.390.388.289.990.6
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg90.490.891.691.190.790.590.488.591.590.6
Placebo85.384.985.185.685.986.285.48486.986.5

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Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Forced Vital Capacity is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. FVC was assessed by spirometry at each post dose time point after 14 days. A positive change from baseline in FVC indicates improvement in lung function. (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min

,,
Interventionliter (Least Squares Mean)
5 min15 min30 min1 hour2 hour4 hour8 hour12 hour23 hour 15 min23 hour 45 min
Indacaterol Acetate 150 µg3.59123.57733.60393.58863.59923.59993.56173.48123.54483.5731
Indacaterol Maleate 150 µg3.56483.58503.60683.59463.57893.56743.56703.49413.60553.5668
Placebo3.37833.36003.36643.38733.39873.40533.36803.31933.41993.4185

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Bronchodilator Effect of Indacaterol Salts Compared to Placebo Measured by Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) at All Timepoints

Bronchodilator effect of indacaterol salts compared to placebo in terms of FEV1. Day 14, FEV1 was measured at 24hours post dose (NCT03257995)
Timeframe: Day 14 of each of the three treatment periods at 5, 15, 30m, 1 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 23hour.15min and 23hour.45min

,,
InterventionLiter (Least Squares Mean)
5 min15 min30 min1 hour2 hour4 hour8 hour12 hour23 hour 15 min23 hour 45 min
Indacaterol Acetate2.48132.49652.50472.50182.53382.51032.45962.38362.40222.4424
Indacaterol Maleate2.47952.50052.52042.52792.52862.50542.46682.42222.46782.4585
Placebo2.26172.22822.24752.26702.27922.27812.22722.17792.23982.2631

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Number of Participants Who Experienced At Least One or More Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

An Adverse Event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (e.g., a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug, whether or not it is considered related to the drug. A treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) is defined as an adverse event with an onset that occurs after receiving study drug. A SAE is an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any following reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; or congenital anomaly; or a medically important event. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 14 days after the last dose of study drug (Up to approximately 39 days)

,,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TEAEsSAEs
Part 1: Placebo41
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg41
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg30
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg40
Part 2: Metoclopramide 10 mg10
Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fasted Condition00
Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fed Condition10

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Change From Baseline in Gastric Emptying Breath Test (GEBT) Gastric Half-emptying Time Following Single Dose Administration of TAK-906 Maleate as Measured by the 13C Spirulina GEBT on Day 1

The GEBT is a nonradioactive, noninvasive, orally administered test for measuring the rate of solid phase gastric emptying (GE) in adults. The GEBT measures how fast solid food moves from the stomach to the small intestine during the digestive process and aids in the diagnosis of delayed stomach emptying (GP). GE half-emptying time is the time in minutes (min) for half of the ingested solids to leave the stomach. This value was measured by the 13C spirulina GEBT. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 1 of Part 1

,,,
Interventionminute (min) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Day 1
Part 1: Placebo118.74-5.71
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg122.500.71
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg121.266.74
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg130.180.12

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Number of Participants With Markedly Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Values

The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) values outside the range Heart Rate <50 (beats/min), PR Interval ≤120 (msec), PR Interval ≥200 (msec), QRS Duration ≥120 (msec), QT Interval ≥460 (msec) were considered markedly abnormal. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 14 days after the last dose of study drug (Up to approximately 39 days)

,,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Heart Rate (bpm) <50PR Interval (msec) ≤120PR Interval (msec) ≥200QRS Duration (msec) ≥120QT Interval (msec) ≥460
Part 1: Placebo10100
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg01401
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg01120
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg11201
Part 2: Metoclopramide 10 mg01400
Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fasted Condition10000
Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fed Condition10000

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Number of Participants With Markedly Abnormal Laboratory Parameters Values

Clinical Laboratory parameters included tests for chemistry, hematology and urinalysis. Markedly abnormal values during treatment period were categorized as:alanine aminotransferase (ALT)>3.0 U/L*upper limit of normal(ULN),albumin<25 g/L*lower limit of normal(LLN),alkaline phosphatase >3.0 U/L*ULN,aspartate aminotransferase >3.0 U/L*ULN,bilirubin >2 umol/L*ULN,blood urea nitrogen(BUN) >10.7 mmol/L,calcium <1.75 mmol/L, >2.88 mmol/L,chloride <75 mmol/L, >126 mmol/L,creatinine >177umol/L,gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) >3 U/L*ULN,glucose <2.8 mmol/L, >19.4 mmol/L,phosphate <0.52 mmol/L, >2.10 mmol/L,potassium<3 mmol/L, >6 mmol/L,sodium <130 mmol/L, >150 mmol/L,hematocrit (%) <0.8*LLN, >1.2*ULN,hemoglobin <0.8 g/L*LLN, >1.2 g/L*ULN,leukocytes <0.5 (10^9/L)*LLN, >1.5 (10^9/L)*ULN,erythrocytes<0.8 (10^12/L)*LLN, >1.2(10^12/L)*ULN,platelets <75(10^9/L), >600(10^9/L). Participants with at least 1 markedly abnormal laboratory parameter value is reported. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 14 days after the last dose of study drug in Part 1 (Up to approximately 23 days)

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Hematocrit (%)<0.8 x LLNHemoglobin (g/L) <0.8 x LLNALT >3.0 U/Lx ULNAST >3.0 U/L x ULNBUN >10.7 mmol/LCalcium >2.88 mmol/LGGT >3 x ULNSodium (mmol/L) <130 mmol/L
Part 1: Placebo01001001
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg00001110
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg00110000
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg10000000

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Tmax: Time to Reach the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for TAK-906 in Part 1

(NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Part 1: Day 1 predose and at multiple timepoints, (Up to 8 hours) postdose and Day 7 predose and at multiple timepoints (Up to 48 hours) postdose

,,
Interventionhour (hr) (Median)
Day 1Day 7
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg1.000.98
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg1.001.00
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg1.001.00

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Number of Participants With Markedly Abnormal Vital Signs

Vital signs included body temperature, diastolic and systolic blood pressure (mmHg), and heart rate (beats per minute [bpm]). Heart rate<50 bpm and systolic blood pressure <85 mmHg were considered markedly abnormal. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 14 days after the last dose of study drug (Up to approximately 39 days)

,,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Heart Rate (bpm) <50Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) <85
Part 1: Placebo01
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg00
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg00
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg10
Part 2: Metoclopramide 10 mg00
Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fasted Condition00
Part 2: TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg Fed Condition00

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Change From Baseline in Gastric Emptying Breath Test (GEBT) Gastric Half-emptying Time as Measured by the 13C Spirulina GEBT Following Multiple Dose Administration of TAK-906 Maleate on Day 7 for Part 1

The GEBT is a nonradioactive, noninvasive, orally administered test for measuring the rate of solid phase gastric emptying (GE) in adults. The GEBT measures how fast solid food moves from the stomach to the small intestine during the digestive process and aids in the diagnosis of delayed stomach emptying (GP). GE half-emptying time is the time in minutes (min) for half of the ingested solids to leave the stomach. This value was measured by the 13C spirulina GEBT. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 7

,,,
Interventionmin (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Day 7
Part 1: Placebo118.744.55
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg122.507.72
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg121.267.80
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg130.186.21

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AUCτ: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From 0 to Time (T) Over the Dosing Interval for TAK-906 in Part 1

(NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Part 1: Day 1 predose and at multiple timepoints, (Up to 8 hours) postdose and Day 7 predose and at multiple timepoints (Up to 48 hours) postdose

,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
Day 1Day 7
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg131166
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg23.026.3
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg4.675.46

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Percent Change From Baseline in Gastric Emptying (GE) Time as Measured by the SmartPill on Day 7 for Part 1

SmartPill is an ingestible capsule that measures pressure, potential of hydrogen (pH) and temperature as it travels through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to assess GE and GI motility. SmartPill eliminates radiation exposure and is the only motility test that provides a complete transit profile of the GI tract. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 7

Interventionpercent change in GE time (Mean)
Part 1: Placebo124.62
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg61.72
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg419.27
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg71.09

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Change From Baseline in Serum Prolactin Concentration on Day 1 at Tmax, Time of First Occurrence of Maximum Serum Concentration (Cmax) for TAK-906 Maleate for Part 1

Change in serum prolactin on Day 1 at the Tmax, time of first occurrence of maximum serum concentration (Cmax) relative to Baseline was calculated as a ratio of maximum serum prolactin concentration on Day 1 to serum prolactin concentration at Baseline. (NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Day 1 predose (Baseline), 1 hour and at multiple timepoints (Up to 8 hours) postdose

Interventionratio (Mean)
Part 1: Placebo1.54
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg12.77
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg19.92
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg20.07

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for TAK 906 in Part 1

(NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Part 1: Day 1 predose and at multiple timepoints, (Up to 8 hours) postdose and Day 7 predose and at multiple timepoints (Up to 48 hours) postdose

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Day 1Day 7
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg75.799.6
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg12.015.5
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg2.272.87

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Ctrough: Observed Concentration at the End of a Dosing Interval for TAK-906 in Part 1

(NCT03268941)
Timeframe: Part 1: Predose on Days 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Predose on Day 2Predose on Day 3Predose on Day 4Predose on Day 5Predose on Day 6Predose on Day 7Predose on Day 8Predose on Day 9
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 100 mg0.7700.9581.171.951.011.481.161.40
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 25 mg0.2620.5030.3021.090.4120.3360.5220.280
Part 1: TAK 906 Maleate 5 mg0.01210.04230.01780.04570.04230.05960.07630.0700

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Number of Participants With a Response

Response is: CR + complete response with incomplete recovery of platelets (CRp) + complete response with incomplete recovery of counts (CRi) within 3 months. CR: Bone Marrow blasts /= 1,000, Platelets >/= 100 and no extra medullary disease.CRp: Bone Marrow blasts /= 1,000 and no extra medullary disease. CRi: Bone Marrow blasts NCT03390296)
Timeframe: within 3 months of initiation of therapy

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm A (Anti-OX40 Antibody PF-04518600)0
Arm B (Azacitidine, Venetoclax, GO)8
Arm C (Azacitidine, GO, Avelumab)1
Arm D (Azacitidine, Venetoclax, Avelumab)2
Arm F (GO, Glasdegib)0

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Overall Survival

Time from date of treatment start until date of death due to any cause or last Follow-up. (NCT03390296)
Timeframe: Up to 4 years

InterventionMonths (Median)
Arm A (Anti-OX40 Antibody PF-04518600)3.0
Arm B (Azacitidine, Venetoclax, GO)7.6
Arm C (Azacitidine, GO, Avelumab)5.9
Arm D (Azacitidine, Venetoclax, Avelumab)4.8
Arm F (GO, Glasdegib)1.1

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Percentage of Participants With at Least 50% Reduction From Baseline in ANMS GCSI-DD Composite Score at Week 12

ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis . The ANMS GCSI-DD composite score included score of nausea, early satiety, upper abdominal pain and postprandial fullness. The severity scores of these symptoms range from 0 (none) to 4 (very severe). The daily composite score was calculated by summing the scores on the 4 symptom items (nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain) and then dividing by 4, that is the number of items within the composite score. Thus, the maximum daily composite score was (4 symptoms × maximum score 4 divided by 4) = 16/4 = 4. The ANMS GCSI-DD daily composite score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo42.5
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg39.1
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg47.2
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg41.9

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Change From Baseline in the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index-Daily Diary (ANMS GCSI-DD) Composite Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD composite score included score of nausea, early satiety, upper abdominal pain, and postprandial fullness. The severity scores of these symptoms range from 0 (none) to 4 (very severe). The daily composite score was calculated by summing the scores on the 4 symptom items (nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain) and then dividing by 4, that is the number of items within the composite score. Thus, the maximum daily composite score was (4 symptoms × maximum score 4 divided by 4) = 16/4 = 4. The ANMS GCSI-DD daily composite score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. Mixed-effects Model for Repeated Measures (MMRM) was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.19
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-1.11
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-1.17
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-1.21

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Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCI-DD Bloating Severity Scale Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

The bloating severity scale was scored from 0 to 4 (where 0 = no symptom and 4 = severe symptom). The daily total score can range from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.15
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-1.09
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-1.26
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-1.16

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Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Early Satiety Symptom Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD assesses nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain on a severity score calculated from a 5-point Likert scale. The ANMS GCSI-DD early satiety symptom score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.26
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-1.25
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-1.17
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-1.33

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Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Nausea Symptom Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD assesses nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain on a severity score calculated from a 5-point Likert scale. The ANMS GCSI-DD nausea symptom score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.42
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-1.36
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-1.36
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-1.40

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Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Overall Severity of Gastroparesis Symptoms Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

The overall severity of gastroparesis symptoms is the participant report of the overall severity rating of their symptoms as entered daily in the ANMS GCSI-DD and at time of visit. Severity was rated on a 0 (none) to 4 (very severe) scale. Higher score values indicated more severe symptoms. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.20
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-1.02
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-1.22
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-1.25

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Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Postprandial Fullness Symptom Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD assesses nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain on a severity score calculated from a 5-point Likert scale. The ANMS GCSI-DD postprandial fullness symptom score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.32
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-1.26
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-1.27
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-1.35

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Percentage of Symptomatic Weeks

Symptomatic weeks are weeks with average composite symptom score assessed as >mild [ANMS GCSI-DD score ≥2] during 12 weeks of treatment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Up to 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of weeks (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo54.89
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg46.42
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg50.03
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg51.31

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Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Recorded Vomiting Frequency at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

Vomiting frequency was collected as the number of times a participant vomited in a 24-hour period i.e., vomiting episodes using the ANMS GCSI-DD. The daily score was averaged over 7 days. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionvomiting episodes/day (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.71
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-0.44
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-0.48
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-0.63

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Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Total Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

Daily total score was calculated by summing scores on each of the 5 symptom items in ANMS GCSI-DD (nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, upper abdominal pain and vomiting) plus the bloating severity item and then dividing by 6. When calculating total score, vomiting frequency was scored from 0 to 4 (where 0=no vomiting and 4=four or more episodes of vomiting). The daily total score can range from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. MMRM was used for analyses. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.10
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-1.00
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-1.09
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-1.11

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Change From Baseline in the ANMS GCSI-DD Upper Abdominal Pain Symptom Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

ANMS GCSI-DD is a patient-reported outcome instrument for a symptom-based clinical trial endpoint in gastroparesis. The ANMS GCSI-DD assesses nausea, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and upper abdominal pain on a severity score calculated from a 5-point Likert scale. The ANMS GCSI-DD upper abdominal pain symptom score ranged from 0 to 4 with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for the analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.72
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-0.68
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-0.90
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-0.76

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Change From Baseline in the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Symptom Severity Index (PAGI-SYM) Total Score at Week 12 of the Treatment Period

The PAGI-SYM total score is defined as the mean of 6 PAGI-SYM subscale scores from 20 items. A 6-point Likert response scale, ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (very severe), is used to measure symptom severity in participants with upper GI disorders. The negative change from baseline indicates improvement. MMRM was used for analysis. (NCT03544229)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.33
TAK-906 Maleate 5 mg-1.25
TAK-906 Maleate 25 mg-1.51
TAK-906 Maleate 50 mg-1.57

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4620chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
alpha-ketoglutaric acid
2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.		2.9310oxo dicarboxylic acidfundamental metabolite
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		2.36203-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
3-phenylpropionic acid
3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.		2.9140benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid		antifungal agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid
cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids		210
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.3110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.42204-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.4620ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.7630monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.3820ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
acetyl phosphate
acetyl dihydrogen phosphate : An acyl monophosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.		1.9710acyl monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adenine
[no description available]		2.79306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid
adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.		2.7630alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		food acidity regulator;
human xenobiotic metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		3.2560azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0210benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.4920fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.0710amino-acid anion
carbamyl phosphate
Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).		1.9910acyl monophosphate;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.5420carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.6830monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
catechol
[no description available]		2.4220catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
choline
[no description available]		2.2510cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid
Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.4120tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		5.76201tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		3.4780halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		3.0950chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.4620monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
2-butynedioic acid
2-butynedioic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. butynedioic acid : An acetylenic compound that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by carboxy groups.		2.1510acetylenic compound;
C4-dicarboxylic acid
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.0510aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.0410(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.0310guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
methylmalonic acid
Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		8.6830C4-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		3.71002-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde
propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.		1.9910alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.3920monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.4620amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.28602-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.4120sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		2.4620chlorocyclohexane
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		2.9340alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		3.3970alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		3.4670alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		1.96102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.2260carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		3.0450aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		3.2160elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.4520benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		7.0210imidazole
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		5.2380dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.610dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		8.6190alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.1110alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.4620cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		2.4620acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		7.830metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.2110pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.4620pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.0850monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		3.0950nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.0810oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
hydroxypyruvic acid
hydroxypyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxypyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate involved in the glycine and serine metabolism.		2.6102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.		2.0510C4-dicarboxylic acid;
oxo dicarboxylic acid		geroprotector;
metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		5.96251alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.05104-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		7.3620phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylpyruvic acid
phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.. keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.		1.99102-oxo monocarboxylic acidchromogenic compound;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		12.52282phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.610phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		3.1250benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		7.610glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.5920saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		1.9410purine
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.4620monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.6630methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		2.3720aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine phosphate
pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.		2.3720aminoalkylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6 phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		2.4620hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		3.08502-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		7.0110N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		10.44240alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.4820sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		2.4620primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.0210methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.0210pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		7.4420isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.		2.0210prenol phosphateantigen;
antioxidant;
epitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.0310chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4620dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
meglutol
Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.		1.96103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid;
tertiary alcohol		anticholesteremic drug;
antimetabolite;
EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.0510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		1.9610C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.0710aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.		1.9610chlorine molecular entity;
mercuribenzoic acid
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.4620imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.0510monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4620acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.5680acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.2460monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.4620acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1510acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
albendazole
[no description available]		2.4620aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		2.1310phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alpha-methyl-dl-aspartate
2-methylaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		2.0110aluminium coordination entity
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.4620dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		2.6630N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		3.2960dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.46201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		2.4620dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.3920benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.4620benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.4620ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		2.1710azobenzenes
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		2.46201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzethonium
Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.		1.9610alkylbenzene
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.4620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.4620amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.4620aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.4620azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		2.4620methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		3.1350purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.4620benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.4620dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		1.9810hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		4.6961quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9610aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.1960monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.4620organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.4620monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.46201,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.4620cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.4620aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.7130aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.4620cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.1310aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.4620benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.46202-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		2.4620aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.730dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.4620conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.4620chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.3620non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		2.3320piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		2.4620substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.730dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.4620amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.4620N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		1.9910pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.4620monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimaprit
Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.		1.9810imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		2.6730dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.2510ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.7630piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.0510organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.4620branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.4620aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.4220
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.4620dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.4620alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.21101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		2.1101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		2.4620aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.4620carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.4620aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		7.0210monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		2.4620piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		2.4620benzodioxoles
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.4620conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.4620aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.4620aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.4620ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.4620nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.4620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.4620fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.4620diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.4620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.7130carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.4620chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		2.4620gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		7.7330aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.6930
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		2.4620aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.4620N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.4620sulfonamide
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		3.2460dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.4620piperidines
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		7.4520carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		6.2251aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.4620bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.4620thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.4620benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.4620one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.4620monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.4620primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.7830benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		2.7230ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.4620bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.4620aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.4620carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.4620azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		2.4620benzenes
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.7130carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.4620dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		2.4620benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.4620cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
benzylsuccinic acid
benzylsuccinic acid: inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A. 2-benzylsuccinic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of succinic acid carrying a 2-benzyl substituent.		2.0210dicarboxylic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		2.4620benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.4620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		2.4620biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		2.4620anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		2.4620aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4620aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		2.4620adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.46201,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.4620organic molecular entity
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		2.7730guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.4620ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		210aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.4620beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		2.4620organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		1.9910aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.7530C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.730dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.7430dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		7.3420maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.46201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		2.4620aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.1310cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.4620C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.4620aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.46202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.4620C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		2.730isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.45203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.46201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.4620benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		2.4620aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.52201,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pamidronate
[no description available]		2.4620phosphonoacetic acid
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.4620dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.4620aromatic amine
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		2.46201,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		2.4620piperidinescardiovascular drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.4620acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.6230pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9610barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.4620pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		1.9710dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.4620pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		2.4620indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.4620aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piperazine
[no description available]		2.610azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.4620isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.2510aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.4620pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.4620benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.4620dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		1.9410N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.4110phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.7430phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.7830naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.6230aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.4620aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.46201-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.4620aralkylamine
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.4620benzothiazoles
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		2.46201,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		3.14501,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		2.3720fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		1.9710haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
succinylacetone
succinylacetone: inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.		3.7730beta-diketone;
dioxo monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite
sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.		2.4620benzenes;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial drug
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.4620sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0710isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.4620substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.4620
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.4620pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.05102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		7.1710isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		2.4620sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.4620N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0510benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.0510imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.4620diarylmethane
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.3820quaternary ammonium ion
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4620monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.4620N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.4620N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		2.4620aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.4620N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		2.4620oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.4620aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.4620chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
urethane
[no description available]		2.0610carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		1.9610aromatic ether
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0510aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.4620carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.4620imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4620aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		2.4620acylcholine
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.9140beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.7130glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.4620nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
isoproterenol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620catechols
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		1.93102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		2.46203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		2.462011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.462017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		1.971017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochloride
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.05102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		6.9310indoles
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.4620organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.4620pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.46202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.0510pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		3.921guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.4620chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.9540alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		7.6630L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		9.96120aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2360amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		7.9140aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		2.4620carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.110glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.462017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
promethazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.66303'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.940adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		2.4420tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		1.9610kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		6.9310D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.6411monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0310phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.4620amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		7.98386ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.9140amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.1310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		2.4620quaternary ammonium salt
phlorhizin
[no description available]		6.9310aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
methoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620dimethoxybenzene
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.3920adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		3.8221organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.2110amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.4620nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		7.940lactose
primaquine phosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.6730amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diethyl sulfate
diethyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diethyl sulfate : The diethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		2.0310alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		2.7630alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.4620
cytidine triphosphate
Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9910cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.4620aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.4620chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.3920formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.462017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		7.4110beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		1.9610nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-thiomalic acid
[no description available]		2.1710C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		7.7130amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.462020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
mestranol
[no description available]		2.462017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.2510erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid
4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.		2.0210monochlorobenzoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine
N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.		1.9810N-substituted diamine;
secondary amino compound		antioxidant
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		8.2860arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		4.3222alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		3.0610alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		2.2110boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.0210chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
[no description available]		2.0110
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.3570primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
tetraethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.5220
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		340alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.4620chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		3.470alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.		7.3110a peroxy aciddisinfectant;
oxidising agent
methacrylamide
[no description available]		210acrylamides;
primary carboxamide
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		1.9710enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		1.9910organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.4620N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.4620organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.0510organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms.		2.1310hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid;
naphthols		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
fungal xenobiotic metabolite
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		2.4620glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		2.0510organochlorine compound
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		2.4110
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.1110pyrrolidin-2-ones
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.6830phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
2-bromophenol
bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.		2.4620bromophenolmarine metabolite
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0310butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
sulfosalicylic acid
5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.		2.0810arenesulfonic acid;
benzoic acids;
phenols		metabolite
butyl methacrylate
[no description available]		2.0710enoate ester
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.4720nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.4220trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		2.0510dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		6.48480styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.4620pyridinium salt
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		2.4620aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
phenylisothiocyanate
phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.		2.4620isothiocyanateallergen;
reagent
4-bromophenol
4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.		2.4620bromophenolhuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant;
rat metabolite
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		2.4620
allylamine
Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.		2.5320alkylamine
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.7330primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
diisobutylene
2,4,4-trimethylpentene: a hazardous substance		4.26140
acetic anhydride
acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.		1.9710acyclic carboxylic anhydridemetabolite;
reagent
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		3.73100cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
2,6-lutidine
2,6-dimethylpyridine : A member of the class of methylpyridines that is pyridine carrying methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.5520methylpyridines
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		2.0810triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.4620bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
thiophenol
thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.		2.2510aryl thiol
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		2.4120
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.4920short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.110cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
succinamide
[no description available]		2.0510
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		1.9310peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
imipramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantidepressant
isobutylene
2-methylprop-1-ene : An alkene that is prop-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0210alkene;
gas molecular entity
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.4620barbituratesanticonvulsant
edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.4620chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4920diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.0810aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
di-n-pentyl phthalate
dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4620diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		1.9810hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		2.4620quinolines
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		1.9710benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.1310naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.4620hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride
leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride		2.4620benzoate ester
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		2.3110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		1.9610NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.3820acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.1310amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		2.7230hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
tripelennamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4620steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
estrogen receptor modulator;
synthetic oral contraceptive
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.4620azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.4620pyrrolizidine alkaloid
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.4620N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of pseudoephedrine.		2.4620hydrochlorideplant metabolite
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		2.0810thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		4.6532organosilicon compound
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.462020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.4620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride: inhibitor of peptide hydrolases; structure in second source		210
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.0110imidazolidine-2,4-dione
propiolic acid
propiolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propynoic acid : A terminal acetylenic compound that is a 3-carbon, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid having one acetylenic bond.		2.1510acetylenic fatty acid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
monounsaturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenobiotic metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ninhydrin
Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.		2.1510aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
indanones;
ketone hydrate		colour indicator;
human metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.04104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
oxetane
oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.		7.610oxetanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
isovaleric acid
isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.1510branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
methylbutyric acid;
short-chain fatty acid		mammalian metabolite;
plant metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		7.4110
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.4110gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
trimellitic acid
trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups.		1.9610tricarboxylic acid
2-n-butylmalonate
2-n-butylmalonate: structure		1.9710
maleimide
[no description available]		2.0710dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		1.9810dialdehydebiomarker
amitriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620organic tricyclic compound
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.4620isothiocyanateinsecticide
3-nitrophenol
[no description available]		2.05103-nitrophenols
glycylglycine
[no description available]		2.0210dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		human metabolite
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620alkylbenzene
betaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
levulinic acid
levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.		2.1110oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.041020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
2,2-dimethylmalonate
dimethylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which both methylene hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.		1.9810dicarboxylic acidfatty acid synthesis inhibitor
1,1'-binaphthyl
1,1'-binaphthyl: structure in first source		2.0610
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.7630acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
3-hydroxyacetanilide
metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.		2.4620acetamides;
phenols		non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.4620ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
brilliant green
brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.		7.4110organic hydrogensulfate saltantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
poison
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.4620cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
tetracosane
tetracosane: a pure alkane compound. tetracosane : A straight-chain alkane containing 24 carbon atoms.		2.0310long-chain alkaneplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester
acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation		2.1510
2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride
[no description available]		2.4110butenolide
calcium citrate
Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.		210organic calcium saltflavouring agent;
food additive;
food preservative;
nutraceutical
calcium lactate
[no description available]		210
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		4.92140enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
n-methylolacrylamide
N-methylolacrylamide: bifunctional monomer possessing both vinyl & hydroxymethyl groups; used in adhesives, binders, surface coatings & resins; toxicity equals that of acrylamide		210secondary carboxamide
cyclopentenone
2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.		2.1510alicyclic ketone;
enone		Hsp70 inducer
2-cyclohexen-1-one
2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.		2.1510cyclohexenone
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.		2.4620hydrochloride
4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7 trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane-1-oxide
[no description available]		2.0210
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		1.9710phenylacetaldehydes
1,8-octanedithiol
[no description available]		2.0510alkanethiol
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		3.1350
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		1.9810hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.4620glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0510aliphatic nitrile
isonicotinamide
isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.		7.2110pyridinecarboxamide
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		2.4620monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		5.8120diarylmethane
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.		2.0510polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.4620organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		1.9510aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.4620benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
4-chlorocatechol
4-chlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol substituted by a chloro group at position 4.		2.0310chlorocatechol;
monochlorobenzenes		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n-isopropylacrylamide
N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands		2.0810
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		1.99102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.3110organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		1.9310N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.4620dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		1.97101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.4620antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.0510carbon oxoanion
3-chlorocatechol
3-chlorocatechol: inhibits catechol-2,3-dioxygenase. chlorocatechol : Any member of the class of catechols that is catechol substituted by at least one chloro group.. 3-chlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol in which the hydrogen adjacent to one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a chlorine.		1.9910chlorocatechol;
monochlorobenzenes
clonidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620dichlorobenzene
cladribine
[no description available]		2.4620organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
ethylene dimethanesulfonate
ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure		2.4620
mexiletine hydrochloride
mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4620hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.4620beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
maleic hydrazide
Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.		2.8440pyridazinone
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.3820amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
metoclopramide hydrochloride
metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.		2.4620
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.3920elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		7.6630elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		1.9910f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.0710metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.4220elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		7.0810cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		2.0310iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		7.0510copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		1.9610manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.9940titanium group element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		2.4110monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.7330cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.0410f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		7.4620chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		1.9910f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		2.0110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		8.250copper group element atom;
elemental gold
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		7.66142titanium group element atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.7630pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		3.2160mercury coordination entitysensitiser
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.3720sodium phosphate
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.940iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		2.0110diatomic bromine
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		1.9610inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.4720calcium phosphate
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		1.9710chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		7.4110metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		6.9710potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.9240dihydrogen
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.0610diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.1110deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		2.1110sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.0510elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant		2.5220chlorine dioxide
lead nitrate
lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate		1.9610inorganic nitrate salt;
lead coordination entity
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.4620benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		210ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate
tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement		2.5920
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		2.4620S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.7630titanium oxidesfood colouring
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.1510
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		1.97106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
fluorides
[no description available]		3.0950halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.462017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
disopyramide phosphate
[no description available]		2.4620organoammonium phosphate
tri-n-butylborane
[no description available]		1.9710
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.3620benzenes;
phenyl acetates
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.4620phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.420
alkenes
[no description available]		9.45190
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		7.420organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.3970glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		2.1310glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.0410pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.4620penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		6.9610timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
moricizine hydrochloride
moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4620hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.4620azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		2.4620pyrroline
serentil
mesoridazine besylate : The benzenesulfonate salt of mesoridazine prepared using equimolar amounts of mesoridazine and benzenesulfonic acid.		2.4620organosulfonate saltdopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.4620amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		7.7630taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		2.4620beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
propafenone hydrochloride
propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.4620hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.46201-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		210alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.4620catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4620beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		2.4620aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.4620L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.4620
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.45205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
nonachlazine
Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.		2.0510
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		2.46201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.4620cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
flecainide acetate
flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.4620acetate saltanti-arrhythmia drug
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620dihydropyridinegeroprotector
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.4620aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4620
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.4620aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.9640alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
butoconazole nitrate
butoconazole nitrate : An organic nitrate salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of butaconazole and nitric acid. An antifungal agent, it is used in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
organic nitrate salt
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4620cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		2.4620
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent		1.9710
mitoxantrone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		2.4620
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.0510delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		2.0510naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.0510delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.4620carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		2.4620aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.7630dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		2.4620imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.6120hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
pravadoline
[no description available]		6.9810
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		2.03103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.4620amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.4620quinolines
aromasil
[no description available]		2.041017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zileuton
[no description available]		2.46201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.4620tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		2.4620aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.7630monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.4620biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.13106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4620biphenyls
saquinavir monomethanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.4620organic molecular entity
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		8.0950adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
4-pentenoic acid
4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.		1.9810pentenoic acid
allyl formate
[no description available]		2.4620
desferrioxamine b mesylate
desferrioxamine B mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of desferrioxamine B with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. It is an iron-chelating medicine used to remove excess iron from the body. It binds to iron in the blood, which is then passed out in the urine.		2.4620methanesulfonate saltantidote;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic ketone
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.0510hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.4620hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		2.4620
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		2.4620
ciprofloxacin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
dopamine agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.0310D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
irganox 1010
pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate): has antioxidant activity		1.9610
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0510organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
dobutamine hydrochloride
dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.4620hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.4620benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4620conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4620benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
boron nitride
[no description available]		8.1410nitride
1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine
[no description available]		2.1710
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.25101,2,3-triazole
2-imidazoline
2-imidazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. imidazoline : An imidazoline compound having the double bond at the 2-position.		1.9210imidazolines
trimethobenzamide monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
2-butynoic acid
[no description available]		2.1510
amiloride hydrochloride
amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.		2.4620hydratediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
econazole nitrate
econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.		2.4620
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.4620dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride
lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.		2.4620hydrochlorideantimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
flunoxaprofen
flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.		2.46201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antirheumatic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.4620dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
1-triacontanol
1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0310fatty alcohol 30:0;
ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol
phenylpropiolic acid
phenylpropiolic acid: structure. phenylpropiolic acid : An acetylenic compound that is propynoic acid in which the acetylenic hydrogen is replaced by a phenyl group.		2.1510acetylenic compound;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes
loperamide hydrochloride
loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.4620hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		1.9310phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		2.4620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
bromosuccinic acid
bromosuccinic acid: RN given refers to undesignated isomer. bromosuccinic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted at position 2 by a bromine atom.		2.25102-bromocarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid
2-naphthylisothiocyanate
[no description available]		2.4620
5-aminofluorescein
5-aminofluorescein: used to determine progesterone in human serum or plasma. 5-aminofluorescein : A primary amino compound that is fluorescein carrying an amino substituent at C-5. Building block/intermediate for the synthesis of the fluorescent dye flourescein; also used to produce N-(fluorescein-5-yl)maleamic acid.		2.0610primary amino compound
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.4620aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
ethyl 2-butynoate
[no description available]		2.1510
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
orphenadrine citrate
orphenadrine citrate : A citrate salt which comprises equimolar amounts of orphenadrine and citric acid.		2.4620citrate saltH1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.4620organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.4620macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.3720adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.25103-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide
N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors		2.4620pyrrolidines
phentolamine mesylate
[no description available]		2.4620
oxybutynin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochloride
ethylphenylpropiolate
ethylphenylpropiolate: structure		2.1510
methylglucoside
[no description available]		1.9610
1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene
[no description available]		2.0510secondary alcohol
cordium
bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.		2.4620hydrate;
hydrochloride
acetoacetyl coa
[no description available]		2.36203-oxo-fatty acyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.4620cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.3110oligopeptide
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		2.4620primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid
2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid: putative toxic metabolite of valproic acid		1.9910methyl-branched fatty acid
laurdan
laurdan: RN from CA Index Guide		2.610
eudragit-e
Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker		2.0210
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol
[no description available]		2.2510
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		1.9710
6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine
6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine: compound used in second source was chlorhydrate; has been used as retinoprotector		2.1710
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		1.9610short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
matairesinol
matairesinol: lignan that is a central precursor in plants in the biosynthesis of numerous lignans (coordinate with specific); RN refers to (3R-trans)-isomer. (-)-matairesinol : A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).		2.0310gamma-lactone;
lignan;
polyphenol		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-asthmatic agent;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source		2.1510
1,3-indandione
1,2-indanedione: use for detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; structure in first source		2.1510
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
3-iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine
3-iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine: used for SPECT imaging of brain tumors; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without stereoisomeric designation		2.0310
c & b metabond
Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)		2.3820
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.4620dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.05102-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		8.0340D-xylose
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.2110secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
nsc-141549
[no description available]		2.4620
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.96409-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		7.2110azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-hydroxy-2-methylvalerate
[no description available]		1.9610hydroxy fatty acid
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		2.4620methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.4620oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.0510biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
calcium aluminate
[no description available]		2.4220
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.1110
dhurrin
dhurrin: cyanogenic glucoside from plant Sorghum; (R)-epimer is taxiphyllin; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside consisting of (S)-prunasin carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.2110beta-D-glucoside;
cyanogenic glycoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
nitrile
asenapine
asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.		2.21105-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
byssochlamic acid
byssochlamic acid: isolated from Byssochlamys nivea		7.1110organooxygen compound
gulonolactone
gulonolactone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.610gamma-lactone
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		1.9910
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.6930biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		3.7690
zm 241385
ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor		2.2510diamino-1,3,5-triazine
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.6120divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.4620aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.4620acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
lapatinib
[no description available]		2.0510furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cortisone
[no description available]		1.931011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lithium fluoride
lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P		2.4220
fludrocortisone acetate
fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
solanine
Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].		2.3110
acivicin
[no description available]		2.4620isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
protoverin
Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.		1.9310
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.4120inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
arabinose
[no description available]		2.1710L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		8.0140D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		2.9140puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		3.580tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
(+)-limonene
(4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.		2.4620limoneneplant metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.7630cellotriose
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.0510monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.4620cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.46201-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		2.4620beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
moxalactam disodium
[no description available]		2.4620
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.46202,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
nortriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620organic tricyclic compoundgeroprotector
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.4620aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
kanamycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620aminoglycoside sulfate saltantibacterial drug;
geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate
paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.4620
brucine
brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94		2.0510monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound
alpha-chaconine
alpha-chaconine: glycoside of solanidine; structure in 5th source		2.3110glycoalkaloid;
steroid saponin
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.0310
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.4620hexadecanoate ester
calcium pantothenate
[no description available]		2.4620polymer
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		1.9310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620anthracycline
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.9940cyclodextrin
aconitic acid
trans-aconitic acid : The trans-isomer of aconitic acid.		2.1510aconitic acidfundamental metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.3620acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.1510cinnamic acidplant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.4620retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		6.63390butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.4620microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.4620dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
fumaramide
[no description available]		2.0210
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.4620macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.4620
imidazolidines
[no description available]		2.1110azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		2.4620actinomycinmutagen
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.4620carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.4110nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
potassium thiocyanate
potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.		2.0210potassium salt
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.4120one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
ammonium carbonate
ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt)		2.0510
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		2.4620arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
idarubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620anthracycline
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.4620triterpenoid
anethole
anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.		1.9210anetholeflavouring agent
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		2.5720diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
ethyl cinnamate
ethyl cinnamate: a pine weevil antifeedant; structure in first source		2.1510alkyl cinnamate;
ethyl ester
diethyl fumarate
diethyl fumarate : A dieter obtained by the formal condensation of fumaric acid with ethanol.		2.4920diestermetabolite
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.4120alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
citraconic acid
citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.		1.9810dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		5.1762diphosphate ion
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.4620aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		1.9610caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
3-(4-methylbenzoyl)acrylic acid
[no description available]		2.1510carbonyl compound
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		1.9810urocanic acidhuman metabolite
thiothixene
[no description available]		2.4620N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.8230aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.46201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.4620monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.4620capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		2.46202-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		2.3720barbituratesallergen;
reagent
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.4620hydrochloride
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.5520cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.4620thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.3110aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
tungsten carbide
tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		2.0110
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		2.3720dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
cystine dimethyl ester
cystine dimethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9910
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.4620cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		2.4620
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.4620stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.1310pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		1.9510cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
hmr 3647
[no description available]		2.4620
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.420alkali metal atom
quinine
[no description available]		2.4620cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioperamide
thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist		2.0610primary aliphatic amine
cystine
[no description available]		2.420
fospropofol
[no description available]		2.0510alkylbenzene
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.7130
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		1.9810organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
4-nitrocatechol
4-nitrocatechol : A member of the class of catechols that is benzene-1,2-diol substituted by a nitro group at position 4.It is the by-product of the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
catechols		human xenobiotic metabolite;
lipoxygenase inhibitor
3,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-1-methylpiperidine-4-one
3,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-1-methylpiperidine-4-one: structure in first source		2.1510
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		2.1310
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9810
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		1.9310
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.46202-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		2.3820
dimethyl maleate
dimethyl maleate: structure. dimethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with methanol. It is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		2.1510diester;
maleate ester;
methyl ester
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		1.9810prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		3.0430retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
maleylpyruvate
[no description available]		2.08104,6-dioxohept-2-enedioic acid;
beta-diketone
glutaconic acid
glutaconic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. glutaconic acid : A pentenedioic acid that is pent-2-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1 and 5.. (E)-glutaconic acid : The (E)-isomer of glutaconic acid.		2.0510glutaconic acid
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		2.4620all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		2.4620hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.0240antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.4620dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.4620aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
timolol maleate
(S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.		2.4620maleate saltanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.4620maleate saltanti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.4620organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate
clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.4620fumarate saltanti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
methylergonovine maleate
[no description available]		2.4620ergoline alkaloidgeroprotector
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		2.46202-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		2.0510flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide
17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.46203-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol
[no description available]		2.1110phosphatidylglycerol
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		2.4620retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
zinostatin
Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.		6.9710
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.		2.0510hydrochloridegeroprotector
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.4620homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620organic molecular entity
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.4620acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		2.4620carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.4620morphinane alkaloid
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.0510cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.2510phosphatidylcholine(1+)
malealdehyde
malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer		1.9610but-2-enedial
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.4620
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.4620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.9440carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
octylmethoxycinnamate
[no description available]		2.4620cinnamate ester
muconic acid
muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.		1.9910muconic acidbiomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite
ethyl fumarate
[no description available]		2.1510
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		3.1310boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		2.110metal atom;
pnictogen
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.4620cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.7630dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.7630benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		2.0610chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.150dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
vinblastine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		4.051101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		6.79460butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.150cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
isophthalate
isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2110dicarboxylic acid dianion
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		7.6930monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
dextromethorphan hydrobromide
dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.		2.4620hydrate;
hydrobromide
indinavir sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510azaheterocycle sulfate salt
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		1.9710dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.1110dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		2.0510amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
ceftazidime
[no description available]		2.4620cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
famotidine
[no description available]		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoterol
fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.4620hydrobromidebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
aztreonam
[no description available]		2.4620beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		7.420ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		3.92130
enclomiphene citrate
[no description available]		2.0510
diisononyl adipate
[no description available]		2.0710
diphenoxylate hydrochloride
diphenoxylate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenoxylate.		2.4620hydrochlorideantidiarrhoeal drug
dioctyl maleate
[no description available]		2.1110
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.5720
ergonovine maleate
ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.4620maleate saltdiagnostic agent;
oxytocic
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.4620
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.4620imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
indacaterol
indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		3.6411indanes;
monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		1.9810ammonium ion derivative
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		9.6961biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
gs-7340
tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.41106-aminopurines;
ether;
isopropyl ester;
L-alanine derivative;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
s-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)glutathione
S-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)glutathione: isolated from calf lens; structure in first source		1.9810
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
molindone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620indoles
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		4.3241
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.6920
3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid
[no description available]		2.0810
baci-im
[no description available]		2.4620homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		2.7130D-ribose;
ribopyranose
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.2510alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
pirarubicin
[no description available]		2.4820anthracycline
cytidine diphosphate choline
[no description available]		2.4620nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.6101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		3.8230organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
clindamycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620S-glycosyl compound
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.9940
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		2.2510
(dtpa-phe(1))-octreotide
SDZ 215-811: potential radiopharmaceutical for imaging of somatostatin receptor-positive tumors		1.9910
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		2.3820peptide hormone
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		4.22150glycoside
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		2.0610
quinine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620hydrate
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.96401,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		1.9710
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.1510
sodium cyanoborohydride
sodium cyanoborohydride: reagent for preparing biologically active nitroxides		2.420
cefotiam hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
chitosan
[no description available]		4.12140
potassium aminobenzoate
[no description available]		2.4620
ampicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		12.32235inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
methicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
nafcillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate
[no description available]		1.9610
penicillin g sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
cefamandole nafate
cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.		2.4620organic sodium saltantibacterial drug
cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.		2.4620cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt		antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
dicloxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620hydrate
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		1.9310
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		1.9410
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.0610
oclacitinib
[no description available]		2.4110
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.0810
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		7.1510
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		1.9710
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.1850ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.4620carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.4620
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.7130monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		2.4620benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.4620C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.4620benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.4620benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
chlortetracycline hydrochloride
Alexomycin: a thiopeptide; a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arginensis isolated from the soil		2.4620
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.0510
methacycline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
demeclocycline hydrochloride
demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.4620
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		7.110
gluma
Gluma: bonding agent; aqueous solution of hydroxyethylmethacrylate & glutaral		3.0850
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.1510
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.1310ketal
glutaminase
[no description available]		2.940
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.0510
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		1.9610angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
ferric oxide, saccharated
Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.		2.1310
carboxyatractyloside
carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710
daptomycin
[no description available]		7.2510
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.4110
alpha-solanine
[no description available]		2.3110
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.6830
all-bond 2
All-Bond 2: a 2-component primer system; primer A contains 2% sodium salt of N-p-tolylglycineglycidyl methacrylate		4.430
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		2.3720
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.46112-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9710guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		4.16312-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9610inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.4620folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.7330cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.4620benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.4620dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		2.4620purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.4620nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		2.4620tetrahydrofolic acid
rifabutin
[no description available]		2.4620
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.9310
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.9310
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.4620
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.4620
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.4920
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.4920
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.18180
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.4110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.4110
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		08.4670
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.4110
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.4120
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.4110
Acidemia Propionic
[description not available]		02.7220
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.5920
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.5920
Propionic Acidemia
Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in PROPIONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. Neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, HYPERGLYCEMIA, lethargy, vomiting, HYPOTONIA; and HEPATOMEGALY. Survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. Late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia.		02.7220
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		03.9421
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.4110
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.4110
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.9421
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.4110
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.610
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.610
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.610
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.610
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.610
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.920
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.5760
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.5760
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.6930
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		07.6930
Smear Layer
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.		06.85243
4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Tyrosinemias
A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)		02.610
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.2110
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.7930
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.7930
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.5520
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.5520
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		02.2510
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.2510
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.2510
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.2510
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		03.6411
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		03.6411
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.5720
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.2510
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.5720
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		05.34220
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.0140
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.1510
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.1510
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.5820
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.5820
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.3770
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.2110
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.2110
Tooth Erosion
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)		02.0810
Azotaemia
[description not available]		02.110
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.72100
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.4820
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.4820
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		03.72100
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.110
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.110
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.110
Dental Leakage
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.		05.64102
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.5220
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.5220
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		02.1110
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.1110
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.1110
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1310
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.4620
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.4170
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		07.3920
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		02.0510
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.0510
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.4620
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.6830
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.0610
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.0710
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.0710
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.0710
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.0710
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		01.9310
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		01.9310
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		08.64100
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		01.9310
Glycosuria, Renal
An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.		01.9310
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		01.9310
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.3420
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		01.9310
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		01.9310
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.3420
Bilirubin Encephalopathy
[description not available]		01.9310
Kernicterus
A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)		01.9310
Hay Fever
[description not available]		02.3320
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		02.3320
Aminoaciduria, Renal
[description not available]		02.6430
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		01.9310
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.5790
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		01.9210
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		01.9310
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.3320
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		01.9310
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.3320
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9210
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		01.9210
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.9310
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.9310
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.9310
Citrullinemia
A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)		02.9310
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		02.4220
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		02.0310
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		02.0310
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.9510
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.4120
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		01.9610
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.3720
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		03.2160
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		03.2160
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		05.1762
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		02.3720
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		01.9610
Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.		01.9610
Infarct
[description not available]		01.9610
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		02.3720
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
[description not available]		01.9610
Transmissible Venereal Tumors
[description not available]		01.9610
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		02.6930
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.6830
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		01.9810
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.6830
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		01.9810
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		01.9810
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		01.9810
Dentin, Secondary
Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.		01.9810
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		01.9810
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		01.9810
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9810
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		01.9810
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		01.9910
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		01.9910
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		01.9910
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		0210
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		0210
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		0210
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		0210
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		02.9210
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.9210
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		01.9710
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		01.9710
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		01.9710
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		01.9710
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		01.9710
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		01.9710
Cystine Diathesis
[description not available]		02.8910
Cystinosis
A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.		02.8910
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		01.9610
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