spermine profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	1103
CHEMBL ID	23194
CHEBI ID	15746
SCHEMBL ID	14965
MeSH ID	M0020288

Synonym
gtpl710
4,9-diaza-1,12-dodecanediamine
CHEBI:15746 ,
4,9-diazadodecane-1,12-diamine
spermine, puriss
1, n,n'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-
wln: z3m4m3z
nsc-268508
4,12-diamine
diaminopropyltetramethylenediamine
1,4-bis(aminopropyl)butanediamine
spermin
NCIMECH_000206
NCI60_035280
4,9-diazadodecamethylenediamine
einecs 200-754-2
1,4-butanediamine, n,n'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-
ai3-26633
1,4-bis(aminopropyl) butanediamine
nsc 268508
brn 1750791
1,4-diaminobutane, n,n'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-
BPBIO1_001086
NCGC00015941-01
tocris-0958
NCGC00024902-01
lopac-s-2876
BIOMOL-NT_000213
n,n'-bis(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine
nsc268508
LOPAC0_001077
HSCI1_000212
SPM ,
musculamine
SPERMINE ,
n,n'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine
71-44-3
C00750
diaminopropyl-tetramethylenediamine
gerontine
neuridine
spermine, >=97%
spermine, bioreagent, amorphous semi-solid, suitable for cell culture
DB00127
NCGC00024902-03
68956-56-9
NCGC00024902-02
S-7400
MLS002472980 ,
smr001397086
spermidine 3hcl
2B445AED-6284-43E4-82FE-39598858D67F
NCGC00015941-05
CHEMBL23194 ,
actilip sp-91
gerotine
L001114
BMSE000117
einecs 273-309-3
ec 273-309-3
S3948
CCG-35276
NCGC00015941-02
NCGC00015941-03
NCGC00015941-04
4-04-00-01301 (beilstein handbook reference)
2fz7y3voqx ,
unii-2fz7y3voqx
1,4-butanediamine, n1,n4-bis(3-aminopropyl)-
spermina
spermina [italian]
FT-0625219
FT-0631308
1,5,10,14-tetraazatetradecane
gerotine [inci]
spermine [mi]
BP-21388
n,n'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane
Z-1049
SCHEMBL14965
n,n''''-bis(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine;hydrochloride
n,n''-bis(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine
cid_5351186
n,n''''-bis(3-azanylpropyl)butane-1,4-diamine;hydrochloride
3-aminopropyl-[4-(3-aminopropylamino)butyl]amine;hydrochloride
bdbm79403
DTXSID9058781 ,
n1,n4-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine
AKOS024258603
n1,n1'-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(propane-1,3-diamine)
n1,n4-bis(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine
HB0588
c10h26n4
mfcd00008215
(3-aminopropyl)({4-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]butyl})amine
spermine, >=99.0% (gc)
spermine, analytical standard
spermine, vetec(tm) reagent grade, >=97%
spermine puriss
n,n'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-tetramethylenediamine
n1,n4-bis(3-aminopropyl)-butanediamine
spermine, min. 98.0%
HY-B1777
CS-0013806
Q424597
n,na?bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane
71-44-3 (free base)
spermine free base
71052-31-8
AS-35114
nsc 268508; neuridine
n1,n1'-(butane-1,4-diyl)dipropane-1,3-diamine
SDCCGSBI-0051047.P003
NCGC00015941-10
SB38410
A866441
sperminetetrahydrochloride
Z1269219211
dtxcid8046872
EN300-175597

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Themospermine is a structural isomer of spermine and is present in some bacteria and most of plants. "	( Thermospermine: An Evolutionarily Ancient but Functionally New Compound in Plants. Takahashi, T, 2018)	1.48
"Spermine oxidase is a FAD-containing enzyme involved in polyamines catabolism, selectively oxidizing spermine to produce H2O2, spermidine, and 3-aminopropanal. "	( A New Transgenic Mouse Model for Studying the Neurotoxicity of Spermine Oxidase Dosage in the Response to Excitotoxic Injury. Amendola, R; Bellavia, G; Berger, J; Cavallucci, V; Cecconi, F; Cervelli, M; D'Amelio, M; Marcoli, M; Mariottini, P; Maura, G; Moreno, S; Nardacci, R; Piacentini, M, 2013)	2.07
"Spermine is an endogenous polyamine; possesses anti-oxidant property and has ability to modulate ion channels and NO synthase activity."	( Protective effect of spermine against pentylenetetrazole kindling epilepsy induced comorbidities in mice. Kumar, M; Kumar, P, 2017)	1.5
"Spermine (Spe) is a polyamine co-secreted with neurotransmitters. "	( Spermine biphasically affects N-type calcium channel currents in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat. Cino, I; Formenti, A, 2008)	3.23
"Spermine is a quaternary aliphatic amine that is cationic under physiological conditions."	( The effect of spermine on the initiation of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Christian, BE; Haque, ME; Spremulli, LL, 2010)	1.44
"Spermine is a powerful regulator of erythrocyte cation channel cytosolic Ca²+ activity and, thus, cell survival."	( Inhibition of cation channels in human erythrocytes by spermine. Kucherenko, YV; Lang, F, 2010)	1.33
"Spermine is a constituent of most eucaryotic cells, however, it is not of vital importance for the vertebrate organism, as is demonstrated by the existence of transgenic (Gy) mice that lack spermine and spermine synthase. "	( How important is the oxidative degradation of spermine?: minireview article. Seiler, N, 2004)	2.02
"Spermine is a low molecular weight polyamine involved in the postnatal maturation of the gut. "	( Differential effect of dietary spermine on alkaline phosphatase activity in jejunum and ileum of unweaned rats. Dandrifosse, G; Gharbi, M; Peulen, O; Powroznik, B, 2004)	2.05
"Spermine is an ubiquitous molecule that bears unique structural features of regularly spaced positive charges interrupted by hydrophobic methylene bridges. "	( Alternative antiglycation mechanisms: are spermine and fructosamine-3-kinase part of a carbonyl damage control pathway? Gugliucci, A, 2005)	2.04
"The spermine receptor is a promising lead for the development of therapeutics or molecular probes for elucidating spermine's role in cell biology."	( Controlling the biological effects of spermine using a synthetic receptor. Leclaire, J; Ludlow, RF; Otto, S; Pérez-Fernandez, R; Vial, L, 2006)	1.09
"Spermine is a polyamine found in bacteria, animal, and plant tissues. "	( Effects of spermine on formation of HGPRT- mutants induced by ethylmethanesulfonate, methylmethanesulfonate, and mitomycin C in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Bronzetti, G; Fiorio, R; Vellosi, R, 1994)	2.12
"Spermine is a substrate of lentil seedling amine oxidase and is oxidized at terminal amino groups to a dialdehyde: 2 mol of hydrogen peroxide and two mol of ammonia per mol of spermine are formed. "	( Characterization of a cyclic compound formed after spermine oxidation by lentil amine oxidase. Floris, G; Lorrai, A; Medda, R; Paci, M; Padiglia, A; Sette, M, 1997)	1.99
"Spermine is an efficient radioprotector of plasmid or viral DNA and of viral minichromosomes by a mechanism involving radical scavenging and the induction of compaction and aggregation of DNA. "	( Radioprotection of cellular chromatin by the polyamines spermine and putrescine: preferential action against formation of DNA-protein crosslinks. Chiu, S; Oleinick, NL, 1998)	1.99
"Spermine is a constituent of all vertebrate cells. "	( Spermine cytotoxicity to human colon carcinoma-derived cells (CaCo-2). Duranton, B; Gossé, F; Raul, F; Seiler, N, 2000)	3.19
"Spermine is a potent, voltage-dependent blocker of the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel from both the intracellular and extracellular sides. "	( A pore-lining glutamic acid in the rat olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel controls external spermine block. Haddrill, JL; Lynch, JW; Nevin, ST, 2000)	1.97
"Spermine is a low molecular weight polyamine involved in the postnatal maturation of the gut. "	( Spermine induces precocious development of the spleen in mice. Collin, S; Dandrifosse, G; Heinen, E; Jolois, O; Peulen, O; Simons, M, 2002)	3.2
"ANB-spermine is a photoaffinity analog of the naturally-occurring polyamine, acetylspermine. "	( Photoaffinity polyamines: sequence-specific interactions with DNA. Matthews, HR; Swank, RA; Xiao, L, 1991)	0.84
"ABA-spermine is a potent inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli, giving 50% inhibition at 0.12 mM, while ANB-spermine is a modest inhibitor, comparable to spermine or spermidine."	( Two new photoaffinity polyamines appear to alter the helical twist of DNA in nucleosome core particles. Basu, H; Clark, E; Matthews, HR; Morgan, JE; Swank, RA, 1991)	0.76

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Spermine has been considered as an endogenous inhibitor for prostate-confined cancer growth and its expression has shown correlation with prostate cancer growth rates."	( Chen, S; Cheng, LL; Grant, A; Habbel, P; Li, B; Malloy, C; Mason, RP; Nowak, J; Vandergrift, LA; Wang, N; Wang, Y; Zhu, M, 2023)	1.63
"Spermine has been shown to allow fluorescence quenching to be induced in isolated antenna in the absence of ΔpH and to accelerate quenching formation."	( Spermine and lutein quench chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated PSII antenna complexes. Ioannidis, NE; Kotzabasis, K; Malliarakis, D; Tsiavos, T, 2015)	2.58
"Free spermine accumulation has been suggested as a particular feature of long-term salt stress, and in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana the spermine synthase gene (AtSPMS) has been reported as inducible by abscisic acid (ABA) and acute salt stress treatments."	( New insights into the role of spermine in Arabidopsis thaliana under long-term salt stress. Alet, AI; Altabella, T; Carrasco, P; Cuevas, JC; Marina, M; Ruiz, OA; Sánchez, DH; Tiburcio, AF, 2012)	1.12
"Spermine has no effect on the affinity of the PMCA for Ca(2+) or ATP, but its effect on the protein is pH-dependent."	( Effect of spermine on the activity of synaptosomal plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase reconstituted in neutral or acidic phospholipids. Mata, AM; Palacios, J; Salvador, JM; Sepúlveda, MR, 2003)	1.44
"Spermine has been identified as a potent antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. "	( Hypothesis: spermine may be an important epidermal antioxidant. Løvaas, E, 1995)	2.11
"Spermine has been shown to bind to and stabilize a number of altered DNA conformations, including left-handed Z-DNA. "	( Sequence-dependent effects of spermine on the thermodynamics of the B-DNA to Z-DNA transition. Ho, PS; Howell, ML; Schroth, GP, 1996)	2.03
"Spermine has been shown to influence NMDA receptor function through an interaction at the coagonist site for glycine in the central nervous system (CNS) and the retina. "	( Calcium-independent release of [3H]spermine from chick retina. Calderón, F; López, E; López-Colomé, AM; Rodríguez, G, 2000)	2.03
"Spermine has been reported to function directly as a free radical scavenger."	( Role of spermine in amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical-induced neurotoxicity. Ain, KB; Butterfield, DA; Varadarajan, S; Yatin, M; Yatin, SM, 2001)	1.47
"Spermine-DNA complexes have been examined by small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering as well as by circular dichroism studies. "	( Spermine-DNA complexes build up metastable structures. Small-angle X-ray scattering and circular dichroism studies. Becker, M; Damaschun, G; Damaschun, H; Misselwitz, R; Zirwer, D, 1979)	3.15
"Spermine has no effect on the Ca(2+)-dependency of ryanodine binding but it increases the ryanodine binding affinity (Kd) by about 5.6-fold."	( The interaction of spermine with the ryanodine receptor from skeletal muscle. Shoshan-Barmatz, V; Zarka, A, 1992)	1.33
"Spermine has no effect on carbachol-induced enzyme secretion in intact cells."	( Ca2+-, phorbol ester-, and cAMP-stimulated enzyme secretion from permeabilized rat pancreatic acini. Eckhardt, L; Imamura, K; Kimura, T; Schulz, I, 1986)	0.99
"1. Spermine has previously been reported to be an activator of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake [Nicchitta & Williamson (1984) J. "	( Effects of spermine on mitochondrial Ca2+ transport and the ranges of extramitochondrial Ca2+ to which the matrix Ca2+-sensitive dehydrogenases respond. McCormack, JG, 1989)	1.29

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Spermine can also suppress ROS elicited by FLS2-independent but RBOHD-dependent pathways, thus pointing to compromised RBOHD activity."	( Spermine inhibits PAMP-induced ROS and Ca2+ burst and reshapes the transcriptional landscape of PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. Alcázar, R; Atanasov, KE; Zhang, C, 2023)	3.07
"Spermine promotes condensation of viral, but not host nucleosome, DNA."	( Spermine enhances antiviral and anticancer responses by stabilizing DNA binding with the DNA sensor cGAS. Li, S; Liu, Q; Song, C; Sun, Z; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, N; Yang, Q, 2023)	3.07
"Spermine plays an important role in the cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and spermine supplementation can improve the growth of broilers, growth performance of early weaning piglets, and intestinal maturation."	( Digestive abilities, amino acid transporter expression, and metabolism in the intestines of piglets fed with spermine. Cao, W; Chen, X; Jia, G; Liu, G; Mo, W; Wang, J; Wu, C; Zhang, R; Zhao, H, 2020)	1.49
"Spermine plays an important role in protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells, but there are few studies on the effects of spermine on porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development. "	( Supplementation with spermine during in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes improves early embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Jin, JX; Khoirinaya, C; Kim, GA; Lee, BC; Lee, S; Oh, A, 2016)	2.2
"Spermine also promotes fMet-tRNA binding to small subunits of the mitochondrial ribosome in the presence of IF2(mt)."	( The effect of spermine on the initiation of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Christian, BE; Haque, ME; Spremulli, LL, 2010)	1.44
"Spermine did not inhibit nitrite accumulation when foetal calf serum was omitted from the tissue culture medium."	( Inhibition by spermine of the induction of nitric oxide synthase in J774.2 macrophages: requirement of a serum factor. Southan, GJ; Szabó, C; Thiemermann, C; Vane, JR; Wood, E, 1994)	1.37
"Spermine was found to increase both the Km and the V(max) with respect to methyltetrahydrofolate for the enzyme."	( Stimulation in vitro of vitamin B12-dependent methionine synthase by polyamines. Ast, T; Gibbons, WA; Kenyon, SH; Nicolaou, A, 1996)	1.02
"Spermine was able to inhibit hydrolysis of this pool by an exogenous PLA2."	( Antagonist effects of Ca2+ and spermine on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-mediated transmembrane redistribution of phospholipids in large unilamellar vesicles and in erythrocytes. Devaux, PF; Giraud, F; Moreau, C; Sulpice, JC; Zachowski, A, 1996)	1.3
"Spermine is able to inhibit the Na,K-ATPase from chick brain competitively."	( Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase from chick brain by polyamines. Ahlers, J; Heinrich-Hirsch, B; Peter, HW, 1977)	0.98
"4). Spermine can inhibit significantly ODC activity of oocytes (Fig."	( [Increased ornithine decarboxylase activity is not essential for progesterone-induced Bufo oocyte maturation]. Li, RS; Tso, JK, 1990)	0.76
"Spermine did not activate protein phosphatase-1 to the same extent as protein phosphatase-2A."	( The protein phosphatases involved in cellular regulation. Influence of polyamines on the activities of protein phosphatase-1 and protein phosphatase-2A. Cohen, P; Fisher, MJ; Pelech, S; Pogson, CI; Tung, HY, 1985)	0.99
"Spermine was found to lower the hepatic lipid peroxide level most efficiently among polyamines used in CCl4-treated rats."	( Polyamine lowered the hepatic lipid peroxide level in rats. Hirose, S; Igarashi, K; Kanakubo, Y; Kitada, M; Kitagawa, H; Misaizu, T; Ohmori, S, 1988)	1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Spermine treatment significantly promoted PASMC proliferation, which was significantly inhibited by U50,488H, p38 inhibitor SB203580, JNK inhibitor SP600125, Erk inhibitor SCH772984, and MEK inhibitor U0126, especially Erk inhibitor (P < 0.01)."	( The effect of activated κ-opioid receptor (κ-OR) on the role of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in preventing hypoxic pulmonary hypertension development. Cao, Z; Fan, R; Feng, N; Gu, X; Guo, H; Jia, M; Li, J; Liu, M; Pei, J; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, S, 2020)	1.28
"Spermine treatment limited infarct size, attenuated cardiac troponin I and creatinine kinase-MB release, improved cardiac function, and decreased ERS and apoptosis related protein expression."	( Spermine inhibits Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-induced Apoptosis: a New Strategy to Prevent Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis. Li, H; Li, M; Lu, X; Shao, H; Wang, Y; Wei, C; Xu, C, 2016)	2.6
"With spermine pretreatment, there was an increase in Bcl-2 levels and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, and GSK-3β, preserving mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing an mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening."	( Exogenous spermine inhibits hypoxia/ischemia-induced myocardial apoptosis via regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and associated pathways. Bai, S; Li, H; Peng, X; Shao, H; Wang, Y; Wei, C; Xu, C, 2016)	1.29
"Spermine treatment significantly prevented all these effects."	( Neuroprotective effects of spermine following hypoxic-ischemic-induced brain damage: a mechanistic study. Appleton, I; Clarkson, AN; Harrison, JC; Jackson, DM; Kapoor, M; Liu, H; Pearson, L; Sammut, IA, 2004)	1.34
"Spermine-treatment resulted in an intracellular increase of reactive oxygen species."	( Induction of apoptosis by spermine-metabolites in primary human blood cells and various tumor cell lines. Blank, N; Gaipl, US; Herrmann, M; Heyder, P; Kalden, JR; Lorenz, HM; Schiller, M, 2005)	1.35
"Spermine treatment of hepatocytes apparently had an inverse effect on both these cellular functions."	( ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in cultured hepatocytes. Interactions with DNA repair. Althaus, FR; Lawrence, SD; Pitot, HC; Sattler, GL, 1982)	0.99
"Spermine treatment did not induce appreciable changes in sialyltransferase activity or in sialylation of the brush-border-membrane glycoproteins."	( Influence of spermine on intestinal maturation of the glycoprotein glycosylation process in neonatal rats. Biol, MC; George, P; Greco, S; Hugueny, I; Louisot, P; Perrin, P, 2000)	1.4
"Spermine-treated nuclei showed a greater incorporation of ADP-ribose into H1 histones and nonhistone nuclear proteins with isoelectric points between pH 3.0 and 6.0 when separated on polyacrylamide gels."	( Spermine-induced variations in the adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation patterns of nuclear proteins from rat liver and hepatoma. Lea, MA; Perrella, FW, 1979)	2.42
"Treatment with spermine, a uniporter agonist, showed a positive inotropic effect that was blocked by Ru360 ."	( Cardiac responses to β-adrenoceptor stimulation is partly dependent on mitochondrial calcium uniporter activity. Fernández-Sada, E; García, N; García-Rivas, G; Garza, JR; Mazzocchi, G; Oropeza-Almazán, Y; Rivero, SL; Silva-Platas, C; Torre-Amione, G; Valverde, CA; Villegas, CA; Willis, BC; Zazueta, C, 2014)	0.74
"Pretreatment with spermine, considerably, reversed the PTZ induced alterations."	( Protective effect of spermine against pentylenetetrazole kindling epilepsy induced comorbidities in mice. Kumar, M; Kumar, P, 2017)	1.1
"Pretreatment with spermineNONOate prevented hepatocyte injury after 1 and 6h of reperfusion (AST, -22%, LDH, -27%)."	( Hepatic cytoprotection by nitric oxide and the cGMP pathway after ischaemia-reperfusion in the rat. Al-Massarani, G; Clot, JP; Cottart, CH; Descamps, G; Do, L; Nivet-Antoine, V; Xavier-Galen, F, 2003)	0.64
"treatment with spermine, while osteopontin gene expression was only increased 4 days after spermine treatment."	( The polymine spermine regulates osteogenic differentiation in adipose stem cells. Helder, MN; Klein-Nulend, J; Knippenberg, M; Tjabringa, GS; Wuisman, PI; Zandieh-Doulabi, B, )	0.84
"Treatment with spermine-NO or 8-Br-cGMP significantly attenuated increases in both adhesion and albumin leakage."	( Nitric oxide inhibits microvascular protein leakage induced by leukocyte adhesion-independent and adhesion-dependent inflammatory mediators. Gaboury, JP; Johnston, B; Kubes, P; Suematsu, M, 1999)	0.64

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Spermine was toxic to BHK-21/C13 cells in the absence of any extracellular metabolism of the amine."	( Mechanisms of spermine toxicity in baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The role of amine oxidases and oxidative stress. Brunton, VG; Grant, MH; Wallace, HM, 1991)	2.08
" There was a rapid loss of intracellular reduced glutathione following exposure to toxic concentrations of spermine, which occurred before any effect on cell growth."	( Spermine toxicity and glutathione depletion in BHK-21/C13 cells. Brunton, VG; Grant, MH; Wallace, HM, 1990)	1.93
"Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, readily forms complexes with a wide variety of potentially toxic substances, including cyanide (KCN), spermine (SPM), gentamicin (GM), and dopamine (DOP)."	( Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as an antidote for cyanide, spermine, gentamicin, and dopamine toxicity: an in vivo rat study. Cabellon, S; Keniston, RC; Yarbrough, KS, 1987)	0.72
" In the absence of human polyamine oxidase, exposure of cells to polyamines (up to 160 microM) had no adverse effects."	( Oxidized polyamines and the growth of human vascular endothelial cells. Prevention of cytotoxic effects by selective acetylation. Morgan, DM, 1987)	0.27
"The toxicity to cultured cells of the cancer chemotherapeutic agent methylglyoxal-bis[guanylhydrazone] (MGBG) varies considerably between different cell lines and is always more toxic in the absence of exogenous polyamine."	( Differential toxicity of methylglyoxal-bis [guanylhydrazone]. Dewey, DL; Gaugas, JM; Minchinton, AI; Stratford, MR, 1983)	0.27
" These data indicate that the polyamine spermine is toxic to neurons in vitro and that toxicity is prevented by the NMDA-associated channel antagonist dizocilpine."	( Polyamine neurotoxicity is antagonized by dizocilpine in cultured chick cortical neurons. Fahey, JM; Miller, LG; Pritchard, GA, 1993)	0.55
" By delivering BSAO into tumour cells, toxic oxidation products of polyamines could be produced in situ for selective killing of tumour cells."	( Heat enhancement of cytotoxicity induced by oxidation products of spermine in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Agostinelli, E; Averill-Bates, DA; Mondovi, B; Przybytkowski, E, 1994)	0.53
" However, hydrogen peroxide was toxic to cells at lower concentrations and at shorter exposure times relative to aldehydes."	( Aldehyde dehydrogenase and cytotoxicity of purified bovine serum amine oxidase and spermine in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Agostinelli, E; Averill-Bates, DA; Mondovi, B; Przybytkowski, E, )	0.36
" Furthermore, both toxic and nontoxic concentrations of glutamate stimulated the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)--the key regulatory enzyme in polyamine synthesis--and increased the concentration of ODC mRNA in cerebellar granule neurons but not in glial cells."	( Induction of ornithine decarboxylase by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation is unrelated to potentiation of glutamate excitotoxicity by polyamines in cerebellar granule neurons. Bristol, LA; Guidotti, A; Lombardi, G; Manev, H; Szekely, AM, 1993)	0.29
" BSAO and spermine alone were not toxic at these concentrations."	( Cytotoxicity and kinetic analysis of purified bovine serum amine oxidase in the presence of spermine in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Agostinelli, E; Averill-Bates, DA; Mateescu, MA; Mondovi, B; Przybytkowski, E, 1993)	0.91
" Spermine proved highly toxic and growth rates were reduced compared with controls when even ."	( Toxicity and growth-promoting potential of spermine when fed to chicks. Smith, TK; Sousadias, MG, 1995)	1.46
"It has been shown that oxidation of polyamines by polyamine oxidases can produce toxic compounds (H2O2, aldehydes, ammonia) and that the polyamine oxidase-polyamine system is implicated, in vitro, in the death of several parasites."	( Cytotoxicity of polyamines to Amoeba proteus: role of polyamine oxidase. Dubois, JG; Hanocq, M; Helson-Cambier, M; Schenkel, E, 1996)	0.29
" Putrescine was moderately toxic but only at 500 microM concentration."	( Neurotoxicity of polyamines and pharmacological neuroprotection in cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells. Ciani, E; Contestabile, A; Dall'Olio, R; Gandolfi, O; Sparapani, M, 1997)	0.3
"NO at these concentrations in vivo, however, exerts toxic effects at supraphysiological O2 partial pressures, owing to its oxidation to reactive nitrogen species such as ."	( Low toxicity of nitric oxide against endothelial cells under physiological oxygen partial pressures. Bätz, M; De Groot, H; Ioannidis, I; Kirsch, M; Korth, HG; Sustmann, R, 1998)	0.3
" However, even though L-arginine and polyamines prevented adverse effects of severe diabetes on the conceptus, and caused normalization of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate levels remained elevated."	( Prevention by L-arginine and polyamines of delayed development and embryotoxicity caused by chemically-induced diabetes in rats. Méndez, JD; Palomar-Morales, M, )	0.13
" Nevertheless, it exerts toxic effects if it accumulates in cells."	( Spermine cytotoxicity to human colon carcinoma-derived cells (CaCo-2). Duranton, B; Gossé, F; Raul, F; Seiler, N, 2000)	1.75
" We have previously reported that amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the main constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, is toxic to neurons through a free radical-dependent oxidative stress mechanism and that A beta(1--42), the principal form of A beta in AD brain, causes an increase in polyamine metabolism manifested by up-regulated polyamine uptake and increased ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity."	( Role of spermine in amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical-induced neurotoxicity. Ain, KB; Butterfield, DA; Varadarajan, S; Yatin, M; Yatin, SM, 2001)	0.74
" Other aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde) and hydrogen peroxide were less toxic than acrolein."	( Polyamine cytotoxicity in the presence of bovine serum amine oxidase. Igarashi, K; Iwasaki, S; Kashiwagi, K; Sakata, K; Sharmin, S; Shirahata, A; Ueda, S, 2001)	0.31
" We investigated a new strategy to overcome multidrug resistance, using purified bovine serum amine oxidase, which generates two major toxic products from the polyamine spermine."	( Amine oxidase, spermine, and hyperthermia induce cytotoxicity in P-glycoprotein overexpressing multidrug resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Agostinelli, E; Averill-Bates, DA; Lord-Fontaine, S; Przybytkowski, E, 2001)	0.86
" By employing a cell viability assay, we have also examined the cytoprotective effect of HO-1 induction against the cytotoxicity caused by toxic dose of CdCl(2)."	( Heme oxygenase-1-mediated partial cytoprotective effect by NO on cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in C6 rat glioma cells. Cha, SH; Cha, YN; Jung, NH; Kim, BR; Kim, HS; Srisook, K, 2005)	0.33
"1 cells, as well as TNF-alpha in human blood, is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 4e at concentrations orders of magnitude lower than toxic doses."	( Lipopolysaccharide sequestrants: structural correlates of activity and toxicity in novel acylhomospermines. Cromer, JR; Datta, A; David, SA; Miller, KA; Suresh Kumar, EV; Wood, SJ, 2005)	0.55
" We investigated a new strategy to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer cells, using bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO), which forms toxic products from spermine (H2O2 and aldehydes)."	( Hyperthermia enhances cytotoxicity of amine oxidase and spermine on drug-resistant LoVo colon adenocarcinoma cells. Agostinelli, E; Arancia, G; Belli, F; Crateri, P; Dalla Vedova, L; Marra, M, 2006)	0.78
" Pre-treatment with N1,N4-bis(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine (MDL 72527), a lysosomotropic compound, sensitized cells to toxic spermine metabolites."	( Toxicity of enzymatic oxidation products of spermine to human melanoma cells (M14): sensitization by heat and MDL 72527. Agostinelli, E; Arancia, G; Belli, F; Condello, M; Marra, M; Molinari, A; Palmigiani, P; Seiler, N; Vedova, LD, 2006)	0.8
"Polyamines as a vector to ferry toxic agents have attracted attention, and naphthalimide-polyamine conjugates show potent activity and tumor cell selectivity."	( Antitumor effects and preliminary systemic toxicity of ANISpm in vivo and in vitro. Li, M; Li, Q; Ma, HX; Tian, ZY; Wang, CJ; Xie, SQ; Zhang, YH; Zhao, J, 2013)	0.39
" Spm or Spd alleviated the adverse effects of Cd stress to convergent degrees."	( Modulation of cadmium toxicity and enhancing cadmium-tolerance in wheat seedlings by exogenous application of polyamines. Hemida, KA; Rady, MM, 2015)	0.42
" In addition, as was shown previously, a conjugation of polyamines with several toxic agents led to an increased toxicity to cancer cells."	( Conjugation of chlorins with spermine enhances phototoxicity to cancer cells in vitro. Darmostuk, M; Drašar, P; Jurášek, M; Lengyel, K; Ruml, T; Rumlová, M; Zelenka, J, 2017)	0.75
" Excessive accumulation of the toxic methylglyoxal was reversed due to the activation of the glyoxalase system (comprising of glyoxalase I and II) and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle."	( Spermine ameliorates prolonged fluoride toxicity in soil-grown rice seedlings by activating the antioxidant machinery and glyoxalase system. Banerjee, A; Roychoudhury, A; Samanta, S, 2020)	2
" Since polyamines levels are incremented in infected tissues, we explored whether the formation of a toxic aldehyde in polyamines degradation can be exploited in combating infection."	( The critical role of the aldehyde dehydrogenase PauC in spermine, spermidine, and diaminopropane toxicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Its possible use as a drug target. Aguilera-Cruz, A; Cardona-Cardona, YV; Carrillo-Campos, J; Juárez-Díaz, JA; López-Ortiz, M; Mújica-Jiménez, C; Muñoz-Clares, RA; Regla, I, 2022)	0.97
" Whereas, brassinosteroids (BRs), and spermine (SPM) are well-known growth-promoting phytohormones, which enhance the plants health, and resilient the toxic effects under stress conditions."	( Chromium toxicity induced oxidative damage in two rice cultivars and its mitigation through external supplementation of brassinosteroids and spermine. Ahmad, P; Basit, F; Bhat, JA; Dong, Z; Guan, Y; Hu, J; Jan, BL; Mou, Q; Shakoor, A; Wang, Y; Zhu, X, 2022)	1.19
" The components responsible for the cell damaging activity of semen are amine oxidases, which convert abundant polyamines, such as spermine or spermidine in seminal plasma into toxic intermediates."	( Utilization of Aminoguanidine Prevents Cytotoxic Effects of Semen. Deniz, M; Groß, R; Harms, M; Mayer, B; Müller, J; Münch, J; von Maltitz, P, 2022)	0.93
"Of 44 patients enrolled, adverse events occurred in 28 patients [n = 20, 66."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of kukoamine B in patients with sepsis: A randomized phase IIa trial. Chen, S; Dong, K; Du, B; Feng, Y; Hu, P; Hu, XY; Hu, Z; Jiang, W; Jin, C; Liu, H; Sun, Y; Wang, CY; Wang, D; Wang, H; Wang, T; Yao, X; Zang, B; Zhang, W; Zhao, Q; Zhou, J, 2023)	0.91
"In patients with sepsis-induced organ failure, KB was safe and well tolerated."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of kukoamine B in patients with sepsis: A randomized phase IIa trial. Chen, S; Dong, K; Du, B; Feng, Y; Hu, P; Hu, XY; Hu, Z; Jiang, W; Jin, C; Liu, H; Sun, Y; Wang, CY; Wang, D; Wang, H; Wang, T; Yao, X; Zang, B; Zhang, W; Zhao, Q; Zhou, J, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" dose of 20 mg/kg ranged between 30 and 33 microgram/ml, the terminal elimination half-life was 94 min, and the volume of distribution (Vdss) was 850 ml/kg."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of the polyamine analogue 1, 19-bis(ethylamino)-5, 10, 15-triazanonadecane in CD2F1 mice. Callery, PS; Eddington, ND; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Sentz, DL; Yuan, ZM, 1996)	0.29
" When administered to dogs as an intravenous bolus, DENSPM was shown to have a plasma half-life of 72."	( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of N1,N11-diethylnorspermine. Bergeron, RJ; Dimova, H; Luchetta, G; Perrin, J; Porter, C; Schreier, KM; Streiff, RR; Weimar, WR; Wiegand, J; Yao, GW, 1995)	0.54
" The elimination half-life in mice and rats are about 400 and 500 min, respectively, with other PK parameters being quite similar in the two rodent species."	( Pharmacokinetics of DS-96, an alkylpolyamine lipopolysaccharide sequestrant, in rodents. Datta, A; David, SA; Li, R; Pardeshi, NN; Rajewski, RA; Schorno, KS; Schwarting, N; Shrestha, A; Sil, D, 2008)	0.35
"To assess the appropriateness of the body weight or fixed dosing regimen, a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model of kukoamine B has been built in sepsis patients."	( Fixed dosing of kukoamine B in sepsis patients: Results from population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation. Chen, S; Deng, C; Dong, K; Du, B; Hu, P; Hu, X; Jiang, J; Jin, C; Qin, H; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zhao, Q, 2022)	0.72
" However, valid pharmacokinetic data regarding spermidine remains lacking."	( High-Dose Spermidine Supplementation Does Not Increase Spermidine Levels in Blood Plasma and Saliva of Healthy Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pharmacokinetic and Metabolomic Study. Grimm, M; Kordowski, A; Otzen, H; Schick, P; Schmelter, F; Senekowitsch, S; Sina, C; Smollich, M; Weitschies, W; Wietkamp, E, 2023)	0.91
" Primary endpoint was safety, and secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, changes in inflammatory mediators' level, and prognostic parameters."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of kukoamine B in patients with sepsis: A randomized phase IIa trial. Chen, S; Dong, K; Du, B; Feng, Y; Hu, P; Hu, XY; Hu, Z; Jiang, W; Jin, C; Liu, H; Sun, Y; Wang, CY; Wang, D; Wang, H; Wang, T; Yao, X; Zang, B; Zhang, W; Zhao, Q; Zhou, J, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This paper discusses the development of a group of lipophilic polyamine analogues that potently inhibit the cellular polyamine uptake system and greatly increase the effectiveness of polyamine depletion when used in combination with DFMO, a well-studied polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor."	( Lipophilic lysine-spermine conjugates are potent polyamine transport inhibitors for use in combination with a polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor. Burns, MR; Chen, Y; Graminski, GF; O'Brien, TG; Weeks, RS, 2009)	0.69
" This report describes a Phase Ib clinical trial investigating PG-11047 in combination with cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic chemotherapeutic agents in patients with advanced refractory metastatic solid tumors or lymphoma."	( A Phase Ib multicenter, dose-escalation study of the polyamine analogue PG-11047 in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or sunitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma. Becerra, CHR; Boyd, TE; Casero, RA; Conkling, PR; Fitzgerald, M; Garbo, LE; Jotte, RM; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T; Richards, DA; Smith, DA; Stephenson, JJ; Vogelzang, NJ; Von Hoff, D; Wu, HH, 2021)	0.62
"The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PG-11047 in combination with bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, and 5-FU was 590 mg."	( A Phase Ib multicenter, dose-escalation study of the polyamine analogue PG-11047 in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or sunitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma. Becerra, CHR; Boyd, TE; Casero, RA; Conkling, PR; Fitzgerald, M; Garbo, LE; Jotte, RM; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T; Richards, DA; Smith, DA; Stephenson, JJ; Vogelzang, NJ; Von Hoff, D; Wu, HH, 2021)	0.62
"Results of this Phase Ib trial indicate that PG-11047 can be safely administered to patients in combination with bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, and 5-FU on the once weekly dosing schedule described and may provide therapeutic benefit."	( A Phase Ib multicenter, dose-escalation study of the polyamine analogue PG-11047 in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or sunitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma. Becerra, CHR; Boyd, TE; Casero, RA; Conkling, PR; Fitzgerald, M; Garbo, LE; Jotte, RM; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T; Richards, DA; Smith, DA; Stephenson, JJ; Vogelzang, NJ; Von Hoff, D; Wu, HH, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Reduced local bioavailability and adverse side effects limit systemic administration of NO to modulate vascular response to injury."	( Polymeric-based perivascular delivery of a nitric oxide donor inhibits intimal thickening after balloon denudation arterial injury: role of nuclear factor-kappaB. Cercek, B; Dimayuga, P; Fishbein, MC; Kaul, S; Molloy, MD; Nilsson, J; Parikh, AK; Rajavashisth, TB; Rengstrom, J; Shah, PK; Xu, XP, 2000)	0.31
" In a systematic effort to increase the likelihood of better bioavailability properties together with structural modifications that may result in gains in activity, we now report structure-activity relationships pertaining to endotoxin-binding and -neutralizing activities of homologated polyamine sulfonamides."	( Polycationic sulfonamides for the sequestration of endotoxin. Abbo, BG; Balakrishna, R; Burns, MR; David, SA; Jenkins, SA; Kimbrell, MR; Nguyen, TB, 2007)	0.34
"The development of antisense oligonucleotides suitable for tumor targeting applications is hindered by low stability and bioavailability of oligonucleotides in vivo and by the absence of efficient and safe vectors for oligonucleotide delivery."	( In vitro characterization of two novel biodegradable vectors for the delivery of radiolabeled antisense oligonucleotides. Koslowsky, I; Lavasanifar, A; Mercer, J; Murray, D; Shahhosseini, S; von Guggenberg, E, 2010)	0.36
"Up-regulation of arginase contributes to airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthma by reducing L-arginine bioavailability for the nitric oxide (NO) synthase isozymes."	( Increased ornithine-derived polyamines cause airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of asthma. Gauvreau, GM; Grasemann, H; Inman, MD; Khanna, N; North, ML; Scott, JA, 2013)	0.39
" The conjugated fraction of PAs in mature lettuces has an important contribution to the total PAs and will certainly influence the bioavailability and/or bioactivity of dietary polyamines."	( Changes in the content of free and conjugated polyamines during Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) growth. Ferreira, IM; Pinto, E, 2015)	0.42
" However, CS is poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract because of its high negative electric charges and molecular weight (MW)."	( Poly-ion Complex of Chondroitin Sulfate and Spermine and Its Effect on Oral Chondroitin Sulfate Bioavailability. Ge, D; Higashi, K; Ishikawa, R; Ito, D; Linhardt, RJ; Moribe, K; Nagano, K; Terui, Y; Toida, T, 2016)	0.7
"This research aims to investigate the potential of N-[4-[1-(3-Aminopropyl)-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazino]butyl]-1,3-propanediamine (SPM-NONOate) for promoting the absorption of poorly absorbed macromolecules delivered by intrapulmonary route."	( Efficacy of SPM-NONOate following intrapulmonary delivery in promoting absorptions of poorly absorbed macromolecules in rats and the underling mechanism. Gao, Y; Liao, G; Long, X; Ma, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, S; Zhang, H, 2020)	0.56

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Using T-lymphocyte (T-LC) and granulocyte colony (GC) assays with truly proliferating cells, the dose-response relationships of spermine and spermidine, fetal calf (FCS), calf (CS), horse (HS) and human AB serum (ABS), and of the polyamines in the presence of selected does of the sera were analyzed."	( The influence of spermine, spermidine and various sera on T-lymphocyte and granulocyte colony growth in vitro. Maschler, R; Maurer, HR, )	0.68
" The body weights of mice given single doses of 10 mug SPM remained much the same, while significant weight losses occurred in both the SPM 20 mug and 40 mug dosed groups."	( Pharmacological actions of intracerebrally administered polyamines in mice. Kisara, K; Kohno, H; Sakurada, T; Tadano, T, 1977)	0.26
" Several experiments suggest that MGBG inhibits cell proliferation by directly blocking polyamine synthesis and not by an unrelated pharmacological effect: (1) the inhibitory action of MGBG is reversed by exogenously added spermidine or spermine; (2) inhibition of DNA synthesis by MGBG shows the same dose-response curve as does inhibition of spermidine and spermine synthesis; and (3) if MGBG is added to cells which have been allowed to accumulate their maximum complement of polyamines, there is no inhibition of thymidine incorporation."	( Increased cellular levels of spermidine or spermine are required for optimal DNA synthesis in lymphocytes activated by concanavalin A. Fillingame, RH; Jorstad, CM; Morris, DR, 1975)	0.7
" While gene dosage experiments indicated that negative trans-acting factors are involved in control of ODC expression, these implied factors did not appear to affect translation of ODC mRNA."	( Regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ornithine decarboxylase expression in response to polyamine. Fonzi, WA, 1989)	0.28
"6 mumol after dosing with 1500 mg/day for 4 weeks, the levels after each treatment schedule being sufficient to inhibit ODC as demonstrated by increases in the urinary excretion of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dc-SAM)."	( Phase I study of methylacetylenic putrescine, an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis. Cornbleet, MA; Haegele, KD; Joder-Ohlenbusch, AM; Kingsnorth, A; Smyth, JF; Tell, GP, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response relationship showed that the relative potency of the compounds is C-1 less than C-2 less than JSTX."	( Newly synthesized analogues of the spider toxin block the crustacean glutamate receptor. Aramaki, Y; Endo, Y; Hashimoto, Y; Kawai, N; Nakajima, T; Shudo, K, 1987)	0.27
" Dose-response experiments performed as reported above in rats whose treatment began on the 12th postnatal day showed that the maturational effects of orally administered spermine are dose-dependent."	( Spermine and spermidine induce intestinal maturation in the rat. Dandrifosse, G; Dufour, C; Forget, P; Lepoint, P; Romain, N; Vermesse, F, 1988)	1.91
" After rats were dosed subcutaneously with [14C]putrescine, it was accumulated in the lung to concentrations greater than that in the plasma with the highest amount found between 3 and 12 hr."	( The accumulation and localisation of putrescine, spermidine, spermine and paraquat in the rat lung. In vitro and in vivo studies. Clay, MF; Smith, LL; Soames, AR; Wyatt, I, 1988)	0.52
" Dosage of 50 mumol for kanamycin A sulfate and 5 mumol for spermine caused total damage of the outer hair cells in all ears."	( Cochleotoxic effects of spermine and kanamycin. Wright, A; Yung, MW, )	0.68
" Analytical chemical procedures to determine the purity of the drug as well as the proper concentration and stability of the drug in dosed water were prerequisites for the toxicological tests."	( Determination of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride in aqueous solution by reversed-phase ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography and conductivity detection. Hansen, EB; Rushing, LG; Thompson, HC, )	0.13
"Using T-lymphocyte (T-LC) and granulocyte colony (GC) assays with truly proliferating cells, the inhibitory dose-response relationships of spermine and spermidine in the presence of selected sera have been examined."	( Inhibition of cells in culture by polyamines does not depend on the presence of ruminant serum. Allen, JC; Maschler, R; Maurer, HR; Smith, CJ, 1983)	0.47
" Furthermore, the quantitatively predicted rightward shift in the insulin-glucose transport dose-response curve could be demonstrated."	( Effects of insulin incubation on insulin binding, glucose transport, and insulin degradation by isolated rat adipocytes. Evidence for hormone-induced desensitization at the receptor and postreceptor level. Marshall, S; Olefsky, JM, 1980)	0.26
" Their maximal values obtained at 3 hours after the dosing were 116% and 156% of the control values, respectively."	( [Effects of intraperitoneally administered spermine on ingestive behavior, serum glucose and free fatty acids concentrations in rats (author's transl)]. Kisara, K; Kohno, H; Sakurada, T; Satoh, H, 1981)	0.53
" In addition, the dose-response relationship of hCG and its effect on the diamine formation and the effect of hCG on the content of diamines and polyamines in the ovaries and the urine were studied."	( Biosynthesis and accumulation of cadaverine and putrescine in rat ovary after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Andersson, AC; Henningsson, S, 1980)	0.26
" In addition, dose-response and input-output curves determined at various Ca2+ concentrations demonstrated that the depressant effects of spermine were larger at low Ca2+ levels."	( Spermine increases paired-pulse facilitation in area CA1 of hippocampus in a calcium-dependent manner. Eterović, VA; Ferchmin, PA; Rivera, EM; Teyler, TJ, 1995)	1.94
" Although the three sublines were 2- to 10-fold less sensitive than the parent line to classical MDR-type agents, they were found in dose-response studies to be significantly more sensitive to DENSPM than the parent line."	( Collateral sensitivity of human melanoma multidrug-resistant variants to the polyamine analogue, N1,N11-diethylnorspermine. Bergeron, RJ; Ganis, B; Kramer, DL; Porter, CW; Rustum, Y; Wrzosek, C, 1994)	0.5
" Similar antitumor activity was obtained with 120 mg/kg once daily for 6 days and 40 mg/kg once daily for 6 days, indicating that against this tumor model, the dosing schedule can be relaxed up to sixfold without compromising antitumor activity."	( Antitumor activity of N1,N11-bis(ethyl)norspermine against human melanoma xenografts and possible biochemical correlates of drug action. Bergeron, RJ; Bernacki, RJ; Miller, J; Porter, CW, 1993)	0.55
" Detailed studies with estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 and estrogen receptor- negative Hs578t cells show a similar dose-response curve with concentrations of 1-10 microM resulting in maximal growth inhibition."	( Growth inhibition of hormone-responsive and -resistant human breast cancer cells in culture by N1, N12-bis(ethyl)spermine. Bergeron, RJ; Casero, RA; Davidson, NE; Mank, AR; Prestigiacomo, LJ, 1993)	0.5
" In the latter model, at a BE-3-3-3/cisplatin molar ratio of 250:1, an increased lifespan (ILS) of 56% is recorded during a 9-day dosing schedule, whereas BE-3-3-3 at the same dose caused a 21% ILS, and cisplatin only exhibited a 7% ILS."	( Synergism of the polyamine analogue, N1,N11-bisethylnorspermine with cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (II) against murine neoplastic cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Austin, JK; Hawthorne, TR, 1996)	0.54
" Urinary excretion of parent BE-4-4-4-4 in the first 24 h after dosing accounted for less than 30% of the delivered dose."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of the polyamine analogue 1, 19-bis(ethylamino)-5, 10, 15-triazanonadecane in CD2F1 mice. Callery, PS; Eddington, ND; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Sentz, DL; Yuan, ZM, 1996)	0.29
" Thus, chronic DEHSPM dosing regimens in both dogs and mice may result in the accumulation of HSPM, which is retained by tissues for an extended period of time resulting in disruption of normal polyamine homeostasis in these tissues."	( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of N1,N14-diethylhomospermine. Bergeron, RJ; Luchetta, G; Sninsky, CA; Weimar, WR; Wiegand, J, 1996)	0.54
" The dose-response for SNAP increases in cyclic GMP was shifted nearly two orders of magnitude lower in the presence of glutathione."	( Comparative effects of several nitric oxide donors on intracellular cyclic GMP levels in bovine chromaffin cells: correlation with nitric oxide production. Ferrero, R; Miras-Portugal, MT; Rodríguez-Pascual, F; Torres, M, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response curves for spermine, spermidine, and diethylene-triamine (DET) show different potencies for inhibiting [3HDET."	( [3H]Spermine binding to synaptosomal membranes from the chick retina. Calderón, F; López, E; López-Colomé, AM; Pichardo, I, 1999)	1.16
" NMDA (10 microM-1 mM) dose-response curves produced in the presence of con-G or con-T (1 or 3 microM) resulted in a downward shift of the current response at saturation with NMDA, without affecting the EC50."	( Inhibition of NMDA-induced currents by conantokin-G and conantokin-T in cultured embryonic murine hippocampal neurons. Castellino, FJ; Galdzicki, Z; Klein, RC, 1999)	0.3
"05) in all prostanoids evaluated in a dose-response fashion."	( Nitric oxide inhibits prostanoid synthesis in the rat oviduct. Farina, M; Franchi, AM; Gimeno, M; Ogando, D; Perez Martinez, S; Ribeiro, ML, 2000)	0.31
" On the basis of subcutaneous dose-response data and toxicity profiles, two compounds, N(1),N(12)-diisopropylspermine and N(1),N(12)-diethylspermine, were taken forward into more complete evaluation."	( Polyamine analogue antidiarrheals: a structure-activity study. Algee, SE; Bergeron, RJ; Fannin, TL; McManis, JS; Slusher, MA; Smith, RE; Snyder, PS; Weimar, WR; Wiegand, J, 2001)	0.52
"Twenty-nine patients were treated with DENSPM using a dosing schedule of once daily for 5 days."	( Phase I study of N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Bowling, K; Casero, RA; Chen, TL; Ettinger, DS; Hahm, HA; Hoker, B; Zabelina, Y, 2002)	0.59
" Dose-response growth inhibitory curves obtained after 48h drug exposure demonstrated the much higher cytotoxic activity of compound 1 towards MCF-7 human breast cancer cells."	( Growth, morphological and biochemical changes in oxa-spermine derivative-treated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Kong Thoo Lin, P; Pavlov, V; Rodilla, V, 2002)	0.56
" Dose-response curves (0."	( Spermine-induced negative inotropic effect in isolated rat heart, is mediated through the release of ATP. Ceballos-Reyes, G; Guevara-Balcázar, G; Hernández-Castillo, JR; Nuevo-Adalla, O; Orozco-Guillen, A; Querejeta-Villagómez, E; Rubio-Gayosso, I; Zamora-Garza, M, 2003)	1.76
" Transgene expression using D-SPM polyplexes was dependent upon the dosage and the polyplexes (+/-) charge ratio."	( Dextran-spermine-based polyplexes--evaluation of transgene expression and of local and systemic toxicity in mice. Azzam, T; Barenholz, Y; Domb, AJ; Eliyahu, H; Joseph, A, 2006)	0.77
" The dose-response curves could be modeled by a competition model that reduces the pool of free PIP(2)."	( Electrostatic interaction of internal Mg2+ with membrane PIP2 Seen with KCNQ K+ channels. Hille, B; Suh, BC, 2007)	0.34
" Formulation with 3beta [N-(N', N'-dimethylaminoethane) carbamoy] cholesterol (DC-Chol) DC-cholesterol (DC-Chol))/DOPE or dexamethasone in the first dosing at day 0 resulted in moderate alkaline phosphatase expression at day 24."	( Pulmonary delivery of adenovirus vector formulated with dexamethasone-spermine facilitates homologous vector re-administration. Diamond, SL; Limberis, MP; Price, AR; Wilson, JM, 2007)	0.57
"We derive equations for the effective concentration giving 10% inhibition (EC10) with 95% confidence limits for probit (log-normal), Weibull, and logistic dose-response models on the basis of experimentally derived median effective concentrations (EC50s) and the curve slope at the central point (50% inhibition)."	( Dose-response regressions for algal growth and similar continuous endpoints: calculation of effective concentrations. Christensen, ER; Kusk, KO; Nyholm, N, 2009)	0.35
" Readministration of the complex at day 1 following the first dosing showed no significant effect on the retention and duration of gene expression."	( Gene transfer into the lung by nanoparticle dextran-spermine/plasmid DNA complexes. Abdullah, S; Domb, AJ; Hosseinkhani, H; Hosseinkhani, M; Masrawa, E; Rahman, SA; Ramasamy, R; Rosli, R; Wendy-Yeo, WY, 2010)	0.61
" The inhibitory effects were dosage dependent, and at lower doses the inhibition was mainly on secondary head formation rather than on secondary axis formation."	( Modification of secondary head-forming activity of microinjected ∆β-catenin mRNA by co-injected spermine and spermidine in Xenopus early embryos. Fuchimukai, K; Igarashi, K; Mishina, T; Shiokawa, K; Tashiro, K, 2012)	0.6
" Drug levels in plasma decayed rapidly immediately after the infusion but remained above 10 nM for several days after dosing at the MTD."	( Phase 1 study of N(1),N(11)‑diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Berg, CL; Berlin, J; Blaszkowsky, LS; Carpenter, A; Chan, E; Clark, JW; Cotler, S; Goyal, L; Heuman, DM; Hezel, AF; Hilderbrand, SL; Ryan, DP; Senzer, NN; Stuart, KE; Supko, JG; Zhu, AX, 2013)	0.66
" High fat diet induced obese mice (6 week old male C57B6/J mice fed on high fat diet for 22 weeks) were dosed with spermine intraperitoneally at two different doses (5mg/kg and 10mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks and its effect on body weight, glycemic and lipid parameters was monitored."	( Exogenous administration of spermine improves glucose utilization and decreases bodyweight in mice. Jagannath, MR; Marikunte, VV; Oommen, AM; Pralhada Rao, R; Sadasivan, SK; Singh, J; Vasamsetti, B, 2014)	0.91
"4% for total length values, at 4 μM) as compared to DTX at the clinical dosage 4x10-2 μM (26."	( Anti-Invasive and Anti-Proliferative Synergism between Docetaxel and a Polynuclear Pd-Spermine Agent. Batista de Carvalho, AL; Costa, FM; Diniz, C; Marques, MP; Medeiros, PS; Ribeiro, VP; Sousa, JB, 2016)	0.66
" Rats were divided into eight experimental groups of ten rats each: groups including negative control, whole body γ-irradiated (6 Gray (Gy)), lead acetate (PbAct) trihydrate orally administered (75 mg/kg bw ≡ 40 mg/kg bw Pb for 14 consecutive days), and Spm intraperitoneally dosed (10 mg/kg bw for 14 consecutive days) rats and groups subjected to combinations of Pb + IR, Spm + IR, Spm + Pb, and Spm + Pb followed by IR on day 14 (Spm + Pb + IR)."	( Anti-apoptotic role of spermine against lead and/or gamma irradiation-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Abu-Khudir, R; Habieb, ME; Hawas, AM; Mohamed, MA; Mohamed, TM, 2017)	0.77
"Forty-six patients were treated with 60-min intravenous infusions of PG-11047 using a 28-day dosing cycle with treatments on days 1, 8, and 15."	( A phase I dose-escalation study of the polyamine analog PG-11047 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Casero, RA; Desai, AA; Fitzgerald, ML; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T, 2020)	0.56
"The maximum tolerated dose of PG-11047 administered at this dosing schedule was 610 mg."	( A phase I dose-escalation study of the polyamine analog PG-11047 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Casero, RA; Desai, AA; Fitzgerald, ML; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T, 2020)	0.56
"Results of this phase I trial suggest that PG-11047 can be safely administered to patients on the once weekly dosing schedule described."	( A phase I dose-escalation study of the polyamine analog PG-11047 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Casero, RA; Desai, AA; Fitzgerald, ML; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T, 2020)	0.56
"Results of this Phase Ib trial indicate that PG-11047 can be safely administered to patients in combination with bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, and 5-FU on the once weekly dosing schedule described and may provide therapeutic benefit."	( A Phase Ib multicenter, dose-escalation study of the polyamine analogue PG-11047 in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or sunitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma. Becerra, CHR; Boyd, TE; Casero, RA; Conkling, PR; Fitzgerald, M; Garbo, LE; Jotte, RM; Marton, LJ; Murray Stewart, T; Richards, DA; Smith, DA; Stephenson, JJ; Vogelzang, NJ; Von Hoff, D; Wu, HH, 2021)	0.62
"To assess the appropriateness of the body weight or fixed dosing regimen, a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model of kukoamine B has been built in sepsis patients."	( Fixed dosing of kukoamine B in sepsis patients: Results from population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation. Chen, S; Deng, C; Dong, K; Du, B; Hu, P; Hu, X; Jiang, J; Jin, C; Qin, H; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zhao, Q, 2022)	0.72
"24 mg/kg group on the body weight or the fixed dosing regimen."	( Fixed dosing of kukoamine B in sepsis patients: Results from population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation. Chen, S; Deng, C; Dong, K; Du, B; Hu, P; Hu, X; Jiang, J; Jin, C; Qin, H; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zhao, Q, 2022)	0.72
"Based on the simulation results, a fixed dosing regimen was recommended in the subsequent clinical trials."	( Fixed dosing of kukoamine B in sepsis patients: Results from population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation. Chen, S; Deng, C; Dong, K; Du, B; Hu, P; Hu, X; Jiang, J; Jin, C; Qin, H; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zhao, Q, 2022)	0.72

Product Category	Products
Professional Supplements	1

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
Double Wood Supplements Spermidine -- 10 mg - 120 Capsules	Double Wood Supplements	Professional Supplements	Spermidine 3HCL	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Role	Description
antioxidant	A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
immunosuppressive agent	An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response.
fundamental metabolite	Any metabolite produced by all living cells.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
polyazaalkane	Any azaalkane in which two or more carbons in the chain are replaced by nitrogen.
tetramine	Any polyamine that contains four amino groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Spermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis	6	14
Arginine and Proline metabolism ( Arginine and Proline metabolism )	42	55
spermine biosynthesis II	0	8
polyamine biosynthesis	0	8
polyamine degradation (oxidative deamination pathway)	0	8
Biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by polyamine oxidation	0	5
One-carbon donor	0	22
Trans-sulfuration, one-carbon metabolism and related pathways	0	53
Methionine de novo and salvage pathway	1	48
Biochemical pathways: part I	0	466
Amino acid metabolism	0	94

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.5481	0.0032	45.4673	12,589.2998	AID2517
Chain A, HADH2 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.0251	20.2376	39.8107	AID893
Chain B, HADH2 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.0251	20.2376	39.8107	AID893
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.1259	19.1169	125.8920	AID2549
dopamine D1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	4.6109	0.0052	1.3022	8.1995	AID624455
thioredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	0.3548	0.1000	20.8793	79.4328	AID588453
15-lipoxygenase, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.9433	0.0126	10.6917	88.5700	AID887
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	Bacillus subtilis	Potency	100.0000	0.1413	37.9142	100.0000	AID1490
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.4983	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978
Thrombopoietin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.9433	0.0251	7.3048	31.6228	AID917; AID918
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.9433	0.0025	5.8400	31.6228	AID899
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	0.8913	0.0010	6.0009	35.4813	AID943
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.7143	0.3162	12.7657	31.6228	AID881
Histamine H2 receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Potency	15.7143	0.0063	8.2350	39.8107	AID881
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927	Potency	37.9330	0.0601	10.7453	37.9330	AID485368
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	27.6000	0.0002	1.1043	9.9000	AID496922; AID568365
Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	231.0000	0.0000	1.3726	10.0000	AID496913; AID568362
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	84.0000	0.0000	0.7236	9.9200	AID496914; AID568363
Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	167.0000	0.0002	2.0102	10.0000	AID496915
DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	1,000.0000	0.4800	4.3564	9.9400	AID1464403
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A	Bos taurus (cattle)	IC50 (µMol)	500.0000	0.4000	2.2375	9.9000	AID259074
Cannabinoid receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	22.6000	0.0002	0.5665	10.0000	AID496923
Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0100	0.0002	1.9720	9.9200	AID496916
Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.9900	0.0001	1.4710	9.9200	AID496919
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.8400	0.0000	1.2725	9.9000	AID496917
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	232.0000	0.0007	1.6003	10.0000	AID144893
Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.7100	0.0002	1.3737	9.9000	AID496920
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	232.0000	0.0007	1.6306	10.0000	AID144893
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	232.0000	0.0006	1.5257	10.0000	AID144893
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	232.0000	0.0007	1.7472	10.0000	AID144893
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B	Bos taurus (cattle)	IC50 (µMol)	500.0000	0.4000	2.2375	9.9000	AID259074
Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	13.3000	0.0001	0.7874	9.9000	AID496921; AID568364
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	232.0000	0.0007	1.7411	10.0000	AID144893
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	232.0000	0.0007	1.7411	10.0000	AID144893
Carbonic anhydrase 15	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Ki	74.0000	0.0009	1.8846	10.0000	AID496925
Carbonic anhydrase 13	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Ki	22.6000	0.0002	1.3974	9.9000	AID496923
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	232.0000	0.0007	1.7411	10.0000	AID144893
Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.8600	0.0002	1.5099	9.9000	AID496924
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.8300	0.0000	1.3412	9.9700	AID496918
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0030	1.2903	8.3000	AID1445157
Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	8.5000	8.5000	8.5000	8.5000	AID328670
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	90.5000	0.0030	0.8669	6.8600	AID1445157; AID1512725
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	126.0000	0.0210	0.5170	1.0000	AID1512719; AID1512726
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
lipid metabolic process	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid metabolic process	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic process	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic process	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migration	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
prostate gland development	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of chemokine production	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiation	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell cycle	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of growth	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
hepoxilin biosynthetic process	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
endocannabinoid signaling pathway	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
cannabinoid biosynthetic process	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
lipoxin A4 biosynthetic process	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
linoleic acid metabolic process	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid oxidation	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
lipoxygenase pathway	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
estrous cycle	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to bacterium	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA topological change	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA ligation	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome segregation	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
female meiotic nuclear division	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic chromosome condensation	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic cleavage	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA duplex unwinding	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
sister chromatid segregation	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
bicarbonate transport	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
luteolysis	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neural retina development	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic process	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein processing	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
ectopic germ cell programmed cell death	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to mechanical stimulus	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic signaling pathway	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
execution phase of apoptosis	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
brain development	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
learning or memory	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic plasticity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterotetramerization	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dendritic spine maintenance	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic potentiation	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
response to testosterone	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
response to bacterium	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
iron ion binding	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion binding	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase activity	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 8(S)-lipoxygenase activity	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase activity	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nickel cation binding	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion binding	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activity	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C binding	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding, bending	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin binding	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
calmodulin-activated dual specificity 3',5'-cyclic-GMP, 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A	Bos taurus (cattle)
protein binding	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A	Bos taurus (cattle)
calmodulin binding	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A	Bos taurus (cattle)
metal ion binding	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A	Bos taurus (cattle)
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A	Bos taurus (cattle)
calmodulin-activated 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A	Bos taurus (cattle)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B	Bos taurus (cattle)
calmodulin-activated dual specificity 3',5'-cyclic-GMP, 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B	Bos taurus (cattle)
calmodulin binding	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B	Bos taurus (cattle)
metal ion binding	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B	Bos taurus (cattle)
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B	Bos taurus (cattle)
calmodulin-activated 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B	Bos taurus (cattle)
amyloid-beta binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
NMDA glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
glycine binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleus	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoskeleton	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
adherens junction	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesion	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheath	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear chromosome	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
centriole	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome, centromeric region	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
condensed chromosome	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
male germ cell nucleus	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) complex	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complex	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
rough endoplasmic reticulum	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport vesicle membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
nucleus	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase complex	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Caspase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
cytosol	Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B	Bos taurus (cattle)
cytoplasm	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
late endosome	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoskeleton	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
NMDA selective glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347151	Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID504836	Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation	2002	The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16	Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347049	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588378	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID588349	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347405	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347059	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347058	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347057	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347410	qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library	2019	Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60	A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347045	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347050	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID496921	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 9 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID1257021	Inhibition of soybean LOX assessed as reduction in conversion of sodium linoleate to 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid by UV analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new C-10 substituted dithranol pleiotropic hybrids.
AID325446	Antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 after 14 to 16 hrs by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID1813340	Effect on intracellular spermidine level in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-26559 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 35.10 +/- 1.04 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID14604	In vivo biodistribution in mice brain bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID1528246	Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells at 100 uM in presence of SSAO inhibitor aminoguanidine after 3 days
AID325460	Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli K10 at 2 to 4 mM measured by growth curve	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID14605	In vivo biodistribution in mice brain bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID1528214	Drug uptake in human DU145 cells assessed as reduction in [14C]-spermine uptake at 1 to 100 uM by competition based assay
AID1813345	Effect on intracellular spermine level in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-6233 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 7 +/- 0.87 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID85767	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 10 uM 1,12-dimethylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1054598	Ratio of relative Vmax to Km for recombinant human MAO-B expressed in baculovirus infected BT1 cells assessed as hydrogen peroxide generation rate using benzylamine as substrate at 200 uM preincubated for 30 mins by Amplex Red assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70	Novel polyamine analogues: from substrates towards potential inhibitors of monoamine oxidases.
AID46156	Binding of compound to calf thymus DNA was determined by an ethidium bromide displacement assay	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-21, Volume: 40, Issue:24	Boron-containing polyamines as DNA targeting agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors: synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1813336	Effect on intracellular putrescine level in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-26559 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 1.27 +/- 0.40 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID1445157	Positive allosteric modulation of recombinant rat GluN1/GluN2B receptor expressed in xenopus laevis oocyte assessed as potentiation of glycine-induced current response by whole cell voltage clamp method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-13, Volume: 60, Issue:13	The Structure-Activity Relationship of a Tetrahydroisoquinoline Class of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Modulators that Potentiates GluN2B-Containing N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors.
AID496914	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID496922	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 12 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID98075	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated L1210 cells after exposure to 10 uM 1,12-dimethylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID14619	In vivo biodistribution in mice liver bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID496913	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID85916	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 25 uM 1-methylspermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID325457	Growth inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 at 10 mM measured by growth curve	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID1055494	Cytotoxicity against human HuH7 cells	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70	Synthesis and evaluation of hexahydropyrimidines and diamines as novel hepatitis C virus inhibitors.
AID496917	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 5A by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID1813335	Effect on intracellular putrescine level in SRS patient derived wild type human CMS-24949 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 0.41 +/- 0.1 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID220346	Drug concentration required to produce 50% inhibition of fluorescence bound ethidium to CT-DNA (1.26:1) (+/-SEM 5%)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 45, Issue:23	Effect of spermine conjugation on the cytotoxicity and cellular transport of acridine.
AID14623	In vivo biodistribution in mice muscle bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID198302	Cleavage rate against hairpin ribozyme at 5 mM with 0.5 uM magnesium ions	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-03, Volume: 11, Issue:23	Novel spermine-amino acid conjugates and basic tripeptides enhance cleavage of the hairpin ribozyme at low magnesium ion concentration.
AID25052	Macroscopic pKa value at 25 C, ionic strength 0.1 M	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Neuroactive polyamine wasp toxins: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the protolytic properties of philanthotoxin-343.
AID169976	Compound was evaluated for agonist activity at 1 uM exhibiting moderate antagonism of [3H]MK-801 binding relative to 100% control	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-03, Volume: 38, Issue:3	Impact of polyamine analogues on the NMDA receptor.
AID14779	In vivo biodistribution in mice tumor bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID144318	Ability to enhance [3H]MK-801 binding to NMDA receptors in rat forebrain membranes was calculated with respect to spermine	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-08, Volume: 38, Issue:25	Synthesis of N,N'-substituted piperazine and homopiperazine derivatives with polyamine-like actions at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
AID325458	Growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Mu50 assessed as doubling time at 1 mM measured by growth curve	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID201334	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 1 uM 1-methylspermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID325461	Growth inhibition of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 at 2 to 4 mM measured by growth curve	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID328675	Inhibition of beta galactosidase after 30 mins	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification of promiscuous small molecule activators in high-throughput enzyme activation screens.
AID162413	Ability to displace ethidium bromide from double stranded synthetic Poly (dA-dT)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8	Synthesis and DNA-binding properties of polyamine analogues.
AID740199	Inhibition of anti-CXCR4 mAb-44717 binding to CXCR4 in human H9 cells at 3 uM incubated for 20 mins prior to mAb-44717 addition measured after 1 hr by flow cytometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Improved guanide compounds which bind the CXCR4 co-receptor and inhibit HIV-1 infection.
AID85903	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 10 uM spermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID213993	The compound was evaluated for its effect on tubulin polymerization in the presence of MAPS as equilibrium reading (20 min reading)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 42, Issue:8	1-(N-alkylamino)-11-(N-ethylamino)-4,8-diazaundecanes: simple synthetic polyamine analogues that differentially alter tubulin polymerization.
AID1528234	Substrate activity at recombinant mouse SSAT at 5 mM
AID496916	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 4 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID1813337	Effect on intracellular putrescine level in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-6233 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 3.86 +/- 0.68 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID343356	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 ATCC HTB 22 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14	Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives.
AID68931	In Vitro Toxicity measured as the conc. required for 50% reduction in SRBabsorbance by F98 glioma cells	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID14607	In vivo biodistribution in mice eyes bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID1054599	Ratio of relative Vmax to Km for recombinant human VAP-1 assessed as hydrogen peroxide generation rate using benzylamine as substrate at 200 uM preincubated for 30 mins by Amplex Red assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70	Novel polyamine analogues: from substrates towards potential inhibitors of monoamine oxidases.
AID14774	In vivo biodistribution in mice spleen bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID14613	In vivo biodistribution in mice kidney bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID220401	Inhibition of [3H]spermine transport by the compound was evaluated in ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-21, Volume: 9, Issue:12	Synthesis of spermidine and norspermidine dimers as high affinity polyamine transport inhibitors.
AID343354	Cytotoxicity against mouse 3LL CRL 1642 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14	Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives.
AID1512719	Positive allosteric modulation of GluN2B receptor (unknown origin) expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as increase in glycine-induced channel current by two electrode voltage clamp method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-10, Volume: 62, Issue:1	Positive and Negative Allosteric Modulators of N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptors: Structure-Activity Relationships and Mechanisms of Action.
AID328671	Activation of chymotrypsin after 30 mins	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification of promiscuous small molecule activators in high-throughput enzyme activation screens.
AID1813374	Binding affinity to polyamine transport receptor in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-23916 cells	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID1813339	Effect on intracellular spermidine level in SRS patient derived wild type human CMS-24949 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 1.72 +/- 0.13 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID496920	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 7 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID681573	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake (electrogenesis) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	1996	The Journal of biological chemistry, Dec-20, Volume: 271, Issue:51	Electrogenic properties and substrate specificity of the polyspecific rat cation transporter rOCT1.
AID24565	Retention time was determined	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID85920	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 25 uM 1-methylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID214202	The compound was evaluated for its effect on tubulin polymerization in the absence of MAPS as rate =change in OD340/min	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 42, Issue:8	1-(N-alkylamino)-11-(N-ethylamino)-4,8-diazaundecanes: simple synthetic polyamine analogues that differentially alter tubulin polymerization.
AID325443	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K10 after 14 to 16 hrs by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID496919	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 6 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID26614	Acid base constant value for N1 atom	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-20, Volume: 39, Issue:26	Polyamine analogue regulation of NMDA MK-801 binding: a structure-activity study.
AID210103	Inhibition of [3H]spermidine transport by the compound was evaluated in T-47D human breast cancer cells	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-21, Volume: 9, Issue:12	Synthesis of spermidine and norspermidine dimers as high affinity polyamine transport inhibitors.
AID201509	Compound level in DFMO-treated SV3T3 cells at 96 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1257019	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity by measuring reducing activity at 100 uM after 20 mins by spectrophotometry	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new C-10 substituted dithranol pleiotropic hybrids.
AID14626	In vivo biodistribution in mice skin bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID85912	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 25 uM 1,12-dimethylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID25070	Macroscopic pKa value at 25 C, ionic strength 0.1 M	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Neuroactive polyamine wasp toxins: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the protolytic properties of philanthotoxin-343.
AID325447	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus N315 after 14 to 16 hrs by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID14624	In vivo biodistribution in mice muscle bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID325448	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus Mu50 after 14 to 16 hrs by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID169977	Compound was evaluated for agonist activity at 500 uM exhibiting moderate antagonism of [3H]MK-801 binding relative to 100% control	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-03, Volume: 38, Issue:3	Impact of polyamine analogues on the NMDA receptor.
AID26877	Titrimetrically measured pKa3 value of the compound	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 38, Issue:13	The role of charge in polyamine analogue recognition.
AID740198	Inhibition of anti-CXCR4 mAb-44708 binding to CXCR4 in human H9 cells at 3 uM incubated for 20 mins prior to mAb-44708 addition measured after 1 hr by flow cytometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Improved guanide compounds which bind the CXCR4 co-receptor and inhibit HIV-1 infection.
AID14601	In vivo biodistribution in mice blood bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID548961	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as reducing activity of DPPH at 0.1 mM after 60 mins	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	Does conjugation of antioxidants improve their antioxidative/anti-inflammatory potential?
AID162553	Ability to displace ethidium bromide from double stranded synthetic poly (dG-dC)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8	Synthesis and DNA-binding properties of polyamine analogues.
AID548960	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as reducing activity of DPPH at 0.1 mM after 20 mins	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	Does conjugation of antioxidants improve their antioxidative/anti-inflammatory potential?
AID144893	Inhibition of [3H]MK-801 binding to NMDA receptor by Conantokin-G (with a concentration range of 0.024-12.5 uM) stimulated by the compound at a concentration of 12.5 uM	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-08, Volume: 38, Issue:25	Synthesis of N,N'-substituted piperazine and homopiperazine derivatives with polyamine-like actions at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
AID14602	In vivo biodistribution in mice blood bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID328670	Activation of procaspase 2 after 24 hrs	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification of promiscuous small molecule activators in high-throughput enzyme activation screens.
AID1596522	Inhibition of telomerase activity in human HeLa cell lysate at 10 to 100 uM in presence of [32P]-labeled template primer by TRAP assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 175	Thiazole orange - Spermine conjugate: A potent human telomerase inhibitor comparable to BRACO-19.
AID14775	In vivo biodistribution in mice spleen bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID85937	Compound level in HT-29 cells after 96 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID25066	Macroscopic pKa value at 25 C, ionic strength 0.1 M	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Neuroactive polyamine wasp toxins: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the protolytic properties of philanthotoxin-343.
AID226209	Compound level in DFMO-treated HT-29 cells after 96 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID98229	Compound level in DFMO-treated L1210 cells after 72 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID198301	Cleavage rate against hairpin ribozyme at 2 mM, in presence of 0.5 uM magnesium ions	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-03, Volume: 11, Issue:23	Novel spermine-amino acid conjugates and basic tripeptides enhance cleavage of the hairpin ribozyme at low magnesium ion concentration.
AID101071	Compound was tested for inhibitory concentration required to inhibit 50% of [14C]- putrescine uptake.	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-17, Volume: 8, Issue:6	Solid phase organic synthesis of polyamine derivatives and initial biological evaluation of their antitumoral activity.
AID26863	Acid base constant value for N3 atom	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-20, Volume: 39, Issue:26	Polyamine analogue regulation of NMDA MK-801 binding: a structure-activity study.
AID496923	Inhibition of mouse carbonic anhydrase 13 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID740205	Inhibition of anti-CXCR4 mAb-12G5 binding to CXCR4 in human H9 cells at 0.1 to 10 uM incubated for 20 mins prior to mAbs-12G5 addition measured after 1 hr by flow cytometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Improved guanide compounds which bind the CXCR4 co-receptor and inhibit HIV-1 infection.
AID197832	Binding constant for spermine binding to Ribonuclease S (RNA ase) by saturation curve method	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Design and semisynthesis of spermine-sensitive Ribonuclease S'.
AID444826	Induction of dendrite out growth in IL-4/GMCSF-stimulated mouse P19 cells assessed as dendrite length at 100 nM after 48 hrs by light microscopy	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23	Synthesis of new alkylaminooxysterols with potent cell differentiating activities: identification of leads for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
AID325445	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli C921-61 after 14 to 16 hrs by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID1813330	Cytotoxicity against human wild type CMS-24949 cells in presence of aminoguanidine measured after 72 hrs	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID201490	Compound level in 96 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 10 uM 1,12-dimethylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1813350	Effect on intracellular spermidine-spermine ratio in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-23916 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 3.33 No_unit)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID1464403	Inhibition of 3 nM recombinant human topoisomerase-2alpha catalytic activity expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae JEL1 harboring topoisomerase1 deletion mutant assessed as reduction in supercoiled pBR322 DNA relaxation after 4 mins by ethidium bromide st	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 27, Issue:20	Novel xanthone-polyamine conjugates as catalytic inhibitors of human topoisomerase IIα.
AID444824	Induction of dendrite out growth in IL-4/GMCSF-stimulated human U937 cells assessed as dendrite length at 100 nM after 48 hrs by light microscopy	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23	Synthesis of new alkylaminooxysterols with potent cell differentiating activities: identification of leads for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
AID1813334	Cytotoxicity against SMS mutant human CMS-26559 cells in absence of aminoguanidine measured after 72 hrs	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID1528254	Induction of OAZ1 in human DU145 cells assessed as reduction in intracellular ODC activity at 10 uM in presence of CHX after 6 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control
AID14606	In vivo biodistribution in mice eyes bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID201506	Compound level in DFMO-treated SV3T3 cells at 0 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1813348	Effect on intracellular spermidine-spermine ratio in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-26559 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 49.43 No_unit)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID343357	Cytotoxicity against human K562 ATCC CCL 243 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14	Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives.
AID85932	Compound level in DFMO-treated HT-29 cells at 0 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID25060	Macroscopic pKa value at 25 C, ionic strength 1 M	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Neuroactive polyamine wasp toxins: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the protolytic properties of philanthotoxin-343.
AID26851	Titrimetrically measured pKa2 value of the compound	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 38, Issue:13	The role of charge in polyamine analogue recognition.
AID1813370	Cytotoxicity against SMS mutant human CMS-23916 cells in absence of aminoguanidine measured after 72 hrs	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID740200	Inhibition of anti-CXCR4 mAb-12G5 binding to CXCR4 in human H9 cells at 3 uM incubated for 20 mins prior to mAbs-12G5 addition measured after 1 hr by flow cytometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Improved guanide compounds which bind the CXCR4 co-receptor and inhibit HIV-1 infection.
AID25067	Macroscopic pKa value at 25 C, ionic strength 1 M	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Neuroactive polyamine wasp toxins: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the protolytic properties of philanthotoxin-343.
AID1813341	Effect on intracellular spermidine level in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-6233 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 12.28 +/- 1.14 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID480461	Inhibition of dexamethasone-induced human NR1-1a/NR2A receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in (S)-glutamate/glycine-stimulated mouse L12-G10 cells assessed as LDH release at 10 uM after 30 mins	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9	Bivalent beta-carbolines as potential multitarget anti-Alzheimer agents.
AID496924	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 14 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID1054609	Activity at recombinant human MAO-B expressed in baculovirus infected BT1 cells assessed as hydrogen peroxide generation rate per min/mg using benzylamine as substrate at 200 uM preincubated for 30 mins by Amplex Red assay relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70	Novel polyamine analogues: from substrates towards potential inhibitors of monoamine oxidases.
AID25059	Macroscopic pKa value at 25 C, ionic strength 0.1 M	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Neuroactive polyamine wasp toxins: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the protolytic properties of philanthotoxin-343.
AID568363	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 19, Issue:4	Kinetic and docking studies of phenol-based inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII evidence a new binding mode within the enzyme active site.
AID680390	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of TEA uptake (TEA: 60 uM, Spermine: 5000 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	1999	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, May, Volume: 289, Issue:2	Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations.
AID1299580	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 ATCC 47085 incubated overnight by microbroth dilution method	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Antibacterial Diamines Targeting Bacterial Membranes.
AID92041	Percent control measured by evaluating the inhibition of 3 nM [125I]PhTX-343-lysine binding to glutamate receptors in rat cortical membranes	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8	Synthesis and binding of [125I2]philanthotoxin-343, [125I2]philanthotoxin-343-lysine, and [125I2]philanthotoxin-343-arginine to rat brain membranes.
AID1813346	Effect on intracellular spermine level in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-23916 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 4.84 +/- 0.64 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID169974	Compound was evaluated for agonist activity at 1000 uM exhibiting moderate antagonism of [3H]MK-801 binding relative to 100% control	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-03, Volume: 38, Issue:3	Impact of polyamine analogues on the NMDA receptor.
AID1257023	Anti-inflammatory activity in Fisher 344 rat assessed as inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema at 0.01 mmol/kg, ip after 3.5 hrs	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new C-10 substituted dithranol pleiotropic hybrids.
AID1813331	Cytotoxicity against SMS mutant human CMS-26559 cells in presence of aminoguanidine measured after 72 hrs	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID1528239	Substrate activity at recombinant human APAO at 2 mM
AID1528248	Inhibition of ODC in human DU145 cells at 100 uM after 6 hrs
AID201502	Compound level in DFMO-treated SV3T3 cells after 72 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID98226	Compound level in 72 h DFMO (5 mM)-treated L1210 cells after exposure to 10 uM spermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID328681	Activation of caspase 3 after 30 mins	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification of promiscuous small molecule activators in high-throughput enzyme activation screens.
AID1813333	Cytotoxicity against SMS mutant human CMS-23916 cells in presence of aminoguanidine measured after 72 hrs	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID1813342	Effect on intracellular spermidine level in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-23916 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 16.14 +/- 1.69 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID101790	Inhibition of [3H]spermidine transport into MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer) cells.	2001	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 44, Issue:22	Amino acid/spermine conjugates: polyamine amides as potent spermidine uptake inhibitors.
AID68930	Concentration required to produce a 50% reduction in the uptake of [3H]TdR, by F98 glioma cells	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-21, Volume: 40, Issue:24	Boron-containing polyamines as DNA targeting agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors: synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID480457	Inhibition of dexamethasone-induced human NR1-1a/NR2A receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in (S)-glutamate/glycine-stimulated mouse L12-G10 cells assessed as LDH release at 100 uM after 30 mins	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9	Bivalent beta-carbolines as potential multitarget anti-Alzheimer agents.
AID1299579	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 ATCC 35556 incubated overnight by microbroth dilution method	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Antibacterial Diamines Targeting Bacterial Membranes.
AID1813338	Effect on intracellular putrescine level in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-23916 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 1.26 +/- 0.24 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID444827	Cytotoxicity against mouse P19 cells after 3 days by trypan blue exclusion assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23	Synthesis of new alkylaminooxysterols with potent cell differentiating activities: identification of leads for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
AID201487	Compound level in 96 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 1 uM 1,12-dimethylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID201361	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 25 uM 1-methylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID213992	The compound was evaluated for its effect on tubulin polymerization in the absence of MAPS as equilibrium reading (10 min reading)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 42, Issue:8	1-(N-alkylamino)-11-(N-ethylamino)-4,8-diazaundecanes: simple synthetic polyamine analogues that differentially alter tubulin polymerization.
AID1813373	Binding affinity to polyamine transport receptor in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-26559 cells	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID14778	In vivo biodistribution in mice tumor bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID201346	Compound level in 72 h DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 10 uM 1-methylspermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID328674	Inhibition of beta lactamase after 30 mins	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification of promiscuous small molecule activators in high-throughput enzyme activation screens.
AID1813343	Effect on intracellular spermine level in SRS patient derived wild type human CMS-24949 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 8.65 +/- 0.94 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID1813347	Effect on intracellular spermidine-spermine ratio in SRS patient derived wild type human CMS-24949 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 0.20 No_unit)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID98079	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated L1210 cells after exposure to 10 uM 1-methylspermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID14627	In vivo biodistribution in mice skin bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID444825	Cytotoxicity against human U937 cells after 3 days by trypan blue exclusion assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23	Synthesis of new alkylaminooxysterols with potent cell differentiating activities: identification of leads for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
AID85909	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 15 uM spermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1813349	Effect on intracellular spermidine-spermine ratio in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-6233 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 1.75 No_unit)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID1528236	Substrate activity at recombinant human SMOX at 1 mM
AID98236	Compound level in L1210 cells after 72 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID160317	Binding affinity to the mouse polyamine transporter on the L1210 cell surface	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-19, Volume: 46, Issue:13	Molecular requirements for targeting the polyamine transport system. Synthesis and biological evaluation of polyamine-anthracene conjugates.
AID568362	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 19, Issue:4	Kinetic and docking studies of phenol-based inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII evidence a new binding mode within the enzyme active site.
AID343352	Cytotoxicity against CHO cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14	Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives.
AID98233	Compound level in DFMO-treated L1210 cells at 0 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID201493	Compound level in 96 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 10 uM spermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID98224	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated L1210 cells after exposure to 10 uM spermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID548957	Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase at 0.1 mM	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	Does conjugation of antioxidants improve their antioxidative/anti-inflammatory potential?
AID87901	Ability to cause aggregation of purified HeLa cell DNA	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8	Synthesis and DNA-binding properties of polyamine analogues.
AID1813365	Toxicity in female spermine synthase mutant drosophila model assessed as measuring median survival at 100 uM mixed with food	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID328678	Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase after 30 mins	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification of promiscuous small molecule activators in high-throughput enzyme activation screens.
AID54444	Ability to displace ethidium bromide from calf thymus DNA	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8	Synthesis and DNA-binding properties of polyamine analogues.
AID25071	Macroscopic pKa value at 25 C, ionic strength 1 M	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Neuroactive polyamine wasp toxins: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the protolytic properties of philanthotoxin-343.
AID1596523	Inhibition of DNA polymerase activity in human HeLa cell lysate at 10 to 100 uM in presence of [32P]-labeled template primer by TRAP assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 175	Thiazole orange - Spermine conjugate: A potent human telomerase inhibitor comparable to BRACO-19.
AID26638	Titrimetrically measured pKa1 value of the compound	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 38, Issue:13	The role of charge in polyamine analogue recognition.
AID496915	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 3 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID1512726	Positive allosteric modulation of GluN2B receptor (unknown origin) in hippocampal neurons assessed as increase in glycine-induced channel current by two electrode voltage clamp method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-10, Volume: 62, Issue:1	Positive and Negative Allosteric Modulators of N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptors: Structure-Activity Relationships and Mechanisms of Action.
AID162587	Michaelis-Menten constant of compound was determined at MDA-MB-231 cell line mediated by polyamine transporter	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-07, Volume: 12, Issue:1	Synthesis of bis-spermine dimers that are potent polyamine transport inhibitors.
AID26881	Acid base constant value for N4 atom	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-20, Volume: 39, Issue:26	Polyamine analogue regulation of NMDA MK-801 binding: a structure-activity study.
AID325459	Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli K12 at 1 mM measured by growth curve	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID1528227	Substrate activity at OAZ1 in human DU145 cells assessed as enzyme-mediated drug uptake at 100 uM in presence of CHX after 4 hrs by HPLC method
AID85930	Compound level in DFMO-treated HT-29 cells after 72 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID325444	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K12 after 14 to 16 hrs by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID1257020	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of AAPH-induced linoleic acid lipid peroxidation at 100 uM	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new C-10 substituted dithranol pleiotropic hybrids.
AID343355	Cytotoxicity against human DU145 ATCC HTB 81 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14	Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives.
AID1512725	Positive allosteric modulation of GluN2B receptor in rat spinal cord neurons assessed as increase in glycine-induced channel current by two electrode voltage clamp method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-10, Volume: 62, Issue:1	Positive and Negative Allosteric Modulators of N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptors: Structure-Activity Relationships and Mechanisms of Action.
AID740201	Inhibition of anti-CXCR4 mAb-44716 binding to CXCR4 in human H9 cells at 3 uM incubated for 20 mins prior to mAbs-44716 addition measured after 1 hr by flow cytometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Improved guanide compounds which bind the CXCR4 co-receptor and inhibit HIV-1 infection.
AID201343	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 1 uM spermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID201352	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 10 uM spermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID144330	Efficacy of compound in enhancing binding of [3H]MK-801 to NMDA receptors compared to spermine	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-08, Volume: 38, Issue:25	Synthesis of N,N'-substituted piperazine and homopiperazine derivatives with polyamine-like actions at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
AID259074	Inhibition of bovine calmodulin-activated cAMP dependent phosphodiesterase	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-12, Volume: 49, Issue:1	Effect of polyamine homologation on the transport and biological properties of heterocyclic amidines.
AID14618	In vivo biodistribution in mice liver bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID98083	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated L1210 cells after exposure to 10 uM 1-methylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1528249	Inhibition of ODC in human DU145 cells at 100 uM after 3 days
AID325449	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 3556 after 14 to 16 hrs by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria.
AID201512	Compound level in SV3T3 cells after 96 hr	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID201358	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 25 uM 1-methylspermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID26884	Titrimetrically measured pKa4 value of the compound	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 38, Issue:13	The role of charge in polyamine analogue recognition.
AID1054607	Activity at recombinant human MAO-A expressed in baculovirus infected BT1 cells assessed as hydrogen peroxide generation rate per min/mg using p-tyramine as substrate at 200 uM preincubated for 30 mins by Amplex Red assay relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70	Novel polyamine analogues: from substrates towards potential inhibitors of monoamine oxidases.
AID85900	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 10 uM 1-methylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1528245	Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells at 100 uM after 3 days
AID1326178	Inhibition of amyloid beta (1 to 42) (unknown origin) self-aggregation at 50 uM after 24 hrs by ESI-IT-MS analysis	2016	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-08, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Polyamine Conjugation as a Promising Strategy To Target Amyloid Aggregation in the Framework of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID26648	Acid base constant value for N2 atom	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-20, Volume: 39, Issue:26	Polyamine analogue regulation of NMDA MK-801 binding: a structure-activity study.
AID343351	Cytotoxicity against mouse L1210 ATCC CCL 219 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14	Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives.
AID1054614	Ratio of relative Vmax to Km for recombinant human MAO-A expressed in baculovirus infected BT1 cells assessed as hydrogen peroxide generation rate using p-tyramine as substrate at 200 uM preincubated for 30 mins by Amplex Red assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70	Novel polyamine analogues: from substrates towards potential inhibitors of monoamine oxidases.
AID328680	Inhibition of trypsin after 30 mins	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification of promiscuous small molecule activators in high-throughput enzyme activation screens.
AID259076	Inhibition of cell growth in CHO-MG cells in the presence of DFMO	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-12, Volume: 49, Issue:1	Effect of polyamine homologation on the transport and biological properties of heterocyclic amidines.
AID86842	Ability to inhibit 50% growth of HeLa cells	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8	Synthesis and DNA-binding properties of polyamine analogues.
AID85924	Compound level in 72 h DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 25 uM spermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1813332	Cytotoxicity against SMS mutant human CMS-6233 cells in presence of aminoguanidine measured after 72 hrs	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID328676	Inhibition of horseradish peroxidase after 30 mins	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification of promiscuous small molecule activators in high-throughput enzyme activation screens.
AID548959	Antioxidant activity against AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation assessed as inhibition of conjugated diene hydroperoxide production at 0.1 mM by UV spectrophotometry	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	Does conjugation of antioxidants improve their antioxidative/anti-inflammatory potential?
AID1813344	Effect on intracellular spermine level in SRS patient derived SMS mutant human CMS-26559 cells at 5 uM in presence of aminoguanidine incubated for 72 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 0.71 +/- 0.47 nmol/mg)	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID14612	In vivo biodistribution in mice kidney bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID201340	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 1 uM spermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID568365	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 12 preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 19, Issue:4	Kinetic and docking studies of phenol-based inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII evidence a new binding mode within the enzyme active site.
AID201496	Compound level in 96 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 25 uM 1,12-dimethylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID240418	Effective dose required for binding to lipopolysaccharide using Fluorescence Displacement Assay; Range is ~1-2 uM	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7	Lipopolysaccharide sequestrants: structural correlates of activity and toxicity in novel acylhomospermines.
AID54446	Concentration required to decrease the fluorescence of the ethidium bromide-calf thymus DNA complex by 50%	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID214203	The compound was evaluated for its effect on tubulin polymerization in the presence of MAPS as rate =change in OD340/min	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 42, Issue:8	1-(N-alkylamino)-11-(N-ethylamino)-4,8-diazaundecanes: simple synthetic polyamine analogues that differentially alter tubulin polymerization.
AID210105	Inhibition of [3H]spermine transport by the compound was evaluated in T-47D human breast cancer cells	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-21, Volume: 9, Issue:12	Synthesis of spermidine and norspermidine dimers as high affinity polyamine transport inhibitors.
AID201499	Compound level in 96 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 25 uM spermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1434786	Binding affinity to d(G4C4)2 DNA major groove assessed as stabilization of A-from DNA conformation by measuring induction of sharper band at 265 nanometer at drug:DNA molar ratio of 1:1 after 30 mins by CD spectroscopic method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-15, Volume: 25, Issue:4	Probing A-form DNA: A fluorescent aminosugar probe and dual recognition by anthraquinone-neomycin conjugates.
AID343353	Cytotoxicity against polyamine transport-deficient mutant CHO cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14	Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives.
AID1813366	Toxicity in male spermine synthase mutant drosophila model assessed as measuring median survival at 100 uM mixed with food	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Development of a Redox-Sensitive Spermine Prodrug for the Potential Treatment of Snyder Robinson Syndrome.
AID343358	Cytotoxicity against human U251 RCB 0641 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14	Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives.
AID1054600	Activity at recombinant human VAP-1 assessed as hydrogen peroxide generation rate per min/mg using benzylamine as substrate at 200 uM preincubated for 30 mins by Amplex Red assay relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70	Novel polyamine analogues: from substrates towards potential inhibitors of monoamine oxidases.
AID14629	In vivo biodistribution in mice skin by pump bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 40 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID201355	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 10 uM spermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID548958	Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase at 0.05 mM	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	Does conjugation of antioxidants improve their antioxidative/anti-inflammatory potential?
AID568364	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 9 preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 19, Issue:4	Kinetic and docking studies of phenol-based inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII evidence a new binding mode within the enzyme active site.
AID85906	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 10 uM spermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID201337	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 1 uM 1-methylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID85935	Compound level in HT-29 cells after 72 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID210118	Inhibition of spermidine transport determined in T-47D human breast cancer cells	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-06, Volume: 13, Issue:19	Xylylated dimers of putrescine and polyamines: influence of the polyamine backbone on spermidine transport inhibition.
AID85927	Compound level in 96 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 10 uM spermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID740204	Inhibition of anti-CXCR4 mAb-12G5 binding to CXCR4 in PHA-induced human T cells at 0.1 to 10 uM incubated for 20 mins prior to mAbs-12G5 addition measured after 1 hr by flow cytometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Improved guanide compounds which bind the CXCR4 co-receptor and inhibit HIV-1 infection.
AID203646	Oxidative desamination by bovine serum amine oxidase and expressed in terms of fluorescence intensity.	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-17, Volume: 8, Issue:6	Solid phase organic synthesis of polyamine derivatives and initial biological evaluation of their antitumoral activity.
AID1055495	Antiviral activity against cell culture derived HCV expressing NS5A-GFP fusion protein infected in human HuH7 cells assessed as inhibition of viral life cycle after 72 hrs by Hoechst-33342 staining-based confocal microscopy	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70	Synthesis and evaluation of hexahydropyrimidines and diamines as novel hepatitis C virus inhibitors.
AID1257018	Antioxidant activity assessed as increase of DPPH free radical scavenging activity by measuring reducing activity at 100 uM after 60 mins by spectrophotometry	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new C-10 substituted dithranol pleiotropic hybrids.
AID210101	Inhibition of [3H]putrescine transport by the compound was evaluated in T-47D human breast cancer cells	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-21, Volume: 9, Issue:12	Synthesis of spermidine and norspermidine dimers as high affinity polyamine transport inhibitors.
AID496925	Inhibition of mouse carbonic anhydrase 15 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID14628	In vivo biodistribution in mice skin by pump bearing subcutaneous B16 melanomas at the dose of 30 ug/g	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 42, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.
AID496918	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 5B by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 53, Issue:15	Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule.
AID1299581	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ANS1 incubated overnight by microbroth dilution method	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Antibacterial Diamines Targeting Bacterial Membranes.
AID85896	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated HT-29 cells after exposure to 10 uM 1-methylspermidine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID25053	Macroscopic pKa value at 25 C, ionic strength 1 M	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Neuroactive polyamine wasp toxins: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the protolytic properties of philanthotoxin-343.
AID201349	Compound level in 72 hr DFMO (5 mM)-treated SV3T3 cells after exposure to 10 uM 1-methylspermine	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	alpha-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346721	Human CaS receptor (Calcium-sensing receptor)	1997	The American journal of physiology, 10, Volume: 273, Issue:4	The Ca2+-sensing receptor: a target for polyamines.
AID1346610	Mouse TRPM4 (Transient Receptor Potential channels)	2005	Cell calcium, Mar, Volume: 37, Issue:3	Comparison of functional properties of the Ca2+-activated cation channels TRPM4 and TRPM5 from mice.
AID1346477	Human Kir2.3 (Inwardly rectifying potassium channels)	1994	Nature, Nov-24, Volume: 372, Issue:6504	Potassium channel block by cytoplasmic polyamines as the mechanism of intrinsic rectification.
AID1346631	Rat TRPM7 (ChaK subfamily)	2002	The Journal of general physiology, Aug, Volume: 120, Issue:2	Distinct properties of CRAC and MIC channels in RBL cells.
AID1346519	Mouse Kir2.1 (Inwardly rectifying potassium channels)	1995	Neuron, May, Volume: 14, Issue:5	Control of rectification and permeation by residues in two distinct domains in an inward rectifier K+ channel.
AID1346599	Human TRPM4 (Transient Receptor Potential channels)	2004	Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, Apr, Volume: 448, Issue:1	Intracellular nucleotides and polyamines inhibit the Ca2+-activated cation channel TRPM4b.
AID1346519	Mouse Kir2.1 (Inwardly rectifying potassium channels)	1996	The Journal of physiology, Mar-01, Volume: 491 ( Pt 2)	The tetravalent organic cation spermine causes the gating of the IRK1 channel expressed in murine fibroblast cells.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	2217 (37.85)	18.7374
1990's	1323 (22.59)	18.2507
2000's	1149 (19.62)	29.6817
2010's	864 (14.75)	24.3611
2020's	304 (5.19)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	25 (0.41%)	5.53%
Reviews	194 (3.15%)	6.00%
Case Studies	5 (0.08%)	4.05%
Observational	2 (0.03%)	0.25%
Other	5,928 (96.33%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.37	2	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.06	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-aminopropionaldehyde 3-aminopropionaldehyde: structure given in first source. 3-aminopropanal : A propanal having an amino substituent at the 3-position	5.26	6	0	omega-aminoaldehyde; propanals
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	7.69	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	12.98	44	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.95	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.38	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.65	3	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	1.96	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	4.1	16	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	11.07	22	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	5.43	15	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	10.35	19	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	1.99	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	1.97	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.14	5	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.34	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.35	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.67	3	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	10.46	185	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	8.1	5	0	amino-acid anion
carbamyl phosphate Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).	1.95	1	0	acyl monophosphate; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	3.23	6	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
carnitine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
choline [no description available]	4.54	25	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	1.95	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	4.69	28	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	4.89	36	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.86	4	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.1	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	5.31	16	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	alkane	xenobiotic
sym-homospermidine sym-homospermidine: analog of spermidine isolated from sandal leaves (Santalum album L.); structure. sym-homospermidine : A polyazaalkane comprising undecane with three aza groups placed at the 1-, 6- and 11-positions.	3.1	5	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.01	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	2.37	2	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
trimethylenediamine trimethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.	4.96	12	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; reagent
2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.	2	1	0	diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
n(1)-acetylspermidine N(1)-acetylspermidine : An acetylspermidine having the acetyl group at the N1-position.	6.31	37	0	acetylspermidine	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.31	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2.11	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.71	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.36	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	3.51	8	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	3.67	10	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.09	5	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydrolipoamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	dithiol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cofactor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	8.67	10	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	9.44	7	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	1.98	1	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
glycine [no description available]	5.97	107	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.01	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	3.58	9	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.31	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.66	3	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.41	1	0
histamine [no description available]	7.29	81	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	3.77	3	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	9.18	5	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	7.4	2	0	imidazole
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.13	5	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.87	4	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	1.95	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	1.97	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.36	7	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	3.11	5	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.42	2	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	5.1	8	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	1.95	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
n'-acetylspermine N(1)-acetylspermine : An acetylspermine carrying an acetyl group at position N(1).	5.82	36	0	acetamides; acetylspermine	human metabolite
naphthalene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	3.98	13	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.38	7	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	4.86	34	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.41	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.02	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.54	24	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	1.99	1	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	3.21	6	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.35	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	1.96	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	1.98	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.46	2	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.79	3	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	3.5	2	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.37	2	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.36	2	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	2.9	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.67	3	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	20.54	1,722	9	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.35	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	5.26	10	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	2.36	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.37	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.44	2	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	1.99	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	1.97	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.37	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	21.72	2,543	9	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.4	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
taurine [no description available]	3.51	8	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	8.34	7	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.37	2	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	2.25	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	3.36	6	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	3.74	11	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	1.94	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	5.5	22	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	3.1	5	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	4.29	19	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	5.19	15	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sk&f 82958 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	benzazepine
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	3.23	6	0
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source	2.38	2	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.42	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	1.95	1	0	catecholamine
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	2	1	0	quinolone
1,10-diaminodecane [no description available]	3.37	7	0
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.41	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	3.36	7	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	1.97	1	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
s,s'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea S,S'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.39	2	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	1.95	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: crosses the blood brain barrier & enhances synaptic responses in freely moving animals	2.04	1	0	N-acylpiperidine
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	4.09	15	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.41	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	3.1	5	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.13	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4h-1,3-thiazine 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine: a selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	1,3-thiazine
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.33	7	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.73	3	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	3.08	5	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	2.38	2	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.4	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	1.99	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site	1.99	1	0	quinolines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	1.95	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	4	14	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2	1	0
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.41	2	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.46	2	0	monoazo compound
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	2.42	2	0
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.71	3	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpha-methylornithine alpha-methylornithine: inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.34	7	0
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	3.1	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	4.73	30	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2	1	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	9.39	8	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	1.97	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
aniracetam [no description available]	2.04	1	0	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.4	2	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.06	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.47	2	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
arcaine arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.	4.34	20	0	guanidines
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.81	3	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2	1	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	2.88	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.06	1	0	azobenzenes
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	2.08	1	0
baclofen [no description available]	2.38	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	1.96	1	0	benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	1.96	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.48	2	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.9	4	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.4	2	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	1.99	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
caffeine [no description available]	4.27	19	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.09	5	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	1.98	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	1.97	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.17	1	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.17	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.48	8	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	3.24	6	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.7	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.99	1	0	hexadecanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	algal metabolite; flavouring agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	8.76	11	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.66	10	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7.5	2	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.25	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	3.51	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.67	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	3.12	5	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cystamine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	1.96	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.7	3	0	indoles	fluorochrome
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	3.6	9	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.37	2	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	13.77	276	5	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.68	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	3.86	4	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	1.95	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.09	5	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2	1	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	1.99	1	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stallimycin [no description available]	2.38	2	0
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	2.01	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.01	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.08	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.38	7	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.06	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	3.09	5	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	7.08	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.73	3	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	6.2	10	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	1.98	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	1.95	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.39	2	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.68	3	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	8.26	6	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	1.97	1	0	benzoate ester
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure	1.96	1	0
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	4.17	17	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	1.99	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	8.09	5	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.83	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	1.97	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.06	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.28	6	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
guazatine iminoctadine : A member of the class of guanidines that is dioctylamine in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a guanidino group. Once used as a fungicidal seed dressing, it is no longer approved for use in the European Union.	2	1	0	aliphatic nitrogen antifungal agent; guanidines; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzodiazepine
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.23	6	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004 N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines
halothane [no description available]	2.67	3	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	1.97	1	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	1.98	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol [no description available]	6.99	1	0	stilbenoid
tele-methylhistamine tele-methylhistamine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist. N(tele)-methylhistamine : A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine.	2.05	1	0	imidazoles; primary amino compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	2.88	4	0	acetamides
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	5.93	34	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	1.96	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.02	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	6.09	39	0	piperidines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	7.36	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	3.79	11	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	3.05	1	0
iproniazid [no description available]	2.86	4	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	5.09	10	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.2	6	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	4.33	20	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.97	4	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.4	2	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	4.13	16	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lomustine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	7.41	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2.44	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
edaravone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	3.05	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	1.99	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.1	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
memantine [no description available]	2.76	3	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.39	2	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	1.99	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.94	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.71	3	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.01	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.37	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.17	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	3.46	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
milrinone [no description available]	2	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.13	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	5.56	27	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	2.66	3	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
entinostat [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	3.05	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
n(1),n(11)-diethylnorspermine N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine: structure given in first source	11.35	113	5
n(1), n(12)-diethylspermine N(1), N(12)-diethylspermine: structure in first source. N(1),N(12)-diethylspermine : A substituted spermine that is spermine in which a hydrogen attached to each of the primary amino groups has been replaced by an ethyl group.	6.05	38	0	polyazaalkane; secondary amino compound; substituted spermine; tetramine	antineoplastic agent
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	1.99	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	8.75	11	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nafoxidine Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	6.98	1	0
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.31	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.26	6	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	1.98	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.41	2	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	3.61	9	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	2.48	2	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	7.44	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ns 2028 NS 2028: structure in first source	2	1	0
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.45	2	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine m oxotremorine M: structure given in first source	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.43	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.36	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	8.07	5	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.66	3	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.7	3	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.89	4	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.23	6	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	1.97	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.2	6	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine
phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.08	1	0	guanidines	central nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.36	2	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	3.36	7	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.05	1	0	pyridines
piperazine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	5.24	52	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.01	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.17	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	1.95	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	1.94	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.1	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.35	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.71	3	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	3.46	8	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.05	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.43	2	0
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	2.73	3	0	secondary carboxamide
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.11	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	2.37	2	0	methoxybenzenes
aurin aurin: structure	2	1	0	diarylmethane
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	1.99	1	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	5.52	26	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.38	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	1.96	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	7.42	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
streptonigrin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	2.65	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.77	3	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.89	4	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.98	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.66	3	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	4.14	16	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.07	1	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	7.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	1.99	1	0	aziridines
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	2.15	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	3.32	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	3.4	7	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	3.48	8	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
tyramine [no description available]	5.57	23	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
vigabatrin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	1.98	1	0
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.67	3	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	7.91	4	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	8.23	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	1.95	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	1.94	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	3.97	4	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.7	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	1.97	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.91	4	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.9	37	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.65	3	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.21	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	1.97	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.1	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	5.71	10	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.37	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	1.95	1	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	4.64	27	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.35	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.4	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	2.39	2	0
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.36	2	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.42	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.39	2	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	8.09	5	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.89	4	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.65	3	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.	1.99	1	0
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	4.39	21	0	guanidines
dipropylenetriame N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine: structure in first source	3.94	13	0	polyazaalkane	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	8.47	8	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	3.99	14	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	4.37	21	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	4.15	17	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	5.02	13	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	11.26	18	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	7.17	72	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.08	1	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.82	12	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.32	20	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.95	1	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	1.96	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.43	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	1.96	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.39	2	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	5.32	18	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.37	2	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	9.7	30	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.38	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	3.08	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	3.59	9	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.59	9	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.21	6	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.42	7	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.26	6	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.82	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.16	48	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-aminoazobenzene p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.	1.98	1	0
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.36	2	0	azobenzenes
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	11.3	36	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.66	3	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	6.25	28	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.03	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	8.47	8	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	11.12	42	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	3.25	6	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.58	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	2.66	3	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	1.96	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.06	5	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.41	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.64	3	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	6.41	56	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.4	2	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.3	56	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	1.97	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	1.94	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	1.94	1	0
cytidine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.39	2	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	7.49	2	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	5.42	62	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	1.97	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	4.46	23	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.66	3	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	2.65	3	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.7	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.25	6	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.87	4	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.91	4	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	10.48	190	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.35	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.92	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	4.68	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	5.61	25	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.28	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	1.95	1	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	3.92	13	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	9.58	27	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	9.33	113	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	6.35	15	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.06	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	1.95	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.01	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.06	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2.4	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.15	1	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.69	3	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.37	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.92	4	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	8.13	5	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	8.69	10	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.37	2	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.67	3	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.	2.43	2	0	pentaerythritol nitrate	explosive; vasodilator agent
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.06	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	7.37	2	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.33	6	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.48	2	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
vitamin k5 vitamin k5: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	naphthols
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.15	1	0	anthraquinone
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	2	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.08	1	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.35	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
veratrole veratrole: structure. dimethoxybenzene : Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.. veratrole : A dimethoxybenzene with the methoxy groups at ortho-positions.	2.06	1	0	dimethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	4.61	26	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.08	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	1.95	1	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.71	3	0	xanthene
veratric acid veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.06	1	0	benzoic acids	allergen; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.25	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	2.36	2	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	1.98	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
3-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-hydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.	2.06	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-resorcylic acid alpha-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; resorcinols	metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.06	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-diethylaminoethanol 2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.	2.41	2	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amine	allergen; carcinogenic agent
dicyclohexylamine dicyclohexylamine: potent inhibitor of spermidine synthase; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.22	6	0	primary aliphatic amine
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
acrolein [no description available]	7.35	31	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	6.99	1	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
glyoxal [no description available]	3.04	5	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
hexylene glycol hexylene glycol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol : A glycol in which the two hydroxy groups are at positions 2 and 4 of 2-methylpentane (isopentane).	1.97	1	0	glycol
isoamylamine isoamylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. isopentylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butan-1-amine carrying a methyl substituent at position 3.	2.21	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
bromobenzene [no description available]	1.96	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.01	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
diethylamine [no description available]	3.24	6	0	secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.22	6	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.07	1	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
succinamide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
n-amylamine n-amylamine: strong irritant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pentan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is n-pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by an amino group. A water-soluble liquid with boiling point 104degreeC, it is a strong irritant.	2.42	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.95	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.13	16	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
diethanolamine diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.	2.07	1	0	ethanolamines	human xenobiotic metabolite
n-decyl alcohol n-decyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd. decanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of ten carbon atoms.. decan-1-ol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of ten carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	decanol; primary alcohol	metabolite; pheromone; protic solvent
tetraethylenepentamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	polyazaalkane	copper chelator
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	1.98	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	4.62	27	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.1	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.05	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	1.98	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.1	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.05	1	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
benzathine benzathine: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locants for phenylmethyl groups; structure	2.08	1	0	diamine
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2.37	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.41	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	1.97	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2.65	3	0	D-aldohexose derivative
1,4-dimethoxybenzene 1,4-dimethoxybenzene: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.38	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	2.31	1	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	7.91	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	4.44	23	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.4	2	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.46	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.97	4	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	5.22	15	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.41	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	3.89	12	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	2.94	4	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.72	3	0	organic cation
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	5.63	30	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
pentamine pentamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck	2	1	0
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	2.37	2	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.9	4	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	3.76	3	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.05	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	2.39	2	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	3.1	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	2.11	1	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.95	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.04	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.44	2	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.73	3	0
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	2.63	3	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.66	3	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.41	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
lumazine lumazine: structure. 2,4-dihydroxypteridine : Any dihydroxypteridine in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 2 and 4.. lumazine : A 2,4-dihydroxypteridine.	2	1	0	2,4-dihydroxypteridine
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	4.56	25	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	1.94	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
isomaltose [no description available]	2.08	1	0
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	epsilon-lactone
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	1.97	1	0	dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2	1	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	1.98	1	0	thiazolidine
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	3.75	3	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	1.97	1	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.41	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	3.17	5	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.98	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,7-fluorenediamine 2,7-fluorenediamine: peroxidase reagent for blood smears; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
coumarin-3-carboxylic acid coumarin-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	coumarins
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.67	3	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	1.99	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
ethyl chloroformate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	9.56	24	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.37	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.43	2	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	3.28	6	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.73	10	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
n-tetradecane tetradecane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.	2	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.37	2	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	7.87	4	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	1.96	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate 2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.	1.99	1	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	1.95	1	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	3.35	7	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
dodecylamine dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
deoxycytidine [no description available]	9.52	5	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	7.71	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	1.97	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium bicarbonate ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)	1.97	1	0	organooxygen compound
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.05	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.7	3	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.63	3	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.21	1	0	zinc molecular entity
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	3.24	6	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.51	8	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
pseudouridine [no description available]	3.05	1	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.	2.05	1	0	N-substituted diamine
2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	benzenes; carbonyl compound
allyl isocyanate allyl isocyanate: a glycosinolate degradation product that has insectidical activity	2.06	1	0	isocyanates
pentrinitrol pentrinitrol: coronary vasodilator agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PROPYLENE GLYCOLS (75-85)	2.43	2	0	nitrate ester
dodecyldimethylamine oxide dodecyldimethylamine oxide: zwitterionic detergent. dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of dodecyldimethylamine.	2.01	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	detergent; plant metabolite
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2.03	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	7.41	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.07	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.39	2	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	8.93	13	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2	1	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.76	3	0	tertiary amine
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	2.38	2	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.68	3	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
1,6-diaminohexane 1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.	2.98	4	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.12	5	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane: difunctional alkylating agent; structure	1.97	1	0	epoxide	mutagen
c.i. solvent yellow 56 C.I. Solvent Yellow 56: not a carcinogen. Solvent yellow 56 : An azobenzene that is N,N-diethylaniline substituted at position 4 by a phenylazo group.	1.98	1	0	azobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	dye; mutagen
tetrapentylammonium tetrapentylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
1,12-dodecamethylenediamine 1,12-dodecamethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecane-1,12-diamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is dodecane substituted by amino groups at positions 1 and 12.	1.99	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	1.96	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	primary alcohol
n-(3-aminopropyl)cyclohexylamine [no description available]	3.1	5	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.92	12	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.01	4	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.46	2	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	4.17	17	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
ecdysone [no description available]	1.95	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
uridine diphosphate xylose Uridine Diphosphate Xylose: The decarboxylation product of UDPglucuronic acid, which is used for formation of the xylosides of seryl hydroxyl groups in mucoprotein synthesis. Also forms plant xylans.	1.98	1	0	UDP-sugar	fundamental metabolite
streptomycin [no description available]	10.48	22	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2.38	2	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2	1	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
cladribine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	6.95	1	0
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	2.46	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.41	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.02	1	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	1.96	1	0	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
4-aminobenzhydrazide 4-aminobenzhydrazide: a Russian synthetic drug of acylhydrazide group; decreased uterus wt in rats; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for amino group	2.01	1	0
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	3.33	7	0
diadenosine tetraphosphate P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	2.65	3	0	diadenosyl tetraphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	5.3	54	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
hepes [no description available]	2.01	1	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
lanthanum [no description available]	3.36	7	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	5	41	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.71	3	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.43	2	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	8.45	7	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	7.89	4	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	3.07	5	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.44	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	8.48	7	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.95	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	1.94	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	7.44	2	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.02	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.23	17	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	7.4	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	3.17	4	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.13	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	8.54	8	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.86	10	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.34	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.1	1	0	titanium group element atom
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	1.99	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.04	1	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.1	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	1.95	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.4	2	0	sodium phosphate
perchloric acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	chlorine oxoacid
octamethylenediamine octamethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,8-diaminooctane : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the two amino groups are separated by eight methylene groups.	2.71	3	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.41	2	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	1.97	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.44	2	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	2.03	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2	1	0	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.39	2	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.86	4	0	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	iron coordination entity
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.03	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.99	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.06	5	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.65	3	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	1.94	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.95	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.4	2	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	1.98	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	1.98	1	0	calcium phosphate
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.71	3	0
hexadimethrine bromide Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.	1.99	1	0
sizofiran Sizofiran: A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach.	2.02	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.9	4	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	1.96	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
calcium nitrate calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.	2.11	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	fertilizer
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	1.98	1	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	3.9	13	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	3.04	5	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.03	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	2.36	2	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.08	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
trimethylolpropane triacrylate trimethylolpropane triacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; causes contact dermatitis	7.08	1	0	carbonyl compound
4-nitrobenzofurazan 4-nitrobenzofurazan: structure	2.05	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	5.46	25	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	7	1	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
showdomycin Showdomycin: 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent.	1.95	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	3.05	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.08	1	0	tin oxide
iodine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.88	4	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.67	29	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.04	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.03	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	2.1	1	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.4	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.62	9	0
alkenes [no description available]	2.69	3	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	7.46	66	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	2.41	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2	1	0
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	1.98	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.13	16	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	3.36	7	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.03	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
kethoxal kethoxal: modifies guanine containing oligoribonucleotides by reacting selectively with guanine in polynucleotides. Drug is hydrate of 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde. 1,1-dihydroxy-3-ethoxy-2-butanone : A butanone derivative having two hydroxy substituents at the 1-position and an ethoxy substituent at the 3-position.	2	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; butanone	antiinfective agent
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.68	3	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
enterobactin [no description available]	6.96	1	0	catechols; crown compound; macrotriolide; polyphenol	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	1.97	1	0
dimethyl suberimidate Dimethyl Suberimidate: The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.	6.95	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	1.98	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.12	5	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	3.52	8	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.67	3	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	2.03	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	6.98	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	3.24	6	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	8.35	7	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.02	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	1.97	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	1.99	1	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	6.29	35	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	3.23	6	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.48	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	1.97	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	1.99	1	0
fluridone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenylpyridine	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	2.04	1	0
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.03	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.45	2	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.15	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	4.08	15	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fenoctimine fenoctimine: structure & RN from first source	1.97	1	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.66	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.47	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	2.68	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	3.39	7	0
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	1.99	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
n(1),n(14)-bis(ethyl)homospermine N(1),N(14)-bis(ethyl)homospermine: structure given in first source; depletes polyamines and inhibits the growth of tumor cells in tissue culture	5.9	24	1
eliprodil 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.	2.39	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	3.7	1	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	2.15	1	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	6.01	37	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
pyranine pyranine: structure	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
terbium chloride terbium chloride: RN given refers to the parent compound	1.98	1	0
potassium superoxide [no description available]	2.42	2	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.38	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	3.48	8	0
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	2.1	1	0
tenocyclidine tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.	2.89	4	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.98	39	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tetramethylenedisulfotetramine tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: induces convulsions; inhibitor of GABA; structure	2	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.74	3	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	7.17	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.4	2	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
cyclen cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.42	7	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	7.48	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.4	2	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	1.98	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
1-methylinosine 1-methylinosine : Inosine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1 on the hypoxanthine ring.	3.05	1	0	inosines	metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.42	2	0
chlorin chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.	7.15	1	0
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.68	3	0
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	2.69	3	0	phosphatidylglycerol
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.65	3	0	iodine oxoacid
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	1.98	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.02	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	3.87	12	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	1.98	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
hypusine hypusine: N-terminal amino alcohol deriv of Lys occurring in bovine brain & in the urine of children with familial hyperlysinemia; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search LYSINE/AA (75-82). hypusine : An L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine bearing a (2R)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl substituent at position N(6).	4.69	9	0
sinefungin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
n-(3-aminopropyl)cadaverine aminopropylcadaverine : A polyazaalkane that is the 1,4,11-triaza derivative of undecane.	2.41	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	Escherichia coli metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.73	3	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
atrinositol [no description available]	2	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.4	2	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether) hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid
trenbolone acetate Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.	2.31	1	0	steroid ester
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	7.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
perylenediimide perylenediimide: structure in first source. perylenediimide : The 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide derivative of perylene.	7.15	1	0	dicarboximide; organic heteropolycyclic compound	fluorochrome
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.97	4	0
1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene: a volatile organic compound	2.06	1	0	methoxybenzenes
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.69	3	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.42	7	0	1,2,3-triazole
1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene: structure	6.94	1	0
heptafluorobutyric anhydride heptafluorobutyric anhydride: structure. heptafluorobutyric anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride that is perfluorinated butyric anhydride. It is used as a derivatising reagent for gas chromatographic analyses.	1.96	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride; organofluorine compound	chromatographic reagent
2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone monoacetylphloroglucinol: structure in first source. 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone : A benzenetriol that is acetophenone in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 6 on the phenyl group are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of acidic glycans and glycopeptides.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; methyl ketone	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0
delta sleep-inducing peptide Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.	2.03	1	0
4-aminopyrimidine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aminopyrimidine
glycine methyl ester glycine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl glycinate : A glycinyl ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with methanol.	1.98	1	0	glycinyl ester	metabolite
1,7-diaminoheptane [no description available]	1.98	1	0
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	7.31	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
1-hydroxy-2(1h)-pyridinone 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
n-methylmaleimide N-methylmaleimide: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
copper histidine [no description available]	2	1	0	D-alpha-amino acid; histidine; polar amino acid zwitterion	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	7	1	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2	1	0
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.03	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
gentamicin c1a [no description available]	2.13	1	0	gentamycin C
leupeptin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
mdl 27695 MDL 27695: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
squalamine squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source	10.37	10	0	bile acid
bes 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.15 at 20 degreeC.	2	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; amino sulfonic acid; BES
glucosaminic acid glucosaminic acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid : Hexanoic acid with four hydroxy groups at C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, and an amino group at C-2.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gluconic acid derivative	bacterial metabolite
5-bromocytosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea [no description available]	2	1	0
5-methoxysalicylic acid 5-methoxysalicylic acid: enhances intestinal absorption of insulin in rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-methoxysalicylic acid : A methoxysalicylic acid that is salicylic acid which is carrying a methoxy group at position 5.	7	1	0	methoxysalicylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methylguanine 3-methylguanine : A methylguanine carrying the methyl substituent at position 3.. 2-amino-3-methyl-3,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 3-methylguanine that is 3,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.. 2-imino-3-methyl-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 3-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.. 2-amino-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 3-methylguanine that is 3,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	3-methylguanine
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.72	3	0	monocarboxylic acid
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	tetramine
norspermine 3,3,3-tetramine : A polyazaalkane consisting of a 13-membered straight chain alkane with aza-groups at the 1-, 5-, 9- and 13-positions.	4.26	18	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine
3,7-diazanonane-1,9-diamine 2,3,2-tetramine: potent copruretic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.02	1	0
trans-4-methylcyclohexylamine [no description available]	9.22	5	0	amine
1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine: structure in first source	1.98	1	0
caldopentamine caldopentamine: from cells of extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus, grown at 80 degrees Celcius. caldopentamine : A polyazaalkane that is the 1,5,9,13,17-pentaaza derivative of heptodecane.	2.96	4	0	polyazaalkane; primary amino compound; secondary amino compound	marine metabolite
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	3.36	7	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	8.07	5	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.64	3	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
4-nitrophenyl beta-d-xyloside 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside : A xyloside that is beta-D-xylopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.	2.91	1	0	C-nitro compound; xyloside	chromogenic compound
ethylphenylpropiolate ethylphenylpropiolate: structure	1.96	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.93	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
trimethylselenonium trimethylselenonium: product of selenite metabolism in rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylselenonium : An organic cation consisting of three methyl groups covalently bound to a central selenium atom.	1.97	1	0	organic cation	human xenobiotic metabolite
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
4-n,n-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride: chromophoric labelling reagent for amino acids, peptides, proteins; structure	1.97	1	0
coronatine coronatine: consists of a coronafacic acid joined by an amide bond to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase; phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4(1R,2R),6beta,7alpha))-isomer;	2.6	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
3-fluorotyrosine 3-fluorotyrosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	fluoroamino acid; fluorophenol; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative
5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.39	2	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.25	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
5,6-dihydrouridine dihydrouridine : The uridine derivative obtained by formal hydrogenation of the endocyclic double bond in the uracil ring.	2.37	2	0	uridines	biomarker
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.9	4	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
ethylenimine quinone 2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.	2	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines	alkylating agent; mutagen
n-butyl-1,3-diaminopropane N-butyl-1,3-diaminopropane: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.89	4	0
phosphoramide mustard [no description available]	3.17	1	0	nitrogen mustard; phosphorodiamide
s-2-aminoethyl cysteine S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.	2.41	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clomesone clomesone: structure & RN given in first source	1.98	1	0
s-adenosyl-3-thio-1,8-diaminooctane S-adenosyl-3-thio-1,8-diaminooctane: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0
2-hydroxyhydroquinonephthalein [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	9.64	27	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.48	8	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.69	3	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	2.67	3	0
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	3.32	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	3.14	5	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.02	1	0	oligopeptide
wr 1065 WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	3.78	3	0	alkanethiol; diamine	antioxidant; drug metabolite; radiation protective agent
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.03	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	5.32	21	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.01	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	1.98	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	2.42	2	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.06	1	0
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	1.98	1	0
pregnenolone sulfate pregnenolone sulfate: RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer	3.82	3	0	steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	2.05	1	0
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	7.43	2	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	1.99	1	0
hypotaurine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	2	1	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
2'-5'-oligoadenylate trimer 2',5'-oligoadenylate: inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free systems	2.02	1	0
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis	2.73	3	0
parinaric acid parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.	1.97	1	0	octadecatetraenoic acid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
plutonium citrate plutonium citrate: RN given refers to 2:1 citric:Pu(4+) salt	1.99	1	0
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	2.04	1	0
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.41	2	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	1.98	1	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	5.18	9	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	1.94	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122	2.01	1	0
selenomethylselenocysteine selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; selenocysteines	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	1.96	1	0
wr 33278 WR 33278: symmetrical disulfide of WR-1065	4	4	0
trypanothione trypanothione disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine from the insect-parasitic trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.	7.71	3	0	organic disulfide
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	7.75	3	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
delta-philanthotoxin delta-philanthotoxin: from wasp Philanthus triangulum; blocks transmission postsynaptically at excitory synapses	3.51	8	0
3beta-(n-(n',n'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl)cholesterol 3-(N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl)cholesterol: used to prepare sonicated liposomes	2.03	1	0
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
5-fluoromethylornithine 5-fluoromethylornithine : An ornithine derivative in which one of the hydrogens at position 5 is replaced by a fluoromethyl group. It is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine aminotransferase.	2.41	2	0	organofluorine compound; ornithine derivative	EC 2.6.1.13 (ornithine aminotransferase) inhibitor
jstx-3 JSTX-3: structure in first source	2	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure given in first source; selective antagonist for the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor	2.39	2	0
alpha-(difluoromethyl)arginine alpha-(difluoromethyl)arginine: irreversible inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase	3.22	6	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylcysteine S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2	1	0
deoxyhypusine deoxyhypusine : An L-lysine derivative in which the N(6) of the lysine is substituted with a 4-aminobutyl group.	1.99	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
6-heptyne-2,5-diamine 6-heptyne-2,5-diamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.07	5	0
(3-dimyristyloxypropyl)(dimethyl)(hydroxyethyl)ammonium (3-dimyristyloxypropyl)(dimethyl)(hydroxyethyl)ammonium: a cationic lipid; RN refers to bromide salt	3.25	6	0
2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine 2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine: formed by Maillard recaction of bovine serum albumin with glucose; RN refers to (S)-isomer. 1-(L-norleucin-6-yl)pyrraline : An N-substituted pyrraline formed via Maillard reaction of L-lysine with glucose.. pyrraline : A pyrrole having formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively; useful as indicator of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction, which produces advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).	2.02	1	0	L-lysine derivative; N-substituted pyrraline; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
hexaamminecobalt(ii) hexaamminecobalt(II): RN given refers to parent cpd	2.93	4	0
argiotoxin-636 argiotoxin-636: from the venom of Argiope aurantia; blocks neuromuscular transmission in insects; structure in first source.	1.99	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
n-acetylputrescine N-acetylputrescine : An N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is the N-monoacetyl derivative of putrescine.	3.06	5	0	N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine; N-substituted putrescine	metabolite; mouse metabolite
diazene [no description available]	2	1	0	nitrogen hydride
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	4.73	11	0	nitrogen oxoacid
5'-deoxy-5'-s-isobutylthioadenosine 5'-deoxy-5'-S-isobutylthioadenosine: considered an analog of S-adenosylhomocysteine; structure	1.96	1	0
n(8)-acetylspermidine N(8)-acetylspermidine : An acetylspermidine that is 1,8-diamino-4-azaoctane in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group attached to C-8 is replaced by an acetyl group.	5.69	14	0	acetylspermidine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
adenophostin a adenophostin A: structure given in first source; an inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate agonist isolated from Penicillium brevicompactum	2.02	1	0	disaccharide phosphate
2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-n,n,o-triacetic acid 2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-N,N,O-triacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.	2.39	2	0	cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar	metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.71	3	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
n(omega)-hydroxyarginine N(omega)-hydroxyarginine: can cause vasorelaxation of bovine intrapulmonary artery; structure given in first source. N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine : An N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine in which the double bond has Z-configuration.	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-[(E)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	2.11	1	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naadp nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate : A nicotinic acid dinucleotide that is NADP(+) in which the carboxamide group on the pyridine ring is replaced by a carboxy group.	1.98	1	0	nicotinic acid dinucleotide	calcium channel agonist; metabolite; signalling molecule
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	7.41	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
heptane-1,2,3-triol heptane-1,2,3-triol : A triol comprising heptane substituted with hydroxy groups at C-1, -2 and -3.	2.01	1	0	triol
7-acetyltaxol 7-acetyltaxol: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	4.35	20	0
2-fluoromethylornithine 2-fluoromethylornithine: an ornithine decarboxylase antagonist	1.96	1	0
4-(n,n-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	3.75	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
n(1)-ethyl-n-(11)-((cyclopropyl)methyl)-4,8-diazaundecane-1,11-diamine N(1)-ethyl-N-(11)-((cyclopropyl)methyl)-4,8-diazaundecane-1,11-diamine: an inhibitor of spermidine-spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase & antitumor agent against cultured human lung cancer cells; structure given in first source; RN refers to tetrahydrobromide compound	4.49	7	0
3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-n-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide 3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide: a 5-HT(1D) receptor antagonist; RN given refers to HCl salt	2.06	1	0
9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide [no description available]	2	1	0
s-nitrosocaptopril S-nitrosocaptopril: manifests nitrovasodilatory activity, inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme activity & inhibits platelet aggregation	2.01	1	0
7-(n-(3-aminopropyl)amino)heptan-2-one 7-(N-(3-aminopropyl)amino)heptan-2-one: inhibits N(8)-acetylspermidine deacetylation in mice	2	1	0
1-naphthylacetylspermine [no description available]	5.23	47	0	naphthalenes
dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine: a lipospermine used to coat DNA to facilitate gene transfer into mammalian primary endocrine cells; structure given in first source	4.96	38	0
ovothiol a ovothiol A: structure given in first source. ovothiol A : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted at positions N3 and C5 on the imidazole ring by methyl and mercapto groups respectively.	2	1	0	aryl thiol; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antioxidant; marine metabolite; radical scavenger
n(1),n(8)-diethylspermidine N(1),N(8)-diethylspermidine: regulator of ornithine decarboxylase	2.67	3	0
n-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1,2-dimyristoylamido-1,2-deoxyphosphatidylcholine 1,2-dimyristoylamido-1,2-deoxyphosphatidylcholine: artificial boundary lipid; structure given in first source	2	1	0
dioctadecylamidospermine [no description available]	2.39	2	0
ly 274614 LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer	1.99	1	0
1-methylspermidine 1-methylspermidine: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	8.51	8	0
n',n''-diacetylspermine N',N''-diacetylspermine: intermediate in polyamine catabolism	9.89	48	2	acetamides
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	5.16	18	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
n-(gamma-maleimidobutyryloxy)succinimide [no description available]	7.68	3	0
s-(5'-deoxyadenosyl-5')-s-methylthioethylhydroxylamine S-(5'-deoxyadenosyl-5')-S-methylthioethylhydroxylamine: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	3.17	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	5.71	25	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.19	3	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
4-boronophenylalanine 4-boronophenylalanine: neutron absorbing (10)B-cpd used in thermal neutron capturetherapy of malignant melanoma; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
n,n'-bis(benzyl)-1,3-diaminopropane N,N'-bis(benzyl)-1,3-diaminopropane: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
1,4-diaminobutanone 1,4-diaminobutanone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.69	3	0
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.98	1	0
corollosporine corollosporine: isolated from marine fungus Corollospora maritima; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	3.57	9	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.01	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	9.63	8	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
naphthalenediimide naphthalenediimide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
nps-568 N-(2-chlorophenylpropyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine: NPS-568 is the ((R), HCl salt)-isomer; calcimimetic compound and calcium-sensing receptor agonist	2.48	2	0
philanthotoxin 343 philanthotoxin 343: structure given in first source (see article's footnote); identical to philanthotoxin 433 except that the number of methylene groups between the respective amine moieties is 3,4,3 instead of 4,3,3	2.7	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	imidazoquinoline
hirudonine hirudonine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.66	2	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
bis(cyclohexylammonium)sulfate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.07	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
zinc hematoporphyrin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
s-adenosyl-2-methylmethionine S-adenosyl-2-methylmethionine: inhibitor of mammalian S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase	1.95	1	0
purpurin 18 purpurin 18: isolated from chlorophyll; structure given in first source; RN from Chemical Abstracts Index Guide	2.15	1	0
1-methyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine monohydrochloride FPL 12495: ARL-12495AA is the (S,R)-isomer, monohydrochloride; a remacemide metabolite; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	1.99	1	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2.92	4	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	2.39	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.36	2	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
alpha-hydrazinoornithine alpha-hydrazinoornithine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.36	2	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	3.25	6	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoputreanine isoputreanine: metabolite of spermidine; RN given refers to parent cpd or spermine in human urine	7.66	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.89	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
licam-c LICAM-C: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.36	2	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.7	3	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	3.7	1	1	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	1.98	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
dizocilpine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	secondary amino compound; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
isospaglumic acid isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.	1.94	1	0	dipeptide	human metabolite
monoacetylcadaverine monoacetylcadaverine: found in higher levels in blood of schizophrenic patients; substrate for rat liver monoamine oxidase & hog kidney diamine oxidase; RN from Vol 90, CA Chem Form Index. N-acetylcadaverine : An N-substituted cadaverine that is cadaverine in which one of the amino groups has been converted to the corresponding acetamide.	1.93	1	0	acetamides; N-substituted cadaverine; primary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	human metabolite
thermospermine thermospermine: polyamine extracted from an extreme thermopile, Thermus thermophilus; structure. thermospermine : Propane-1,3-diamine in which a hydrogen attached to one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-aminoprop-1-yl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 4-aminobut-1-yl group. A polyamine natural product, its name arises from its similarity to spermine and the fact that it was first isolated from the extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus.	7.91	45	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine
cucurbit(6)uril cucurbit(6)uril: a macrocyclic cavitand comprising six GLYCOLURIL units; can be used for creating ROTAXANES. cucurbituril : A macrocycle consisting of repeating 2,5-dioxodihydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-1,3,4,6-tetrayl (glycoluril) units linked by methylene groups. The number of glycoluril units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in cucurbit[n]uril name.	3.16	5	0
homocaldopentamine homocaldopentamine: from extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus; structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
n(1)-(azidobenzamidino)spermine N(1)-(azidobenzamidino)spermine: alters the helical twist of DNA in nucleosome core particles; structure given in first source	3.39	7	0
n,n'-bis(3-propionaldehyde)-1,4-diaminobutane N,N'-bis(3-propionaldehyde)-1,4-diaminobutane: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0	aldehyde
cp 101,606 traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	7.95	4	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	8.86	12	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cholesterol alpha-oxide cholesterol alpha-oxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,6alpha)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; epoxy steroid; oxysterol
2-methylthioadenosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.5	8	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
nsc 74859 NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.	2.08	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; tosylate ester	STAT3 inhibitor
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.15	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.02	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
wortmannin [no description available]	2.74	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid: metabolite of caffeic acid; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.	2.05	1	0	(dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
be 4-4-4-4 BE 4-4-4-4: structure given in first source	4.19	17	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.66	3	0
3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonic acid 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.91	4	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
leptomycin b [no description available]	2.02	1	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.67	3	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	1.97	1	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
5'-methylthioadenosine 5'-methylthioadenosine: structure. 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine : Adenosine with the hydroxy group at C-5' substituted with a methylthio (methylsulfanyl) group.	4.45	7	0	thioadenosine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.05	5	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.4	2	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.91	4	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.38	2	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	3.22	6	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	7.64	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.04	5	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	3.05	1	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	4.31	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.02	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.03	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.07	5	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
s-adenosyl-3-methylthiopropylamine S-adenosyl-3-methylthiopropylamine: decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine	2.69	3	0	adenosines; sulfonium compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; rat metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	9.01	14	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	9.27	19	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	4.4	22	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	1.98	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
hemoglobin randwick hemoglobin Randwick: unstable beta chain hemoglobin variant; Try replaced by Gly on beta chain 15(A12). (1->4)-beta-D-mannan : A mannan composed from D-mannan residues joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.. beta-D-mannose : A D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.. (1->2)-beta-D-mannan : A mannan consisting of repeating mannosyl units joined via beta-(1->2)-linkages.	1.98	1	0	D-mannopyranose	epitope
n-formylmethionine N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.	2.36	2	0	L-methionine derivative; N-formyl amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.71	10	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
glutathionylspermidine [no description available]	2	1	0	glutathione derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2	1	0
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	2.4	2	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.65	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.69	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	1.97	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	1.99	1	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
erythromycin estolate Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.	1.95	1	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt; erythromycin derivative	enzyme inhibitor
kanamycin sulfate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt	antibacterial drug; geroprotector
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	8.09	5	0
(-)-usnic acid (-)-usnic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of usnic acid.	2.04	1	0	usnic acid	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	1.96	1	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	1.98	1	0	tripeptide
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	4.97	12	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.05	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.79	11	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	8.37	7	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.06	1	0	cyclodextrin
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.03	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.22	6	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ribothymidine ribothymidine : A methyluridine having a single methyl substituent at the 5-position on the uracil ring.	2.36	2	0	methyluridine	antigen; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
4,5-dihydroxy-1,2-dithiane [no description available]	1.99	1	0	trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diol
docosahexaenoate efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.	2.05	1	0	docosahexaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.69	10	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.4	2	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.38	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	1.98	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	7.72	3	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.1	5	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.03	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.72	3	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
zeatin Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)	2.43	2	0	zeatin	plant metabolite
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.32	2	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.31	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.07	1	0	purvalanol
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	6.12	50	0	actinomycin	mutagen
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	1.98	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	1.99	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.43	2	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	1.98	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine: a major oxidation product of 2'-deoxycytidine	2	1	0
(+)-usnic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	usnic acid
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	6.98	1	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium chlorate sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.	2	1	0	chlorate salt; inorganic sodium salt	herbicide
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	1.96	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	7.08	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline: volatile component of uncooked Khao Dawk Mali 105 brown rice were extracted using indirect steam distillation under reduced pressure and controlled temperature in order to prevent cooking. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline : A pyrroline that is 1-pyrroline in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an acetyl group. It is an aroma and flavour compound present in jasmine rice and basmati rice. It is responsible for the 'popcorn' aroma in a large variety of cereal and food products. It is one of the key odourants of the crust of bread and considered to be responsible for the cracker-like odour properties. In bread, it is primarily generated during baking but amounts are influenced by ingredient composition and fermentation conditions.	2.6	1	0	acylimine; methyl ketone; pyrroline	flavouring agent; Maillard reaction product; metabolite
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.38	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.49	2	0	triterpenoid
camalexin camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.	7.11	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; indole phytoalexin	metabolite
2-hydroxycinnamic acid trans-2-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 2-coumaric acid.. 2-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-2 of the phenyl ring.	2.06	1	0	2-coumaric acid; phenols	antioxidant; metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	4.04	5	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.36	21	0	isomethyleugenol
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	acetate ester
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.5	2	0	stilbene
n-methylproline N-methylproline: structure in first source. N-methylproline : An L-proline derivative obtained by replacement of the amino hydrogen by a methyl group.	2.31	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-proline derivative; tertiary amino compound	human metabolite; plant metabolite
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.71	3	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.39	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	5.13	15	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	3.57	9	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tram 34 TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	1.97	1	0	S-glycosyl compound
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2	1	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.65	3	0	pyrimidone
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	7.79	3	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.	2.42	2	0	methoxycinnamic acid
isoferulic acid isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.	1.99	1	0	ferulic acids	antioxidant; biomarker; metabolite
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	2	1	0	diarylmethane
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.07	1	0	thiazolidinone
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	5.02	3	1	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.73	3	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
Jasmone jasmone: RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	cyclic ketone
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.88	4	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
safranine t safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.	2.37	2	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	5.01	13	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.07	5	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
4-maleimido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl 4-maleimido-TEMPO : A member of the class of piperidines that is TEMPO carrying a maleimido group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	aminoxyls; dicarboximide; maleimides; piperidines	radical scavenger; spin label
6-thioguanosine 6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.36	2	0	purine nucleoside
buthionine buthionine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.94	4	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.73	3	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.9	4	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.75	3	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside 4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	chromogenic compound
nadp [no description available]	3.84	12	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.25	1	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.03	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	3.48	8	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
5-hydroxycytosine [no description available]	2	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.74	11	0	alkali metal atom
alpha-sarcin alpha-sarcin: basic protein 150 aa, MW 16 kDa; isolated from aspergillus giganteus; sequence similarity with ribonucleases such as RIBONUCLEASE T1; 85% identity with restrictocin; a ribotoxin cleaving the phosphodiester bond on the 3' side of G4325 in the alpha-sarcin/ricin domain of rat 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA; sometimes called a ribosome-inactivating protein but falls outside the normal definition of plant RIP that de-adenylate rRNA	1.99	1	0
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.93	4	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	3.05	1	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	6.98	1	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
quinine [no description available]	3.22	6	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
mdl 72527 MDL 72527: RN given refers to di-HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 6/85; polyamine oxidase inhibitor	5.36	18	0
gea 3162 GEA 3162: structure given in first source; a nitric oxide-releasing compound	2	1	0
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [no description available]	2.42	2	0
cystine [no description available]	3.11	5	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	2.25	1	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
isepamicin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
neboglamine neboglamine: potential memory enhancer	1.99	1	0
tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ammonium tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ammonium: from Thermus thermophilus ; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
s-adenosyl-1,12-diamino-3-thio-9-azadodecane S-adenosyl-1,12-diamino-3-thio-9-azadodecane: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
5-(3-aminopropyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5-(3-aminopropyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: used to investigate protein-DNA interactions; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.11	1	0
1,12-dimethylspermine 1,12-dimethylspermine: RN & structure given in first source; enzyme inducer/activator	3.27	6	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.87	4	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.37	2	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	3.12	5	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	8.61	9	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.92	13	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.43	2	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	3.39	7	0	quinoxaline derivative
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.45	2	0
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.68	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
alizarin red s Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.	2.21	1	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	histological dye
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.25	6	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.41	2	0
(3-chlorophenyl)(6,7-dimethoxy-1-((4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1h)-yl)methanone (3-chlorophenyl)(6,7-dimethoxy-1-((4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)methanone: a positive modulator of GluN2C/GluN2D subunit-selective NMDA receptor	3.31	1	0
4-(5-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid 4-(5-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid: structure in first source	3.31	1	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.69	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
digitoxigenin Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).	2	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	1.98	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	1.98	1	0
tcn 201 [no description available]	3.66	2	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
tetrathiomolybdate tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure	2.13	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	1.96	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	8.08	5	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	8.24	6	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	6.4	9	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.38	7	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	4.68	9	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	3.06	5	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.42	2	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	3.05	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.01	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.01	1	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
alprostadil [no description available]	2.01	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.01	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	2.59	2	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	3.76	3	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	2.9	4	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	9.59	7	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	1.98	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	7.11	1	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
mezerein mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0	diterpenoid
l 683590 immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source	2	1	0	ether; lactol; macrolide; secondary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	1.98	1	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	1.96	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	1.97	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.66	3	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
hyodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.	1.99	1	0	5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	2.05	1	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	1.96	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	2.9	4	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	3.07	5	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.02	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.07	5	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	2.06	1	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	3.2	6	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.92	4	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
kukoamine a kukoamine A: inhibits Crithidia fasciculata trypanothione reductase; structure given in first source	9.53	21	0	amine
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	1.97	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	10.62	24	0
5'-chloro-5'-deoxyadenosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	adenosines
su 11248 [no description available]	3.7	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	7.1	112	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.93	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.39	7	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	6.94	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.65	3	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.91	4	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	3.46	8	0	alkali metal atom
indoleacrylic acid indoleacrylic acid: Russian drug; natural auxin from lentil roots; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.31	1	0
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.51	8	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	3.23	6	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	1.98	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.21	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
ethylmorphine Ethylmorphine: A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.	1.95	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	1.94	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	1.95	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.02	1	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.88	4	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.13	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	2.03	1	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.39	2	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	1.97	1	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	3.09	5	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	1.95	1	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	4.73	30	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	7.69	2	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.97	4	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.02	1	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
diethylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) diethylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone): structure given in first source	2.7	3	0
ceftriaxone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	7	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
ceftazidime [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
enkephalin-met, ala(2)- enkephalin-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin	1.99	1	0
1,3-dihydroxy-xanthone [no description available]	2.15	1	0
oxyhyponitrite oxyhyponitrite: nitrosating agent; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent acid	2.41	2	0
oleoyl-coenzyme a oleoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.02	1	0	octadecenoyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	2	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	1.95	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	2.06	1	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	3.7	8	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.05	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	3.7	10	0
cgp 37849 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer	2.69	3	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	9.09	16	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid 2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid: bacterial toxin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RN given refers to (S-(E))-isomer	1.97	1	0
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.41	2	0
mastoparan [no description available]	3.1	5	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	8.78	11	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	8.08	5	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	1.97	1	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	1.95	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
diacetyldiphenylurea bisguanylhydrazone diacetyldiphenylurea bisguanylhydrazone: antineoplastic agent particularly effective as an antileukemic agent; has been shown to be active against leukemia L1210 in mice; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBANILIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.64	3	0
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	4.71	11	0	organic anion
cgp 39551 CGP 39551: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
fk 409 FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus	2.41	2	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	5.41	60	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	7.44	2	0	amidobenzoic acid
hygromycin a hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B	2.02	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.	1.97	1	0	ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid	apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.72	3	0
nitrocefin nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source	2.21	1	0
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	4.08	15	0
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	3.12	5	0	phosphatidylethanolamine
cgp 39653 CGP 39653: NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
thiazole orange thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.	7.58	2	0	cyanine dye	fluorochrome
n-(1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-n,n,n-trimethylammonium chloride N-(1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium: cationic lipid; structure given in first source	3.6	9	0
limaprost limaprost: RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15S,17S)-isomer	2.01	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-fluoroallylamine 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-fluoroallylamine: structure & RN from first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	1.99	1	0
yo-pro 1 oxazole yellow: structure in first source. Yo-Pro-1 : An unsymmetrical C1 cyanine dye having 1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl and quinolinium-4-yl substituents.	2	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	fluorochrome
zeatin riboside zeatin riboside: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-ribosyl-trans-zeatin : A 9-ribosylzeatin having trans-zeatin as the nucleobase.	2.04	1	0	9-ribosylzeatin; nucleoside analogue	cytokinin; plant metabolite
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	2.39	2	0	triterpenoid saponin
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2.03	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	2.01	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	3.36	7	0
mdl 105519 MDL 105519: a potent ligand at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-associated glycine recognition site; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	4.25	18	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
ro 25-6981 Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.	3.31	1	0	benzenes; phenols; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
iem 1460 IEM 1460: structure in first source	2.73	3	0
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	2.03	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	2	1	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.9	4	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine: cross-link in proteins. epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine : An N(6)-acyl-L-lysine derivative in which the acyl group is specified as gamma-glutamyl.	2.67	3	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; N(6)-acyl-L-lysine
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	3.5	8	0	ammonium ion derivative
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.35	2	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bacteriochlorin bacteriochlorin: structure in first source. bacteriochlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of two pyrrole and two reduced pyrrole units connected by methine linkages, where the two reduced pyrroles are located diagonally opposite one another.	7.25	1	0
ethylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) ethylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone): RN given refers to parent cpd	3.07	5	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.43	2	0
cgp 48664 4-amidinoindan-1-one 2'-amidinohydrazone: structure given in first source	4.2	17	0
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.73	3	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
braco-19 BRACO-19: structure in first source	7.21	1	0	acridines; N-alkylpyrrolidine
plitidepsin plitidepsin: a cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Aplidium albicans; has a pyruvoyl-proline residue instead of the lactyl-proline residue found in the linear peptide moiety of didemnin B. plitidepsin : A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans.	1.99	1	0	didemnin	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
cgc 11047 CGC 11047: may prove useful in promoting regression of choroidal neovascularization	2.03	1	0
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	1.97	1	0
brl 37344 BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.92	12	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
alloin alloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structure	2.08	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; laxative
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.46	2	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
msi 1436 3-N-1(spermine)-7, 24-dihydroxy-5-cholestane 24-sulfate: a spermine-cholesterol adduct which causes reversible suppression of food and fluid intake in mammals resulting in profound weight loss, not associated with other signs or symptoms of illness, and which exhibits antidiabetic properties in genetically obese mice	6.28	25	0	bile acid
bibr 1532 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.31	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
diaminorhodamine-4m diaminorhodamine-4M: fluorescent probe used to measure reactive nitrogen species	2.03	1	0
acetohexamide 4N1K peptide: CD47 agonist peptide, derived from the CBD, synergizes with soluble collagen in aggregating platelet-rich plasma	2.05	1	0
cgc 11093 CGC 11093: may prove useful in promoting regression of choroidal neovascularization	2.03	1	0
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.97	4	0
tribulus Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.	2.03	1	0
nps r-467 NPS R-467: calcimimetic compound; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.71	9	0
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	1.94	1	0	peptide
bis(7-amino-4-azaheptyl)dimethylsilane bis(7-amino-4-azaheptyl)dimethylsilane: structure given in first source	2.43	2	0
kukoamine b kukoamine B: an anti-sepsis agent isolated from Lycium chinense; structure in first source	6.17	15	2	amine
nh 125 NH 125: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	4.31	19	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	1.98	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	2.65	3	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	1.99	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	1.99	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.4	2	0	nystatins
rhazinilam rhazinilam: tetracyclic structure comprises phenyl-pyrrole bridged by a nine-membered lactam ring; novel alkaloid isolated from Aspidosperma quebrachoblanco leaves; possesses mild analgesic activity in mice; RN given refers to (8aR-(8aR,14aR))-isomer; structure	1.97	1	0
(r)-n-(benzimidazol-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine (R)-N-(benzimidazol-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.07	1	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.67	3	0
pulvomycin pulvomycin: isolated from culture MA-2465; structure	1.96	1	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.85	12	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2	1	0
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.08	1	0	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	3.58	9	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.25	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.2	6	0
rifamycins [no description available]	1.95	1	0
amicarbalide diisethionate amicarbalide diisethionate: structure	1.96	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	5.51	13	0
quinocarcin quinocarcin: from Streptomyces melanovinaceus nov.sp.; structure given in second source	6.98	1	0
mdl 73811 MDL 73811: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	3.59	9	0
sdz 33-243 SDZ 33-243: cpd is non-immunosuppressive	1.98	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	8.99	14	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.83	10	0
picogreen PicoGreen: a DNA-specific dye; has strong affinity for double-stranded DNA and is designed to quantify these molecules in solution; a UV-excitable dye; no further information available 6/96. PicoGreen : A cyanine dye that is 1-phenylquinoline which is substituted at position 2 by a bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino group and at position 4 by a (3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)methylene group. The counter ion is not stated. A fluorochrome that selectively binds double-stranded DNA and has characteristics similar to that of SYBR-Green I.	2.43	2	0	benzothiazoles; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	1.96	1	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.9	4	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.67	3	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.38	2	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	3.62	9	0	polypeptide
glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.01	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.68	3	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.89	4	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	3.58	9	0	peptide hormone
mast cell degranulating peptide mast cell degranulating peptide: isolated from bee venoms; made up of 22 amino acids; has 2 disulfide bridges	1.97	1	0
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	2.67	3	0
conotoxin gv conotoxin GV: NMDA antagonist from Conus geographus	4.5	7	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2.43	2	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	5.17	46	0
anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.	8.76	11	0
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	1.98	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	1.98	1	0
alpha-endorphin alpha-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 16-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-17).	1.99	1	0
conantokin-t conantokin-T: from cone snail Conus tulipa; a 21-amino acid peptide which induces sleep-like symptoms in young mice; has N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	4.21	5	0
pardaxin pardaxin: acidic protein from flatfish Pardachirus marmoratus; amino aicd sequence known	2.01	1	0
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- [no description available]	2	1	0	polypeptide	dermatologic drug
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	1.95	1	0
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.72	3	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	1.95	1	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	8.2	6	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	3.26	6	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.79	32	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	2.38	2	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	4.58	24	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
dibutyltin dilaurate dibutyltin dilaurate: used in prevention of parasitic dieases in cattle and sheep	1.97	1	0
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	6.97	1	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.07	1	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
chitosan [no description available]	3.46	7	0
volicitin volicitin: an elicitor that triggers emission of volatile from plants	3.11	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	4.02	14	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	4.89	14	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.41	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
sodium laureth sulfate dodecyltriethoxy sulfate: RN given refers to Na salt	2.15	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.25	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for Na salt	2.06	1	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	2.89	4	0
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	2.39	2	0
hygromycin b [no description available]	2.44	2	0
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	1.97	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	8.42	7	0
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.	3.37	7	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	12.96	61	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.71	3	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	1.94	1	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.53	2	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	1.99	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	1.99	1	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
mannans [no description available]	2.73	3	0
guanidinosuccinic acid guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.49	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid anion
inositol 1,4-bis(phosphate) inositol 1,4-bis(phosphate): induced in human platelets by thrombin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate(4-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.	1.98	1	0
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid 11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.01	1	0	11,12-EET	human xenobiotic metabolite
lysophosphatidylserine lysophosphatidylserine: stimulates histamine secretion from isolated mast cells in mouse plasma. lysophosphatidylserine : An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.. 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).	1.98	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
n(1)-(gamma-glutamyl)spermidine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	3.07	5	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	5.15	46	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.98	4	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.25	1	0
jujuboside a [no description available]	2.03	1	0	triterpenoid
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.68	3	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	3.5	8	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.97	1	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	4.89	8	0
putreanine [no description available]	2.65	3	0	carboxylic acid anion; N-substituted putrescine; organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	5.38	22	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.66	3	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	3.21	6	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	1.95	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.08	5	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.87	3	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fatty acid ester
2-o-octadecylascorbic acid 2-O-octadecylascorbic acid: structure given in first source; free radical scavenger; RN given refers to (L-ascorbic)-isomer	1.99	1	0
hexaminecobalt (iii) trichloride hexaminecobalt (III) trichloride: structure	2.07	1	0
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	1.98	1	0
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	2	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	4.87	11	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	1.94	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.6	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.5	8	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	3.1	5	0	ketal
hydrazino nicotinamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
t-2307 T-2307: antimalarial	7.13	1	0
cyanine 863 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
thymic factor, circulating Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.	1.96	1	0
1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane: a copper-chelating agent	2.99	4	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.04	5	0
glutaminase [no description available]	7.39	2	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	7.71	3	0
sorbitan monolaurate sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol	2.49	2	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	4.17	17	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.99	1	0
tetracarboxyphenylporphine [no description available]	2.15	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.7	3	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.66	3	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.67	3	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
calpastatin calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).	1.97	1	0	polypeptide	EC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
conantokin r conantokin R: isolated from Conus radiatus; amino acid sequence in first source	3.8	3	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2	1	0
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	3.51	8	0
carboxyatractyloside carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	3.42	7	0
daptomycin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.69	3	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	1.98	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.9	4	0
insulin, 3-iodo-tyr(a14)- insulin, 3-iodo-Tyr(A14)-: used with (125)I for receptor assay	1.96	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	8.78	11	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.47	2	0
triciribine triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.	1.97	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.38	2	0
antipain Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.	1.99	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	3.07	5	0
carrabiose carrabiose: repeating unit of kappa-carrageenan; structure given in first source	3.45	1	1
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.08	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	4.43	23	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.08	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.73	3	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.39	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	8.54	68	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase	1.99	1	0	sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	8.39	7	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	1.99	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.66	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate glucose guanosine diphosphate glucose: acts as a source of glucose for cellulose synthesis in some plants; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE SUGARS (75-83); RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer. GDP-alpha-D-glucose : A GDP-D-glucose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.98	1	0	GDP-D-glucose
guanosine diphosphate mannose Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.	1.98	1	0	GDP-D-mannose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.84	12	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	4.36	21	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	5.79	12	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.	2.41	1	0	guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.09	5	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.96	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	4.25	3	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	3.22	6	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
cyclic imp Cyclic IMP: Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 3',5'-cyclic IMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.	1.99	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate	mammalian metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.49	8	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
7-methylguanine 7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.	7.37	2	0	7-methylguanine
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3.02	4	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.64	3	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	1.97	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.93	4	0	triazolopyrimidines
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.61	9	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	3.82	11	0
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2.66	3	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	1.98	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.74	3	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	4.02	14	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	2	1	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.07	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.37	2	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.72	3	0	guanosines	biomarker
arsenazo iii Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.	2.67	3	0
7-methylguanosine 7-methylguanosine : A positively charged methylguanosine in which a single methyl substituent is located at position 7.	1.97	1	0	methylguanosine; organic cation	metabolite
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	1.95	1	0
fr 167653 FR 167653: structure given in first source	2.93	1	0
mocimycin mocimycin: induces GTPase activity of EF-TU; N-demethyl analog of antibiotic X-5108; structure	1.96	1	0	C-glycosyl compound
papa nonoate [no description available]	2.71	3	0	alkylamine
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	2	1	0
guanosine 5'-phospho-2-methylimidazolide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tetrakis(4-(carboxymethyleneoxy)phenyl)porphyrin tetrakis(4-(carboxymethyleneoxy)phenyl)porphyrin: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
eye [no description available]	1.96	1	0
colibactin colibactin: a hybrid peptide-polyketide secreted by E coli. colibactin : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles that comprises of two units of 2-[(2-{6-[(2S)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl]-5-oxo-4-azaspiro[2.4]hept-6-en-7-yl}acetamido)methyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid linked together via the formal condensation of the carboxy groups. It is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of bacteria found in the human gut such as Escherichia coli. It has the ability to bind covalently to DNA and is strongly associated with colorectal cancer.	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; azaspiro compound; polyketide; pyrroline; secondary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin
chromomycin a3 Chromomycin A3: Glycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.	2.05	1	0
mitotempo MitoTEMPO: an antioxidant	2.15	1	0
enterocin enterocin: antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces candidus var. enterostaticus WS-8096 & Streptomyces viridochromogenes M-127; molecular formula: C22-H20-010; structure	2.15	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	4.27	19	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.06	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.11	5	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	5.01	13	0
thrombin aptamer thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide	2.08	1	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	1.98	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.99	4	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	1.98	1	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.06	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	11.29	63	3
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	6.29	59	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	11.29	63	3
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	6.87	48	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	4.06	15	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	6.87	48	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	9.06	15	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	8.72	97	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	3.89	12	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	6.02	14	2
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	3.87	12	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	3.87	12	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	11.02	14	2
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	4.23	6	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	15.48	120	5
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	20.48	120	5
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	4.23	6	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	5.47	14	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	5.47	14	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	8.13	5	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	3.31	6	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	3.31	6	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.13	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	8.5	91	0
Itching [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.4	2	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	2.46	2	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.58	2	0
Mental Retardation, X-Linked A class of genetic disorders resulting in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or aberrations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).	0	4.59	8	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	8.83	3	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	8.12	5	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	3.83	3	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	13.18	83	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	13.18	83	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	5.97	24	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	5.97	24	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	0	3.6	7	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	6.39	15	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	6.39	15	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	0	2.41	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	6.14	31	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	3.86	4	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	8.69	56	2
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	8.69	56	2
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	3.61	9	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	8.61	9	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	0	2.41	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	11.03	84	2
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	11.03	84	2
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	5.02	16	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	5.02	16	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	2.41	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	4.58	25	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	4.58	25	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	3.65	9	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	0	2.41	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	9.61	38	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	9.61	38	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	3.42	6	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	4.91	14	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	4.91	14	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	2.41	1	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	2.41	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	3.38	7	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	8.38	7	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	2.72	2	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	11.27	13	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	6.57	19	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	8.1	32	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	6.57	19	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	8.1	32	1
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.	0	2.6	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	8.33	24	2
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	8.33	24	2
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	11.34	14	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	11.34	14	1
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	0	2.69	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	7.87	3	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	3.84	11	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	8.84	11	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	2.6	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	6.7	15	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	6.7	15	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	2.88	4	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	0	3.52	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	0	3.33	2	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	0	3.52	1	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	0	3.52	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	0	2.6	1	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	0	2.6	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	15.38	78	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	3.53	8	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	4.06	15	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	3.53	8	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	4.06	15	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	5.98	41	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	5.56	17	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	5.56	17	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	2.58	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	4.7	11	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	3.44	7	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	4.7	11	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	3.44	7	0
Allergy, Egg [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	0	7.25	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	2.39	2	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	7.39	2	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	3.71	3	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	3.17	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	3.71	3	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.61	2	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	0	2.94	3	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	9.73	11	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	4.73	11	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	2.66	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	4.18	16	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	2.43	2	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	7.25	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	7.45	46	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	5.52	27	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	4.77	12	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	7.45	46	1
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	2.52	2	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	4.77	12	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	2.76	3	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	3.74	9	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	0	7.66	2	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	2.25	1	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	0	2.31	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	5.23	12	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	10.23	12	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	7.46	23	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	0	7.46	23	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.31	1	0
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	0	2.31	1	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	0	2.31	1	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	0	2.31	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	0	2.31	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	3.6	3	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	3.44	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	2.45	2	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.58	2	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	2.31	1	0
Adult Sandhoff Disease [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Sandhoff Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in neurons and other tissues. It is caused by mutation in the common beta subunit of HEXOSAMINIDASE A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B. Thus this disease is also known as the O variant since both hexosaminidase A and B are missing. Clinically, it is indistinguishable from TAY-SACHS DISEASE.	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	4.13	16	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.13	16	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	3.08	5	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	8.28	6	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	4.19	17	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	7.46	32	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	7.46	32	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	2.15	1	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	0	3.06	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	2.76	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Atheroma [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	0	2.15	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	5.38	5	1
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	5.38	5	1
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	0	2.15	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidoses Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.	0	2.15	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	7.94	4	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	5.18	11	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	4.16	3	1
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	4.86	4	2
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	4.16	3	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	2.51	2	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	2.51	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	3.47	2	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	3.47	2	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	0	2.17	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	3.16	5	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	2.17	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	2.25	1	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	2.92	4	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	2.92	4	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	4.34	4	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	4.34	4	1
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	2.74	3	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	2.68	3	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	2.59	2	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	2.17	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	7.98	4	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	4.83	7	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	3.61	9	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	0	2.4	2	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	2.21	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	0	2.21	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	2.21	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	3.22	6	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	5.43	14	1
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.52	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	5.43	14	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	2.81	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	2.99	4	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	3.24	6	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	3.24	6	0
Happy Puppet Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Angelman Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	0	2.08	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	3.99	5	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	3.99	5	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	2.93	4	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	0	2.08	1	0
No-Reflow Phenomenon Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.	0	2.08	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	0	2.47	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	4.58	9	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	4.58	9	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	1	4.1	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	2.77	3	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.37	7	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	3.24	6	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	2.08	1	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	2.08	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	2.08	1	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	4.5	5	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	4.5	5	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	3.3	6	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	3.23	6	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	3.23	6	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	0	2.1	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	5.6	29	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Leanness [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	3.38	2	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	2.1	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	5.03	16	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	7.75	39	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	7.75	39	1
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	2.1	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	2.71	3	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	4.82	13	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	4.82	13	0
Psychoses [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	2.11	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	2.1	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	2.45	2	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	2.11	1	0
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	0	2.11	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	3.09	5	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	4	14	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	9	14	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	2.71	3	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	3.1	5	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	3.1	5	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	7.45	2	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	0	7.13	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	2.11	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	8.89	12	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	0	2.13	1	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	2.54	2	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	5.99	12	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	3.42	2	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	5.99	12	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	4.87	8	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	3.77	11	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	3.77	11	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	3.89	4	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	8.89	4	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	0	2.15	1	0
Aura [description not available]	0	3.51	8	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	2.15	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	8.51	8	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.42	2	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	2.15	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	0	2.04	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	3.54	8	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	3.54	8	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	7.4	31	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	7.4	31	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	3.08	5	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	2.38	2	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	4.68	11	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	4.68	11	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	2.05	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	2.05	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Disorders, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	2.97	1	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	2.97	1	0
Francisella tularensis Infection [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Tularemia A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.	0	2.46	2	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	2.45	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	5.37	14	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	5.37	14	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	0	2.05	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	6.98	20	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	6.98	20	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	2.05	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	0	2.05	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	4.31	7	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	5.65	7	1
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	0	4.36	1	1
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	5.65	7	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	2.44	2	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	2.06	1	0
Capsule Opacification Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.	0	2.06	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.69	3	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	2.06	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	2.06	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	0	7.06	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2.06	1	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	0	2.06	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.06	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	2.06	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	2.06	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	2.06	1	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	0	2.06	1	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	0	2.06	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	4.77	32	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	2.41	2	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	4.33	4	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	4.33	4	1
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	2.07	1	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.44	2	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	0	2.07	1	0
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	3.84	2	1
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	0	2.69	3	0
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.	0	2.01	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	2.01	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	2.01	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	2.01	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	2.4	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	2.01	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	2.01	1	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	0	2.01	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	2.01	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	2.01	1	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	0	2.93	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.3	2	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.01	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	0	2.01	1	0
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	0	2.01	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	7.36	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	3.5	8	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	2.01	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	2.86	4	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	2.34	2	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	1.93	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	6.63	38	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	7.36	2	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	2.36	2	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	1.93	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	3.04	5	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.35	7	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	3.35	7	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	8.05	5	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	4.03	15	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.86	4	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	7.65	3	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	0	2.01	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	2.01	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	2.67	3	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	0	1.93	1	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	0	1.93	1	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	0	1.93	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	2.02	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	3.09	5	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	0	2.02	1	0
ACD-MPV [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).	0	2.01	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	2.41	2	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	2.02	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	2.02	1	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	3.63	3	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	7.43	2	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	2.02	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	2.4	2	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	0	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	4.82	34	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	2.02	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	3.8	4	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	7.37	2	0
Cystadenocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.02	1	0
Infections, Respirovirus [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	3.6	9	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	2.02	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	3.6	9	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	0	2.02	1	0
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.	0	2.03	1	0
Melanoma, Amelanotic An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.02	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	3.08	5	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	2.37	2	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	4.46	5	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	2.94	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	9.46	5	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	0	2.94	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	0	2.67	3	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	2.67	3	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	2.03	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	2.39	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	2.7	3	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	0	2.41	2	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	2.42	2	0
Andersen Cardiodysrhythmic Periodic Paralysis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Andersen Syndrome A form of inherited long QT syndrome (or LQT7) that is characterized by a triad of potassium-sensitive periodic paralysis, VENTRICULAR ECTOPIC BEATS, and abnormal features such as short stature, low-set ears, and SCOLIOSIS. It results from mutations of KCNJ2 gene which encodes a channel protein (INWARD RECTIFIER POTASSIUM CHANNELS) that regulates resting membrane potential.	0	2.03	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	8.37	7	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	3.37	7	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	2.04	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	2.69	3	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	3.56	9	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	3.83	12	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	3.83	12	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	3.48	8	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	0	2.36	2	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	3.48	8	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	3.75	11	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	4.82	13	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	9.82	13	0
Urethral Obstruction Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.	0	1.96	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	3.77	11	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	3.57	9	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	2.67	3	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	2.64	3	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	3.35	7	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	3.66	10	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	3.66	10	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	0	3.05	5	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.	0	3.28	2	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	0	1.96	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	0	1.96	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Erythremia [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	3.97	5	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	0	3.27	2	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	0	6.76	16	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	0	6.76	16	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	3.07	5	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	2.66	3	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	0	1.96	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	7.37	2	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	0	2.87	1	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	0	3.28	2	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	0	2.65	3	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Congenital Hypocupremia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)	0	1.95	1	0
Acquired Encephalocele [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	0	1.95	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	6.57	13	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	6.57	13	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	1.96	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	0	2.36	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	3.21	6	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	3.21	6	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	7.87	4	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	2.87	4	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	1.96	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	1.96	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	2.64	3	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	2.37	2	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	1.96	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	1.95	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	0	2.36	2	0
Hemoglobin C Disease A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.	0	1.95	1	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	0	1.95	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	1.95	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	1.95	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	1.95	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.67	3	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	0	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Krebs 2 A transplantable neoplasm of mice.	0	1.98	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4	5	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	3.23	6	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	3.23	6	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	1.98	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	0	1.98	1	0
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis A condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the INTESTINE. The majority of the cysts are found in the JEJUNUM and the ILEUM.	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	3.35	7	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	3.35	7	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.66	3	0
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	1.98	1	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	0	1.98	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Jaw [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	0	1.98	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	1.98	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	3.6	3	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	4.51	3	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	2.9	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	4.51	3	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	0	1.98	1	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	2.39	2	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	0	2.38	2	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	1.98	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	1.98	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	1.99	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	1.98	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	7.87	4	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.31	2	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	2.4	2	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	1.99	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	2.89	4	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	0	1.99	1	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	0	2.36	2	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	0	3.31	2	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	2.37	2	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	0	1.99	1	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	0	1.99	1	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	0	2.4	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.4	2	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.39	2	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	1.99	1	0
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	1.99	1	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	0	1.99	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.39	2	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	1.99	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	0	2.66	3	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	0	1.99	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	1.99	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	1.99	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	0	1.99	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	2.38	2	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	0	2.91	1	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	2.91	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	2	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	2.65	3	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	7.92	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	2.92	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	2	1	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	2	1	0
Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.	0	2	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	0	2	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	2	1	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	4.07	3	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	4.07	3	1
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	0	2	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	0	2	1	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.01	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	3.39	1	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	3.39	1	1
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	0	2.88	4	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	0	2.01	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.64	3	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	0	1.95	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	2.64	3	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	3.2	6	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	0	2.35	2	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	3.2	6	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	0	2.87	4	0
Pinealoma Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)	0	2.35	2	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Abortion, Threatened UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.	0	1.95	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	1.95	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	0	1.95	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	0	2.37	2	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	0	1.95	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	1.95	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	1.95	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	0	6.95	1	0
Acute Q Fever [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	2.36	2	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.36	2	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.11	6	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	1.95	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	1.95	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	1.95	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	1.95	1	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	0	1.95	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	2.38	2	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	0	1.98	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	0	1.98	1	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	0	1.97	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	2.89	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	1.97	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	2.38	2	0
Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Zellweger Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder due to defects in PEROXISOME biogenesis which involves more than 13 genes encoding peroxin proteins of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix. Zellweger syndrome is typically seen in the neonatal period with features such as dysmorphic skull; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; visual compromise; SEIZURES; progressive degeneration of the KIDNEYS and the LIVER. Zellweger-like syndrome refers to phenotypes resembling the neonatal Zellweger syndrome but seen in children or adults with apparently intact peroxisome biogenesis.	0	1.97	1	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Cancer of the Ureter [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Ureteral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.	0	1.97	1	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	0	1.97	1	0
Setariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus Setaria. This condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness.	0	1.97	1	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	0	2.37	2	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	0	1.96	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	2.37	2	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	0	1.96	1	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	1.96	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	0	1.96	1	0
Avian Sarcoma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	1.97	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	0	2.37	2	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	0	1.97	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	0	1.97	1	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	0	1.96	1	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	0	1.97	1	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	0	1.96	1	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	1.96	1	0
Adenoma, Chromophobe A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.	0	1.95	1	0
Cholesteatoma A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.	0	1.95	1	0
Adenoma, Acidophil A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Uterine Atony [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	0	1.95	1	0
Uterine Inertia Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.	0	1.95	1	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	0	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	0	2.86	1	0
Arachnidism [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	2.85	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	2.85	1	0
Rida [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Abnormalities, Skin [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	1.94	1	0
Skin Abnormalities Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.	0	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.	0	1.94	1	0

spermine

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spermine

Cross-References

Synonyms (120)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (1 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (3)

Drug Classes (2)

Pathways (11)

Protein Targets (42)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (93)

Molecular Functions (46)

Ceullar Components (48)

Bioassays (269)

Research

Studies (5,857)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 49.82

Study Types

Related Drugs (1,612)

Related Conditions (914)