Compounds > febuxostat
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febuxostat

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Description

Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID134018
CHEMBL ID1164729
CHEBI ID31596
SCHEMBL ID249339
MeSH IDM0224789

Synonyms (113)

Synonym
AC-425
unii-101v0r1n2e
101v0r1n2e ,
febuxostat [usan:inn:ban]
zurig
nsc 758874
HY-14268
AKOS015841695
tmx-67
tei-6720
uloric
febuxostat
adenuric
febric
feburic
2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxy-phenyl)-4-methyl-5-thiazole-carboxylic acid
144060-53-7
febuxostat (jan/usan/inn)
uloric (tn)
D01206
feburic (tn)
febuxostat [usan]
2-(3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid
tmx 67
5-thiazolecarboxylic acid, 2-(3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl)-4-methyl-
2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid
c16h16n2o3s
tei 6720
111GE013 ,
bdbm50320491
nsc-758874
CHEMBL1164729 ,
2-[3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid
2-[3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid
2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid
NCGC00182059-02
febuxostat (uloric) ,
s1547 ,
HMS3264C20
dtxsid8048650 ,
cas-144060-53-7
tox21_113004
dtxcid1028576
pharmakon1600-01504286
nsc758874
smr002529566
MLS004774136
BCP9000679
BCPP000233
febuxostat,uloric, tmx-67
FT-0601639
PB33929
febuxostat [vandf]
febuxostat [who-dd]
febuxostat [mart.]
2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid
febuxostat [inn]
febuxostat [jan]
febuxostat [mi]
febuxostat [orange book]
febuxostat [ema epar]
CS-0403
gtpl6817
mx-67
SCHEMBL249339
FD7322
CCG-213303
MLS006011568
AM20090760
F0847
5-thiazolecarboxylic acid, 2-[3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-
tox21_113004_1
NCGC00182059-03
BS-1018
AB01274796-01
BQSJTQLCZDPROO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
thyl-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid
2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxy-phenyl)-4-me
Q-100164
AB01274796_02
AB01274796_03
DB04854
2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methyl- 1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid
mfcd00871598
sr-01000940023
SR-01000940023-2
HMS3655C03
febuxostat, >=98% (hplc)
goutex
donifoxate
febuday
goturic
febuxostatum
CHEBI:31596 ,
SW219283-1
Q417296
2-(3-cyano-4-isobutyloxy)-phenyl-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid
Z1541759499
spiramycinadipate
BCP02342
STL559020
BRD-K48367671-001-01-8
BBL036503
HMS3673M21
HMS3868J03
HMS3743I09
WZB81950
EN300-122360
BC164443
febuxostat- bio-x
febuxostat (mart.)
m04aa03
2-(3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid

Research Excerpts

Overview

Februaryuxostat is a second-line xanthine oxidase inhibitor that undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism to yield its major acyl-β-D-glucuronide metabolite. It is a novel antigout agent recently reported to exert protective effects on endothelial dysfunction.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Febuxostat is a second-line xanthine oxidase inhibitor that undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism to yield its major acyl-β-D-glucuronide metabolite (febuxostat AG). "( Febuxostat and its major acyl glucuronide metabolite are potent inhibitors of organic anion transporter 3: Implications for drug-drug interactions with rivaroxaban.
Chan, ECY; Cheong, TWH; Tang, LWT, 2022)		3.61
"Febuxostat is a selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase and belongs to BCS class II drugs having low solubility and high permeability. "( Optimization of amorphous solid dispersion techniques to enhance solubility of febuxostat.
Patel, AP; Patel, VP; Shah, A, 2021)		2.29
"Febuxostat is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor used to reduce the formation of uric acid and prevent gout attacks. "( Febuxostat Increases Ventricular Arrhythmogenesis Through Calcium Handling Dysregulation in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.
Cai, C; Chen, M; Cui, C; Lin, Z; Liu, H; Qin, H; Zheng, B; Zhu, Y, 2022)		3.61
"Febuxostat is a novel antigout agent recently reported to exert protective effects on endothelial dysfunction."( Febuxostat Protects Human Aortic Valve Endothelial Cells From Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein-Induced Injury and Monocyte Attachment.
Li, P; Liang, X; Lin, Z; Liu, M; Wang, Z; Xie, W; Zeng, S, 2022)		2.89
"Febuxostat (FEB) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor approved by the U.S. "( Identification and characterization of stress degradation products of febuxostat employing ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/photodiode array and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/time-of-flight studies.
Bali, A; Patra, SR; Saha, M; Singh, J, 2023)		2.59
"Febuxostat is a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor that reportedly exhibits antioxidant properties. "( Effect of febuxostat on the level of malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein, an oxidative stress marker: A subanalysis of the PRIZE study.
Bando, YK; Fujii, Y; Kadokami, T; Koide, H; Murohara, T; Node, K; Nomura, S; Saito, M; Sano, H; Tanaka, A; Teragawa, H; Ueda, T; Yoshida, H, 2023)		2.76
"Febuxostat is a non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor which belongs to the BCS class II. "( Improved oral bioavailability of febuxostat by liquid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system in capsule shells.
Bakshi, P; Londhe, V, 2023)		2.63
"Febuxostat (FXT) is a xanthine oxidase (XO) drug which indicated for the treatment of gout. "( Formulation and Characterization of Nanosized Ethosomal Formulations of Antigout Model Drug (Febuxostat) Prepared by Cold Method: In Vitro/Ex Vivo and In Vivo Assessment.
Abdelhafez, WA; El-Shenawy, AA; Ismail, A; Kassem, AA, 2019)		2.18
"Febuxostat is a novel, orally-administered, powerful, non-purine, xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for treating gout and ceaseless tophaceous gout. "( Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Febuxostat Using Co-Processed Excipients.
Gulati, M; Kaur, M; Kumar, R; Mittal, A; Sharma, D, 2020)		2.24
"Febuxostat is a newer XO inhibitor approved for the treatment of gout."( Drug Interaction Between Febuxostat and Thiopurine Antimetabolites: A Review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Medical Literature.
Harinstein, L; Logan, JK; Muñoz, M; Neuner, R; Sahajwalla, C; Saluja, B; Seymour, S; Wickramaratne Senarath Yapa, S, 2020)		1.58
"Febuxostat is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor indicated for gout and hyperuricemia. "( Higher Febuxostat Exposure Observed in Asian Compared with Caucasian Subjects Independent of Bodyweight.
Johansson, S; Leander, J; Rekić, D, 2021)		2.52
"Febuxostat is a non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), which has a strong antioxidant capacity and pleiotropic pharmacological properties."( Amelioration of testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia using febuxostat in rats: The role of VEGF/TGFβ and iNOS/COX-2.
Abdel-Aziz, AM; Ali, AI; Gamal El-Tahawy, NF; Ibrahim, YF; Mohammed, MM; Salah Abdel Haleem, MA, 2020)		1.51
"Febuxostat is a well-known drug for treating hyperuricemia and gout. "( Development of LC-MS/MS determination method and backpropagation artificial neural networks pharmacokinetic model of febuxostat in healthy subjects.
Chen, J; Hu, X; Hu, Y; Jiang, B; Lou, H; Ruan, Z; Xu, Y; Yang, D, 2021)		2.27
"Febuxostat (FXT) is a urate-lowering drug and xanthine oxidase inhibitor which is used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout caused by increased levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia). "( Spectroscopic and molecular structure (monomeric and dimeric model) investigation of Febuxostat: A combined experimental and theoretical study.
Ayala, AP; Bansal, AK; Pandey, J; Prajapati, P; Sinha, K; Srivastava, A; Tandon, P, 2018)		2.15
"Febuxostat is an active xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor which is widely used in the treatment of hyperuricaemia. "( Evaluation of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for hypouricaemic effects of febuxostat using datasets obtained from real-world patients.
Echizen, H; Hirai, T; Itoh, T; Kimura, T, 2018)		2.15
"Febuxostat is a potent non-purine selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2009 for management of hyperuricemia in people with gout. "( Febuxostat for the treatment of hyperuricaemia in gout.
Dalbeth, N; Robinson, PC, 2018)		3.37
"Febuxostat is a novel nonpurine type of highly selective xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor. "( Identification and structural characterization of febuxostat metabolites in rat serum and urine samples using UHPLC-QTOF/MS.
Guan, S; Liu, H; Xu, Z; Zhang, L; Zhou, L, 2019)		2.21
"Febuxostat is a new non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the treatment of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. "( Acute neutropenia associated with initiation of febuxostat therapy for hyperuricaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Hosoya, T; Kobayashi, S; Ogura, M, 2013)		2.09
"Febuxostat is a novel non-purine xanthine oxidase (XO)-specific inhibitor developed to treat hyperuricemia."( Febuxostat ameliorates diabetic renal injury in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.
Ihm, CG; Jeong, KH; Kim, YG; Lee, HJ; Lee, SH; Lee, TW; Moon, JY; Sung, JY, 2014)		2.57
"Febuxostat is a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is metabolized by many metabolic pathways in the kidney and the liver."( Switching from allopurinol to febuxostat for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Itabashi, M; Mochizuki, T; Moriyama, T; Nitta, K; Takei, T; Tsuchiya, K; Tsuruta, Y, 2014)		1.41
"Febuxostat was found to be a cost-effective option compared with allopurinol based on a U.S. "( Cost-effectiveness analysis of allopurinol versus febuxostat in chronic gout patients: a U.S. payer perspective.
Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM; Ma, Q, 2015)		2.11
"Febuxostat is a pharmaceutical compound with more than 20 polymorphs of which form A is most widely used and usually exists in a mixed polymorphic form with form G. "( Quantification of febuxostat polymorphs using powder X-ray diffraction technique.
Li, G; Qiu, JB; Sheng, Y; Zhu, MR, 2015)		2.19
"Febuxostat is a selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, which is used to manage hyperuricemia in patients with gout. "( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and uric acid lowering effect between two different strength febuxostat formulations (80 mg vs. 40 mg) in healthy subjects.
Kim, KA; Park, JY, 2015)		2.08
"Febuxostat is a selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO). "( Febuxostat pretreatment attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via mitochondrial apoptosis.
Chen, A; Li, Y; Song, X; Wang, S; Wang, X; Yang, P; Zhao, C, 2015)		3.3
"Febuxostat is a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase indicated for the chronic management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. "( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of febuxostat after oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers: a randomized, open-label, singleand multiple-dose three-way crossover study.
Hu, X; Iv, D; Liu, J; Shentu, J; Wu, G; Wu, L; Zhai, Y; Zheng, Y; Zhou, H, 2016)		2.15
"Febuxostat is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that can attenuate the renal dysfunction of patients."( Febuxostat Prevents Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by the Activation of BMP-7 Signaling and Inhibition of USAG-1 Expression in Rats.
Cao, J; Li, H; Li, R; Li, Y; Peng, Y; Xia, A; Zhang, Y, 2015)		2.58
"Febuxostat is a non-purine, selective inhibitor of both isoforms of xanthine oxido-reductase (XOR), and a major alternative to the scarce number of urate-lowering medications available in the last decades. "( Febuxostat for the chronic management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout.
Chinchilla, SP; Perez-Ruiz, F; Urionaguena, I, 2016)		3.32
"Febuxostat is a suitable pharmacological option for first line treatment of gout, given its established efficacy and safety, documented in a high number of clinical studies and in daily practice."( Urate lowering therapies in the treatment of gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Borghi, C; Perez-Ruiz, F, 2016)		1.16
"Febuxostat is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that during the last years has successfully replaced allopurinol treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hyperuricemia. "( Febuxostat hypersensitivity: another cause of DRESS syndrome in chronic kidney disease?
Gavriilaki, E; Kalaitzoglou, A; Papaioannou, G; Paschou, E; Sabanis, N; Tsompanakou, A, 2016)		3.32
"Febuxostat is an orally administered selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase approved for the treatment of gout and prevention of tumor lysis syndrome. "( Febuxostat-associated eosinophilic polymyositis in marginal zone lymphoma.
Chahine, G; Fayad, F; Ghorra, C; Khalife, N; Khoury, N; Saleh, K, 2017)		3.34
"Febuxostat is a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, which is currently being developed for the management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. "( The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kukulka, MJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)		2.01
"*Febuxostat is an orally administered, non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase approved for the management of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. "( Febuxostat.
Hair, PI; Keating, GM; McCormack, PL, 2008)		2.7
"Febuxostat is a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase being developed for the management of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. "( Febuxostat: a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the treatment of hyperuricemia in gout.
Yu, KH, 2007)		3.23
"Febuxostat is a new non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is more potent than allopurinol 300 mg daily. "( Febuxostat: a new treatment for hyperuricaemia in gout.
Edwards, NL, 2009)		3.24
"Febuxostat is a new non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor indicated for chronic gout."( Febuxostat: a new agent for lowering serum urate.
Keenan, RT; Pillinger, MH, 2009)		2.52
"Febuxostat is a new xanthine oxidase inhibitor, which will be available for the treatment of refractory gout in the near future."( [The clinical picture of gout is changing].
Julkunen, H; Konttinen, YT, 2010)		1.08
"Febuxostat is a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. "( Febuxostat for treatment of chronic gout.
Gray, CL; Walters-Smith, NE, 2011)		3.25
"Febuxostat is a highly efficacious urate-lowering therapy in patients with gout regardless of overproduction or underexcretion status."( Febuxostat in gout: serum urate response in uric acid overproducers and underexcretors.
Goldfarb, DS; Gunawardhana, L; Hunt, B; MacDonald, PA, 2011)		3.25
"Febuxostat seems to be a promising therapeutic drug for gout or hyperuricemia, even in patients with renal dysfunction."( Multicenter, open-label study of long-term administration of febuxostat (TMX-67) in Japanese patients with hyperuricemia including gout.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H, 2011)		2.05
"Febuxostat is a novel non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, metabolized and excreted by the liver, so no dose adjustment appears to be necessary in patients with mild-to-moderate renal impairment."( [New therapeutic options for gout].
Bardin, T; Ottaviani, S; Richette, P, 2011)		1.09
"Febuxostat is a novel nonpurine xanthine oxidase (XO)-specific inhibitor for treating hyperuricemia."( Use of xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat inhibits renal interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructive nephropathy.
Inoue, K; Isaka, Y; Kaimori, J; Kawada, N; Matsui, I; Moriyama, T; Omori, H; Rakugi, H; Takabatake, Y; Ueda, Y; Yamamoto, R, 2012)		1.38
"Febuxostat is a novel non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, metabolized and excreted by the liver, so no dose adjustment appears to be necessary in patients with mild-to-moderate renal impairment."( [Gout: an overview of available urate lowering therapies].
Richette, P, 2012)		1.1
"Febuxostat is a new xanthine oxidase inhibitor.Tolerance and therapeutic effect seem better compared to allopurinol."( [Medication of the month. Febuxostat (Adenuric)].
André, B; Bouquegneau, A; Delanaye, P; Dubois, BE, 2012)		1.4
"Febuxostat is a potent nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase approved for the treatment of gout."( Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat and allopurinol in patients with gout and cardiovascular comorbidities.
Chohan, S; Dabholkar, A; Hunt, B; Jackson, R; White, WB, 2012)		1.4
"Febuxostat is a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase developed for the management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout."( Pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Ding, L; Huang, NY; Huang, Y; Lin, YF; Liu, RJ; Liu, XX; Wang, SL; Xiao, HF; Yang, J, 2012)		2.15
"Febuxostat is a novel selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), approved for treating hyperuricemia. "( Febuxostat suppressed renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via reduced oxidative stress.
Isaka, Y; Kaimori, JY; Kawada, N; Kitamura, H; Moriyama, T; Rakugi, H; Takahara, S; Tsuda, H, 2012)		3.26
"Febuxostat is a selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase that is used for the treatment of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. "( Development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of febuxostat (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor).
Bandaru, SP; Bukkapatnam, V; Mohapatro, C; Mukthinuthalapati, MA, )		1.79
"Febuxostat is a novel nonpurine XO-specific inhibitor for treating hyperuricemia."( Xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat as a novel agent postulated to act against vascular inflammation.
Alonso-Pacho, A; de la Puerta González-Quevedo, C; Fabregate-Fuente, M; Sabán-Ruiz, J, 2013)		1.41
"Febuxostat is a safe and potent hypouricemic agent in healthy humans."( Febuxostat (TMX-67), a novel, non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, is safe and decreases serum urate in healthy volunteers.
Becker, MA; Hunt, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kisicki, J; MacDonald, P; Mulford, D; Wu, J, 2004)		2.49
"Febuxostat is a non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase being developed for the management of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. "( Febuxostat: a non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the management of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.
Schumacher, HR, 2005)		3.21
"Febuxostat is a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase currently being developed for the management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)		2.03
"Febuxostat is a promising alternative to allopurinol for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. "( Febuxostat: a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
Bruce, SP, 2006)		3.22
"Febuxostat is a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase."( Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)		1.3

Effects

Februaryuxostat has a hepatic metabolism and has been approved without dose adaptation in gouty patients with stage 1-3 chronic kidney disease. FebuxostAT (FBX) has a low solubility in water.

Februaryuxostat has been reported to have a stronger effect on hyperuricemia than allopurinol. The drug is highly efficacious in reducing serum uric acid (sUA) and is well tolerated in patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Febuxostat (FBX) has a low solubility in water."( Febuxostat solubilization and stabilization approach using solid dispersion method: Synergistic effect of dicalcium phosphate dehydrate and chitosan.
Choi, JS; Sohn, JS, 2023)		3.07
"Febuxostat has a notable effect for gout patients in the lower SUA level range."( Febuxostat in the treatment of gout patients with low serum uric acid level: 1-year finding of efficacy and safety study.
Chen, X; Gu, B; Li, C; Qian, K; Ren, Q; Shen, M; Su, D; Wang, X; Xu, W; Yang, L; Yuan, H; Zhang, J, 2018)		2.64
"Febuxostat has a hepatic metabolism and has been approved without dose adaptation in gouty patients with stage 1-3 chronic kidney disease."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in 73 gouty patients with stage 4/5 chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study of 10 centers.
Bailly, F; Bardin, T; Chalès, G; Cornec, D; Cornec-Le Gall, E; Dieudé, P; Ea, HK; Flipo, RM; Juge, PA; Lioté, F; Loustau, C; Ottaviani, S; Pascart, T; Pillebout, E; Richette, P; Saraux, A; Schaeverbeke, T; Snanoudj, R; Truchetet, ME; Vigneau, C, 2017)		1.49
"Febuxostat (FBX) has a low solubility in water."( Febuxostat solubilization and stabilization approach using solid dispersion method: Synergistic effect of dicalcium phosphate dehydrate and chitosan.
Choi, JS; Sohn, JS, 2023)		3.07
"Febuxostat and lesinurad have been approved more recently."( Management of complex gout in clinical practice: Update on therapeutic approaches.
Dalbeth, N; Narang, RK, 2018)		1.2
"Febuxostat has shown better results than allopurinol and sulfasalazine, and this is the first study to demonstrate this."( Role of allopurinol and febuxostat in the amelioration of dextran-induced colitis in rats.
Abu-Risha, SE; Amer, MS; El-Mahdy, NA; Saleh, DA, 2020)		1.59
"Febuxostat has currently played pivotal role in the treatment of hyperuricemia, but there is little comprehensive information for the determinants of individual difference in efficacy of febuxostat. "( Previous Dosage of Allopurinol Is a Strong Determinant of Febuxostat Efficacy.
Hira, D; Ikeda, Y; Katsube, Y; Koide, H; Minegaki, T; Morita, SY; Nishiguchi, K; Terada, T; Tsujimoto, M; Uzu, T, 2017)		2.14
"Febuxostat has a notable effect for gout patients in the lower SUA level range."( Febuxostat in the treatment of gout patients with low serum uric acid level: 1-year finding of efficacy and safety study.
Chen, X; Gu, B; Li, C; Qian, K; Ren, Q; Shen, M; Su, D; Wang, X; Xu, W; Yang, L; Yuan, H; Zhang, J, 2018)		2.64
"Febuxostat has superior renal safety to allopurinol, but data on its hepatic safety are limited. "( Hepatic Safety of Febuxostat Compared with Allopurinol in Gout Patients with Fatty Liver Disease.
Hong, S; Kim, YG; Kwon, OC; Lee, CK; Lee, JS; Lee, SS; Oh, JS; Won, J; Yoo, B, 2019)		2.29
"Febuxostat has not been reported to cause severe complications, especially haematological abnormalities."( Acute neutropenia associated with initiation of febuxostat therapy for hyperuricaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Hosoya, T; Kobayashi, S; Ogura, M, 2013)		1.37
"Febuxostat has been reported to have a stronger effect on hyperuricemia than allopurinol."( Comparison of febuxostat and allopurinol for hyperuricemia in cardiac surgery patients (NU-FLASH Trial).
Hata, H; Hata, M; Nakata, K; Sezai, A; Shiono, M; Soma, M; Wakui, S; Yoshitake, I, 2013)		2.19
"Febuxostat has been shown to be highly efficacious in reducing serum uric acid (sUA) and is well tolerated in patients with mild kidney dysfunction."( Safety, efficacy and renal effect of febuxostat in patients with moderate-to-severe kidney dysfunction.
Hosoya, T; Kimura, K; Ohno, I; Shibagaki, Y, 2014)		1.4
"Febuxostat has shown benefit with respect to symptomatic relief and uric acid level reduction. "( Febuxostat for the treatment of gout.
Bridgeman, MB; Chavez, B, 2015)		3.3
"Febuxostat has demonstrated its superiority over allopurinol in decreasing UA level."( The efficacy of febuxostat 10 mg for the prevention of hyperuricemia associated with tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) in Japanese patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
.
Horii, M; Kobayashi, S; Kurokawa, Y; Yasu, T, 2016)		1.5
"Febuxostat has a hepatic metabolism and has been approved without dose adaptation in gouty patients with stage 1-3 chronic kidney disease."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in 73 gouty patients with stage 4/5 chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study of 10 centers.
Bailly, F; Bardin, T; Chalès, G; Cornec, D; Cornec-Le Gall, E; Dieudé, P; Ea, HK; Flipo, RM; Juge, PA; Lioté, F; Loustau, C; Ottaviani, S; Pascart, T; Pillebout, E; Richette, P; Saraux, A; Schaeverbeke, T; Snanoudj, R; Truchetet, ME; Vigneau, C, 2017)		1.49
"Febuxostat has been used at a dose of 80 to 120 mg for the management of hyperuricemia in gout."( Febuxostat: a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the treatment of hyperuricemia in gout.
Yu, KH, 2007)		2.5
"Febuxostat has been shown to quickly and effectively lower serum urate levels in patients with chronic gout."( Febuxostat: a new agent for lowering serum urate.
Keenan, RT; Pillinger, MH, 2009)		2.52
"Febuxostat has been identified as a potentially safe and efficacious alternative."( Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor Febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia including those with gout in Japan: phase 3 clinical study.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)		1.31
"Febuxostat has been identified as a potentially safe and efficacious alternative."( A repeated oral administration study of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in patients with impaired renal function in Japan: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study.
Hosoya, T; Iwao, O; Ohno, I; Tatsuo, H, 2011)		1.36
"Febuxostat has been identified as a potentially safe and efficacious alternative."( Placebo-controlled double-blind dose-response study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia (including gout patients) in japan: late phase 2 clinical study.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)		1.3
"Febuxostat has been identified as a potentially safe and efficacious alternative."( An allopurinol-controlled, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel between-group, comparative study of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in patients with hyperuricemia including those with gout in Japan: phas
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)		1.3
"Febuxostat has been recently approved in France for the treatment of chronic hyperuricemia in conditions where urate deposition has already occurred."( [New therapeutic options for gout].
Bardin, T; Ottaviani, S; Richette, P, 2011)		1.09
"Febuxostat has been approved for the treatment of chronic hyperuricemia in conditions where urate deposition has already occurred."( [Gout: an overview of available urate lowering therapies].
Richette, P, 2012)		1.1
"Febuxostat has been approved for the treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with/without gout."( Efficacy and tolerability of febuxostat in hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, S; Cheng, Q; Li, Q; Liu, L; Luo, T; Lv, Q; Mei, M; Yang, S; Ye, P; Zhang, W, 2013)		2.12

Actions

Februaryuxostat patients had lower estimated glomerular filtration rate levels, more diabetes mellitus, or tophi at baseline. The drug could suppress the ER stress caused by various ER stress inducers through upregulation of SIRT1-AMPK-HO-1/thioredoxin expression.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Febuxostat could suppress the ER stress caused by various ER stress inducers through upregulation of SIRT1-AMPK-HO-1/thioredoxin expression. "( Febuxostat, a novel inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, reduces ER stress through upregulation of SIRT1-AMPK-HO-1/thioredoxin expression.
Baek, CH; Chang, JW; Kim, H; Lee, SK; Yang, WS, 2020)		3.44
"Febuxostat patients had lower estimated glomerular filtration rate levels, more diabetes mellitus, or tophi at baseline (P < 0.05) and 29.2% and 42.2% of patients in the allopurinol and febuxostat groups achieved goal sUA levels (P < 0.0001)."( Achieving serum urate goal: a comparative effectiveness study between allopurinol and febuxostat.
Akhras, KS; Hatoum, H; Khanna, D; Khanna, P; Lin, SJ; Shiozawa, A, 2014)		1.35

Treatment

Treatment with febuxostat lowered rates of the primary composite endpoint in patients with CVD (hazard ratio [HR] 0.601, 95% CI 0.384 to 0.940, p = 0.026), and these effects were consistently observed in subgroups with and without CVD. Treatment for 8 weeks attenuated high salt diet-induced hypertension, renal dysfunction, glomerular injury, and renal interstitial fibrosis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Febuxostat treatment reduced urinary excretion of H2O2 and malondialdehyde and renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content."( Febuxostat ameliorates high salt intake-induced hypertension and renal damage in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
Ito, O; Kohzuki, M; Miura, T; Namai-Takahashi, A; Ogawa, Y; Qiu, J; Sakuyama, A; Xu, L, 2022)		2.89
"Febuxostat treatment significantly lowered serum uric acid level and the response rates were above 70% at all the time points for 1 year."( Effectiveness of febuxostat in patients with allopurinol-refractory hyperuricemic chronic kidney disease
.
Cho, YS; Han, N; Kim, YS; Kwak, CH; Oh, JM; Sohn, M, 2018)		1.54
"With febuxostat treatment, the patient had rapid and sustained reduction in her uric acid levels to target range."( Febuxostat efficacy in allopurinol-resistant tophaceous gout.
Reid, G; Uh, M, 2011)		2.27
"Treatment with febuxostat for 8 weeks attenuated high salt diet-induced hypertension, renal dysfunction, glomerular injury, and renal interstitial fibrosis. "( Febuxostat ameliorates high salt intake-induced hypertension and renal damage in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
Ito, O; Kohzuki, M; Miura, T; Namai-Takahashi, A; Ogawa, Y; Qiu, J; Sakuyama, A; Xu, L, 2022)		2.52
"Treatment with febuxostat lowered rates of the primary composite endpoint in patients with CVD (hazard ratio [HR] 0.601, 95% CI 0.384 to 0.940, p = 0.026), and these effects were consistently observed in subgroups with and without CVD (p = 0.227 for treatment by subgroup interaction)."( Effect of febuxostat on clinical outcomes in patients with hyperuricemia and cardiovascular disease.
Hayashi, T; Hiramitsu, S; Hisatome, I; Jinnouchi, H; Kakuda, H; Kawai, N; Kimura, K; Kojima, S; Konishi, M; Matsui, K; Mori, H; Ogawa, H; Ohya, Y; Saito, Y; Sugawara, M; Tokutake, E; Tsujita, K; Uchiyama, K; Wakasa, Y; Waki, M; Yokota, N, 2022)		1.46
"Treatment with febuxostat, a potent XO inhibitor, suppressed stress-induced ROS production and VAT inflammation, resulting in improvement of serum UA levels, insulin sensitivity, and prothrombotic tendency."( Xanthine oxidase inhibition by febuxostat attenuates stress-induced hyperuricemia, glucose dysmetabolism, and prothrombotic state in mice.
Hayashi, M; Kikuchi, R; Matsushita, T; Murohara, T; Nakamura, S; Nakayama, T; Niwa, T; Shoaib Hamrah, M; Takeshita, K; Uchida, Y; Wu Cheng, X; Wu, H; Yamamoto, K; Yisireyili, M, 2017)		1.08
"Treatment with febuxostat resulted in a significant decrease in the serum ADMA level from 1.027 ± 0.116 to 0.944 ± 0.104 µmol/L and the serum hsCRP level from 12.5 ± 1.65 to 12.1 ± 1.70 mg/L."( Effect of Febuxostat on the Endothelial Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Study.
Alshahawey, M; Elsaid, TW; Sabri, NA; Shahin, SM, 2017)		1.2
"Treatment with febuxostat did not lead to any notable changes in joint erosion over 2 years. "( Effects of Febuxostat in Early Gout: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
Choi, HK; Dalbeth, N; Gunawardhana, L; Hunt, B; MacDonald, PA; Palmer, WE; Saag, KG; Thienel, U, 2017)		1.2
"Treatment with febuxostat sufficiently lowered uric acid levels without severe adverse effects in stable kidney transplant recipients with PTHU."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients.
Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)		1.07
"Treatment with febuxostat resulted in a significant decrease in serum UA level and a significant decrease in MDA-LDL compared with baseline, but no significant difference was observed in hsCRP level or blood pressure."( Febuxostat improves endothelial function in hemodialysis patients with hyperuricemia: A randomized controlled study.
Akiba, T; Itabashi, M; Kikuchi, K; Moriyama, T; Nitta, K; Sasaki, Y; Takei, T; Tsuchiya, K; Tsuruta, Y; Uchida, K, 2015)		2.2
"Treatment with febuxostat (40 mg) significantly reduced serum UA levels to those achieved with allopurinol or benzbromarone treatment. "( A study comparing the safety and efficacy of febuxostat, allopurinol, and benzbromarone in Chinese gout patients: a retrospective cohort study
.
Chen, X; Su, J; Tian, J; Zhou, Q; Zhou, T; Zhu, J, 2017)		1.07
"Treatment with febuxostat led to the majority of subjects achieving sUA < 6.0 mg/dl at Day 28."( Febuxostat in gout: serum urate response in uric acid overproducers and underexcretors.
Goldfarb, DS; Gunawardhana, L; Hunt, B; MacDonald, PA, 2011)		2.15
"Treatment with febuxostat diminished XO activity in obstructed kidneys, and suppressed nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress. "( Use of xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat inhibits renal interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructive nephropathy.
Inoue, K; Isaka, Y; Kaimori, J; Kawada, N; Matsui, I; Moriyama, T; Omori, H; Rakugi, H; Takabatake, Y; Ueda, Y; Yamamoto, R, 2012)		1.01
"Treatment with febuxostat resulted in a significant reduction of sUA levels at all dosages. "( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout.
Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)		2.12

Toxicity

In the febuxostat group, 222 (7·2%) of 3063 patients died and 1720 (57·3%) of 3001 in the safety analysis set had at least one serious adverse event (with 23 events in 19 [0·6%] patients related to treatment). Incidences of treatment-related adverse events were similar in the febsostat and placebo groups.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" However, when used in patients with renal insufficiency it may have life-threatening toxic effects known as allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS)."( Nephrotoxic effects of allopurinol in dinitrofluorobenzene-sensitized mice: comparative studies on TEI-6720.
Horiuchi, H; Kaneko, H; Kasahara, Y; Komoriya, K; Ohta, T; Ota, M, 1999)		0.3
" Although not uncommon, adverse events were mild and self-limited, and no deaths or serious adverse events were observed."( Febuxostat (TMX-67), a novel, non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, is safe and decreases serum urate in healthy volunteers.
Becker, MA; Hunt, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kisicki, J; MacDonald, P; Mulford, D; Wu, J, 2004)		1.77
" A total of five adverse events were reported with all mild in severity."( PK/PD and safety of a single dose of TMX-67 (febuxostat) in subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment.
Hoshide, S; Hosoya, T; Ishikawa, T; Komoriya, K; Kubo, J; Ohno, I; Takahashi, Y; Tsuchimoto, M, 2004)		0.58
" Incidences of treatment-related adverse events were similar in the febuxostat and placebo groups."( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout.
Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)		2.01
" Febuxostat therapy was safe and well tolerated."( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout.
Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)		2.68
" Febuxostat 80 mg once daily appears to be generally safe and well tolerated in mildly and moderately impaired hepatic function groups, and dose adjustment is not required in subjects with mild to moderate hepatic impairment."( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Mayer, MD; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)		1.46
" The majority of adverse events were mild-to-moderate in intensity."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)		0.59
" Thirteen subjects withdrew due to an adverse event."( Febuxostat in the treatment of gout: 5-yr findings of the FOCUS efficacy and safety study.
Becker, MA; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, PA; Schumacher, HR, 2009)		1.8
" Overall adverse event rates (including cardiovascular adverse event rates), adjusted for 10-fold greater febuxostat than allopurinol exposure, did not differ significantly among treatment groups."( Clinical efficacy and safety of successful longterm urate lowering with febuxostat or allopurinol in subjects with gout.
Becker, MA; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, PA; Schumacher, HR, 2009)		0.8
" Safety assessments included blinded adjudication of each cardiovascular (CV) adverse event (AE) and death."( The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the CONFIRMS trial.
Becker, MA; Espinoza, LR; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, P; Schumacher, HR; Wells, AF, 2010)		0.62
" Allopurinol is efficacious and safe in most patients, but intolerance is estimated to occur in up to 10% of treated patients."( Safety and efficacy of febuxostat treatment in subjects with gout and severe allopurinol adverse reactions.
Chohan, S, 2011)		0.68
" Rates of adverse events (AEs) were low."( Women with gout: efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol.
Becker, MA; Chefo, S; Chohan, S; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2012)		0.62
"Despite an increasing incidence of gout in older age patients with multiple metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities, there are limited data addressing whether currently available urate-lowering therapy is comparably effective and safe in older (≥65 years of age) versus younger (<65 years of age) patients."( Treating hyperuricemia of gout: safety and efficacy of febuxostat and allopurinol in older versus younger subjects.
Becker, MA; Gunawardhana, L; Hunt, B; MacDonald, PA, 2011)		0.62
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."( African American patients with gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat vs allopurinol.
Chefo, S; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA; Wells, AF, 2012)		0.62
"0 mg/dL at the final visit, overall and by renal function status, percent change in sUA from baseline to final visit, flare rates, and rates of adverse events (AEs)."( The efficacy and safety of febuxostat for urate lowering in gout patients ≥65 years of age.
Hunt, B; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2012)		0.68
" However, no post-marketing data analysis has investigated these drug-associated adverse event reports."( Cardiovascular thromboembolic events associated with febuxostat: investigation of cases from the FDA adverse event reporting system database.
Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM, 2013)		0.64
"Reports listing uloric and febuxostat as the suspect drug and cardiovascular thromboembolic events (combined in a single term based on adverse event reports of myocardial infarction, stroke, among others) as the adverse event were extracted from the drug's approval date through the fourth quarter of 2011."( Cardiovascular thromboembolic events associated with febuxostat: investigation of cases from the FDA adverse event reporting system database.
Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM, 2013)		0.94
" AERS is not capable of establishing the causal link and detecting the true frequency of an adverse event associated with a drug."( Cardiovascular thromboembolic events associated with febuxostat: investigation of cases from the FDA adverse event reporting system database.
Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM, 2013)		0.64
" Diabetics and non-diabetics reported self-limiting diarrhoea and URIs as the most common adverse events."( Diabetes and gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat and allopurinol.
Becker, MA; Hunt, BJ; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2013)		0.65
"Despite higher co-morbidity rates in diabetic patients, febuxostat and allopurinol were safe in both groups at the doses tested."( Diabetes and gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat and allopurinol.
Becker, MA; Hunt, BJ; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2013)		0.9
" The patients' comorbidities and concomitant medications may contribute to the risk of adverse drug reactions with anti-gout therapies."( Safety profile of anti-gout agents: an update.
Stamp, LK, 2014)		0.4
" Allopurinol and febuxostat have similar adverse effect profiles."( Safety profile of anti-gout agents: an update.
Stamp, LK, 2014)		0.74
"In general, treatments for gout are well tolerated, although clinicians must keep in mind the potential for drug interactions and the contribution of comorbidities to the potential for adverse effects with gout therapies."( Safety profile of anti-gout agents: an update.
Stamp, LK, 2014)		0.4
"0 mg/dL), estimated glomerular filtration rates in allografts, and adverse events were retrospectively analyzed in the FX, NFX, and NPTHU groups."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients.
Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)		0.71
" None of the patients in the FX group experienced any severe adverse effects, such as pancytopenia or attacks of gout, throughout the entire study period."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients.
Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)		0.71
"Treatment with febuxostat sufficiently lowered uric acid levels without severe adverse effects in stable kidney transplant recipients with PTHU."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients.
Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)		1.07
" All patients were maintained on febuxostat without serious adverse events, except for 1 patient, who discontinued febuxostat because of numbness in the arms."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the treatment of hyperuricemia in kidney transplant recipients.
Fuchinoue, S; Nakajima, I; Teraoka, S; Tojimbara, T; Yashima, J, 2014)		0.99
" However, a major challenge in treating patients with HU is the adverse effects caused by urate-lowering drugs used to treat CKD."( Safety, efficacy and renal effect of febuxostat in patients with moderate-to-severe kidney dysfunction.
Hosoya, T; Kimura, K; Ohno, I; Shibagaki, Y, 2014)		0.68
" Adverse events of febuxostat were defined as more than twofold increases in Common Terminology Criteria for adverse events scores from baseline."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in elderly female patients.
Hayashi, H; Hayashi, T; Hikosaka, S; Mizuno, T; Murase, M; Nagamatsu, T; Shimabukuro, Y; Takahashi, K; Yamada, S; Yuzawa, Y, 2014)		1.04
" There were no significant differences in adverse events between the 2 groups."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in elderly female patients.
Hayashi, H; Hayashi, T; Hikosaka, S; Mizuno, T; Murase, M; Nagamatsu, T; Shimabukuro, Y; Takahashi, K; Yamada, S; Yuzawa, Y, 2014)		0.71
"To investigate the prevalence of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors prescription at admission and discharge in elderly hospital in-patients, to analyze the appropriateness of their use in relation to evidence-based indications, to evaluate the predictors of inappropriate prescription at discharge and the association with adverse events 3 months after hospital discharge."( Inappropriate prescription of allopurinol and febuxostat and risk of adverse events in the elderly: results from the REPOSI registry.
Brucato, AL; Corrao, S; Di Corato, P; Djade, CD; Franchi, C; Ghidoni, S; Mannucci, PM; Marcucci, M; Marengoni, A; Nobili, A; Pasina, L; Salerno, F; Tettamanti, M, 2014)		0.66
" Prescription of XO inhibitors was associated with a higher risk of adverse clinical events in univariate and multivariate analysis."( Inappropriate prescription of allopurinol and febuxostat and risk of adverse events in the elderly: results from the REPOSI registry.
Brucato, AL; Corrao, S; Di Corato, P; Djade, CD; Franchi, C; Ghidoni, S; Mannucci, PM; Marcucci, M; Marengoni, A; Nobili, A; Pasina, L; Salerno, F; Tettamanti, M, 2014)		0.66
" The incidence of adverse events was similar in the three treatment groups."( A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, allopurinol-controlled study assessing the safety and efficacy of oral febuxostat in Chinese gout patients with hyperuricemia.
Chen, S; Ji, H; Ji, Q; Lin, J; Liu, B; Liu, H; Liu, P; Liu, X; Lu, Y; Ming, J; Peng, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Xu, S; Zhang, Y, 2015)		0.63
" Febuxostat, at a daily dose of 40 or 80 mg, was safe and well tolerated."( A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, allopurinol-controlled study assessing the safety and efficacy of oral febuxostat in Chinese gout patients with hyperuricemia.
Chen, S; Ji, H; Ji, Q; Lin, J; Liu, B; Liu, H; Liu, P; Liu, X; Lu, Y; Ming, J; Peng, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Xu, S; Zhang, Y, 2015)		1.54
"The risk of skin reaction with febuxostat seems moderately increased in patients with a history of cutaneous adverse events with allopurinol."( Risk of cutaneous adverse events with febuxostat treatment in patients with skin reaction to allopurinol. A retrospective, hospital-based study of 101 patients with consecutive allopurinol and febuxostat treatment.
Bardin, T; Chalès, G; Clerson, P; Delayen, A; Flipo, RM; Korng Ea, H; Pascart, T; Roujeau, JC, 2016)		0.99
" Following an initial 2-week washout period, over the next 12 weeks we made five measurements of serum urate levels along with assessments of adverse events (AEs)."( Safety and efficacy of oral febuxostat for treatment of HLA-B*5801-negative gout: a randomized, open-label, multicentre, allopurinol-controlled study.
Chen, CJ; Chen, DY; Hsu, PN; Lai, JH; Lin, HY; Yu, KH, 2016)		0.73
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The serum uric acid (UA) concentrations of the patients in each group were recorded and compared from week 2 through week 24 after the treatments, and all adverse events were evaluated to determine the safety of the various treatment regimens."( A study comparing the safety and efficacy of febuxostat, allopurinol, and benzbromarone in Chinese gout patients: a retrospective cohort study
.
Chen, X; Su, J; Tian, J; Zhou, Q; Zhou, T; Zhu, J, 2017)		0.71
" However, the total number of patients experiencing adverse events was significantly higher in the febuxostat 80-mg group."( A study comparing the safety and efficacy of febuxostat, allopurinol, and benzbromarone in Chinese gout patients: a retrospective cohort study
.
Chen, X; Su, J; Tian, J; Zhou, Q; Zhou, T; Zhu, J, 2017)		0.93
"Chinese patients treated with the 40-mg dose of febuxostat experienced a treatment effect and total rate of adverse events similar to those produced by allopurinol or benzbromarone."( A study comparing the safety and efficacy of febuxostat, allopurinol, and benzbromarone in Chinese gout patients: a retrospective cohort study
.
Chen, X; Su, J; Tian, J; Zhou, Q; Zhou, T; Zhu, J, 2017)		0.97
" No other adverse events were reported."( Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat in Kidney Transplant Patients.
Baek, CH; Han, DJ; Kim, H; Park, SK; Yang, WS, 2018)		0.79
"Febuxostat reduced serum uric acid levels effectively in kidney transplant patients without severe adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat in Kidney Transplant Patients.
Baek, CH; Han, DJ; Kim, H; Park, SK; Yang, WS, 2018)		2.23
" Incidences of treatment-related adverse events were low across all treatment groups; the majority were mild or moderate with no apparent trends correlating with IR or XR doses."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat extended release and immediate release in patients with gout and moderate renal impairment: phase II placebo-controlled study.
Becker, MA; Castillo, M; Gunawardhana, L; Hunt, B; Saag, K; Whelton, A, 2018)		0.79
" Rates of treatment-emergent adverse events were low and evenly distributed between treatment arms."( Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat Extended and Immediate Release in Patients With Gout and Renal Impairment: A Phase III Placebo-Controlled Study.
Becker, MA; Castillo, M; Gunawardhana, L; Hunt, B; Kisfalvi, K; Saag, KG; Whelton, A, 2019)		0.82
" Three of 39 subjects were excluded because of adverse events (AEs) after receiving an initial febuxostat treatment for 2 months."( Febuxostat in the treatment of gout patients with low serum uric acid level: 1-year finding of efficacy and safety study.
Chen, X; Gu, B; Li, C; Qian, K; Ren, Q; Shen, M; Su, D; Wang, X; Xu, W; Yang, L; Yuan, H; Zhang, J, 2018)		2.14
" Liver and blood functions were monitored and other adverse events were recorded."( Comparison of efficacy and safety between febuxostat and allopurinol in early post-renal transplant recipients with new onset of hyperuricemia.
Chen, P; Chen, X; Fu, Q; Gao, X; Li, J; Liu, L; Shen, X; Wang, C, 2019)		0.78
" However, no studies using combined xanthine oxidase inhibition and uricosuric ULT have focused on clinical outcomes or adverse events (AEs) beyond 12 months of therapy."( Efficacy and safety during extended treatment of lesinurad in combination with febuxostat in patients with tophaceous gout: CRYSTAL extension study.
Baumgartner, S; Dalbeth, N; Fung, M; Jones, G; Khanna, D; Perez-Ruiz, F; Terkeltaub, R, 2019)		0.74
" Exposure-adjusted incidence rates of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and renal-related TEAEs in the core study were not increased with prolonged lesinurad exposure in the extension study."( Efficacy and safety during extended treatment of lesinurad in combination with febuxostat in patients with tophaceous gout: CRYSTAL extension study.
Baumgartner, S; Dalbeth, N; Fung, M; Jones, G; Khanna, D; Perez-Ruiz, F; Terkeltaub, R, 2019)		0.74
" The difference in incidence of adverse events among patients with stage 1-3 CKD, those with stage 4-5 CKD, and those on dialysis was not significant."( Renal safety and urate-lowering efficacy of febuxostat in gout patients with stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis.
Kim, JM; Kim, SH; Lee, SY; Son, CN, 2020)		0.82
" The serum levels of uric acid (UA), creatinine, other biochemical parameters, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and adverse events were measured at baseline as well as at 1, 3, and 6 months after the switch to febuxostat."( Switching from allopurinol to febuxostat: efficacy and safety in the treatment of hyperuricemia in renal transplant recipients.
Li, Y; Liu, M; Lu, Y; Meng, J; Zhang, X, 2019)		0.99
" Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and published medical literature."( Drug Interaction Between Febuxostat and Thiopurine Antimetabolites: A Review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Medical Literature.
Harinstein, L; Logan, JK; Muñoz, M; Neuner, R; Sahajwalla, C; Saluja, B; Seymour, S; Wickramaratne Senarath Yapa, S, 2020)		0.86
" This case series demonstrates that the DI can result in clinically significant adverse events and is supportive of current febuxostat labeling."( Drug Interaction Between Febuxostat and Thiopurine Antimetabolites: A Review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Medical Literature.
Harinstein, L; Logan, JK; Muñoz, M; Neuner, R; Sahajwalla, C; Saluja, B; Seymour, S; Wickramaratne Senarath Yapa, S, 2020)		1.07
" Because febuxostat (FBX) is known to inhibit BCRP activity, FBX might exacerbate MTX-related adverse effects."( Concomitant febuxostat enhances methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting breast cancer resistance protein.
Hiramatsu, SI; Ikemura, K; Iwamoto, T; Katayama, N; Nakatani, Y; Okuda, M; Shinogi, Y; Tawara, I, 2019)		1.31
"Febuxostat had the best efficacy and safety results among the tested agents, and topiroxostat and allopurinol appeared to have fewer adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of urate-lowering treatments in patients with hyperuricemia: A comprehensive network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Lin, CJ; Lin, JY; Shi, Y; Sun, SS; Zhang, DH, 2020)		2
" Safety outcomes included total adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, withdrawals due to AEs, and AEs per organ system."( Comparison of efficacy and safety of urate-lowering therapies for hyperuricemic patients with gout: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
Fan, M; Gu, J; Li, X; Liu, J; Schlesinger, N; Wu, X; Zhao, B, 2021)		0.62
" In the febuxostat group, 222 (7·2%) of 3063 patients died and 1720 (57·3%) of 3001 in the safety analysis set had at least one serious adverse event (with 23 events in 19 [0·6%] patients related to treatment)."( Long-term cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with gout (FAST): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.
De Caterina, R; Findlay, E; Ford, I; Hallas, J; Hawkey, CJ; MacDonald, TM; Mackenzie, IS; McMurray, JJV; Nuki, G; Perez-Ruiz, F; Ralston, SH; Robertson, M; Walters, M; Webster, J, 2020)		1.27
"Febuxostat is non-inferior to allopurinol therapy with respect to the primary cardiovascular endpoint, and its long-term use is not associated with an increased risk of death or serious adverse events compared with allopurinol."( Long-term cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with gout (FAST): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.
De Caterina, R; Findlay, E; Ford, I; Hallas, J; Hawkey, CJ; MacDonald, TM; Mackenzie, IS; McMurray, JJV; Nuki, G; Perez-Ruiz, F; Ralston, SH; Robertson, M; Walters, M; Webster, J, 2020)		2.28
" In terms of the adverse events, the pooling overall adverse events data did achieve advantage in the febuxostat group (RR=0."( Efficacy and safety of Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in Hyperuricemic patients with or without Gout: A meta-analysis.
Fan, B; Li, X; Zhang, P, 2020)		1.08
"A retrospective pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis was conducted using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database."( Safety profiles of new xanthine oxidase inhibitors: A post-marketing study.
Hirai, T; Hosohata, K; Inada, A; Iwanaga, K; Kambara, H; Nakatsuji, T; Niinomi, I; Oyama, S; Ueno, S; Wakabayashi, T, 2021)		0.62
"Among 7,305 reports of adverse events associated with XO inhibitors, 64."( Safety profiles of new xanthine oxidase inhibitors: A post-marketing study.
Hirai, T; Hosohata, K; Inada, A; Iwanaga, K; Kambara, H; Nakatsuji, T; Niinomi, I; Oyama, S; Ueno, S; Wakabayashi, T, 2021)		0.62
"The strength of the associations of XO inhibitors with adverse events is variable, and further studies are required to evaluate the identified signals."( Safety profiles of new xanthine oxidase inhibitors: A post-marketing study.
Hirai, T; Hosohata, K; Inada, A; Iwanaga, K; Kambara, H; Nakatsuji, T; Niinomi, I; Oyama, S; Ueno, S; Wakabayashi, T, 2021)		0.62
" Initiation of febuxostat in patients was not associated with an increased risk of death or serious cardiovascular related adverse events compared with allopurinol."( Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared to allopurinol for the treatment of gout: A systematic and meta-analysis.
Cheng, R; Gao, L; Lu, Y; Pan, Y; Wang, B, 2021)		1.28
" The three outcomes used to assess the safety of uric acid lowering medications were treatment-related adverse events, liver damage, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)."( The association between urate-lowering therapies and treatment-related adverse events, liver damage, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): A network meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Chen, J; Deng, Q; Guo, J; Xie, Q; Xie, S; Yu, Y; Zhang, S; Zhong, L, 2021)		0.62
" We found no statistically significant differences in their effects on treatment-related adverse events and MACE."( The association between urate-lowering therapies and treatment-related adverse events, liver damage, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): A network meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Chen, J; Deng, Q; Guo, J; Xie, Q; Xie, S; Yu, Y; Zhang, S; Zhong, L, 2021)		0.62
" The frequency of adverse drug reactions in the dotinurad 2-mg group, and in the benzbromarone 50-mg group tended to be lower than in the febuxostat 40-mg group."( Comparative efficacy and safety of dotinurad, febuxostat, and benzbromarone in hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2022)		1.18
" Adverse events (AEs) resulting from febuxostat treatment were collected from medical records."( The safety and urate-lowering efficacy of febuxostat in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a retrospective single-arm cohort study of 84 patients.
Bao, S; Bian, X; Dai, L; Huang, J; Ma, J; Yu, Q; Zhang, A, 2022)		1.26
"Febuxostat may be safe and efficient in patients undergoing PD and may not impair RRF."( The safety and urate-lowering efficacy of febuxostat in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a retrospective single-arm cohort study of 84 patients.
Bao, S; Bian, X; Dai, L; Huang, J; Ma, J; Yu, Q; Zhang, A, 2022)		2.43
" Besides, the drug-related adverse events (AEs) were recorded."( Low-dose febuxostat exhibits a superior renal-protective effect and non-inferior safety profile compared to allopurinol in chronic kidney disease patients complicated with hyperuricemia: A double-centre, randomized, controlled study.
Cao, B; Yang, N, 2022)		1.14
"To evaluate the influence of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout."( Effect of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout in Taiwan: An interrupted time series analysis.
Kuo, CF; Li, PR; Liu, JR; See, LC; Tsai, PH, 2023)		1.6
" An interrupted time series analysis with adjustments for demographics, comorbidities, and comedication by propensity score-based stabilized weights was used to compare the trend of adverse events and mortality before vs after febuxostat was introduced in 2012."( Effect of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout in Taiwan: An interrupted time series analysis.
Kuo, CF; Li, PR; Liu, JR; See, LC; Tsai, PH, 2023)		1.5
" The slope of the 1-year incidence rate of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) (per 10 000 patients) significantly reduced after 2012 in those with and without comorbidities (-0."( Effect of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout in Taiwan: An interrupted time series analysis.
Kuo, CF; Li, PR; Liu, JR; See, LC; Tsai, PH, 2023)		1.31
" The incidence of adverse events was 50."( Serum Urate-Lowering Efficacy and Safety of Tigulixostat in Gout Patients With Hyperuricemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Finding Trial.
Lee, J; Min, J; Saag, KG; Shin, S; Terkeltaub, R, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The concomitant use of HP501, febuxostat, and colchicine did not produce clinically meaningful DDIs in terms of their pharmacokinetic properties. The harmonic mean elimination half-life of febluxostat ranged from 1.5 to 1.7 hours. Coadministration ofHP501 and febUXostat did not significantly change the pharmacokinetics profiles of either drug.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Considering the dose, the AUC(obs) and Cmax of unchanged drug in patients with gout and/or hyperuricemia were estimated to be similar to those of healthy male adults."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase (NPSIXO) in patients with gout and/or hyperuricemia.
Hoshide, S; Kamatani, N; Kobayashi, H; Komoriya, K; Kubo, J; Nakachi, T; Takeda, K; Tsuchimoto, M; Yamanaka, H, 2004)		0.59
" Regression analyses indicated that febuxostat tmax and Cmax,u values were not affected by CLcr."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat, a new non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase in subjects with renal impairment.
Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Mayer, MD; Mulford, DJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, )		0.67
" There were no statistically significant differences in the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for unbound febuxostat and its active metabolites between subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment and those with normal hepatic function."( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Mayer, MD; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)		0.76
" In study 2, 90% confidence intervals for febuxostat C(max) and AUC extended above that range, with increases of 28% and 40% in Cmax and AUC24, respectively."( Pharmacokinetic interactions of concomitant administration of febuxostat and NSAIDs.
Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)		0.84
" During the course of the study, blood and urine samples were collected to assess the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat and its metabolites, and its pharmacodynamic effects on uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine concentrations after both single and multiple dose administration."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)		0.8
" There appeared to be a linear pharmacokinetic and dose-response (percentage decrease in serum uric acid) relationship for febuxostat dosages within the 10-120 mg range."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)		0.8
"Even though food caused a decrease in the rate and extent of absorption of febuxostat, this decrease was not associated with a clinically significant change in febuxostat pharmacodynamic effect."( Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)		0.81
" Following multiple dosing with febuxostat, there were no statistically significant differences in the plasma or urinary pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters between subjects aged 18 to 40 years and >or=65 years."( The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kukulka, MJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)		0.86
" Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of febuxostat tablets following oral administration at a single dose of 40 mg in beagle dogs."( Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of febuxostat in dog plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Gao, J; He, Z; Sun, Y; Wang, S; Zhang, P; Zhang, T, 2013)		0.83
" The proposed method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies in humans."( A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of febuxostat in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application.
Inamadugu, JK; Katreddi, HR; Pilli, NR; Ramesh, M; Vaka, VR, 2013)		0.64
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of febuxostat were determined in rats after an oral administration of febuxostat (5 mg/kg) to rats in the control, coadministered and pretreated groups of morin (10 mg/kg)."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between febuxostat and morin in rats.
Malik, S; Sahu, K; Shaharyar, M; Siddiqui, AA, 2014)		0.96
"Compared to the control rats given febuxostat alone, the Cmax and AUC of febuxostat increased by 18 - 20 and 47 - 50%, respectively, in rats pretreated with morin."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between febuxostat and morin in rats.
Malik, S; Sahu, K; Shaharyar, M; Siddiqui, AA, 2014)		0.95
"All pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable between the two formulations The observed mean Cmax, AUC(last), and AUC(∞) values for the reference formulation were 3,670 ng/mL, 12,086 ng x h/mL, and 12,880 ng x h/mL, respectively."( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and uric acid lowering effect between two different strength febuxostat formulations (80 mg vs. 40 mg) in healthy subjects.
Kim, KA; Park, JY, 2015)		0.64
" The method was successfully applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic study of febuxostat in humans after oral administration of a single dose of febuxostat at 40, 80 and 120 mg."( Simultaneous determination of febuxostat and its three active metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in Chinese healthy volunteers.
Di, X; Liu, Y; Mao, Z; Wang, X; Wu, Y, 2015)		0.94
"73 m(2), including hemodialysis) on the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects of febuxostat using a population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Efficacy of Febuxostat in Patients with Severe Renal Impairment.
Araki, H; Chisaki, Y; Hira, D; Maegawa, H; Morita, SY; Noda, S; Terada, T; Uzu, T; Yano, Y, 2015)		0.89
" The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of single and multiple oral administrations of febuxostat capsules in healthy Chinese volunteers."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of febuxostat after oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers: a randomized, open-label, singleand multiple-dose three-way crossover study.
Hu, X; Iv, D; Liu, J; Shentu, J; Wu, G; Wu, L; Zhai, Y; Zheng, Y; Zhou, H, 2016)		0.91
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental model."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of febuxostat after oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers: a randomized, open-label, singleand multiple-dose three-way crossover study.
Hu, X; Iv, D; Liu, J; Shentu, J; Wu, G; Wu, L; Zhai, Y; Zheng, Y; Zhou, H, 2016)		0.71
" After oral administration of single doses of 40, 80, and 120 mg of febuxostat, the mean (SD) Cmax was 2,835."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of febuxostat after oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers: a randomized, open-label, singleand multiple-dose three-way crossover study.
Hu, X; Iv, D; Liu, J; Shentu, J; Wu, G; Wu, L; Zhai, Y; Zheng, Y; Zhou, H, 2016)		0.94
" After multiple doses, the pharmacokinetic parameters of febuxostat were consistent with those after single doses."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of febuxostat after oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers: a randomized, open-label, singleand multiple-dose three-way crossover study.
Hu, X; Iv, D; Liu, J; Shentu, J; Wu, G; Wu, L; Zhai, Y; Zheng, Y; Zhou, H, 2016)		0.95
"The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of febuxostat in healthy Chinese male volunteers and evaluate whether the two formulations of febuxostat 40-mg and 80-mg tablets are bioequivalent."( Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Two Formulations of Febuxostat 40-Mg and 80-Mg Tablets: A Randomized, Open-Label, 4-Way Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese Male Volunteers.
Chen, Z; Li, M; Liang, M; Luo, Z; Miao, J; Nan, F, 2016)		0.91
" Derivatives of imidazole, 1,3-thiazole and pyrimidine proved to be more potent than febuxostat while also displaying/possessing favorable predicted physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties."( Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
Anderluh, M; Jakopin, Ž; Kocić, G; Petronijević, Ž; Šmelcerović, A; Šmelcerović, Ž; Tomašič, T; Tomović, K, 2017)		0.93
"The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacodynamic (PPD) model to describe uric acid (UA)-lowering effects in patients treated with febuxostat based on electronic medical records in 2 independent hospitals (university and city hospitals)."( Population Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Uric Acid-Lowering Effects of Febuxostat Based on Electronic Medical Records in Two Hospitals.
Fukae, M; Hirakawa, M; Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Kakara, M; Moriki, K; Muraki, S; Shigematsu, S; Shimada, M; Takane, H; Yamashita, D, 2018)		0.92
"To develop a simple HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of febuxostat (FEB) and diclofenac (DIC) in biological samples to assess pharmacokinetic outcomes of their coadministration."( A novel HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of febuxostat and diclofenac in biological samples: pharmacokinetic outcomes.
Amin, OA; El-Kimary, EI; El-Yazbi, AF; El-Yazbi, FA; Elkhatib, MA; Khamis, EF; Younis, SE, 2019)		0.99
" In this study a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of febuxostat was developed, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the individualized dosing of this drug in gout patients."( Simulation of febuxostat pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and patients with impaired kidney function using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Chen, J; Hu, Y; Jiang, B; Lou, H; Ruan, Z; Xu, Y; Yang, D, 2022)		1.32
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of febuxostat in healthy subjects and people with gout.
Abuhelwa, AY; Day, RO; Duong, JK; Foster, D; Graham, GG; Kamel, B; Pile, KD; Williams, KM, 2022)		0.99
" The primary aim of the present study was to study the pharmacokinetic drug‒drug interactions (DDIs) of HP501, febuxostat, and colchicine in hyperuricemic patients."( A Phase I Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic Drug‒Drug Interaction of HP501, Febuxostat, and Colchicine in Male Chinese Patients with Hyperuricemia.
Chen, H; Chen, L; Ding, R; Hu, X; Jiang, F; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, K; Peng, Q; Wu, J; Xiong, T; Zhou, Y, 2023)		1.35
" Coadministration of HP501 and febuxostat did not significantly change the pharmacokinetic profiles of either drug."( A Phase I Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic Drug‒Drug Interaction of HP501, Febuxostat, and Colchicine in Male Chinese Patients with Hyperuricemia.
Chen, H; Chen, L; Ding, R; Hu, X; Jiang, F; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, K; Peng, Q; Wu, J; Xiong, T; Zhou, Y, 2023)		1.42
"The concomitant use of HP501, febuxostat, and colchicine did not produce clinically meaningful DDIs in terms of their pharmacokinetic properties."( A Phase I Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic Drug‒Drug Interaction of HP501, Febuxostat, and Colchicine in Male Chinese Patients with Hyperuricemia.
Chen, H; Chen, L; Ding, R; Hu, X; Jiang, F; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, K; Peng, Q; Wu, J; Xiong, T; Zhou, Y, 2023)		1.43

Compound-Compound Interactions

Japanese male subjects aged 21-65 years with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia. Subjects were randomized to febuxostat (10, 20, 40 mg) in combination with verinurad (2.8 mg/dl)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The potential for drug-drug interactions with febuxostat was examined in the following three in vitro systems: the characteristics of the binding of febuxostat to human plasma proteins; identification of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes participating in the metabolism of febuxostat; and the potential inhibitory effects of febuxostat on typical CYP reactions."( In vitro drug-drug interaction studies with febuxostat, a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: plasma protein binding, identification of metabolic enzymes and cytochrome P450 inhibition.
Hoshide, S; Kanou, M; Mukoyoshi, M; Muroga, H; Nishimura, S; Taniguchi, K; Umeda, S, 2008)		0.86
"In this study, a new method based on ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS) combined with enzyme channel blocking (ECB) was developed to discover bioactive components from herbal medicines."( Screening for selective inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from Flos Chrysanthemum using ultrafiltration LC-MS combined with enzyme channel blocking.
Chen, J; Fu, Y; Li, P; Mo, HY; Song, HP; Zhang, H; Zhang, M, 2014)		0.4
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of lesinurad in combination with febuxostat in a 12-month phase III trial in patients with tophaceous gout."( Lesinurad, a Selective Uric Acid Reabsorption Inhibitor, in Combination With Febuxostat in Patients With Tophaceous Gout: Findings of a Phase III Clinical Trial.
Adler, S; Baumgartner, S; Bhakta, N; Dalbeth, N; Fung, M; Jones, G; Khanna, D; Kopicko, J; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Terkeltaub, R, 2017)		0.92
"Treatment with lesinurad in combination with febuxostat demonstrated superior lowering of serum UA levels as compared with febuxostat alone, with clinically relevant added effects on tophi and an acceptable safety profile with lesinurad 200 mg in patients with tophaceous gout warranting additional therapy."( Lesinurad, a Selective Uric Acid Reabsorption Inhibitor, in Combination With Febuxostat in Patients With Tophaceous Gout: Findings of a Phase III Clinical Trial.
Adler, S; Baumgartner, S; Bhakta, N; Dalbeth, N; Fung, M; Jones, G; Khanna, D; Kopicko, J; Perez-Ruiz, F; Storgard, C; Terkeltaub, R, 2017)		0.94
" The aim of this Phase 2a, randomized, open-label study was to investigate the multiple-dose pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of oral verinurad combined with febuxostat vs febuxostat alone and verinurad alone."( Verinurad combined with febuxostat in Japanese adults with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a phase 2a, open-label study.
Gillen, M; Hall, J; Ito, Y; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Shiramoto, M; Yamamoto, A; Yan, X, 2018)		0.98
"Japanese male subjects aged 21-65 years with gout (n = 37) or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia (n = 35) and serum urate (sUA) ⩾8 mg/dl were randomized to febuxostat (10, 20, 40 mg) in combination with verinurad (2."( Verinurad combined with febuxostat in Japanese adults with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a phase 2a, open-label study.
Gillen, M; Hall, J; Ito, Y; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Shiramoto, M; Yamamoto, A; Yan, X, 2018)		0.99
"Verinurad combined with febuxostat decreased sUA dose-dependently while maintaining uric acid excretion similar to baseline."( Verinurad combined with febuxostat in Japanese adults with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a phase 2a, open-label study.
Gillen, M; Hall, J; Ito, Y; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Shiramoto, M; Yamamoto, A; Yan, X, 2018)		1.09
"6 months elapsed from initiation of the drug combination until discovery of the event."( Drug Interaction Between Febuxostat and Thiopurine Antimetabolites: A Review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Medical Literature.
Harinstein, L; Logan, JK; Muñoz, M; Neuner, R; Sahajwalla, C; Saluja, B; Seymour, S; Wickramaratne Senarath Yapa, S, 2020)		0.86
"To assess the efficacy of febuxostat combined with hydration on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in coronary heart disease patients with hyperuricemia undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)."( Febuxostat combined with hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in hyperuricemia patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A CONSORT-compliant randomized controlled trial.
He, Z; Li, M; Ma, G; Teng, W; Xia, Z; Zhai, X, 2022)		2.46
"Our study demonstrated that prophylactic treatment with febuxostat combined with hydration can reduce the incidence of CIN in patients with coronary heart disease and hyperuricemia after PCI."( Febuxostat combined with hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in hyperuricemia patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A CONSORT-compliant randomized controlled trial.
He, Z; Li, M; Ma, G; Teng, W; Xia, Z; Zhai, X, 2022)		2.41
" In this work, we have demonstrated the preparation of a drug-drug cocrystal of a hypertension drug (Telmisartan; TEL) with a hyperuricemia drug (Febuxostat; FEB) in 1:1 molar ratio using a solvent evaporation method for the first time."( A new Febuxostat-Telmisartan Drug-Drug Cocrystal for Gout-Hypertension Combination Therapy.
Allada, R; Ann, EYC; Ganesan, T; Ghosal, S; Kwok, J; Muthudoss, P; Omar, MF; See, HH; Shahnawaz, SS; Voguri, RS, 2022)		1.4

Bioavailability

The current work is aimed to provide a novel strategy to improve the dissolution profile and thus the bioavailability of Febuxostat. Despite a decrease in the absorption rate, antacid had no effect on the extent of febuxost at absorption. The potential effects of clinical and demographic variables on theBioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness of febsostat are not being considered.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Despite a decrease in the absorption rate of febuxostat, antacid had no effect on the extent of febuxostat absorption."( Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)		0.84
" Oral bioavailability of FXT and optimized FNC was evaluated in SD rats."( Formulation, optimization and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of febuxostat nanosuspension.
Ahuja, BK; Bagri, S; Jena, SK; Paidi, SK; Suresh, S, 2015)		0.66
" Hydrophobic substitution such as isopropyl at 1-position of the indole moiety without any substitution at 2-position has an essential role for enhancing bioavailability and therefore for high in vivo efficacy."( Design and synthesis of novel 2-(indol-5-yl)thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
Choi, SP; Jung, CK; Jung, SH; Kim, GT; Kim, TH; Lee, JY; Song, JU, 2015)		0.42
" This NO synthase (NOS)-independent pathway for NO generation is of particular importance during certain conditions when NO bioavailability is diminished due to reduced activity of endothelial NOS (eNOS) or increased oxidative stress, including aging and cardiovascular disease."( Enhanced XOR activity in eNOS-deficient mice: Effects on the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway and ROS homeostasis.
Carlström, M; Hezel, M; Holmdahl, R; Lundberg, JO; Montenegro, MF; Peleli, M; Persson, EG; Weitzberg, E; Zhong, J; Zollbrecht, C, 2016)		0.43
" The developed formulation was found superior to pure FXT with enhanced oral bioavailability and anti-gout activity (with reduced uric acid levels), signifying a lipidic system being an efficacious substitute for gout treatment."( Quality by Design Approach for the Development of Self-Emulsifying Systems for Oral Delivery of Febuxostat: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation.
A J, M; Cheruvu, HS; D, S; Pailla, SR; Rangaraj, N; Sampathi, S; Shah, S, 2019)		0.73
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" However, its bioavailability is moderate (49%) as a result of low solubility and first-pass metabolism."( Development of an optimized febuxostat self-nanoemulsified loaded transdermal film:
Ahmed, OAA; Alfaifi, MY; Alfaleh, MA; Alhakamy, NA; Alharbi, WS; Aljohani, RA; Almohammadi, EA; Alotaibi, SA; Fahmy, UA, 2020)		0.85
" The drug exhibits low bioavailability (about 49%) which is ascribed to its dissolution rate-limited absorption."( Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Febuxostat Using Co-Processed Excipients.
Gulati, M; Kaur, M; Kumar, R; Mittal, A; Sharma, D, 2020)		0.8
"The current work is aimed to provide a novel strategy to improve the dissolution profile and thus, the bioavailability of Febuxostat."( Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Febuxostat Using Co-Processed Excipients.
Gulati, M; Kaur, M; Kumar, R; Mittal, A; Sharma, D, 2020)		1
" The potential effects of clinical and demographic variables on the bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness of febuxostat are not being considered."( Simulation of febuxostat pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and patients with impaired kidney function using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Chen, J; Hu, Y; Jiang, B; Lou, H; Ruan, Z; Xu, Y; Yang, D, 2022)		1.29
" A common variability on bioavailability (FVAR) approach was used to test the effect of fed status on absorption parameters."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of febuxostat in healthy subjects and people with gout.
Abuhelwa, AY; Day, RO; Duong, JK; Foster, D; Graham, GG; Kamel, B; Pile, KD; Williams, KM, 2022)		0.99
" Solubility is the most important parameter which directly affects dissolution, absorption and bioavailability of the drugs."( Optimization of amorphous solid dispersion techniques to enhance solubility of febuxostat.
Patel, AP; Patel, VP; Shah, A, 2021)		0.85
" Main aim of this study is to enhance dissolution and bioavailability of a drug by formulating a liquid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) in different capsule shells."( Improved oral bioavailability of febuxostat by liquid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system in capsule shells.
Bakshi, P; Londhe, V, 2023)		1.19
"This investigation revealed that the novel liquid SMEDDS formulation sealed in capsules has considerable potential as a vehicle for enhancing the bioavailability of febuxostat."( Improved oral bioavailability of febuxostat by liquid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system in capsule shells.
Bakshi, P; Londhe, V, 2023)		1.39

Dosage Studied

A multicenter study with randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel, intergroup comparison was carried out to evaluate the dose-response relationship, efficacy, and safety of febuxostat in 202 patients with hyperuricemia (including patients with gout) in Japan. Food caused a decrease in C(max) (38-49%) and AUC (16-19%) following single or multiple oral dosing with febluxostat.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" In addition, TEI-6720 and allopurinol showed similar dose-response curves for the decrease in uric acid or allantoin concentration, and the associated increase in xanthine concentration, indicating that TEI-6720 and allopurinol have similar pharmacological characteristics although the dosage required differs."( A comparative study on the hypouricemic activity and potency in renal xanthine calculus formation of two xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitors: TEI-6720 and allopurinol in rats.
Horiuchi, H; Kaneko, H; Kasahara, Y; Kobayashi, M; Komoriya, K; Kondo, S; Nishimura, S; Ota, M, 1999)		0.3
" Gout flares occurred with similar frequency in the placebo (37%) and 40-mg febuxostat (35%) groups and with increased frequency in the higher dosage febuxostat groups (43% taking 80 mg; 55% taking 120 mg)."( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout.
Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)		2
"88 mg/dL) for all doses and was dose linear for the 10-120 mg/day dosage range."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)		0.59
" There appeared to be a linear pharmacokinetic and dose-response (percentage decrease in serum uric acid) relationship for febuxostat dosages within the 10-120 mg range."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)		0.8
"Food caused a decrease in C(max) (38-49%) and AUC (16-19%) of febuxostat at different dose levels following single or multiple oral dosing with febuxostat."( Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects.
Grabowski, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)		0.82
" With regard to allopurinol, the dosage reduction is recommended in patients with renal insufficiency for preventing from rare adverse effect, bone marrow depression."( [New antihyperuricemic medicine: febuxostat, Puricase, etc].
Ichida, K, 2008)		0.63
" Following multiple dosing with febuxostat, there were no statistically significant differences in the plasma or urinary pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters between subjects aged 18 to 40 years and >or=65 years."( The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kukulka, MJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)		0.86
" Between Weeks 4 and 24, dosing could be adjusted to febuxostat 40 or 120 mg."( Febuxostat in the treatment of gout: 5-yr findings of the FOCUS efficacy and safety study.
Becker, MA; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, PA; Schumacher, HR, 2009)		2.05
" Clinical trials found that 40 mg/d of febuxostat was noninferior to conventionally dosed allopurinol (300 mg/d) in the percentage of subjects achieving the primary end point of serum urate <6."( Febuxostat: a selective xanthine-oxidase/xanthine-dehydrogenase inhibitor for the management of hyperuricemia in adults with gout.
Ernst, ME; Fravel, MA, 2009)		2.06
" New recommendations have been presented on appropriate dosing of colchicine for acute gout flares and potential toxicities of combining colchicine with medications such as clarithromycin."( Progress in the pharmacotherapy of gout.
Sundy, JS, 2010)		0.36
" Dosage adjustment in mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency is unnecessary; however, data are lacking on the safety of febuxostat in patients with severe renal impairment."( Urate-lowering therapy for gout: focus on febuxostat.
Barrons, R; Love, BL; Snider, KM; Veverka, A, 2010)		0.83
" The goals when treating gout are no different in these patients, but the choice and dosage of drugs may need to be modified."( Managing gout: how is it different in patients with chronic kidney disease?
El-Zawawy, H; Mandell, BF, 2010)		0.36
" The recommended starting dosage is 40 mg orally once daily."( Febuxostat for treatment of chronic gout.
Gray, CL; Walters-Smith, NE, 2011)		1.81
"A multicenter study with randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel, intergroup comparison was carried out to evaluate the dose-response relationship, efficacy, and safety of febuxostat in 202 patients with hyperuricemia (including patients with gout) in Japan."( Placebo-controlled double-blind dose-response study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia (including gout patients) in japan: late phase 2 clinical study.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)		0.77
" A statistically significant dose-response relationship was found."( Placebo-controlled double-blind dose-response study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia (including gout patients) in japan: late phase 2 clinical study.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)		0.58
"In a 52-week, multicenter, open-label trial, febuxostat was initially administered at 10 mg/d; then, the dosage was increased in a stepwise fashion to 40 mg/d."( Multicenter, open-label study of long-term administration of febuxostat (TMX-67) in Japanese patients with hyperuricemia including gout.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H, 2011)		0.87
" There was no marked difference between the 2 dosage groups in terms of the incidence of adverse events."( Multicenter, open-label study of long-term administration of febuxostat (TMX-67) in Japanese patients with hyperuricemia including gout.
Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H, 2011)		0.61
" Allopurinol can be used for the prophylactic management of chronic hyperuricemia in patients with CKD, but the recommended decreased dosage may limit efficacy and serious hypersensitivity reactions may preclude its use."( Challenges associated with the management of gouty arthritis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.
Curiel, RV; Guzman, NJ, 2012)		0.38
" The method is simple, specific, precise, robust and accurate for the determination of febuxostat in pharmaceutical dosage forms (tablets)."( Development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of febuxostat (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor).
Bandaru, SP; Bukkapatnam, V; Mohapatro, C; Mukthinuthalapati, MA, )		0.57
" As the dosage was increased (40, 80, 120 mg/d), the proportion of patients who achieved target sUA in the febuxostat-treated group increased gradually (50."( Efficacy and tolerability of febuxostat in hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, S; Cheng, Q; Li, Q; Liu, L; Luo, T; Lv, Q; Mei, M; Yang, S; Ye, P; Zhang, W, 2013)		0.89
" However, inadequate dosing and patient nonadherence or intolerance to therapy often lead to treatment failure."( CaseBook challenges: Managing gout, hyperuricemia and comorbidities -- dialogue with the experts.
Bakris, GL; Doghramji, PP; Keenan, RT; Silber, SH, 2014)		0.4
" The dosage of the study drugs should be one 10-mg tablet/day at weeks 1 to 4 after study initiation, increased to one 20-mg tablet/day at weeks 5 to 8, and elevated to one 40-mg tablet/day at week 9 and then maintained until week 108."( The effect of febuxostat to prevent a further reduction in renal function of patients with hyperuricemia who have never had gout and are complicated by chronic kidney disease stage 3: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled study.
Hayakawa, H; Hosoya, T; Iimuro, S; Imai, N; Inaba, M; Itoh, S; Kimura, K; Kuwabara, M; Makino, H; Matsuo, S; Ohno, I; Shibagaki, Y; Tomino, Y; Uchida, S; Yamamoto, T, 2014)		0.76
"0 mg/dL, despite the low dosage of febuxostat."( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the treatment of hyperuricemia in kidney transplant recipients.
Fuchinoue, S; Nakajima, I; Teraoka, S; Tojimbara, T; Yashima, J, 2014)		0.99
"In both dosing scenarios, allopurinol-only therapy was cost-saving."( Cost-effectiveness of allopurinol and febuxostat for the management of gout.
Choi, HK; Jutkowitz, E; Kuntz, KM; Pizzi, LT, 2014)		0.67
"-Some of the reasons identified for poor adherence to anti-gout medications include the risk of flare of acute gout with the initiation of urate-lowering therapy (ULT), poor response to ULT and persistence of attacks of acute gout, suboptimal dosing of allopurinol therapy and intolerance of allopurinol."( Adherence and persistence to urate-lowering therapies in the Irish setting.
Bennett, K; McGowan, B; Silke, C; Whelan, B, 2016)		0.43
" Studies have identified the safe and effective dosing strategies for 'old' drugs such as allopurinol and colchicine."( Advances in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of gout.
Dalbeth, N; Robinson, PC, 2015)		0.42
" Unlike allopurinol, the prototypical xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is the cornerstone therapy for chronic gout, febuxostat does not require dosage adjustment in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment."( Febuxostat: a review of its use in the treatment of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.
Frampton, JE, 2015)		2.07
"A validated and highly selective high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the determination of ketorolac tromethamine (KTC) with phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHE) (Mixture 1) and with febuxostat (FBX) (Mixture 2) in bulk drug and in combined dosage forms."( Development and Validation of a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Two Binary Mixtures Containing Ketorolac Tromethamine with Phenylephrine Hydrochloride and with Febuxostat.
El Yazbi, FA; Hamdy, MM; Hassan, EM; Khamis, EF; Ragab, MA, )		0.5
" Future study is need to determine whether the incidence of HU-TLS change with dosage of febuxostat."( The efficacy of febuxostat 10 mg for the prevention of hyperuricemia associated with tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) in Japanese patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
.
Horii, M; Kobayashi, S; Kurokawa, Y; Yasu, T, 2016)		1
" After a genetic diagnosis, febuxostat treatment was started on postoperative day 7, with the dosage gradually increased to 80 mg/day until complete the disappearance of 2,8-DHA crystals."( Febuxostat for the Prevention of Recurrent 2,8-dihydroxyadenine Nephropathy due to Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency Following Kidney Transplantation.
Kimura, T; Kurosawa, A; Nanmoku, K; Shimizu, T; Shinzato, T; Yagisawa, T, 2017)		2.19
"Simulation results showed a surge in urinary uric acid occurring when dosing is restarted following missed doses."( Impact of non-adherence on the safety and efficacy of uric acid-lowering therapies in the treatment of gout.
Hill-McManus, D; Hughes, D; Lane, S; Marshall, S; Soto, E, 2018)		0.48
" His uric acid was 11 mg/dL despite maximal dosing of febuxostat."( Effective uric acid reduction with probenecid and febuxostat in a patient with chronic kidney disease.
Case, R; Jester, G; Wentworth, B, 2018)		0.98
" The main management issues are related to patient adherence, because gout patients have the lowest rate of medication possession ratio at 1 year, but they also include clinical inertia by physicians, meaning XOI dosage is not titrated according to regular serum uric acid level measurements for targeting serum uric acid levels for uncomplicated (6."( Gout: state of the art after a decade of developments.
Lioté, F; Pascart, T, 2019)		0.51
" The use of allopurinol has been researched extensively and newer strategies for safer effective dosing are now recommended."( Gout - An update of aetiology, genetics, co-morbidities and management.
Robinson, PC, 2018)		0.48
" Following-up for 1 year,the dosage of febuxostat decreased to 40 mg once daily, and the patient didn't have gout attack again, some of the tophus diminished, and the urate acid level ranged from 400 to 500 μmol/L."( [A case of gout secondary to primary myelofibrosis].
Hao, YJ; Ji, LL; Zhang, ZL, 2018)		0.75
" The dose-response relationship between xanthine oxidase inhibitor use and adverse CV outcomes were also determined."( Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in the Real World: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
Hsieh, SC; Lin, FJ; Lin, LY; Shen, LJ; Su, CY, 2019)		0.79
" There is paucity of data on the dosing of ULT for managing hyperuricaemia in gout patients with chronic kidney disease."( Debates in gout management.
Abhishek, A, 2020)		0.56
" Further investigations are required to confirm the present results following multiple dosing with febuxostat."( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of a single dose of febuxostat in healthy subjects.
Carland, JE; Day, RO; Graham, GG; Kamel, B; Liu, Z; Pile, KD; Stocker, SL; Williams, KM, 2020)		1.02
"Febuxostat is initiated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients to lower uric acid but without any renal dosing scheme."( A formula predicting the effective dose of febuxostat in chronic kidney disease patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia based on a retrospective study and a validation cohort
.
Aoun, M; Chelala, D; Dfouni, A; Salloum, R; Sleilaty, G, 2020)		2.26
" And as febuxostat dosage increased, more patients achieved the target SU level."( Comparison of efficacy and safety of urate-lowering therapies for hyperuricemic patients with gout: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
Fan, M; Gu, J; Li, X; Liu, J; Schlesinger, N; Wu, X; Zhao, B, 2021)		1.06
" And as febuxostat dosage increased, more patients achieved the target SU level."( Comparison of efficacy and safety of urate-lowering therapies for hyperuricemic patients with gout: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
Fan, M; Gu, J; Li, X; Liu, J; Schlesinger, N; Wu, X; Zhao, B, 2021)		1.06
" In addition, daily dosing of febuxostat 80 mg had greater efficacy to that of febuxostat 40 mg (RR=1."( Efficacy and safety of Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in Hyperuricemic patients with or without Gout: A meta-analysis.
Fan, B; Li, X; Zhang, P, 2020)		1.16
" Moreover, our result suggested that dose titration to febuxostat 120 mg daily was superior to other daily dosing with regard to urate-lowering efficacy."( Efficacy and safety of Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in Hyperuricemic patients with or without Gout: A meta-analysis.
Fan, B; Li, X; Zhang, P, 2020)		1.12
" A slow desensitization protocol with febuxostat was started, with a low oral dosage scheme to be increased up to 80 mg/day."( Hypersensitivity to Febuxostat in a Patient with a Previous Allopurinolinduced Steven-Johnson Syndrome: A Case Report of Treatment with a Slow Desensitization Protocol.
Calogiuri, G; Congedo, M; Foti, C; Macchia, L; Nettism, E; Vacca, A, 2022)		1.32
" In this study a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of febuxostat was developed, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the individualized dosing of this drug in gout patients."( Simulation of febuxostat pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and patients with impaired kidney function using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Chen, J; Hu, Y; Jiang, B; Lou, H; Ruan, Z; Xu, Y; Yang, D, 2022)		1.32
" In this study, three chemometric techniques were compared to seven univariate techniques to resolve a mixture of mefenamic acid and febuxostat in their raw materials, dosage forms and spiked human plasma."( Multi-spectroscopic assay methods for concurrent determination of recent anti-gout combination, a comparative study.
Abdallah, NA; El-Brashy, AM; Fathy, ME; Ibrahim, FA; Tolba, MM, 2023)		1.11
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitorAn EC 1.17.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
nitrileA compound having the structure RC#N; thus a C-substituted derivative of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N. In systematic nomenclature, the suffix nitrile denotes the triply bound #N atom, not the carbon atom attached to it.
1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid
aromatic etherAny ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (47)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency0.17250.007215.758889.3584AID1224835; AID624030
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.22060.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395; AID1347398
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency0.01080.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521; AID1159523
SMAD family member 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.41720.173734.304761.8120AID1346859; AID1346924
SMAD family member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.41720.173734.304761.8120AID1346859; AID1346924
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.52730.000714.592883.7951AID1259368; AID1259369
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency4.99600.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247; AID743035; AID743036; AID743040; AID743042; AID743053; AID743054
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.82130.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259377; AID1259378
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.06800.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224839; AID1224893
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.84930.000417.946075.1148AID1346795
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.56590.001310.157742.8575AID1259253
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.08080.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159553; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency9.12230.000817.505159.3239AID1159527; AID1159531
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.69990.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.87160.375827.485161.6524AID743217; AID743220
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.10590.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.46850.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID1259248; AID743069; AID743075; AID743078; AID743080; AID743091
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency27.54040.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.59010.001024.504861.6448AID743212
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.83220.001019.414170.9645AID743191
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.39610.023723.228263.5986AID743222; AID743223
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.02820.000723.06741,258.9301AID743085; AID743122
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.04220.001723.839378.1014AID743083
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency13.33320.001628.015177.1139AID1259385
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency15.05940.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.45400.037617.082361.1927AID1259364; AID1259388
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency26.60110.000627.21521,122.0200AID743202
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency0.26600.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.54040.00339.158239.8107AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.54040.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency0.26600.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.54040.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.15870.011917.942071.5630AID651632; AID720516
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.14960.011912.222168.7989AID651632
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.54040.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.90000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)42.90000.11007.190310.0000AID1473738
AlbuminHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00130.00131.62173.5000AID1075893
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase [Includes: Xanthine dehydrogenase Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00400.00402.25236.0000AID1075895
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.01640.00132.81389.8200AID1075893; AID1361009; AID1888100; AID1889306; AID1900625; AID717724
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00100.00011.38097.3000AID1485265; AID1649918; AID1649919; AID1900626
Nuclear receptor ROR-gammaMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.02500.02500.02500.0250AID1064493
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)0.01660.00303.10159.8000AID1064493; AID1187317; AID1252817; AID1379544; AID1453962; AID1536859; AID1570304; AID1594173; AID1608483; AID1637837; AID1684292; AID1687674; AID1762453; AID1801566; AID486916; AID728035
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)Ki0.00050.00010.83862.6000AID1185465; AID1185466
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
Histamine H3 receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)IC50 (µMol)0.03000.00102.90708.6900AID1637837
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.02700.00401.966610.0000AID1873192
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Flavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)Kd1.62590.07000.79681.7100AID1815675
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)Kis0.00090.00090.00090.0009AID1900628
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (145)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to starvationAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarizationAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to calcium ion starvationAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
cellular oxidant detoxificationAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
transportAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
megakaryocyte differentiationFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathwayFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
allantoin metabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
guanine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
inosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyinosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
adenosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyadenosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
deoxyguanosine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
AMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
IMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
lactationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
iron-sulfur cluster assemblyXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
amide catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiationXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
GMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
dGMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
dAMP catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascadeXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathwayXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vasculogenesisXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine catabolic processXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
isotype switchingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypesATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloadingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
lipid transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
biotin transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
sphingolipid biosynthetic processBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
riboflavin transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
urate metabolic processBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
renal urate salt excretionBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxificationBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (76)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
fatty acid bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
toxic substance bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
antioxidant activityAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphate bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
exogenous protein bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
enterobactin bindingAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
biliverdin reductase (NAD(P)H) activityFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
FMN reductase (NAD(P)H) activityFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activityFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
riboflavin reductase (NADPH) activityFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
FMN reductase (NADPH) activityFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
FMN reductase (NADH) activityFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
biliberdin reductase NAD+ activityFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
biliverdin reductase (NADPH) activityFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
xanthine dehydrogenase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine oxidase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
molybdopterin cofactor bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine dehydrogenase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
hypoxanthine oxidase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
FAD bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
xanthine dehydrogenase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
xanthine oxidase activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
iron ion bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
molybdenum ion bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
protein homodimerization activityXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
molybdopterin cofactor bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
FAD bindingXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloader activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
biotin transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
riboflavin transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
sphingolipid transporter activityBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (48)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
platelet alpha granule lumenAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
blood microparticleAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlbuminHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
cytoplasmFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeFlavin reductase (NADPH)Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
peroxisomeXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmic reticulumXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmNuclear receptor ROR-gammaMus musculus (house mouse)
extracellular spaceXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
peroxisomeXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
xanthine dehydrogenase complexXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidaseBos taurus (cattle)
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
Elg1 RFC-like complexATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBroad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (120)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1687674Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate incubated for 3 mins by microplate assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Synthesis and bioevaluation of 1-phenylimidazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors.
AID1064493Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate assessed as decrease in uric acid formation preincubated for 5 mins2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 24, Issue:2
Microwave assisted synthesis of naphthopyrans catalysed by silica supported fluoroboric acid as a new class of non purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1188169Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 ug/ml after 24 to 48 hrs by trypan blue exclusion assay (Rvb = 87.54 +/- 2.11%)2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 24, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, in silico and in vitro studies of novel 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent anti-cancer agents.
AID1636441Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 139.7 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of 2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1193136Inhibition of butter milk Xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate preincubated for for 3 mins by spectrophotometry2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Design and synthesis of novel 2-(indol-5-yl)thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1649919Inhibition of xanthine dehydrogenase (unknown origin)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Pharmacological urate-lowering approaches in chronic kidney disease.
AID1900626Mixed-type inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as inhibitory constant of enzyme-substrate complex using xanthine as substrate at varying concentrations preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by UV spectrophotometric a2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 229Intramolecular hydrogen bond interruption and scaffold hopping of TMC-5 led to 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)pyrimidine-4/5-carboxylic acids and 6-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-ones as potent pyrimidine-based xanthine oxid
AID1075878Antihyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as decrease of uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg, po measured after 2 hrs relative to vehicle-treated control2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
HTS followed by NMR based counterscreening. Discovery and optimization of pyrimidones as reversible and competitive inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1815675Binding affinity to human N-terminal His6-tagged and thrombin cleavage fused BLVRB expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as dissociation constant by isothermal titration calorimetry2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-10, Volume: 65, Issue:3
Repositioning Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs for Inhibiting Biliverdin IXβ Reductase B as a Novel Thrombocytopenia Therapeutic Target.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1473949AUC in human at 40 to 80 mg, po QD after 24 hrs2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1075877Antihyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as decrease of uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg, po measured after 1 hr relative to vehicle-treated control2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
HTS followed by NMR based counterscreening. Discovery and optimization of pyrimidones as reversible and competitive inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID1188172Lipophilicity, log P of the compound2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 24, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, in silico and in vitro studies of novel 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent anti-cancer agents.
AID1075873Ratio of IC50 for rat xanthine oxidase to IC50 for C-terminally FLAG-tagged human xanthine oxidase (amino acid 1 to 1333) expressed in baculovirus system2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
HTS followed by NMR based counterscreening. Discovery and optimization of pyrimidones as reversible and competitive inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID1485265Non-competitive inhibition of human xanthine oxidase2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
AID1608489Hypouricemic activity in Kunming mouse model of potassium oxonate-induced acute hyperuricemia assessed as decrease in serum uric acid level at 5 mg/kg, ig administered after 3 hrs of potassium oxonate challenge and measured after 3 hrs2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Targeting the subpocket in xanthine oxidase: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives.
AID1185466Mixed-type inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as enzyme-inhibitor complex2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
X-ray crystal structure of a xanthine oxidase complex with the flavonoid inhibitor quercetin.
AID1252820Inhibition of bovine XO at 10 ug/ml using xanthine as substrate after 120 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Synthesis and evaluation of 1-hydroxy/methoxy-4-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1570304Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated with enzyme for 15 mins followed by substrate addition and measured every 30 secs for 2 mins by spectrophotometric method2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1900625Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by UV spectrophotometric analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 229Intramolecular hydrogen bond interruption and scaffold hopping of TMC-5 led to 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)pyrimidine-4/5-carboxylic acids and 6-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-ones as potent pyrimidine-based xanthine oxid
AID1649926Plasma protein binding in human2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Pharmacological urate-lowering approaches in chronic kidney disease.
AID1473952Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in human at 40 to 80 mg, po QD after 24 hrs to IC50 for human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1272734Inhibition of oxonic acid-induced high uric acid level in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma at 10 mg/kg, po after 1 hr2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3
Structure-based design and biological evaluation of novel 2-(indol-2-yl) thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID717696Antihyperuricemic activity in fasted rat assessed as reduction in potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 100 mg/kg, ip administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge relative to vehicle-treated control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Isocytosine-based inhibitors of xanthine oxidase: design, synthesis, SAR, PK and in vivo efficacy in rat model of hyperuricemia.
AID1193137Half life in rat liver microsomes2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Design and synthesis of novel 2-(indol-5-yl)thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1815672Binding affinity to human N-terminal His6-tagged and thrombin cleavage fused BLVRB expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as change in enthalpy by isothermal titration calorimetry2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-10, Volume: 65, Issue:3
Repositioning Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs for Inhibiting Biliverdin IXβ Reductase B as a Novel Thrombocytopenia Therapeutic Target.
AID1636383Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 242.9 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of 2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1536858Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase at 10 uM using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 3 mins followed by substrate addition and measured at 1 min for 10 mins relative to control2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 29, Issue:4
Discovery of 2-phenylthiazole-4-carboxylic acid, a novel and potent scaffold as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1075895Inhibition of rat xanthine oxidase2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
HTS followed by NMR based counterscreening. Discovery and optimization of pyrimidones as reversible and competitive inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID486916Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase by spectrophotometry2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 45, Issue:6
Synthesis of some 5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1873192Inhibition of ABCG2 (unknown origin) expressed in human HEK293-A cells membrane vesicles assessed inhibition of ABCG2-mediated urate transport activity by rapid filtration technique2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Targeting breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2): Functional inhibitors and expression modulators.
AID1075893Inhibition of C-terminally FLAG-tagged human xanthine oxidase (amino acid 1 to 1333) expressed in baculovirus system after 15 mins by spectrophotometry2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
HTS followed by NMR based counterscreening. Discovery and optimization of pyrimidones as reversible and competitive inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID1185465Mixed-type inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
X-ray crystal structure of a xanthine oxidase complex with the flavonoid inhibitor quercetin.
AID1649918Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Pharmacological urate-lowering approaches in chronic kidney disease.
AID717724Inhibition of xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate at 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Isocytosine-based inhibitors of xanthine oxidase: design, synthesis, SAR, PK and in vivo efficacy in rat model of hyperuricemia.
AID1272732Inhibition of butter milk xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as initial velocity of uric acid formation pre-incubated for 3 mins by spectrophotometry analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3
Structure-based design and biological evaluation of novel 2-(indol-2-yl) thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1473950Drug concentration at steady state in human at 40 to 80 mg, po QD after 24 hrs2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1636356Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1188170Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability at 100 ug/ml after 24 to 48 hrs by trypan blue exclusion assay (Rvb = 86.21 +/- 1.80%)2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 24, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, in silico and in vitro studies of novel 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent anti-cancer agents.
AID1889306Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) measured by spectrophotometric analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 230Identification of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors via virtual screening with enhanced characterization of molybdopterin binding groups.
AID1900628Mixed-type inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) assessed as Inhibitor dissociation constant using xanthine as substrate incubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by UV spectrophotometric analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 229Intramolecular hydrogen bond interruption and scaffold hopping of TMC-5 led to 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)pyrimidine-4/5-carboxylic acids and 6-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-ones as potent pyrimidine-based xanthine oxid
AID660254Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate at 100 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9
Identification of novel isocytosine derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors from a set of virtual screening hits.
AID1379544Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidoreductase pre-incubated for 3 mins followed xanthine substrate addition and measured every 1 mins for 10 mins by spectrophotometry2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Synthesis and bioevaluation of 1-phenyl-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors.
AID1193139AUC (0 to last) in Sprague-Dawley rat at 10 mg/kg, po2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Design and synthesis of novel 2-(indol-5-yl)thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1888102Anti-hyperuricemic activity against potassium oxonate-induced acute hyperuricemia Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as reduction in serum uric acid level at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated with potassium oxonate for 1 hr followed by compound treatment and measure2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5/6-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxamides and 5-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1272733Half life in rat liver microsomes2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3
Structure-based design and biological evaluation of novel 2-(indol-2-yl) thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1637837Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition by UV-visible spectrophotometry2019MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 10, Issue:1
Benzoflavone derivatives as potent antihyperuricemic agents.
AID1649924Tmax in human2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Pharmacological urate-lowering approaches in chronic kidney disease.
AID1187317Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as inhibition of uric acid formation after 30 mins by spectrophotometry2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 85Synthesis and bioevaluation of 2-phenyl-4-methyl-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylic acids as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1536861Hypouricemic effect in ICR mouse model of potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine-induced acute hyperuricemia assessed as reduction in serum uric acids level at 5 mg/kg, po dosed 1 hr after potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine challenge and measured after 1 hr2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 29, Issue:4
Discovery of 2-phenylthiazole-4-carboxylic acid, a novel and potent scaffold as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1762453Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured for every 30 sec by spectrophotometric analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenylpyrimidine derivatives with 4-amino or 4-hydroxy as a pharmacophore element binding with xanthine oxidase active site.
AID1684292Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured at 30 sec interval for upto 2 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-24, Volume: 63, Issue:24
Switching a Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor to a Dual-Target Antagonist of P2Y
AID1188171Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as optical density after 24 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb =2.43 +/- 0.05 nm)2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 24, Issue:18
Design, synthesis, in silico and in vitro studies of novel 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent anti-cancer agents.
AID1536859Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 3 mins followed by substrate addition and measured at 1 min for 10 mins2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 29, Issue:4
Discovery of 2-phenylthiazole-4-carboxylic acid, a novel and potent scaffold as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1649925Half life in human2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Pharmacological urate-lowering approaches in chronic kidney disease.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1453962Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine-oxidase using xanthine as substrate after 5 mins by spectrophotometric method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 25, Issue:14
Carboxylated aurone derivatives as potent inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID1570314Anti-hyperuricemic activity in potassium oxonate-induced acute hyperuricemia Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as reduction in AUC of uric acid in serum at 5 mg/kg, ig pretreated for 1 hr followed by potassium oxonate challenge and measured at 2 hrs post 2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID728035Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase-mediated uric acid production after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3
Lead optimization of isocytosine-derived xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1379546Hypouricemic effect in ICR mouse model of potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine-induced acute hyperuricemia assessed as reduction in serum uric acids level at 5 mg/kg, po dosed 1 hr after potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine challenge and measured after 1 hr p2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Synthesis and bioevaluation of 1-phenyl-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors.
AID1888100Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate incubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by spectrophotometric analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5/6-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxamides and 5-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1473951Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in human at 40 to 80 mg, po QD after 24 hrs to IC50 for human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1252817Inhibition of bovine XO using xanthine as substrate after 120 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Synthesis and evaluation of 1-hydroxy/methoxy-4-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1193138Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat at 10 mg/kg, po2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Design and synthesis of novel 2-(indol-5-yl)thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1889308Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) at 0.1 uM measured by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 230Identification of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors via virtual screening with enhanced characterization of molybdopterin binding groups.
AID1075875Plasma concentration in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic Sprague-Dawley rat model at 10 mg/kg, po measured after 2 hrs2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
HTS followed by NMR based counterscreening. Discovery and optimization of pyrimidones as reversible and competitive inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
AID660258Antihyperuricemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as decrease of potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg, ip administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate challenge measured after 4 hrs by photometric analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9
Identification of novel isocytosine derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors from a set of virtual screening hits.
AID1815673Binding affinity to human N-terminal His6-tagged and thrombin cleavage fused BLVRB expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as change in entropy by isothermal titration calorimetry2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-10, Volume: 65, Issue:3
Repositioning Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs for Inhibiting Biliverdin IXβ Reductase B as a Novel Thrombocytopenia Therapeutic Target.
AID1594173Inhibition of bovine xanthine oxidase assessed as reduction in uric acid formation preincubated for 5 mins followed by xanthine addition and measured after 20 mins by spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 27, Issue:9
Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of 3-oxo-6-aryl-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carbohydrazide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID1815674Binding affinity to human N-terminal His6-tagged and thrombin cleavage fused BLVRB expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as change in gibbs free energy by isothermal titration calorimetry2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-10, Volume: 65, Issue:3
Repositioning Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs for Inhibiting Biliverdin IXβ Reductase B as a Novel Thrombocytopenia Therapeutic Target.
AID1608483Inhibition of bovine milk xanthine oxidase using xanthine as substrate incubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition and measured at 30 sec interval for 2 mins by spectrophotometrically2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Targeting the subpocket in xanthine oxidase: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives.
AID1637840Anti-hyperuricemic effect in Swiss albino mouse model of potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia model assessed as serum uric acid level at 5 mg/kg, po treated 1 hr post potassium oxonate addition and measured after 30 mins by ERBA method (Rvb = 5.9 +/- 02019MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 10, Issue:1
Benzoflavone derivatives as potent antihyperuricemic agents.
AID1361009Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (unknown origin) using xanthine as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition measured for 20 mins by spectrophotometric method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 155Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of 2-mercapto-6-phenylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
AID717694Antihyperuricemic activity in fasted rat assessed as reduction in potassium oxonate-induced uric acid level in serum at 10 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr post potassium oxonate-challenge relative to vehicle-treated control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Isocytosine-based inhibitors of xanthine oxidase: design, synthesis, SAR, PK and in vivo efficacy in rat model of hyperuricemia.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347168HepG2 cells viability qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347153Confirmatory screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347161Confirmatory screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347152Confirmatory screen NINDS AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347169Tertiary RLuc qRT-PCR qHTS assay for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347167Vero cells viability qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347149Furin counterscreen qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1801566Xanthine Oxidase (XO) Assay from Article 10.1111/cbdd.12686: \\Development of 2-(Substituted Benzylamino)-4-Methyl-1, 3-Thiazole-5-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers.\\2016Chemical biology & drug design, Apr, Volume: 87, Issue:4
Development of 2-(Substituted Benzylamino)-4-Methyl-1, 3-Thiazole-5-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (797)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's5 (0.63)18.2507
2000's61 (7.65)29.6817
2010's468 (58.72)24.3611
2020's263 (33.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 116.25

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index116.25 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.86 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.04 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index213.19 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (116.25)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials133 (16.26%)5.53%
Reviews138 (16.87%)6.00%
Case Studies53 (6.48%)4.05%
Observational24 (2.93%)0.25%
Other470 (57.46%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (83)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Effect of Allopurinol or Febuxostat to Prevent Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury (CI-AKI) [NCT03767322]Phase 2558 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-05Not yet recruiting
Diacerein Combined With Febuxostat Relieves Symptoms of Gout by Suppressing IL-1βinflammation [NCT02060552]Phase 496 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
A Single-center, Open-access Study to Evaluate Drug Interactions Between XNW3009, Febuxostat, and Colchicine in Patients With Gout [NCT05324423]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-18Recruiting
Effects of Intensive Uric Acid Lowering Therapy With RDEA3170 (Verinurad) and Febuxostat in Patients With Albuminuria [NCT03118739]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-18Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in Subjects With Gout [NCT00102440]Phase 3760 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Open Label, Multi-centre, Parallel Group Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetics (PK), Pharmacodynamics (PD) and Safety of Febuxostat Between Pediatric Patients (≥6<18 Years of Age) and Adults [NCT03605212]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-27Terminated(stopped due to The study was stopped as per EMA waiver granted on 20July2018.)
Lowering-hyperuricemia Treatment on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Prospective, Multicenter, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03200210]Phase 4548 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-07-11Recruiting
A Phase I, Single-Center, Open-Label, Single-Group Study to Evaluate Potential Pharmacodynamics of Drug-Drug Interaction Between SHR4640 and Febuxostat and Between SHR4640 and Colchicine in Patients With Gout [NCT03131583]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-17Completed
A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose, 4-Way Crossover Study to Assess the Relative Bioavailability of Four 80 mg Febuxostat XR Formulations [NCT02504320]Phase 178 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Comparative Study Evaluating the Outcome of Febuxostat Versus Vitamin E in Hyperuricemia Patients With Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Without Cirrhosis [NCT05574036]Phase 270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-25Recruiting
A Phase 2, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Arhalofenate (MBX-102) in Combination With Febuxostat for the Treatment of Hyperuricemia in Patients With Gout [NCT01416402]Phase 227 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Study on the Effect of Hyperuricaemia on Chronic Renal Disease and Intervention [NCT03425708]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-01Recruiting
Febuxostat-Controlled, Double-Blind, Comparative Study of FYU-981 for Hyperuricemia With or Without Gout to Evaluate the Safety and Noninferiority of FYU-981 (Phase III Study) [NCT03372200]Phase 3203 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-09Completed
Single Dose Crossover Comparative Bioavailability Study of Febuxostat 120 mg Film-Coated Tablets in Healthy Adult Subjects / Fasting State [NCT03918551]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-03Completed
Quantifying Uric Acid Excretion With RDEA3170, Febuxostat and Dapagliflozin [NCT03316131]Phase 236 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-25Completed
Evaluation of the Effect of Febuxostat on Endothelial Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Patients. [NCT02866214]Phase 2/Phase 357 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Superiority Study of Dotinurad (4 mg) and Febuxostat (40 mg) for the Treatment of Subjects With Gout [NCT05007392]Phase 3451 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-21Completed
Low-dose Colchicine With or Without Stepwise Dose Titration of Febuxostat for Flare Prophylaxis in Patients With Gout and Hyperuricemia During the Initial Phase of Urate-lowering Therapy: an Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04697602]21 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-20Terminated(stopped due to Slow recruitment)
A Drug-drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Effect of Rifampicin and Febuxostat on the Pharmacokinetics of Methotrexate in Healthy Subjects [NCT05575297]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-20Completed
A Phase 1, Open-Label, Single Center, Single-Dose, Randomized, 4-Way Crossover Study to Assess the Effect of an Antacid on the Bioavailability of Febuxostat After Oral Administration of a 80 mg Febuxostat Extended-Release (XR) Capsule Formulation [NCT02382640]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Completed
CSP #594 - Comparative Effectiveness in Gout: Allopurinol vs. Febuxostat [NCT02579096]Phase 4950 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-06Completed
A Novel Assay for the Determination of Urinary 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine and Other Key Urinary Purine Metabolites: Effect of Allopurinol and Febuxostat on Urinary 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine Excretion in APRT Deficient Patients [NCT02752633]Phase 49 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
The Cardiovascular Effects of Febuxostat and Benzbromarone on Left Ventricle Diastolic Dysfunction in Individuals With Metabolic Syndrome and Hyperuricemia - an Open-label Non-blinded Randomized-controlled Clinical Trial [NCT03534037]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-02-01Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Simiaowan in Prevention of Acute Flares in Chronic Gout Patients Initiating Febuxostat Therapy：a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04069325]72 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-01Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study of Tranilast in Combination With Febuxostat Compared With Tranilast Alone and Febuxostat Alone in Healthy Subjects With Hyperuricemia [NCT00995618]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
A Phase II, MultiCenter, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SHR4640 and Febuxostat in Subjects With Hyperuricemia [NCT04180982]Phase 284 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-12-03Not yet recruiting
A Phase 2a, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of AR882 Administered Alone or in Combination With Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Gout Patients [NCT04155918]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-03Completed
Febuxostat (Zurig) Efficacy & Safety Trial in Comparison With Allopurinol in Hyperuricemic Subjects With or Without Gout [NCT02600780]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Multi-Center, Double Blinded, Allopurinol-Controlled, Placebo-Controlled Parallel Group, 5-Arm, Dose-Response,Bridging Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat in Subject With Gout [NCT00821392]Phase 3181 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Shifting the Paradigm of Gout: An Assessment of Chronic Synovial-Based Inflammation and Its Role With Serum Urate Levels. [NCT01112982]Phase 474 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Compare the Renal Protective Effects of Febuxostat and Benzbromarone in Middle-to-late Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: a Multi-center Randomized Controlled Study [NCT02944214]800 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-10-31Not yet recruiting
A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL OF AC-201 IN SUBJECTS WITH GOUT [NCT02287818]Phase 2127 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo and Allopurinol Controlled, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate Febuxostat in the Medical Management of Subjects With Hyperuricosuria and Calcium Oxalate Stones [NCT01077284]Phase 299 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Allopurinol-Controlled Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Febuxostat in Subjects With Gout. [NCT00430248]Phase 32,269 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Potential Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between RDEA3170 and Febuxostat in Healthy Adult Male Subjects [NCT01883167]Phase 121 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Comparative Trial on the Effect of Febuxostat in Preventing Cerebral and Cardiorenovascular Events in Patients With Hyperuricemia [NCT01984749]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-11-30Active, not recruiting
Allopurinol Versus Febuxostat: A New Approach for Management of Hepatic Steatosis in Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease [NCT05474560]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-01Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Effect of Febuxostat Versus Placebo on Renal Function in Gout Subjects With Hyperuricemia and Moderate to Severe Renal Impairment [NCT01082640]Phase 296 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
A Phase 3, Open-Label, Randomized, Allopurinol-Controlled Study to Assess the Long-Term Safety of Oral Febuxostat in Subjects With Gout [NCT00175019]Phase 31,086 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
Phase II, Open-Label Study, to Assess the Long-Term Safety of Oral TMX-67 in Subjects With Gout [NCT00174941]Phase 2116 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-03-31Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Allopurinol and Placebo-Controlled Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Febuxostat in Subjects With Gout. [NCT00174915]Phase 31,072 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Phase II, Dose-Response, Safety and Efficacy Study of Oral TMX-67 in Subjects With Gout. [NCT00174967]Phase 2153 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-01-31Completed
the Effect of Febuxostat on Coronary Plaque Volume in Patients With Chronic Stable Angina and Hyperuricemia [NCT02279342]Phase 41 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Entry were insufficient as expected.)
A Phase I, Single-Center, Open-Label Study to Evaluate Pharmacodynamics of Drug-Drug Interaction Between SHR4640 and Febuxostat in Patients With Hyperuricemia [NCT04157959]Phase 128 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-14Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Active-Control, Phase 3B Study to Evaluate the Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in Subjects With Gout and Cardiovascular Comorbidities [NCT01101035]Phase 36,198 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-23Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Effect of Febuxostat Versus Placebo in Joint Damage in Hyperuricemic Subjects With Early Gout [NCT01078389]Phase 2314 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
A Phase 2, Open-label, Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety of Arhalofenate in Combination With Febuxostat for the Treatment of Hyperuricemia in Patients With Gout [NCT02252835]Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
Effects of Pharmacological Reversal of Hyperuricemia on Features of the Metabolic Syndrome [NCT01654276]Phase 424 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
The Influence of Febuxostat on Coronary Artery Endothelial Dysfunction in Subjects With Chronic Stable Angina: A Phase 4 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Study [NCT01763996]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
The Blood Pressure Effects of Febuxostat in Patients Previously Treated With Allopurinol: A Pilot Study [NCT01701622]1 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Terminated(stopped due to unable to enroll participants)
A Randomized, Prospective, Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Uralyt-U Combined With Febuxostat in the Treatment of Hyperuricemia With Uric Acid Stones [NCT04352153]102 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-04-01Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SHR4640 Tablets Combined With Febuxostat Tablets in the Treatment of Primary Gout and Hyperuricemia Subjects With Inadequate Control on Febuxostat [NCT05513976]Phase 2129 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-15Not yet recruiting
A Long-Term Extension Study of Lesinurad in Combination With Febuxostat for Subjects With Gout Completing an Efficacy and Safety Study of Lesinurad and Febuxostat [NCT01808144]Phase 3196 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-01Completed
A Phase 1, Open-Label, Single-Center, Randomized, 3-Way Crossover Study to Assess the Effect of Food on the Bioavailability of a Single Oral Dose of 80 mg Febuxostat Extended-Release Formulation and the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of 40 mg and [NCT02374164]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Study on Efficacy and Safety of HR091506 Tablets in Treatment of Gout With Hyperuricemia in Adults [NCT06139393]Phase 3750 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-30Not yet recruiting
A Deep Phenotyping Approach to Assess the Effect of Uric Acid Lowering in Patients With Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02344602]Phase 473 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-18Completed
Renoprotective Effect of Febuxostat on Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Stage 3 [NCT05264584]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-01Completed
A Randomized, Open Label, Multicenter, Allopurinol- Controlled Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Febuxostat in Patients With Gout [NCT01736514]Phase 3109 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
A Phase 2a, Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Site Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamic Effects and Safety of RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Febuxostat Compared to RDEA3170 Administered Alone and Febuxostat Administered Alone, Respectively in Jap [NCT02317861]Phase 1/Phase 2110 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Effect of Febuxostat 80 mg Once Daily Compared to Placebo on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Subjects With Hyperuricemia and Hypertension [NCT01496469]Phase 2121 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
A Phase 4, Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Lesinurad 200 mg in Combination With a Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor (XOI), Compared With an XOI Alone, in Subjects With Gout and Estimated Creatinine Clearance (eCrCl) 30 to <60 mL/Min Who Have Not Ach [NCT03226899]Phase 4242 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-19Terminated(stopped due to This action was a business decision & not related to any efficacy, safety or clinical concerns with lesinurad.)
A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Effect of Febuxostat 80 mg Once Daily Compared to Placebo on Exercise Tolerance in Subjects With Chronic Stable Angina [NCT01549977]Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Business Decision (please see below))
A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Rising Dose Study of AR882, a Potent Uricosuric Agent, in Healthy Adult Male Volunteers [NCT04347005]Phase 164 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-22Completed
Treatment of Uric Acid With the Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor Febuxostat: Effects on Blood Pressure, Metabolic Markers, and Aortic Stiffness in Prehypertensive [NCT01472692]Phase 447 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Differential Effects of Uric Acid and Xanthine Oxidoreductase on Endothelial Function and Oxydative Stress [NCT03395977]53 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-03Completed
Department of Urology, Shanghai Xu-hui Central Hospital [NCT04398251]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-04-10Enrolling by invitation
The Impact of Urate-lowering Therapy on Kidney Function in Patients With/Without Gout [NCT03336203]Phase 42 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-30Enrolling by invitation
Febuxostat, Blood Pressure and the Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) [NCT01328769]Phase 449 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
The Effect of Intensive Urate Lowering Therapy (ULT) With Febuxostat in Comparison With Allopurinol on Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Gout Using Surrogate Markers: a Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT02500641]Phase 4196 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-17Completed
Effects of Febuxostat for Interventions of Lowering Uric Acid in Patients With Gout With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: a Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized, Controlled Study [NCT04772352]Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-01Not yet recruiting
A Phase 2a, Randomized, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamic Effects and Safety of RDEA3170 Administered in Combination With Febuxostat Compared to Febuxostat Administered Alone in Adult Subjects With Gout [NCT02246673]Phase 264 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo- Controlled, Combination Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lesinurad and Febuxostat Compared to Febuxostat Alone at Lowering Serum Uric Acid and Resolving Tophi in Subjects With Tophaceou [NCT01510769]Phase 3330 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Effects of Febuxostat on Adipokines and Kidney Disease in Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01350388]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Effect of Treatment of Hyperuricemia on Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Stage III Chronic Kidney Disease. [NCT04799925]200 participants (Anticipated)Observational2021-04-15Not yet recruiting
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double Blind, Multicenter, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat 40 mg XR, 80 mg XR, 40 mg IR and 80 mg IR in Subjects With Gout [NCT02139046]Phase 31,790 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Use of Febuxostat in Hyperuricemia Among Hemodialysis Patients [NCT03149939]19 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-01Completed
Study on Efficacy and Safety of HR091506 Tablets in Treatment of Primary Gout With Hyperuricemia in Adults [NCT05347498]Phase 190 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-30Not yet recruiting
A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Therapeutic Confirmatory, Phase III Study to Compare and Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Epaminurad With Febuxostat in Gout Patients [NCT05815901]Phase 3588 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-14Recruiting
Febuxostat for Tumor Lysis Syndrome Prevention in Hematologic Malignancies: a Randomized, Double Blind, Phase III Study Versus Allopurinol [NCT01724528]Phase 3346 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Allopurinol-Controlled Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Febuxostat in Subjects With Gout [NCT02082769]Phase 3504 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Of AC-201 In Subjects With Gout Initiating Urate-Lowering Therapy [NCT01712204]Phase 282 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Compare the Renal Protective Effects of Febuxostat and Benzbromarone in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With GFR 20-50ml/Min [NCT02338323]160 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double Blind, Multicenter, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat 40 mg XR, 80 mg XR, 40 mg IR and 80 mg IR in Subjects With Gout and Moderate Renal Impairment [NCT02128490]Phase 2189 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 28.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Week 28, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Week 52, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flares Between Weeks 8 and 52.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Final Visit, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Week 52 in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Week 28 in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Week 28 Visit
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With the Last 3 Serum Urate Levels <6.0 Milligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL)
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Week 52 Visit
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 52.
NCT00102440 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Final Visit in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Change in the Total Number of Tophi at Week 28 in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Week 28
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change in Primary Tophus Size at Final Visit, as Determined by Physical Measurement in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change in Primary Tophus Size at Week 28, as Determined by Physical Measurement in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for a Gout Flare Between Weeks 8 and 28 of the Double-Blind Treatment Period.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Last Three Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL).
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 28.
NCT00174915 (10) [back to overview]Change in the Total Number of Tophi at Final Visit in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 24 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 48 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 18 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 12 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Final Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 36 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 60 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 48 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 60 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 36 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 6 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 24 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 18 Visit.
NCT00174941 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 12 Visit.
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Maximum Percent Change in Serum Urate Level From Baseline During the Entire Treatment Period.
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change in 24-hour Urine Uric Acid Level From Baseline to Day 28.
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Day 14 Visit.
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Day 28 Visit.
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreased to <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL) at the Day 28 Visit.
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 21 Visit.
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 14 Visit.
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Day 21 Visit
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Day 7 Visit.
NCT00174967 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 7 Visit.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 1.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 12.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 24.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 36.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in the Total Number of Tophi for Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Final Visit.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Final Visit for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 12 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 24 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 36 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Last Visit on Treatment.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flare After Month 12.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flare up to Month 12.
NCT00175019 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Last Visit on Treatment.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Final Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level is <6.0 Milligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL) at the Final Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Renal Impairment Subjects Whose Final Visit Serum Urate Level is <6.0 mg/dl
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 6 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 2 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 4 Visit
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit.
NCT00430248 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Final Visit
NCT01077284 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour Urine Uric Acid (uUA) Excretion
NCT01077284 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the In-plane Diameter of the Largest Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) Stone
NCT01077284 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour Measured Creatinine Clearance
NCT01077284 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Number of Calcium Oxalate Stones
NCT01078389 (5) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Rheumatoid Arthritis MRI Scoring System (RAMRIS) Score of the Single Affected Joint
NCT01078389 (5) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Modified Sharp/Van Der Heijde Total Score of the Single Affected Joint
NCT01078389 (5) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Modified Sharp/Van Der Heijde Erosion Score of the Single Affected Joint
NCT01078389 (5) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Modified Sharp/Van Der Heijde Erosion Scores From Full Hands and Feet Radiographs
NCT01078389 (5) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Modified Sharp/Van Der Heijde Total Scores From Full Hands and Feet Radiographs
NCT01082640 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Serum Creatinine
NCT01082640 (5) [back to overview]Mean Clearance (CL/F) of Febuxostat at Steady State
NCT01082640 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate (sUA) Less Than 6 mg/dL at Month 12
NCT01082640 (5) [back to overview]Mean Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve During the Dosing Interval (AUC[0-τ]) of Febuxostat at Steady State
NCT01082640 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaborative (APTC) Event
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Cardiovascular (CV) Death
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (MI)
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Stroke
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Primary Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) Composite (75% Interim Analysis)
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Unstable Angina With Urgent Coronary Revascularization
NCT01101035 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Primary MACE Composite (Final Analysis)
NCT01112982 (7) [back to overview]Number and Percentage of Participants With Evidence of Chronic Ongoing Synovial-Based Inflammatory Disease at Baseline.
NCT01112982 (7) [back to overview]High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentrations
NCT01112982 (7) [back to overview]"Presence or Absence of Erosive Changes on Baseline Radiographs of the Index Joint Correlated With the Presence and Severity of Synovial Pannus Correlation With Serum Urate Levels and the Presence of Erosions on Their Plain Radiograph."
NCT01112982 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Other Characteristic Findings of Gout on MRI's Correlated With Serum Urate Levels.
NCT01112982 (7) [back to overview]The Severity of Synovial Pannus the Day of Serum High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NCT01112982 (7) [back to overview]Number and Percentage of Substudy Participants for Whom the Severity of Synovial Pannus Was Significantly Reduced After 9 Months of Treatment With Febuxostat (Uloric).
NCT01112982 (7) [back to overview]Mean Serum Urate Levels for Previous 2 Years at Baseline.
NCT01328769 (2) [back to overview]Change in Endothelial Function
NCT01328769 (2) [back to overview]Change in Renal Plasma Flow in Response to Infused Angiotensin II
NCT01350388 (6) [back to overview]Change in Adiponectin Concentration in Adipose Tissue From Baseline to 24 Weeks
NCT01350388 (6) [back to overview]Change in Urinary Concentrations of Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) From Baseline to 24 Weeks
NCT01350388 (6) [back to overview]Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 24 Weeks
NCT01350388 (6) [back to overview]Change in Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) Concentration in Adipose Tissue From Baseline to 24 Weeks
NCT01350388 (6) [back to overview]Change in Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 24 Weeks
NCT01350388 (6) [back to overview]Change in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 24 Weeks
NCT01496469 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 6
NCT01496469 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 24-hour Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Measured by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring at Week 6
NCT01496469 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 24-hour Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) Measured by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring at Week 6
NCT01510769 (4) [back to overview]Subjects With a Serum Urate (sUA) Level That is < 5.0 mg/dL by Month 6
NCT01510769 (4) [back to overview]Quality of Life
NCT01510769 (4) [back to overview]Complete Resolution of at Least One Target Tophus
NCT01510769 (4) [back to overview]Complete or Partial Response of at Least One Tophus
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Serum HDL-cholesterol
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Serum Insulin
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Serum Triglycerides
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Serum Uric Acid
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Seum Total Cholesterol
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Urine Creatinine
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Urine pH
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Urine Uric Acid
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Ambulatory Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Fractional Excretion UA
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Serum Creatinine
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Insulin Sensitivity Measured by HOMA (HOmeostasis Model Assessment)
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]BMI
NCT01654276 (15) [back to overview]Serum Glucose
NCT01712204 (1) [back to overview]Number of Gout Flares Per Subject
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Assessment of Clinical Tumor Lysis Syndrome (CTLS)
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Assessment of Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome (LTLS)
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Serum Uric Acid (sUA) Level Control
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Treatment Responder Rate
NCT01724528 (5) [back to overview]Preservation of Renal Function
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Stopping Exercise Treadmill Test Due to Angina at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Time to Onset of Angina During Exercise Treadmill Test at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Exercise Duration
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Change in Time to Onset of ≥1 mm ST-Segment Depression During Exercise Treadmill Test (ETT)
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Change in Maximum ST-segment Depression During Exercise Treadmill Test
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Change in Coronary Flow Velocity From Rest to IHG Exercise at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Change in Coronary Flow Velocity Following the Administration of Sublingual Nitroglycerin at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Change in Coronary Artery Flow From Rest to Isometric Handgrip (IHG) Exercise at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Change in Coronary Artery Flow Following the Administration of Sublingual Nitroglycerin at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Change in Coronary Artery Cross-Sectional Area From Rest to IHG Exercise at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo
NCT01763996 (11) [back to overview]Change in Coronary Artery Cross Sectional Area Following the Administration of Sublingual Nitroglycerin at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo
NCT01808144 (2) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants (With at Least One Target Tophus at Baseline) Who Experience Complete Resolution of at Least One Target Tophus
NCT01808144 (2) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With an sUA Level That is < 5.0 mg/dL
NCT02082769 (3) [back to overview]Absolute Change in the Serum Urate Level at the Final Visit Relative to Baseline
NCT02082769 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Last Three Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL)
NCT02082769 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit
NCT02128490 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Month 3
NCT02128490 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One Gout Flare Requiring Treatment
NCT02128490 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate <5.0 mg/dL at Month 3
NCT02139046 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate <5.0 mg/dL at Month 3
NCT02139046 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One Gout Flare Requiring Treatment
NCT02139046 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Month 3
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Urine Uric Acid % Change (0-24h) (Aeur, CB)
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Time of Occurrence of Maximum Observed Concentration (Tmax)
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Serum Urate Maximum Percentage (%) Change (Emax, CB)
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (AUC 0-24)
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Renal Clearance of Uric Acid % Change (0-24h) (CLur, CB)
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Fract. Excretion of Uric Acid % Change (0-24h) (FEUA, CB)
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2)
NCT02246673 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Sampling Timepoint (AUC Last)
NCT02287818 (1) [back to overview]Proportion of Subjects Achieving Serum Uric Acid Concentration <6.0 mg/dL
NCT02374164 (6) [back to overview]AUCinf: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for Febuxostat XR 40 mg (Regimen B) and Febuxostate XR 80 mg (Regimen C) in Fasted States
NCT02374164 (6) [back to overview]AUCinf: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for Febuxostat XR 80 mg in Fed (Regimen A) and Fasted (Regimen C) States
NCT02374164 (6) [back to overview]AUCt: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for Febuxostat XR 40 mg (Regimen B) and Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Regimen C) in Fasted States
NCT02374164 (6) [back to overview]AUCt: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for Febuxostat XR 80 mg in Fed (Regimen A) and Fasted (Regimen C) States
NCT02374164 (6) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Febuxostat XR 40 mg (Regimen B) and Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Regimen C) in Fasted States
NCT02374164 (6) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Febuxostat XR 80 mg in Fed (Regimen A) and Fasted (Regimen C) States
NCT02382640 (8) [back to overview]AUC(0-inf): Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for Febuxostat
NCT02382640 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT02382640 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Vital Signs
NCT02382640 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Physical Examination Findings
NCT02382640 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Clinical Laboratory Evaluation
NCT02382640 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG)
NCT02382640 (8) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Febuxostat
NCT02382640 (8) [back to overview]AUC(0-tau): Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve During the Dosing Interval for Febuxostat
NCT02500641 (1) [back to overview]Pulse Wave Velocity
NCT02504320 (3) [back to overview]Mean AUC∞: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for Febuxostat
NCT02504320 (3) [back to overview]Mean AUCt: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for Febuxostat
NCT02504320 (3) [back to overview]Mean Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Febuxostat
NCT02579096 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Experiencing ≥ 1 Gout Flare During Phase 3
NCT02752633 (1) [back to overview]Urinary 2,8-dihydroxyadenine Excretion
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]MRI Variables - Diastolic Circumferential Strain Rate, Longitudinal Strain Rate, Radial Strain Rate and Systolic Circumferential Strain Rate, Longitudinal Strain Rate, Radial Strain Rate
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Flow Mediated Dilatation (Reactive Hyperemia)
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Clinical Chemistry Values
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Clinical Chemistry Values
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Clinical Assessments
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (UACR) Compared to Placebo
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (UACR)
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (UACR)
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]MRI Variables - LV Mass/End-diastolic Volume
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]MRI Variables - LV Mass
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]MRI Variables - Kidney Cortex T2 Star - BOLD MRI
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline UACR
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline Serum High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline Serum Cystatin-C
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline Serum Creatinine
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Systolic Radial Strain Rate
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Systolic Longitudinal Strain Rate
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Systolic Circumferential Strain Rate
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Radial Strain
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - LV Stroke Volume
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - LV Mass/End-diastolic Volume
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - LV Mass
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - LV End-systolic Volume
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - LV End-diastolic Volume
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - LV Ejection Fraction
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Serum High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Serum Cystatin C
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Serum Creatinine
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]MRI Variables - LV End-diastolic Volume, LV End-systolic Volume, LV Stroke Volume
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]MRI Variables - LV Ejection Fraction, Circumferential Strain, Longitudinal Strain, Radial Strain
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Diastolic Circumferential Strain Rate
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]eGFR
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline eGFR
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline Flow Mediated Dilatation (Reactive Hyperemia)
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Circumferential Strain
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Diastolic Longitudinal Strain Rate
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Diastolic Radial Strain Rate
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Kidney Cortex T2 Star
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline MRI Variables - Longitudinal Strain
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Baseline Serum Uric Acid (sUA)
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Urinalysis
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]Urinalysis
NCT03118739 (43) [back to overview]sUA
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieve sUA < 6.0 mg/dL Over Time
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieve sUA < 6.0 mg/dL Over Time
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieve Serum Urate (sUA) < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 6
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Renal-Related and Kidney Stone Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Creatinine (sCr) Elevations (≥1.5 × Baseline) Over the Study Period
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Meeting Criteria (eg, Based on sCr or eCrCl Criteria) for Treatment Discontinuations Over the Study Period
NCT03226899 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment
NCT03316131 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Peak Urinary Excretion of Uric Acid (UA) on Day 7
NCT03316131 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Urinary Excretion of Serum UA (sUA) on Day 7
NCT03316131 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Time to Reach Maximum Observed Concentration (Tmax) on Day 7
NCT03316131 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Time of Last Measurable Concentration (Tlast) on Day 7
NCT03316131 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Plasma Concentration (Cmax) on Day 7
NCT03316131 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Area Under Plasma Concentration Time Curve Over a Dosing Interval (24 Hours) (AUCτ) on Day 7
NCT03316131 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Area Under Plasma Concentration Time Curve From Time Zero to the Time of Last Measurable Concentration (AUClast) on Day 7
NCT03605212 (2) [back to overview]Assessment of Treatment Emergent Signs and Symptoms (TESS)
NCT03605212 (2) [back to overview]Assessment of Participants Affected by Treatment Emergent Signs and Symptoms (TESS)

Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 28.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 28 visit. The percent change in serum urate was calculated as [(week 28 - baseline levels/baseline)]*100 and summarized. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-46.3
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-53.5
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-34.8

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Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Week 28, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.

The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size as determined by physical measurement was calculated as [(Week 28 - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at the Screening Visit. If the primary tophus was no longer palpable at the Week 28 visit, the size was assumed to be zero. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-29.5
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-49.5
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-28.6

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Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Week 52, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.

The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size as determined by physical measurement was calculated as [(Week 52 - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at the Screening Visit. If the primary tophus was no longer palpable at the Week 52 visit, the size was assumed to be zero. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-83.4
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-65.5
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-49.7

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Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flares Between Weeks 8 and 52.

The percentage of subjects requiring treatment for a gout flare between Weeks 8 and 52 of the double-blind treatment period was summarized. A subject who reported more than 1 gout flare during this period was counted only once. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Weeks 8 through 52

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD64
Febuxostat 120 mg QD70
Allopurinol 300 mg QD64

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit

The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Final visit was calculated as [(Final Visit - baseline levels/baseline)]*100 and summarized. The Final visit was the last visit with a serum urate value. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 52 weeks)

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-44.7
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-51.5
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-33.0

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Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 52 weeks)

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD74
Febuxostat 120 mg QD80
Allopurinol 300 mg QD36

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Percent Change From Baseline in Tophus Size at Final Visit, as Determined by Physical Measurement, in Subjects With a Palpable Primary Tophus at Screening.

Percent change in primary tophus size was calculated as [(Final Visit - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at Screening. If tophus was not palpable at Final visit, the size was assumed to be 0. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 52 weeks)

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-51.7
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-43.8
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-39.6

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Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Week 52 in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.

The change from baseline at Week 52 in the total number of tophi per subject was calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at the Screening Visit. If the tophi were no longer palpable at the Week 52 visit, the total count was assumed to be zero. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-1.0
Allopurinol 300 mg QD0.0

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Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Week 28 in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.

The change from baseline at Week 28 in the total number of tophi per subject was calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at the Screening Visit. If the tophi were no longer palpable at the Week 28 visit, the total count was assumed to be zero. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD0.0
Allopurinol 300 mg QD0.0

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Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Week 28 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 28 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Week 28 visit was summarized. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Week 28

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD72
Febuxostat 120 mg QD82
Allopurinol 300 mg QD42

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Percentage of Subjects With the Last 3 Serum Urate Levels <6.0 Milligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL)

Each subject's serum urate at the last 3 visits determined the subject's response for the primary efficacy variable. A subject who prematurely discontinued without least 3 postbaseline serum urate levels was considered a nonresponder; if at least 3 serum urate were obtained postbaseline, those 3 visits were used. The last 3 visits used may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Last 3 Visits (up to 52 weeks)

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD53
Febuxostat 120 mg QD62
Allopurinol 300 mg QD21

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Percentage of Subjects With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Week 52 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 52 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Week 52 visit was summarized. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Week 52

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD81
Febuxostat 120 mg QD82
Allopurinol 300 mg QD39

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 52.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 52 visit. The percent change in serum urate was calculated as [(week 52 - baseline levels/baseline)]*100 and summarized. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-47.7
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-53.0
Allopurinol 300 mg QD-34.8

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Change From Baseline in Total Number of Tophi at Final Visit in Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Screening.

Change in number of tophi/subject calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at Screening. If the tophi were not palpable at the Final Visit, total count was assumed to be 0. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00102440)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 52 weeks)

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD0.0
Allopurinol 300 mg QD0.0

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Change in the Total Number of Tophi at Week 28 in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.

Change from baseline at Week 28 in the total number of tophi per subject was calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at the Screening Visit. If the tophi were not palpable at the Week 28 visit, the total count was assumed to be 0. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 240 mg QD0.0
Allopurinol QD0.0
Placebo QD0.0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Week 28

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 28 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Week 28 visit was summarized. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Week 28

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD76
Febuxostat 120 mg QD87
Febuxostat 240 mg QD94
Allopurinol QD41
Placebo QD1

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Percent Change in Primary Tophus Size at Final Visit, as Determined by Physical Measurement in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.

Percent change in primary tophus size was calculated as [(Final Visit - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at Screening. If tophus was not palpable at Final visit, the size was assumed to be 0. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 28 weeks)

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-33.8
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-42.4
Febuxostat 240 mg QD-47.0
Allopurinol QD-22.6
Placebo QD-40.3

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Percent Change in Primary Tophus Size at Week 28, as Determined by Physical Measurement in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit.

The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size as determined by physical measurement was calculated as [(Week 28 - baseline sizes)/baseline]*100 for the subset of subjects with a primary palpable tophus at the Screening Visit. If the primary tophus was no longer palpable at the Week 28 visit, the size was assumed to be zero. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-45.6
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-54.2
Febuxostat 240 mg QD-53.2
Allopurinol QD-31.5
Placebo QD-52.0

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Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for a Gout Flare Between Weeks 8 and 28 of the Double-Blind Treatment Period.

Percentage of subjects requiring treatment for a gout flare between Weeks 8 and 28 of the double-blind treatment period was summarized. A subject who reported more than 1 gout flare during this period was counted only once. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Weeks 8 through 28

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD55
Febuxostat 120 mg QD54
Febuxostat 240 mg QD57
Allopurinol QD46
Placebo QD52

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Last Three Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL).

Each subject's serum urate at the last 3 visits determined the subject's response for the primary efficacy variable. A subject who prematurely discontinued without least 3 postbaseline serum urate levels was considered a nonresponder; if at least 3 serum urate were obtained postbaseline, those 3 visits were used. The last 3 visits used may have differed for each subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Last 3 visits (any last 3 visits up to week 28)

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD48
Febuxostat 120 mg QD65
Febuxostat 240 mg QD69
Allopurinol QD22
Placebo QD0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected and may have differed by subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 28 weeks).

InterventionPercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD72
Febuxostat 120 mg QD79
Febuxostat 240 mg QD92
Allopurinol QD39
Placebo QD1

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit

The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Final visit was summarized. The percent change in serum urate was calculated as [(Final visit - baseline levels)/baseline]*100. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 28 weeks)

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-45.2
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-51.9
Febuxostat 240 mg QD-66.3
Allopurinol QD-33.7
Placebo QD-3.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 28.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Week 28 visit. The percent change in serum urate was calculated as [(Week 28 - baseline levels)/baseline]*100 and summarized. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-47.6
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-54.9
Febuxostat 240 mg QD-67.8
Allopurinol QD-34.4
Placebo QD-3.6

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Change in the Total Number of Tophi at Final Visit in the Subset of Subjects With Palpable Tophi at the Screening Visit

Change in number of tophi/subject was calculated for the subset of subjects with palpable tophi at the Screening. If the tophi were not palpable at the Final Visit, total count was assumed to be 0. The timing of the final visit may have differed for each subject. (NCT00174915)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 28 weeks)

Interventionnumber of tophi (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 120 mg QD0.0
Febuxostat 240 mg QD0.0
Allopurinol QD0.0
Placebo QD0.0

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 24 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 24 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 24 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-38.9
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-46.7
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-54.7
Total Febuxostat-47.3

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 48 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 48 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 48 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 48

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-50.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-50.3
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-53.8
Total Febuxostat-51.1

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 18 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 18 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 18 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-35.5
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-48.7
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-39.5
Total Febuxostat-45.4

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 12 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 12 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 12 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-35.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-49.7
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-49.3
Total Febuxostat-48.3

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Final Visit.

The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Last Visit on treatment (up to 66 months).

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-49.2
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-47.1
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-50.7
Total Febuxostat-48.1

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 36 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 36 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 36 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 36

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-43.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-46.9
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-56.4
Total Febuxostat-48.4

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 60 Visit.

The secondary outcome was the mean percent change from baseline to Month 60 visit as assessed by serum urate levels collected at baseline and at the Month 60 visit by dose at observation. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 60

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-45.5
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-51.1
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-59.0
Total Febuxostat-52.0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 48 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 48 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 48 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Month 48

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD83
Febuxostat 80 mg QD92
Febuxostat 120 mg QD85
Total Febuxostat90

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 60 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 60 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 60 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Month 60

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD100
Febuxostat 80 mg QD93
Febuxostat 120 mg QD91
Total Febuxostat93

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD50
Febuxostat 80 mg QD93
Febuxostat 120 mg QD65
Total Febuxostat82

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 36 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 36 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 36 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Month 36

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD67
Febuxostat 80 mg QD84
Febuxostat 120 mg QD92
Total Febuxostat84

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit.

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 66 months).

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD100
Febuxostat 80 mg QD82
Febuxostat 120 mg QD81
Total Febuxostat83

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline at Month 6 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-35.9
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-50.6
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-47.6
Total Febuxostat-48.3

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 24 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 24 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 24 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Month 24

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD63
Febuxostat 80 mg QD76
Febuxostat 120 mg QD92
Total Febuxostat77

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 18 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 18 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 18 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Month 18

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD50
Febuxostat 80 mg QD82
Febuxostat 120 mg QD57
Total Febuxostat74

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to or is Maintained at <6.0 mg/dL at Month 12 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 12 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 12 visit was summarized. (NCT00174941)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD57
Febuxostat 80 mg QD85
Febuxostat 120 mg QD67
Total Febuxostat79

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Maximum Percent Change in Serum Urate Level From Baseline During the Entire Treatment Period.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Day 7, 14, 21,and 28 visits. The maximum percent change in serum urate levels obtained at any visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Baseline and Any visit (Day 7, 14, 21,or 28)

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD42.5
Febuxostat 80 mg QD49.2
Febuxostat 120 mg QD62.8
Placebo QD10.0

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Percent Change in 24-hour Urine Uric Acid Level From Baseline to Day 28.

24-hour urine uric acid levels were obtained at the Day 28 visit. The percent change in 24-hour urine uric acid level from baseline to the Day 28 visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 28.

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-43.6
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-46.5
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-45.7
Placebo QD5.9

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Day 14 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Day 14 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Day 14 visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 14.

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-37.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-41.8
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-56.9
Placebo QD1.62

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Day 28 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Day 28 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Day 28 visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 28.

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-36.6
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-44.3
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-59.1
Placebo QD-2.2

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreased to <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL) at the Day 28 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Day 28 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 28 visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Day 28.

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD56
Febuxostat 80 mg QD76
Febuxostat 120 mg QD94
Placebo QD0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 21 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Day 21 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 21 visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Day 21.

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD59
Febuxostat 80 mg QD76
Febuxostat 120 mg QD97
Placebo QD0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 14 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Day 14 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 14 visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Day 14.

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD56
Febuxostat 80 mg QD68
Febuxostat 120 mg QD94
Placebo QD0

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Day 21 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Day 21 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Day 21 visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 21.

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-37.3
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-43.9
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-59.4
Placebo QD-0.57

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Day 7 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Day 7 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Day 7 visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 7.

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-35.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-39.2
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-53.44
Placebo QD0.71

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 7 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Day 7 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate decreased to <6.0 mg/dL at the Day 7 visit was summarized. (NCT00174967)
Timeframe: Day 7.

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD50
Febuxostat 80 mg QD59
Febuxostat 120 mg QD91
Placebo QD3

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 1.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 1 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 1 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 1

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD80.8
Febuxostat 120 mg QD87.0
Allopurinol QD46.0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 12.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 12 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 12 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD88.9
Febuxostat 120 mg QD86.3
Allopurinol QD82.2

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 24.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 24 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 24 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 24

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD89.3
Febuxostat 120 mg QD87.2
Allopurinol QD78.6

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 36.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 36 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 36 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 36

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD90.8
Febuxostat 120 mg QD91.5
Allopurinol QD90.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in the Total Number of Tophi for Subjects With Palpable Tophi at Final Visit.

The number of tophi were counted at baseline and final visits. The percent change from baseline in the number of tophi to the final visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 40 months).

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-59.9
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-58.3
Allopurinol QD-48.7

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Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Final Visit for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.

The area of the primary tophus was calculated based on the length and width of the tophus measured at baseline and final visit. The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size to the final visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 40 months).

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-96
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-84
Allopurinol QD-67

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Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 12 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.

The area of the primary tophus was calculated based on the length and width of the tophus measured at the Month 12 visit. The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size to the Month 12 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-82
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-79
Allopurinol QD-56

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Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 24 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.

The area of the primary tophus was calculated based on the length and width of the tophus measured at baseline and Month 24 visit. The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size to the Month 24 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 24

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-100
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-96
Allopurinol QD-87

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Percent Change From Baseline in Primary Tophus Size at Month 36 for Subjects With Palpable Tophi Measured at Baseline.

The area of the primary tophus was calculated based on the length and width of the tophus measured at baseline and Month 36 visit. The percent change from baseline in primary tophus size to the Month 36 visit was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 36

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Median)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-83

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Percent Change in Serum Urate Levels From Baseline to the Last Visit on Treatment.

The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the last visit on treatment was summarized. The last visit on treatment was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected prior to any changes in drug and/or dose from the initial treatment assignment. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 40 months).

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-46.69
Febuxostat 120 mg QD-52.99
Allopurinol QD-32.17

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Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flare After Month 12.

The percentage of subjects requiring treatment for gout flare after the first 12 months of final stable treatment was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: After Month 12 to Final Visit

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD15.3
Febuxostat 120 mg QD19.8
Allopurinol QD23.2

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Percentage of Subjects Requiring Treatment for Gout Flare up to Month 12.

The percentage of subjects requiring treatment for gout flare during the first twelve months of final stable treatment was summarized. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD29.4
Febuxostat 120 mg QD42.5
Allopurinol QD28.3

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level Decreases to < 6.0 mg/dL at Last Visit on Treatment.

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the last visit on treatment was summarized. The last visit on treatment was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected prior to any changes in drug and/or dose from the initial treatment assignment. (NCT00175019)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 40 months).

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 80 mg QD70.8
Febuxostat 120 mg QD82.0
Allopurinol QD32.6

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 2 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <5.0 mg/dL at the Month 2 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 2

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD15.4
Febuxostat 80 mg QD45.9
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD11.7

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Final Visit.

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate level was <5.0 mg/dL at the Final Visit was summarized. The Final Visit was the last visit at which a serum urate values was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD16.5
Febuxostat 80 mg QD44.0
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD13.2

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Level is <6.0 Milligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL) at the Final Visit.

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate level was <6.0 mg/dL at the Final Visit was summarized. The Final Visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD45.2
Febuxostat 80 mg QD67.1
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD42.1

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 2 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <4.0 mg/dL at the Month 2 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 2

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD2.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD17.5
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD1.5

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 4 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 4 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 4

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD47.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD75.2
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD45.5

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD48.9
Febuxostat 80 mg QD75.3
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD46.6

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Percentage of Renal Impairment Subjects Whose Final Visit Serum Urate Level is <6.0 mg/dl

The percentage of subjects with mild-to-moderate renal impairment whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD49.7
Febuxostat 80 mg QD71.6
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD42.3

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 6 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-35.6
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-45.1
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD-34.4

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <4.0 mg/dL at the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD3.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD20.3
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD1.8

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 6 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 6 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <5.0 mg/dL at the Month 6 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD19.3
Febuxostat 80 mg QD49.7
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD14.8

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 4 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <4.0 mg/dL at the Month 4 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 4

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD2.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD18.6
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD1.4

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Final Visit.

The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Final visit was summarized. The final visit was the last visit at which a serum urate value was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Baseline and Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-33.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-40.6
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD-31.3

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 2 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 2 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 2 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 2

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-35.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-44.5
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD-33.8

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <5.0 mg/dL at Month 4 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 4 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <5.0 mg/dL at the Month 4 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 4

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD15.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD51.6
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD13.5

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Month 4 Visit

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 4 visit. The percent change in serum urate from baseline to the Month 4 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 4

Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD-34.9
Febuxostat 80 mg QD-45.5
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD-34.5

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Month 2 Visit.

Serum urate values were obtained at the Month 2 visit. The percentage of subjects whose serum urate was <6.0 mg/dL at the Month 2 visit was summarized. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Month 2

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD49.1
Febuxostat 80 mg QD74.1
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD43.2

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <4.0 mg/dL at Final Visit

The percentage of subjects whose serum urate level was <4.0 mg/dL at the Final Visit was summarized. The Final Visit was the last visit at which a serum urate values was collected. (NCT00430248)
Timeframe: Last Visit on treatment (up to 6 months)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD2.5
Febuxostat 80 mg QD17.5
Allopurinol 200 mg or 300 mg QD1.5

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Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour Urine Uric Acid (uUA) Excretion

The change from Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour urine uric acid is expressed as a percentage of the Baseline uUA value. (NCT01077284)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Febuxostat-58.6
Allopurinol-36.4
Placebo-12.7

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Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the In-plane Diameter of the Largest Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) Stone

Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) was used to visualize and measure calcium oxalate kidney stones at Baseline and after 6 months of treatment. All MDCT images were analyzed independently by a Central Reader. The change from Baseline to month 6 is expressed as a percentage of the Baseline largest in-plane diameter. (NCT01077284)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Febuxostat-6.50
Allopurinol0.63
Placebo3.20

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Change From Baseline to Month 6 in 24-hour Measured Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine clearance is a measure of how well the kidneys are filtering creatinine, a waste product produced by the muscles. Measured creatinine clearance was calculated according to the following: Urine 24 hour Creatinine/Serum Creatinine x (total Urine volume/elapsed time) x (1.73/body surface area). (NCT01077284)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

,,
InterventionmL/min/1.73m² (Mean)
Baseline (n=33, 33, 33)Change from Baseline (n=30, 29, 30)
Allopurinol146.0-7.7
Febuxostat146.9-9.0
Placebo147.1-19.0

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Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Number of Calcium Oxalate Stones

Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) was used to visualize and count calcium oxalate kidney stones at Baseline and after 6 months of treatment. All MDCT images were analyzed independently by a Central Reader. (NCT01077284)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

,,
Interventionstones (Mean)
Baseline (n=28, 24, 30)Change from Baseline (n=26, 23, 26)
Allopurinol6.600.28
Febuxostat4.84-0.06
Placebo5.570.10

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Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Rheumatoid Arthritis MRI Scoring System (RAMRIS) Score of the Single Affected Joint

The single affected joint was defined as the joint with the history of the first acute gout flare. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was evaluated using the Rheumatoid Arthritis MRI Score (RAMRIS). Bone erosion in the proximal and distal location were each assessed in the affected joint using an 11-point scale where 0=no erosion (best) to 10=91-100% bone eroded (worst) for a bone erosion score range of 0 to 20. Bone marrow edema in the proximal and distal location were each assessed using a 4-point scale where 0=no edema (best) to 3=67-100% edema (worst) for a bone marrow edema (BME) score range of 0 to 6. Synovitis was assessed in the affected joint using a 4-point scale where 0=normal (best) to 3=severe (worst). Higher scores indicated more joint damage. A negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. (NCT01078389)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Synovitis:Baseline (BL)(n=82,76)Synovitis:Change from Baseline (n=75,67)Erosion (Distal+Proximal):Baseline (n=84,77)Erosion (Distal+Proximal):Change from BL(n=79,69)Edema (Distal+Proximal):Baseline (BL) (n=81,75)Edema (Distal+Proximal):Change from BL(n=77,66)
Febuxostat 40 mg or 80 mg1.29-0.431.63-0.010.73-0.36
Placebo1.09-0.071.480.040.51-0.10

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Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Modified Sharp/Van Der Heijde Total Score of the Single Affected Joint

The single affected joint was defined as the joint with the history of the first acute gout flare. Radiographs (X-rays) of the single affected joint in the hands or feet were evaluated using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde method. Each erosion was assessed using a 4-point scale where 0=no erosions (best) to 3=large erosion passing the mid-line (worst) and Joint space narrowing (JSN) was assessed using a 5-point scale where 0=normal (best) to 4=absence of joint space, presumptive evidence of ankyloses, or complete luxation (worst). The Erosion Score and the JSN Score were summed for the Total Score. Higher scores indicated more joint damage. A negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. (NCT01078389)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Month 24(n=81,76)
Febuxostat 40 mg or 80 mg0.850.00
Placebo0.770.05

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Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Modified Sharp/Van Der Heijde Erosion Score of the Single Affected Joint

The single affected joint was defined as the joint with the history of the first acute gout flare. Radiographs (X-rays) of this single joint in the hands or feet were evaluated using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde method. Each erosion was assessed using a 4-point scale where 0=no erosions (best) to 3=large erosion passing the mid-line (worst). Individual erosion scores were summed to a maximum erosion score of 5 for joints in the hands and 10 for joints in the feet. Higher scores indicated more joint damage. A negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. (NCT01078389)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Month 24
Febuxostat 40 mg or 80 mg0.160.01
Placebo0.110.01

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Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Modified Sharp/Van Der Heijde Erosion Scores From Full Hands and Feet Radiographs

Radiographs (X-rays) of 40 joints in the hands and 12 joints in the feet were evaluated using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde method. Each erosion was assessed using a 4-point scale where 0=no erosions (best) to 3=large erosion passing the mid-line (worst) for a total erosion score range of 0 to 320. Higher scores indicated more joint damage. A negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. (NCT01078389)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Month 24 (n=78,74)
Febuxostat 40 mg or 80 mg0.360.17
Placebo0.170.11

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Mean Change From Baseline to Month 24 in the Modified Sharp/Van Der Heijde Total Scores From Full Hands and Feet Radiographs

Radiographs (X-rays) of 40 joints in the hands and 12 joints in the feet were evaluated using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde method. Each erosion was assessed using a 4-point scale where 0=no erosions (best) to 3=large erosion passing the mid-line (worst) for a total erosion score range of 0 to 320. Joint space narrowing (JSN) was assessed using a 5-point scale where 0=normal (best) to 4=absence of joint space, presumptive evidence of ankyloses, or complete luxation (worst) for a total JSN score range of 0 to 208. The Erosion Score and the JSN Score were combined for a total possible score of 0 to 528. Higher scores indicated more joint damage. A negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. (NCT01078389)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Month 24 (n=78,74)
Febuxostat 40 mg or 80 mg4.980.31
Placebo4.560.29

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Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Serum Creatinine

Renal function was assessed by measuring the change from Baseline in serum creatinine. Analyses were conducted by the Central Laboratory. (NCT01082640)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

,,
Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Month 12
Febuxostat 30 mg BID2.100.09
Febuxostat 40/80 mg QD2.220.23
Placebo2.520.19

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Mean Clearance (CL/F) of Febuxostat at Steady State

Mean CL/F at steady state were estimated using a population pharmacokinetic (PK) approach, based on 2 PK samples collected prior to dosing, and 4 PK samples collected postdose. (NCT01082640)
Timeframe: The 2 pre-dose PK samples collected were collected at any 2 of the following visits: Months 3, 6, 9, and/or 12, at -0.25 to 0 hours. The 4 postdose PK samples were collected at Months 3, 6, and/or 9, at 0.25; 0.75 to 2.0; 2.5 to 4.0; and 5 to 12 hours.

Interventionliters/hour (Mean)
Febuxostat 30 mg BID8.16
Febuxostat 40 mg QD8.71
Febuxostat 80 mg QD10.9

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate (sUA) Less Than 6 mg/dL at Month 12

Serum urate concentrations were determined using the enzymatic method as performed by the Central Laboratory. (NCT01082640)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo0
Febuxostat 30 mg BID68.8
Febuxostat 40/80 mg QD45.2

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Mean Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve During the Dosing Interval (AUC[0-τ]) of Febuxostat at Steady State

Mean AUC during the dosing interval at steady state was estimated using a population pharmacokinetic (PK) approach, based on 2 PK samples collected prior to dosing, and 4 PK samples collected postdose. (NCT01082640)
Timeframe: The 2 pre-dose PK samples collected were collected at any 2 of the following visits: Months 3, 6, 9, and/or 12, at -0.25 to 0 hours. The 4 postdose PK samples were collected at Months 3, 6, and/or 9, at 0.25; 0.75 to 2.0; 2.5 to 4.0; and 5 to 12 hours.

Interventionhr*µg/mL (Mean)
Febuxostat 30 mg BID3.98
Febuxostat 40 mg QD4.91
Febuxostat 80 mg QD8.21

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Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

Change from baseline to Month 12 in estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula (as calculated by the central laboratory). (NCT01082640)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

,,
InterventionmL/min/1.73m² (Least Squares Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Month 12
Febuxostat 30 mg BID34.140.33
Febuxostat 40/80 mg QD34.08-0.86
Placebo29.31-2.05

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Percentage of Participants With Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaborative (APTC) Event

APTC events were defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke; these events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat9.6
Allopurinol8.8

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Percentage of Participants With Cardiovascular (CV) Death

Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as CV death. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat4.3
Allopurinol3.2

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Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as non-fatal MI. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat3.6
Allopurinol3.8

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Percentage of Participants With Non-fatal Stroke

Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as non-fatal stroke. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat2.3
Allopurinol2.3

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Percentage of Participants With Primary Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) Composite (75% Interim Analysis)

Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke and unstable angina with urgent coronary revascularization; these events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat8.0
Allopurinol8.0

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Percentage of Participants With Unstable Angina With Urgent Coronary Revascularization

Events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee as unstable angina with urgent coronary revascularization. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat1.6
Allopurinol1.8

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Percentage of Participants With Primary MACE Composite (Final Analysis)

Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke and unstable angina with urgent coronary revascularization; these events were adjudicated by an independent cardiovascular endpoints committee. (NCT01101035)
Timeframe: Up to last dose of study drug (approximately 83 months)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat10.8
Allopurinol10.4

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Number and Percentage of Participants With Evidence of Chronic Ongoing Synovial-Based Inflammatory Disease at Baseline.

"The primary aim of this study will be to determine the percentage of patients with known gout who have evidence of chronic ongoing synovial-based inflammatory disease, i.e. synovial pannus, in their index joint, and determine if there is a correlation of the prevalence and severity of synovial pannus in the index joint with the patients' serum urate levels on the day of their MRI." (NCT01112982)
Timeframe: MRI and baseline uric acid level will be performed upon enrollment in the study.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MRI of Index Joint63

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High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentrations

The concentration of serum high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein at enrollment. (NCT01112982)
Timeframe: Upon enrollment into study at screening.

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
MRI of Index Joint0.52
Febuxostat Sub-Study0.37

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"Presence or Absence of Erosive Changes on Baseline Radiographs of the Index Joint Correlated With the Presence and Severity of Synovial Pannus Correlation With Serum Urate Levels and the Presence of Erosions on Their Plain Radiograph."

"Baseline radiographs of the index joint will also be obtained on the same day as their MRI and assessed for the presence or absence of erosive changes, intraosseous tophi, soft tissue tophi, joint effusion, bone marrow edema, or soft tissue edema. This will be correlated with the presence and severity of synovial pannus in that same joint. The analysis will also be performed to see if there is a correlation with serum urate levels and the presence of erosions on their plain radiograph." (NCT01112982)
Timeframe: Upon enrollment into study

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Erosive Changes72338783Serum urate levels ≤6.8mg/dL72338783Intraosseous Tophi72338783Soft Tissue Tophi72338783Joint Effusion72338783Bone Marrow Edema72338783Soft Tissue Edema72338783
PresenceAbsence
MRI of Index Joint31
MRI of Index Joint41
MRI of Index Joint24
MRI of Index Joint48
MRI of Index Joint25
MRI of Index Joint47
MRI of Index Joint11
MRI of Index Joint61
MRI of Index Joint14
MRI of Index Joint58
MRI of Index Joint40
MRI of Index Joint32
MRI of Index Joint28
MRI of Index Joint44

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Number of Participants With Other Characteristic Findings of Gout on MRI's Correlated With Serum Urate Levels.

Number of Participants with Other Characteristic Findings of Gout on these MRI's. These include erosive changes, intraosseous tophi, soft tissue tophi, joint effusion, bone marrow edema, and soft tissue edema. These secondary endpoints will also be summed with patients' serum urate levels. (NCT01112982)
Timeframe: Upon enrollment into study

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Erosive ChangesIntraosseous tophiSoft tissue tophiJoint effusionBone marrow edemaSoft tissue edema
MRI of Index Joint312511144028

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The Severity of Synovial Pannus the Day of Serum High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

"Determine if the Number of Participants Prevalence and Severity of Synovial Pannus in the Index Joint with the patient's serum high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein on the same day as the Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging will be assessed for the severity of synovial pannus, which is graded on a scale of 1 to 6 (with 6 being the most severe)." (NCT01112982)
Timeframe: Upon enrollment into study at screening.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
MRI of Index Joint2.99
Febuxostat Sub-Study3.42

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Number and Percentage of Substudy Participants for Whom the Severity of Synovial Pannus Was Significantly Reduced After 9 Months of Treatment With Febuxostat (Uloric).

"A sub-study in a subgroup of patients will analyze the Number and Percentage of Substudy Participants for whom the Severity of Synovial Pannus was Significantly Reduced After 9 Months of Treatment with Febuxostat (Uloric) in the index joint by comparing the baseline MRI with a repeat MRI of the same joint." (NCT01112982)
Timeframe: Upon enrollment into study, and at month 9.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Febuxostat Sub-Study25

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Change in Endothelial Function

Endothelial function was calculated by software from the manufacturer VENDYS. The measurement was taken by using the index of area under the curve of the finger temperature recovery curve just after releasing a blood pressure cuff. The blood pressure cuff occluded blood flow for 5 minutes as compared to the temperature curve in the non-occluded arm. (NCT01328769)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionratio of finger temperature (Mean)
Febuxostat1.66
Placebo1.90

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Change in Renal Plasma Flow in Response to Infused Angiotensin II

(NCT01328769)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionml/minute (Mean)
Febuxostat-54.1
Placebo-10.8

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Change in Adiponectin Concentration in Adipose Tissue From Baseline to 24 Weeks

The percent difference in adiponectin concentration geometric mean values from baseline to 24 weeks was calculated for each arm (NCT01350388)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercent difference in geometric mean (Geometric Mean)
Febuxostat2.3
Placebo-4.1

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Change in Urinary Concentrations of Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) From Baseline to 24 Weeks

The percent difference in TGF-beta1 concentration geometric mean values from baseline to 24 weeks was calculated for each arm (NCT01350388)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercent difference in geometric mean (Geometric Mean)
Febuxostat29.8
Placebo10.0

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Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 24 Weeks

The percent difference in plasma TNF-α concentration geometric mean values from baseline to 24 weeks was calculated for each arm (NCT01350388)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercent difference in geometric mean (Geometric Mean)
Febuxostat-9.9
Placebo-7.4

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Change in Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) Concentration in Adipose Tissue From Baseline to 24 Weeks

The percent difference in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration geometric mean values from baseline to 24 weeks was calculated for each arm (NCT01350388)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercent difference in geometric mean (Geometric Mean)
Febuxostat34.0
Placebo44.6

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Change in Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 24 Weeks

The percent difference in plasma IL-6 concentration geometric mean values from baseline to 24 weeks was calculated for each arm (NCT01350388)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercent difference in geometric mean (Geometric Mean)
Febuxostat-24.0
Placebo-9.5

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Change in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 24 Weeks

The percent difference in plasma hsCRP concentration geometric mean values from baseline to 24 weeks was calculated for each arm (NCT01350388)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercent difference in geometric mean (Geometric Mean)
Febuxostat12.2
Placebo-7.2

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Change From Baseline in Serum Urate Levels at Week 6

(NCT01496469)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 6
Febuxostat 80 mg7.6-3.3
Placebo7.70.1

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Change From Baseline in 24-hour Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Measured by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring at Week 6

The change in 24-hour mean SBP measured at final visit or Week 6 relative to baseline. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring measures blood pressure at regular intervals throughout the day and night. The 24-hour mean is the average of all measurements recorded for 24 hours after dosing. (NCT01496469)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionmillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Least Squares Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 6
Febuxostat 80 mg139.5-3.7
Placebo142.3-3.4

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Change From Baseline in 24-hour Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) Measured by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring at Week 6

The change in 24-hour mean DBP measured at final visit or Week 6 relative to baseline. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring measures blood pressure at regular intervals throughout the day and night. The 24-hour mean is the average of all measurements recorded for 24 hours after dosing. (NCT01496469)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
InterventionmmHg (Least Squares Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 6
Febuxostat 80 mg83.0-2.0
Placebo85.9-2.7

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Subjects With a Serum Urate (sUA) Level That is < 5.0 mg/dL by Month 6

Proportion of subjects with an sUA level that is < 5.0 mg/dL by Month 6 (NCT01510769)
Timeframe: 6 months, analysis after all subjects complete 12 months

InterventionProportion of Subjects (Number)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0.566
Lesinurad 400 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0.761
Placebo + Febuxostat 80 mg0.468

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Quality of Life

Proportion of subjects with an improvement from Baseline in Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) of at least 0.25 at Month 12. The HAQ-DI assesses a patient's level of functional ability with items scores ranging from 0-3 with 0 being the least disability. (NCT01510769)
Timeframe: 12 Months

InterventionProportion of Subjects (Number)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0.442
Lesinurad 400 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0.333
Placebo + Febuxostat 80 mg0.525

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Complete Resolution of at Least One Target Tophus

Proportion of subjects who experience complete resolution of at least 1 target tophus by Month 12 (NCT01510769)
Timeframe: 12 Months

InterventionProportion of Subjects (Number)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0.255
Lesinurad 400 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0.303
Placebo + Febuxostat 80 mg0.211

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Complete or Partial Response of at Least One Tophus

Proportion of subjects with a best tophus response on at least 1 target tophus of complete (disappearance of at least 1 target tophus) or partial (≥ 50% decrease in the area of at least 1 target tophus) resolution by Month 12 (NCT01510769)
Timeframe: 12 Months

InterventionProportion of Subjects (Number)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0.566
Lesinurad 400 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0.587
Placebo + Febuxostat 80 mg0.505

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Serum HDL-cholesterol

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia49

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Serum Insulin

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionmU/L (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia14

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Serum Triglycerides

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia175

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Serum Uric Acid

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia4.4

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Seum Total Cholesterol

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia196

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Urine Creatinine

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia1332

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Urine pH

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionpH (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia5.58

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Urine Uric Acid

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia208

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Ambulatory Diastolic Blood Pressure

Diastolic BP by ambulatory blood pressure monitor. (NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia75

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Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic BP by ambulatory blood pressure monitor. (NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia126

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Fractional Excretion UA

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Intervention% of serum uric acid excreted in urine (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia0.04

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Serum Creatinine

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia0.98

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Insulin Sensitivity Measured by HOMA (HOmeostasis Model Assessment)

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionHomeostatic model assessment for Insulin (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia1.86

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BMI

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia33.4

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Serum Glucose

(NCT01654276)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Gout and Hyperuricemia107

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Number of Gout Flares Per Subject

(NCT01712204)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionflares (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo3.02
AC-2012.45

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Assessment of Clinical Tumor Lysis Syndrome (CTLS)

Assessment of CTLS, from Day 3 to Day 8. According to Cairo-Bishop definition, CTLS is defined by the presence of LTLS in addition to 1 or more of the following significant clinical complications: renal insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death and seizures. The grade of CTLS is defined by the maximal grade of the clinical manifestation (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 6 days

Intervention% of patients with CTLS occurrence (Number)
Febuxostat1.7
Allopurinol1.2

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Assessment of Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome (LTLS)

Assessment of LTLS, from Day 3 to Day 8. According to Cairo-Bishop definition LTLS is defined by the presence of 2 or more laboratory abnormalities including: a 25% increase or levels above normal for serum uric acid, potassium, and phosphate or a 25% decrease or levels below normal for calcium. (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 6 days

Intervention% of patients with LTLS occurrence (Number)
Febuxostat8.1
Allopurinol9.2

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Serum Uric Acid (sUA) Level Control

Area under the curve of sUA from baseline (Day 1) to the evaluation visit (Day 8) (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 8 days

Interventionmg x hour/dL (Mean)
Febuxostat514.0
Allopurinol708.0

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Treatment Responder Rate

Assessment of treatment responder rate, where treatment response is defined as the maintenance of sUA ≤ 7.5 mg/dL from Day 3 to Day 8 (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 6 days

Intervention% of patients who fail to respond (Number)
Febuxostat1.7
Allopurinol4.0

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Preservation of Renal Function

Change in serum creatinine level from baseline (Day 1) to the evaluation visit (Day 8) (NCT01724528)
Timeframe: 8 days

Interventionchange % (Mean)
Febuxostat-0.83
Allopurinol-4.92

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Percentage of Participants Stopping Exercise Treadmill Test Due to Angina at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo

An exercise treadmill test (modified Bruce protocol) was performed. Data at the end of each treatment period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: At the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo0.0
Febuxostat 80 mg3.6

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Time to Onset of Angina During Exercise Treadmill Test at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo

Time in seconds to ischemic chest pain/ angina during ETT. Data at the end of each period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: At the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Febuxostat 80 mg330

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Exercise Duration

Exercise duration is the exercise time in seconds during ETT. Data at the end of each period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: At the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

Interventionseconds (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo702
Febuxostat 80 mg722

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Change in Time to Onset of ≥1 mm ST-Segment Depression During Exercise Treadmill Test (ETT)

Time in seconds to ischemic ECG changes during ETT. Continuous electrocardiography (ECG) was performed during an exercise treadmill test (modified Bruce protocol) to assess the onset of ST-segment depression after administration of febuxostat or placebo for 6 weeks in participants with a normal ST segment at randomization. . Data at the end of each treatment period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: Baseline and at the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Placebo514
Febuxostat 80 mg316

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Change in Maximum ST-segment Depression During Exercise Treadmill Test

Continuous ECG was performed during an exercise treadmill test (modified Bruce protocol) to assess the maximum ST-segment depression after 6 weeks of febuxostat or placebo treatment in participants with a normal ST segment at randomization. A negative change from Baseline indicates improvement. Data at the end of each treatment period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: Baseline and at the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

Interventionmm (Mean)
Placebo1.3
Febuxostat 80 mg1.5

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Change in Coronary Flow Velocity From Rest to IHG Exercise at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo

Coronary flow velocity was measured by MRI at rest and during sustained isometric (static) handgrip exercise. Data at the end of each treatment period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: Baseline and at the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

Interventioncm/second (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo1.6
Febuxostat 80 mg2.2

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Change in Coronary Flow Velocity Following the Administration of Sublingual Nitroglycerin at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo

Coronary flow velocity was measured by MRI before and following administration of nitroglycerin under the tongue. Data at the end of each treatment period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: Baseline and at the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

Interventioncm/second (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.95
Febuxostat 80 mg-0.66

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Change in Coronary Artery Flow From Rest to Isometric Handgrip (IHG) Exercise at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo

Coronary artery flow was measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at rest and during sustained isometric (static) handgrip exercises. Data at the end of each treatment period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: Baseline and at the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

InterventionmL/min (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo8.8
Febuxostat 80 mg10.7

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Change in Coronary Artery Flow Following the Administration of Sublingual Nitroglycerin at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo

Coronary artery flow was measured by MRI before and following administration of nitroglycerin under the tongue. Data at the end of each treatment period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: Baseline and at the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

InterventionmL/min (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo17.0
Febuxostat 80 mg13.0

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Change in Coronary Artery Cross-Sectional Area From Rest to IHG Exercise at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo

Coronary artery cross-sectional area was measured by MRI at rest and during sustained isometric (static) handgrip exercise. Data at the end of each treatment period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: Baseline and at the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

Interventionmm^2 (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.45
Febuxostat 80 mg0.03

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Change in Coronary Artery Cross Sectional Area Following the Administration of Sublingual Nitroglycerin at the End of the Administration of Febuxostat and Placebo

Coronary artery cross sectional area was measured by MRI before and following administration of nitroglycerin under the tongue. Data at the end of each treatment period was combined for the febuxostat and the placebo arms. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01763996)
Timeframe: Baseline and at the end of each 6 week treatment period (Week 6 and Week 12)

Interventionmm^2 (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo3.35
Febuxostat 80 mg2.86

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Percentage of Participants (With at Least One Target Tophus at Baseline) Who Experience Complete Resolution of at Least One Target Tophus

Percentage of participants (With at Least One Target Tophus at Baseline) Who Experience Complete Resolution of at Least One Target Tophus During the Core and Extension Studies at Extension Month 12 (Observed Cases) (NCT01808144)
Timeframe: Up to approximatley 2.5 years (at Extension Month 12)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Lesinurad 400 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg61.0
Lesinurad 200 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg54.3

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Percentage of Participants With an sUA Level That is < 5.0 mg/dL

Percentage of participants in Study 307 With sUA < 5.0 mg/dL from the Core Studies 304 and Extension Study 307 - Observed Cases (NCT01808144)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 2.5 years (at Extension Month 12)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Lesinurad 400 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg82.5
Lesinurad 200 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg77.8

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Absolute Change in the Serum Urate Level at the Final Visit Relative to Baseline

(NCT02082769)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 26 weeks)

Interventionumol/l (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD182.2
Febuxostat 80 mg QD216.0
Allopurinol 100mg QD170.4

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Last Three Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 Milligram Per Deciliter (mg/dL)

(NCT02082769)
Timeframe: Last 3 visits (any last 3 visits up to week 26)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD22.5
Febuxostat 80 mg QD33.5
Allopurinol 100mg QD17.0

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Percentage of Subjects Whose Serum Urate Levels Are <6.0 mg/dL at Final Visit

(NCT02082769)
Timeframe: Final Visit (up to 26 weeks)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg QD45.0
Febuxostat 80 mg QD58.9
Allopurinol 100mg QD34.6

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Month 3

(NCT02128490)
Timeframe: Month 3

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo0
Febuxostat IR 40 mg32.4
Febuxostat XR 40 mg53.8
Febuxostat IR 80 mg59.5
Febuxostat XR 80 mg55.3

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One Gout Flare Requiring Treatment

"A participant was considered to have a gout flare if the following criteria were met:~Participant-reported acute particular pain typical of a gout attack that was deemed by participant and/or investigator to require treatment and was treated with colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or steroids, Participant experienced at least 3 or more of: 1) Joint swelling, 2) Redness, 3) Tenderness, 4) Pain, Participant experienced at least one or more of: 1) Rapid onset of pain, 2) Decreased range of motion, 3) Joint warmth, 4) Other symptoms similar to a prior gout flare." (NCT02128490)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 3

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo10.5
Febuxostat IR 40 mg40.5
Febuxostat XR 40 mg23.1
Febuxostat IR 80 mg37.8
Febuxostat XR 80 mg42.1

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate <5.0 mg/dL at Month 3

(NCT02128490)
Timeframe: Month 3

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo0
Febuxostat IR 40 mg13.5
Febuxostat XR 40 mg35.9
Febuxostat IR 80 mg40.5
Febuxostat XR 80 mg44.7

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate <5.0 mg/dL at Month 3

(NCT02139046)
Timeframe: Month 3

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo0.3
Febuxostat IR 40 mg15.7
Febuxostat XR 40 mg25.9
Febuxostat IR 80 mg42.6
Febuxostat XR 80 mg50.1

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One Gout Flare Requiring Treatment

"A participant was considered to have a gout flare if the following criteria were met:~Participant-reported acute particular pain typical of a gout attack that was deemed by participant and/or investigator to require treatment and was treated with colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or steroids, Participant experienced at least 3 or more of: 1) Joint swelling, 2) Redness, 3) Tenderness, 4) Pain, Participant experienced at least one or more of: 1) Rapid onset of pain, 2) Decreased range of motion, 3) Joint warmth, 4) Other symptoms similar to a prior gout flare." (NCT02139046)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 3

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo20.7
Febuxostat IR 40 mg21.0
Febuxostat XR 40 mg22.8
Febuxostat IR 80 mg27.2
Febuxostat XR 80 mg26.6

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Urate <6.0 mg/dL at Month 3

(NCT02139046)
Timeframe: Month 3

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo0.6
Febuxostat IR 40 mg40.3
Febuxostat XR 40 mg48.2
Febuxostat IR 80 mg57.7
Febuxostat XR 80 mg61.1

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Urine Uric Acid % Change (0-24h) (Aeur, CB)

Percentage (%) change from baseline in the amount of uric acid recovered in urine. (NCT02246673)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionPercentage (%) (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg-48.6
Febuxostat 80 mg-60.3
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-23.7
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg-36.6
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-22.9
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg-44.4
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-26.2
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg-39.2
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-40.2
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg-61.1
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-14.2

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Time of Occurrence of Maximum Observed Concentration (Tmax)

Tmax of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with febuxostat from plasma (NCT02246673)
Timeframe: Days 7 to 28

Interventionhr (Median)
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg3.00
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg3.00
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg3.00
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg4.00
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg3.50
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg4.00
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg3.50
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg2.50
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg3.00

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Serum Urate Maximum Percentage (%) Change (Emax, CB)

Maximum observed percentage (%) change from baseline in serum urate concentrations. (NCT02246673)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionPercentage (%) (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg-43.5
Febuxostat 80 mg-55.6
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-70.4
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg-79.1
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-74.9
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg-82.4
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-59.4
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg-66.7
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-52.5
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg-62.7
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg-77.3

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero up to 24 Hours Postdose (AUC 0-24)

AUC 0-24 of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with febuxostat from plasma (NCT02246673)
Timeframe: Days 7 to 28

Interventionng·hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg123
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg138
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg186
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg225
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg62.2
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg57.6
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg28.0
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg27.4
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg216

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Renal Clearance of Uric Acid % Change (0-24h) (CLur, CB)

Percentage (%) change from baseline in renal clearance of uric acid. (NCT02246673)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionPercentage (%) (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg-15.2
Febuxostat 80 mg-18.8
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg125
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg153
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg157
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg172
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg58.7
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg68.4
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg20.9
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0.011
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg223

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Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

Cmax of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with febuxostat from plasma (NCT02246673)
Timeframe: Days 7 to 28

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg15.5
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg16.1
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg21.2
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg20.4
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg7.20
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg7.54
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg3.45
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg3.37
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg26.1

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Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events

(NCT02246673)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

InterventionNumber of participants (Number)
Febuxostat 40 mg3
Febuxostat 80 mg8
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg4
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg6
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg1
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg0
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg1
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg1
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg0
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg2

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Fract. Excretion of Uric Acid % Change (0-24h) (FEUA, CB)

Percentage (%) change from baseline in fractional excretion of uric acid. (NCT02246673)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionPercentage (%) (Mean)
Febuxostat 40 mg-20.6
Febuxostat 80 mg-20.8
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg100
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg155
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg133
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg152
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg46.6
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg54.8
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg15.2
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg4.73
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg162

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Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2)

t1/2 of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with febuxostat from plasma (NCT02246673)
Timeframe: Days 7 to 28

Interventionhr (Geometric Mean)
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg8.26
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg9.64
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg10.6
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg10.8
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg13.2
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg11.3
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg13.0
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg12.5
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg11.6

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Sampling Timepoint (AUC Last)

AUC last of multiple-dose RDEA3170 administered in combination with febuxostat from plasma (NCT02246673)
Timeframe: Days 7 to 28

Interventionng·hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg123
RDEA3170 10 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg138
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg186
RDEA3170 15 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg225
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg62.2
RDEA3170 5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg62.6
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg28.0
RDEA3170 2.5 mg + Febuxostat 80 mg26.8
RDEA3170 20 mg + Febuxostat 40 mg216

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Proportion of Subjects Achieving Serum Uric Acid Concentration <6.0 mg/dL

(NCT02287818)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo33
AC-20143

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AUCinf: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for Febuxostat XR 40 mg (Regimen B) and Febuxostate XR 80 mg (Regimen C) in Fasted States

AUCinf is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from time zero extrapolated to infinity. Participant blood samples were collected pre-dose and following a single oral dose. (NCT02374164)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 48 hours) post dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
B: Febuxostat XR 40 mg (Fasting)3745.2837
C: Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Fasting)7970.7990

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AUCinf: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for Febuxostat XR 80 mg in Fed (Regimen A) and Fasted (Regimen C) States

AUCinf is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from time zero extrapolated to infinity. Participant blood samples were collected pre-dose and following a single oral dose. (NCT02374164)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 48 hours) post dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
A: Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Fed)7816.0704
C: Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Fasting)8075.5899

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AUCt: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for Febuxostat XR 40 mg (Regimen B) and Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Regimen C) in Fasted States

AUCt is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUCt) Participant blood samples were collected pre-dose and following a single oral dose. (NCT02374164)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 48 hours) post dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
B: Febuxostat XR 40 mg (Fasting)3646.2021
C: Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Fasting)7854.2007

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AUCt: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for Febuxostat XR 80 mg in Fed (Regimen A) and Fasted (Regimen C) States

AUCt is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration. Participant blood samples were collected pre-dose and following a single oral dose. (NCT02374164)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 48 hours) post dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
A: Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Fed)7605.4147
C: Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Fasting)7687.1220

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Febuxostat XR 40 mg (Regimen B) and Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Regimen C) in Fasted States

Maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) is the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration, obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curve. Participant blood samples were collected pre-dose and following a single oral dose. (NCT02374164)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 48 hours) post dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
B: Febuxostat XR 40 mg (Fasting)754.9167
C: Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Fasting)1562.1389

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Febuxostat XR 80 mg in Fed (Regimen A) and Fasted (Regimen C) States

Maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) is the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration, obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curve. Participant blood samples were collected pre-dose and following a single oral dose. (NCT02374164)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 48 hours) post dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
A: Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Fed)1020.0000
C: Febuxostat XR 80 mg (Fasting)1531.6286

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AUC(0-inf): Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for Febuxostat

(NCT02382640)
Timeframe: Days 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 48 hours) post-dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
Regimen A5901
Regimen B6999.9
Regimen C4844.33
Regimen D7697.85

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Vital Signs

(NCT02382640)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to 30 days after last dose of drug (Day 31 for each of the 4 periods)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Regimen A0
Regimen B0
Regimen C0
Regimen D0

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Physical Examination Findings

(NCT02382640)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to 30 days after last dose of drug (Day 31 for each of the 4 periods)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Regimen A0
Regimen B0
Regimen C0
Regimen D0

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Clinical Laboratory Evaluation

(NCT02382640)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to 30 days after last dose of drug (Day 31 for each of the 4 periods)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Regimen A0
Regimen B0
Regimen C0
Regimen D0

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG)

(NCT02382640)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to 30 days after last dose of drug (Day 31 for each of the 4 periods)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Regimen A0
Regimen B0
Regimen C0
Regimen D0

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Febuxostat

(NCT02382640)
Timeframe: Days 1 at multiple timepoints (up to 48 hours) post-dose

Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean)
Regimen A883.58
Regimen B1075.08
Regimen C765.89
Regimen D1456.42

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AUC(0-tau): Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve During the Dosing Interval for Febuxostat

(NCT02382640)
Timeframe: Days 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 48 hours) post-dose

Interventionnanogram*hour per milliliter (ng*hr/mL) (Mean)
Regimen A4680.69
Regimen B5877.99
Regimen C4412.22
Regimen D7316.21

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Pulse Wave Velocity

Comparison of the effects of Febuxostat and Allopurinol on Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) after 36 weeks of treatment. (NCT02500641)
Timeframe: 36 weeks of treatment

Interventionm/s (Mean)
Febuxostat 80/120 mg/Day9.0
Allopurinol 100 up to 600 mg/Day9.05

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Mean AUC∞: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for Febuxostat

AUC∞ is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from time zero extrapolated to infinity. (NCT02504320)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 48 hours) post-dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
Regimen A: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 19368.0744
Regimen B: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 28278.6143
Regimen C: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 38938.8765
Regimen D: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 49102.3700

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Mean AUCt: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for Febuxostat

AUCt is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from time 0 to time of the last quantifiable concentration. (NCT02504320)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 48 hours) post-dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
Regimen A: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 19395.6014
Regimen B: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 27971.0624
Regimen C: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 38652.7080
Regimen D: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 48817.3600

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Mean Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Febuxostat

Maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) is the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration, obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curve. (NCT02504320)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 48 hours) post-dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Regimen A: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 12027.1184
Regimen B: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 21442.2267
Regimen C: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 31730.2468
Regimen D: Febuxostat XR 80 mg Formulation 41809.3158

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Percentage of Participants Experiencing ≥ 1 Gout Flare During Phase 3

"Participants were defined as flaring in Phase 3 if they:~-1) met 3 of 4 following participant-reported criteria:~a) warm joint(s)~b) swollen joint(s)~c) pain (>3) at rest on a scale of 0-10 (10 being the worst pain)~d) self-identified gout flare~OR~-2) reported use of medications to treat flare" (NCT02579096)
Timeframe: Phase III of the study (weeks 49-72 of study duration)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Allopurinol / Sham Comparator (Febuxostat)135
Febuxostat / Sham Comparator (Allopurinol)165

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Urinary 2,8-dihydroxyadenine Excretion

(NCT02752633)
Timeframe: 0, 14 and 28 days

Interventionmg/24-h (Median)
BaselineOn allopurinol treatmentOn febuxostat treatment
Allopurinol/Febuxostat Treatment1164513

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MRI Variables - Diastolic Circumferential Strain Rate, Longitudinal Strain Rate, Radial Strain Rate and Systolic Circumferential Strain Rate, Longitudinal Strain Rate, Radial Strain Rate

Change from Baseline in MRI Variables at Week 24 (CFB = Change from Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
Interventions^-1 (Mean)
Diastolic Circumferential Strain Rate (s^-1) (CFB)Diastolic Longitudinal Strain Rate (s^-1) (CFB)Diastolic Radial Strain Rate (s^-1) (CFB)Systolic Circumferential Strain Rate (s^-1) (CFB)Systolic Longitudinal Strain Rate (s^-1) (CFB)Systolic Radial Strain Rate (s^-1) (CFB)
Placebo-0.0384-0.03000.0201-0.0743-0.00210.2516
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-0.0496-0.00430.23480.01150.0285-0.1917

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Flow Mediated Dilatation (Reactive Hyperemia)

"LS Mean Change (95% CI) from Baseline in Flow Mediated Dilatation. The flow mediated dilatation metric is obtained using a device from Cordex, and a proprietary algorithm.~This metric represents the volume difference between a baseline arterial compliance curve and hyperemia arterial compliance curve in the positive transmural pressure region. This metric has a direct relationship to a subject's cardiovascular condition. Output range is 0-150. A higher score is indicative of a better flow mediated dilatation." (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
12 weeks Change from Baseline24 weeks Change from Baseline
Placebo-5.9-5.5
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg0.80.5

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Clinical Chemistry Values

Changes in Clinical Chemistry Values (CFB = Change for Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Baseline Aldosterone, pmol/LAldosterone, pmol/L 12 weeks (CFB)Aldosterone, pmol/L 24 weeks (CFB)Baseline NT-proBNP, pmol/LNT-proBNP, pmol/L 12 weeks (CFB)NT-proBNP, pmol/L 24 weeks (CFB)
Placebo95.1114.7238.1415.8661.55615.866
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg134.581.129.1423.2304.6216.267

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Clinical Chemistry Values

Changes in Clinical Chemistry Values (CFB = Change for Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
Intervention% hemoglobin bound to glucose (Mean)
Baseline Hemoglobin A1C/Hemoglobin, %Hemoglobin A1C/Hemoglobin, % 12 weeks (CFB)Hemoglobin A1C/Hemoglobin, % 24 weeks (CFB)
Placebo8.280.130.22
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg8.140.20-0.14

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Clinical Assessments

Change from Baseline in Diastolic and Systolic Blood Pressure (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
Interventionmm/Hg (Mean)
Diastolic BP, mmHg BaselineDiastolic BP, mmHg 12 weeks (Change from baseline)Diastolic BP, mmHg 24 weeks (Change from baseline)Systolic BP, mmHg BaselineSystolic BP, mmHg 12 weeks (Change from baseline)Systolic BP, mmHg 24 weeks (Change from baseline)
Placebo77.8-0.21.7138.5-3.2-0.6
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg74.71.62.0136.4-0.80.4

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Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (UACR) Compared to Placebo

LS Mean Percentage Change (90% CI) from Baseline in UACR Compared to Placebo (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 24 Weeks of Treatment

InterventionPrecent change (Least Squares Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-49.26
PlaceboNA

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Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (UACR)

LS Mean Percentage Change (95% CI) from Baseline in UACR (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 24 Weeks of Treatment

InterventionPrecent change (Least Squares Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-38.40
Placebo21.40

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Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (UACR)

LS Mean Percentage Change (95% CI) from Baseline in UACR (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks of Treatment

InterventionPrecent change (Least Squares Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-48.65
Placebo-15.31

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MRI Variables - LV Mass/End-diastolic Volume

Change from Baseline in MRI Variables at Week 24 (CFB = Change from Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 24 Weeks of Treatment

Interventiong/mL (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg0.049
Placebo0.053

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MRI Variables - LV Mass

Change from Baseline in MRI Variables at Week 24 (CFB = Change from Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 24 Weeks of Treatment

Interventiong (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg1.80
Placebo2.63

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MRI Variables - Kidney Cortex T2 Star - BOLD MRI

Change from Baseline in MRI Variables at Week 24 (CFB = Change from Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 24 Weeks of Treatment

Interventionms (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-1.46
Placebo-1.67

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Baseline UACR

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionmg/g (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg459.05
Placebo411.55

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Baseline Serum High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg0.410
Placebo0.358

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Baseline Serum Cystatin-C

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg1.579
Placebo1.313

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Baseline Serum Creatinine

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg1.40
Placebo1.19

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Baseline MRI Variables - Systolic Radial Strain Rate

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventions^-1 (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg2.1059
Placebo2.1220

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Baseline MRI Variables - Systolic Longitudinal Strain Rate

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventions^-1 (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-0.6278
Placebo-0.6552

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Baseline MRI Variables - Systolic Circumferential Strain Rate

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventions^-1 (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-0.7673
Placebo-0.7797

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Baseline MRI Variables - Radial Strain

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention% (change in percentage in LV dimension) (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg43.47
Placebo46.45

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Baseline MRI Variables - LV Stroke Volume

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionmL (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg95.05
Placebo96.86

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Baseline MRI Variables - LV Mass/End-diastolic Volume

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventiong/mL (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg0.696
Placebo0.687

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Baseline MRI Variables - LV Mass

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventiong (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg110.27
Placebo110.82

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Baseline MRI Variables - LV End-systolic Volume

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionmL (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg66.43
Placebo64.63

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Baseline MRI Variables - LV End-diastolic Volume

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionmL (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg161.47
Placebo161.50

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Baseline MRI Variables - LV Ejection Fraction

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention% (percentage of LV volume) (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg59.77
Placebo60.19

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Serum High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein

LS Mean Percentage Change (95% CI) from Baseline in Serum High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
12 weeks24 weeks
Placebo11.6659.793
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg35.863-8.002

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Serum Cystatin C

LS Mean Percentage Change (95% CI) from Baseline in Serum Cystatin C (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
12 weeks24 weeks
Placebo0.1143.951
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg3.2525.412

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Serum Creatinine

LS Mean Percentage Change (95% CI) from Baseline in Serum Creatinine (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
12 weeks24 weeks
Placebo3.440.02
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-0.601.93

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MRI Variables - LV End-diastolic Volume, LV End-systolic Volume, LV Stroke Volume

Change from Baseline in MRI Variables at Week 24 (CFB = Change from Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
LV End-diastolic Volume (mL) (CFB)LV End-systolic Volume (mL) (CFB)LV Stroke Volume (mL) (CFB)
Placebo-4.93-2.48-2.44
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-5.391.33-6.73

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MRI Variables - LV Ejection Fraction, Circumferential Strain, Longitudinal Strain, Radial Strain

Change from baseline in MRI Variables at Week 24 (CFB = Change from Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
Intervention% (change in percentage from baseline) (Mean)
LV Ejection Fraction (%) (CFB)Circumferential Strain (%) (CFB)Longitudinal Strain (%) (CFB)Radial Strain (%) (CFB)
Placebo0.59-0.070.531.44
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-2.08-0.250.29-2.29

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Baseline MRI Variables - Diastolic Circumferential Strain Rate

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventions^-1 (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg0.6371
Placebo0.7588

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eGFR

LS Mean Percentage Change (95% CI) from Baseline in eGFR (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
12 weeks24 weeks
Placebo-4.400.55
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg1.25-1.73

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Baseline eGFR

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionmL/min/1.73m2 (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg59.2
Placebo68.1

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Baseline Flow Mediated Dilatation (Reactive Hyperemia)

"Baseline in Flow Mediated Dilatation. The flow mediated dilatation metric is obtained using a device from Cordex, and a proprietary algorithm.~This metric represents the volume difference between a baseline arterial compliance curve and hyperemia arterial compliance curve in the positive transmural pressure region. This metric has a direct relationship to a subject's cardiovascular condition. Output range is 0-150. A higher score is indicative of a better flow mediated dilatation." (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg60.4
Placebo60.6

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Baseline MRI Variables - Circumferential Strain

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention% (change in percentage in LV dimension) (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-14.10
Placebo-15.37

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Baseline MRI Variables - Diastolic Longitudinal Strain Rate

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventions^-1 (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg0.4833
Placebo0.5258

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Baseline MRI Variables - Diastolic Radial Strain Rate

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventions^-1 (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-2.3143
Placebo-2.7591

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Baseline MRI Variables - Kidney Cortex T2 Star

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionms (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg81.13
Placebo82.31

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Baseline MRI Variables - Longitudinal Strain

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention% (change in percentage in LV dimension) (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-12.07
Placebo-12.21

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Baseline Serum Uric Acid (sUA)

(NCT03118739)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg7.51
Placebo7.02

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Urinalysis

Changes in Urinalysis (CFB = Change from Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
Interventionmg/g (Mean)
Baseline Protein/Creatinine, mg/gProtein/Creatinine, mg/g 12 weeks (CFB)Protein/Creatinine, mg/g 24 weeks (CFB)
Placebo828.52-155.44177.11
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg945.56-185.33-98.60

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Urinalysis

Changes in Urinalysis (CFB = Change from Baseline) (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Baseline Protein, mg/dLProtein, mg/dL 12 weeks (CFB)Protein, mg/dL 24 weeks (CFB)Baseline Urine Albumin, mg/dLUrine Albumin, mg/dL 12 weeks (CFB)Urine Albumin, mg/dL 24 weeks (CFB)Baseline Urine Creatinine, mg/dLUrine Creatinine, mg/dL 12 weeks (CFB)Urine Creatinine, mg/dL 24 weeks (CFB)Baseline Urine Urate, mg/dLUrine Urate, mg/dL 12 weeks (CFB)Urine Urate, mg/dL 24 weeks (CFB)
Placebo65.74-4.0711.4035.8905-0.301911.604986.2512.958.5323.9603.5602.294
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg72.01-11.40-16.7338.0907-9.4766-6.948296.525.067.5828.354-13.394-10.732

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sUA

LS Mean Percentage Change (95% CI) from Baseline in sUA (NCT03118739)
Timeframe: From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks of Treatment

,
InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
12 weeks24 weeks
Placebo6.864.73
Verinurad 9 mg+Febuxostat 80 mg-56.81-61.93

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Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Lesinurad + XOI-120.3-106.8-125.8-95.9-69.6-116.6-125.5-156.6

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Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Month 18Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Placebo + XOI-57.0-59.8-54.6-70.6-78.7-92.60.00-57.0-70.7

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Percent Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

The eCrCl was calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Month 18Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Placebo + XOI1.16-0.18-2.49-0.26-3.383.67-31.7-1.134.14

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Percent Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Lesinurad + XOI-24.0-21.2-23.9-18.6-14.7-26.1-24.8-27.3

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Percent Change From Baseline in sUA Over Time, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Month 18Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Placebo + XOI-11.3-11.4-10.0-12.6-15.2-18.90.00-10.6-16.1

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieve sUA < 6.0 mg/dL Over Time

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
BaselineMonth 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12Month 15Month 18
Placebo + XOI10.335.136.433.834.042.945.50.0

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieve sUA < 6.0 mg/dL Over Time

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
BaselineMonth 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12Month 15
Lesinurad + XOI10.658.852.558.842.956.562.5

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieve Serum Urate (sUA) < 6.0 mg/dL at Month 6

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo + XOI33.8
Lesinurad + XOI58.8

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Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

The eCrCl was calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

InterventionmL/min (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Lesinurad + XOI-1.29-1.53-1.80-2.10-4.30-6.00-1.91-2.45

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Percent Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

The eCrCl was calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Lesinurad + XOI-2.07-2.14-3.01-3.42-8.1-11.0-3.04-5.35

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Creatinine (sCr) Elevations (≥1.5 × Baseline) Over the Study Period

(NCT03226899)
Timeframe: up to 18 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo + XOI5.2
Lesinurad + XOI7.3

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Percentage of Participants Meeting Criteria (eg, Based on sCr or eCrCl Criteria) for Treatment Discontinuations Over the Study Period

Kidney function was monitored throughout the study by measuring sCr and calculating eCrCl by Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. Treatment discontinuations were required if a participant experienced an absolute sCr ≥4.0 mg/dL or an eCrCl <20 mL/min (based on central laboratory results). (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: up to 18 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo + XOI0.0
Lesinurad + XOI0.0

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Change From Baseline in eCrCl Over the Study Period, Including the Last Value On and Off Treatment

The eCrCl was calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula using ideal body weight. (NCT03226899)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

InterventionmL/min (Mean)
Change at Month 1Change at Month 3Change at Month 6Change at Month 9Change at Month 12Change at Month 15Change at Month 18Change at Last On-Treatment VisitChange at Last Off-Treatment Visit
Placebo + XOI0.13-0.69-1.84-0.78-2.140.36-19.0-1.032.33

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Change From Baseline in Peak Urinary Excretion of Uric Acid (UA) on Day 7

Change from baseline in peak UA excretion during the first 8 hours on Day 7 of treatment to assess the effects of intensive UA lowering therapy with verinurad, febuxostat and dapagliflozin. Urine sample was collected in hourly intervals, and the highest amount of UA excreted in any interval was designated as peak UA excretion for each patient and treatment period. (NCT03316131)
Timeframe: On Day -1 and Day 7 of each treatment period

Interventionmilligrams (mg) (Least Squares Mean)
Treatment Sequence A+B-12.87
Treatment Sequence B+A-13.15

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Change From Baseline in Urinary Excretion of Serum UA (sUA) on Day 7

Change from baseline in sUA to assess the intensive UA lowering effect of RDEA3170, febuxostat and dapagliflozin by evaluating the sUA levels after 7 days of treatment. (NCT03316131)
Timeframe: At Day -1 and Day 7

Interventionumol/L (Least Squares Mean)
Treatment Sequence A+B-327.161
Treatment Sequence B+A-264.851

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Change From Baseline in Time to Reach Maximum Observed Concentration (Tmax) on Day 7

tmax assessment for Verinurad, M1, and M8 following daily oral administration of verinurad and febuxostat with and without dapagliflozin (NCT03316131)
Timeframe: On Treatment Period 1 and 2: Day 7 (Pre-dose and 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-dose)

,
Interventionhour (Median)
VerinuradM1M8
Treatment Sequence A+B4.004.004.00
Treatment Sequence B+A4.004.004.00

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Change From Baseline in Time of Last Measurable Concentration (Tlast) on Day 7

tlast assessment for Verinurad, M1, and M8 following daily oral administration of verinurad and febuxostat with and without dapagliflozin (NCT03316131)
Timeframe: On Treatment Period 1 and 2: Day 7 (Pre-dose and 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-dose)

,
Interventionhour (Median)
VerinuradM1M8
Treatment Sequence A+B24.0024.0024.00
Treatment Sequence B+A24.0024.0024.00

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Change From Baseline in Plasma Concentration (Cmax) on Day 7

Cmax assessment for Verinurad, M1, and M8 following daily oral administration of verinurad and febuxostat with and without dapagliflozin (NCT03316131)
Timeframe: On Treatment Period 1 and 2: Day 7 (Pre-dose and 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-dose)

,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradM1M8
Treatment Sequence A+B17.5225.2818.45
Treatment Sequence B+A15.2625.6118.42

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Change From Baseline in Area Under Plasma Concentration Time Curve Over a Dosing Interval (24 Hours) (AUCτ) on Day 7

AUCτ assessment for Verinurad, M1, and M8 following daily oral administration of verinurad and febuxostat with and without dapagliflozin (NCT03316131)
Timeframe: On Treatment Period 1 and 2: Day 7 (Pre-dose and 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-dose)

,
Interventionh∙ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradM1M8
Treatment Sequence A+B149.0212.6174.1
Treatment Sequence B+A140.9221.1176.3

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Change From Baseline in Area Under Plasma Concentration Time Curve From Time Zero to the Time of Last Measurable Concentration (AUClast) on Day 7

AUClast assessment for Verinurad, M1, and M8 following daily oral administration of verinurad and febuxostat with and without dapagliflozin (NCT03316131)
Timeframe: On Treatment Period 1 and 2: Day 7 (Pre-dose and 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-dose)

,
Interventionh∙ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
VerinuradM1M8
Treatment Sequence A+B149.1212.7174.2
Treatment Sequence B+A141.0221.3176.5

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Assessment of Treatment Emergent Signs and Symptoms (TESS)

Assessment of incidence, severity (through Mild/Moderate/Severe scale), seriousness and treatment-causality of TESS from Screening Visit to End of Study Visit. Adverse events were assessed using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. An adverse event was considered as TESS if it occured for the first time or if it worsened in terms of seriousness or severity after first study drug intake. (NCT03605212)
Timeframe: Estimated maximum time frame: 27 days

,,
InterventionEvents (Number)
TESSTESS grade >/=3Serious TESSRelated TESSRelated TESS grade >/=3Related TESS/Drug Withdrawn
Adults70207000
Cohort 150111422
Cohort 32120000

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Assessment of Participants Affected by Treatment Emergent Signs and Symptoms (TESS)

Number of participants affected by TESS from Screening Visit to End of Study Visit. (NCT03605212)
Timeframe: Estimated maximum time frame: 27 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cohort 13
Cohort 33
Adults20

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.2110monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.84306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.3920imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0510benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.6320amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.1110amino-acid anion
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.1110monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.110monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.6320aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine		4.5422alpha-amino acid
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.4110sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.1910carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.2510elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		3.1140alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.4620metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.6320pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.1310monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.5720monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		7.6120purine
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.930monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.2310hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.2310primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		210pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		22.1333199uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		7.8330isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		5.3572xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
b 844-39
[no description available]		3.5110diarylmethane
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.1710aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0810acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.2310aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.6120acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.6120monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.6120aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		3.930phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.63201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.2310imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.0810secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.2310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		3.6320adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.6120acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.2310diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0810dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		10.2731dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.9301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.6120carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.3730dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.6120dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0810acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.6120nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0810anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.0810pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.1440benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		3.6120ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.9760aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		12.763571-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0810benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
beta-naphthoflavone
beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.		2.2110extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.2310propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.930(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0810biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.6320piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.6120diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.2310secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810benzamides
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.6320azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		3.930methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
caffeine
[no description available]		4.6840purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.6120aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		3.5110biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.930dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.0810N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0810carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.6120carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.8930organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.2310ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.6120aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.6120benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.23101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.930aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.2310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.930monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.930organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		3.930monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.6120isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.61201,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.0810diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0810cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.0810aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.6120lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.6120aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.0810cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.930aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		3.61202-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0810monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		3.6620monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.930aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.6120tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		3.6120dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.6320clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.6320conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		3.6120substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.6320acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.930dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.2310primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		3.61201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.6120benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		5.7951amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		8.6920monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.6320ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		4.4530piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		3.6120monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.6120organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		3.6320branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.6120aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.2310morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.6620aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.6120dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.2310oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.08101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.4110
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.2310triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.930aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.6120dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.6320monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		3.61202-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.6740aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.6320monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.6320benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0810difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		3.6120conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		3.6120ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.6120benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.9130nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		3.930(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.6320fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.930(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		4.6740chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		7.3110
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0810N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		3.930sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.6120aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.4530monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
granisetron
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.6320azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		3.6120acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		3.930aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.2310azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		10.2631benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.6120benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		5.0621aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.1440one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		3.6320hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.5820monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.2310primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.6120benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.930ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		3.930dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.6120bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		4.430indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		10.4941aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0810benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ioversol
[no description available]		3.2310amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.930carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.6120azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		3.930carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4110secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.6320catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		3.6120benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.4530piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.6120cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.6320benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.6320amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		3.6320benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.61201,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.4530benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.930(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.6120nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.6120N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.9640biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		3.930anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		3.6120aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.2310diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.9530aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.2310ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.2310piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.2310organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.2310amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.6320aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		3.930guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.2310benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		3.2310beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		3.6120benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		3.930aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.6120C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.2310aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.930aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		3.6120imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.2310amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.2310bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		3.6120dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		8.9330benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.2310dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.0810benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.2310monoterpenoid
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.0810acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.2310methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.6120tetralins
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.61201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.2310heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		3.930aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.0810benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0810quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.930cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.2310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.4530benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		4.4530C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.930aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.45302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.6120C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.6620C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		4.5620nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		3.6320isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.6120fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		3.930organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.61203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.4530aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		3.6120carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		2.77301,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.61201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.930acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.6320aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.2310phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.2220aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.6120benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.61201,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.6120aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.2310barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.6120oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.6320piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		3.6120N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.0810acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.6320aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		3.6120indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.930aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piperazine
[no description available]		7.0810azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.2510inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.6120isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.6120aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.930aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.930pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		9.57270benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.6120benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.2310benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.6120pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.6120phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.6120aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.2310phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.930naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.2310pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.2310benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.2220benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.0810aralkylamine
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.6120benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.2310alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		8.93301,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.2310tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.0810butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.2310organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		3.6120pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.2310pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		3.6120ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
imatinib
[no description available]		4.4530aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.6120dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.5120isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		4.950
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.1510pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0810isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		3.6120sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.6120imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		3.6120furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.6120phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0810diarylmethane
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.2310phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		4.2220phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.6120aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.0810aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.6120imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		3.6120benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tofisopam
tofisopam: structure; dextofisopam is the R-enantiomer of tofisopam & antidiarrheal		3.1910organic molecular entity
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.930N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		3.2310aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.2310amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		3.930monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.6120pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		3.2310triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.2310oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.2310
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.2310dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.930chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.2220aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0810piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		3.6120cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0810aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.930carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.6120nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		3.2310imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2310mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.114011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.4530alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.6320imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
6-methylthiopurine
6-methylthiopurine : A thiopurine that is 9H-purine substituted by a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.		2.110thiopurine
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.2310glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.23102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.23101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.68203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.6120non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.863011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.2310pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.23102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0810chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.6120C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.2310carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.081017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.2510steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.0810bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.6120aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.0610adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		210uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.930kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.2310ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.1310amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.1510lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.6220aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.081020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		13.62495alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.2310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.1310chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.6320aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.2310mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		210C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		5.932arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.1110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		3.61206-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.5220organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.6320organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.2310glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.5920pyrrolidin-2-ones
4-nitrophthalimide
4-nitrophthalimide: structure given in first source		2.0710
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		3.2710mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
carbitol
carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.		2.2110diether;
glycol ether;
hydroxypolyether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.0810biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.6320quinolines
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.2510naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.1310hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.06101,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
1,3-benzodioxole
1,3-benzodioxole : A benzodioxole consisting of a benzene ring substituted by a the methylenedioxy group.		3.5110benzodioxole
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.06101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		20.83247551,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole
1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole		2.41101,2,4-triazole
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.2310phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.6120mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.2310N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.6120benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.1310ergoline alkaloid
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0810hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
cuprizone
[no description available]		7.3110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.23101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.0810isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.2110thiazolidine
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.6120diarylmethane
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.2310amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.2310carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		9.9471dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.0810isothiocyanateinsecticide
lactulose
[no description available]		3.2310glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		2.2110extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.2310acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.6120cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.6320ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		7.610
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.6320glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.2310alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0810aliphatic nitrile
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		7.2110organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.2310aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		3.930dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		3.6120organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0810isoquinolines
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.7120azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		3.8821chromium group element atommicronutrient
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		7.610aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.5120pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.3110
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		8.921anthraquinone
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		3.2310selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.6320monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0810bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.2310aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.6120nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		3.2310indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.6620benzenes;
phenyl acetates
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		3.4110
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		11.9341organic calcium salt
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.930penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		3.6120timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0810tryptamines
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.6120cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.930catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.2310carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.6320amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		3.930azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.2310pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.0810amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.6120taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		3.6120beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.6320catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.6320ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		3.9301-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.6120alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.6320aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.61205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
2-phenylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-phenylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.2110
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.3110pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.1310alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.63201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		4.2220[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.2310anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.2310aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.2310aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.2310anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		3.6320aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		3.930alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.0810indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.2310diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0810nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.2310diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0810benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.6120
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		3.6120delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0810aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0810aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		3.930delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.0810benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.0810dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		3.63203-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.6120N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.2310aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		3.5911hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.0810naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		3.61203-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.0810imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.6320aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0810heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0810adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.23106-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.612017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		3.91301-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2310methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		3.6120phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.2310pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		3.930aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.2310organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.2310benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.6120aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		4.2220aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		3.930monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0810duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.2310duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		3.6120biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.23101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.6120oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.08106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.6120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.6320biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.7120adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.3110hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.6320
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.4530acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.4530aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		6.2631D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.08102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.8730azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		4.4530carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.6320acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
milnacipran
Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.		2.0510acetamides
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.930piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		9.7140benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		122341,2,3-triazole
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.61201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.0810sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
2-hydroxychavicol
2-hydroxychavicol: antimutagen from betel leaf; structure given in first source		3.2510
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.2310razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0810succinate saltgeroprotector
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.6120conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.2220hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.2310indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		11.1931aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0810organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		3.6120macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		7.55203-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
moexipril
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
2,8-dihydroxyadenine
2,8-dihydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; component of urinary stores; structure. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 8. It is a highly insoluble metabolite of adenine that causes radiolucent urolithiasis. It is produced by individuals who suffer from adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive error of purine metabolism.		2.57206-aminopurines;
diol;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
oxopurine		human urinary metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nephrotoxic agent
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		3.6620amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.0810imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		2.610calcium salt;
hydrate
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0810amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.930primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
tamibarotene
tamibarotene: has retinoid-binding activity. tamibarotene : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.		2.4110dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
retinoid;
tetralins		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.6120benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
liquiritigenin
liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.		3.31104',7-dihydroxyflavanonehormone agonist;
plant metabolite
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.6120adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.6120benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		3.921bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.4530aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n,n-dimethylarginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.		4.5422dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
methotrexate
[no description available]		4.5260dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.63205-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.5920aromatic amide;
heteroarene
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0810penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.6120biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.6120secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		4.2220carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.61209-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.6120azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.6120amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid
5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2110
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.2310aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.2310dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.2310isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.0810morpholines
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		7.1652methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.6120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.2310amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		8.7930amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.930
erlotinib
[no description available]		4.2220aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.6120indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		4.4830furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.9430benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0810
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.6120benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.8730benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		4.2220(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.8730N-acyl-amino acid
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.13102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.63201-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0810acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		3.9301,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tryptoquivaline
fumitremorgin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid produced by several fungi. A potent and specific inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein multidrug transporter.		3.5110aromatic ether;
indole alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor;
mycotoxin
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.6120coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.6120cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		3.6120alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.63201-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.0810cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.6740L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2310acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.48302,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		3.6120piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
linezolid
[no description available]		3.6120acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
indican
[no description available]		2.4110beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
6-prenylchrysin
6-prenylchrysin: structure in first source. 6-(3,3-dimethylallyl)chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone that is chrysin substituted by a prenyl group at position 6.		3.51107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0810organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.6120retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		3.4711icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2310retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		9.8550macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.2310dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.23102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0810alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.2310
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.2310epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		3.6120macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
y-700
[no description available]		3.9630
decitabine
[no description available]		3.61202'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
ketoconazole
(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.		3.7120cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.2310actinomycinmutagen
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		3.6120L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.2310nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		4.4530aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		4.2220antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.2310one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.1510chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.6120vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		4.5430(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		3.6120pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		3.5110chlorprothixene
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.2310ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.8350aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0810sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.2310N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		3.5110aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.6320diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		3.61201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.0810diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		3.930monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.2310acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.63202-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		7.0810one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		4.140cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
potassium oxonate
potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice		3.811organic molecular entity
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.6320cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.2310
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.930stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.2310pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
6-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine
[no description available]		2.0710pyrimidines
cancidas
[no description available]		4.2220
sirtinol
[no description available]		2.2510aldimine;
benzamides;
naphthols		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		3.662011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.2310carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.0810cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.6320C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		3.6120
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.6120tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.2310aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		2.1310
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.2310indolyl carboxylic acid
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0810steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.930beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		3.6120cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
6-thioguanylic acid
[no description available]		2.110organic molecule
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		4.45301,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		3.5110aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.6120triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.3110long-chain fatty acid
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		3.9302-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
merbarone
merbarone: structure given in first source		3.3110
sq 109
N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity		3.5110
quercetin
[no description available]		4.84507-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
acacetin
5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.		3.2510dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		4.4730trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		4.67403'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.6120D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
chrysoeriol
chrysoeriol: isolated from leaves of Eurya japonica & E. emarginata. 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone : The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin.		2.3110monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
apigetrin
apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
dihydroxyflavone;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antibacterial agent;
metabolite;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.0810prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.6120hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.3110D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		3.31107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.25107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.2220antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		3.612011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.6120
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.1940aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810maleate saltanti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.6120carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		3.61202-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
sulfuretin
sulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl		2.15101-benzofurans
baicalein
[no description available]		4.1920trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		3.25107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		8.64207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
l 660,711
[no description available]		3.6620quinolines
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.2110ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
tectochrysin
tectochrysin: structure in first source. tectochrysin : A monohydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.		3.5110monohydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		antidiarrhoeal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.2310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0810enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.9530retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0810organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.2310prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.23101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
codeine
[no description available]		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.6740homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		3.3110hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0810antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.6120acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.6120pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.2310carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.0810morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.6120morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		4.4330antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.6120cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
topiroxostat
FYX-051: xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor		9.88233
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0810
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0810isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.6120phenylalanine derivative
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.5920indolecarboxamide
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bosutinib
4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.5110aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
N-methylpiperazine;
nitrile;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
su 11248
[no description available]		4.2220monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		3.6120dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0810ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		7.610boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.23106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		3.6120morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.6120dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.2310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.6120azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		3.930dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.6320styrenes
3,3',4,5'-tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene
(E)-3,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene: from the leaves of Eugenia rigida; structure in first source		3.5110
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.2310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.1510boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.2310amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.23103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
famotidine
[no description available]		3.61201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		3.5110biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0810cephalosporin
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
broussochalcone a
broussochalcone A: RN given for (E)-isomer; inhibits neutrophil respiratory burst; structure in first source		3.2510
everolimus
[no description available]		3.8730cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cgp-56697
Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.		2.0510
rilpivirine
[no description available]		3.5110aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0810carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		3.930imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.2310
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0810roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.6120macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
isavuconazole
isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.		3.51101,3-thiazoles;
conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor;
orphan drug
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.6320diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.5920diarylmethane
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		2.0610phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.2310
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
timcodar
timcodar: a mutlidrug resistance inhibitor; structure in first source		3.5110
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.5920alkylbenzene
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.8530aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		2.2510aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		7.5720aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		9.6211aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
tivozanib
N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea: KNR-951 is the HCl, monohydrate salt; an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		3.5110aromatic ether
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.930aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
besifloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
ko 143
[no description available]		3.5110beta-carbolines;
tert-butyl ester
ipragliflozin
[no description available]		3.2710glycoside
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.1310
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
tafamidis
tafamidis: may be effective in treating transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy. tafamidis : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as its meglumine salt) for the amelioration of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis.		2.06101,3-benzoxazoles;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		central nervous system drug
regorafenib
[no description available]		3.5110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ptc 124
[no description available]		2.4110oxadiazole;
ring assembly
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.2310nystatins
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
fostamatinib
fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406		3.5110
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0810
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.2310
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
n-desmethylrosiglitazone
N-desmethylrosiglitazone: metabolite of rosiglitazone		4.3711aromatic ether
arhalofenate
arhalofenate: a PPAR-gamma modulator		6.2140
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.1110
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.6120heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.5920polypeptide
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.2510glycoside
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.2110
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
chitosan
[no description available]		7.610
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.6120organosulfonic acid
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0810organic sodium salt
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
gdc 0449
HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity		3.5110benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist;
teratogenic agent
ponatinib
[no description available]		3.5110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
acetylenic compound;
benzamides;
imidazopyridazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.2310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
cobicistat
[no description available]		3.51101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
ureas		P450 inhibitor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.1110
alectinib
[no description available]		3.5110aromatic ketone;
morpholines;
nitrile;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
piperidines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.5720
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		4.8732polypeptide
lesinurad
lesinurad: a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. lesinurad : A member of the class of triazoles that is [(3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid substituted at position 1 of the triazole ring by a 4-cyclopropylnaphthalen-1-yl group. Used for treatment of gout.		12.08224aryl sulfide;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthalenes;
organobromine compound;
triazoles		uricosuric drug
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		4.3830ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		3.5110carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		3.930
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.2310
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.6320
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.6120benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.0810aromatic amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.61201,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0810benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.8830benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.2310
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.6320sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.6120
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.0940
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.61202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
chir 258
[no description available]		3.5110
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		3.9302-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.110purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		6.9683nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		4.5551inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.9330folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.6740cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		3.930benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.930dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		3.930purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		3.9302-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.2310L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		3.6120benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		5.8261pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.2310imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		22.7449882nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.6120tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.2310formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine: pteridine precursor in biosynthesis of dihydropteroate; structure. 6-formylpterin : Pterin carrying a formyl group at position 6.		2.110aldehyde;
pterins		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
reactive oxygen species generator
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
bropirimine
[no description available]		2.110pyrimidines
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.8330citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
rifabutin
[no description available]		3.6120
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.110guanosinesbiomarker
amg531
[no description available]		3.5110
ulodesine
ulodesine: a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor		4.4830
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		7.2510
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		3.6620
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		124.56355109
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.21301
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.7860
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		04.1450
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.7860
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		04.1450
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		020.88622
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		015.88622
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		08.7420
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		03.7420
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.4110
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.4110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		013.063111
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		115.063111
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		118.446927
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		124.91420102
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.7220
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.7220
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		03.140
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		07.75121
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.75121
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.2231
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		04.2231
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		06.2262
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		18.2262
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.2650
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.8430
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.2650
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		07.99114
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		07.74102
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.74102
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		113.74218
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		03.811
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		03.811
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		06.5553
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		05.8744
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		05.8744
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		011.5553
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		010.5851
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.4110
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency
[description not available]		02.4110
Fabry Disease
An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.		07.4110
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		07.4110
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.4110
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.4110
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		08.3796
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		08.3796
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.6120
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.6120
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.9330
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.9481
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.5920
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.5920
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		03.8230
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.9330
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.9481
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		08.51211
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		05.1890
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		05.1890
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		07.4110
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		010.84303
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		010.84303
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		04.0290
Impotence
[description not available]		03.3340
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		03.3340
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		03.5120
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		03.5120
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		03.9940
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.610
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.610
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.610
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.610
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		08.3693
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.4460
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		08.3693
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.4460
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.6120
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		14.6120
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		05.5551
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		05.5180
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		04.8821
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		05.5551
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		010.5180
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.610
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		07.610
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		04.0421
Acne
[description not available]		02.610
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.610
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.610
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.8220
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.610
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.8220
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.8971
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.6320
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.6320
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		07.11180
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.2110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.520
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.520
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.2110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.4920
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.4920
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.2510
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.2510
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.4460
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.2510
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		06.58101
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		03.2750
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		06.58101
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		03.2750
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		03.5520
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.1640
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		08.5520
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		08.1640
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		05.760
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		05.760
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		05.0631
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		05.0631
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		02.2510
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		02.2510
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.2510
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		02.2510
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		03.4660
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		03.4660
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia
A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.		02.2510
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.		07.2510
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		03.6411
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		08.4720
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		08.4562
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		05.6661
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.6320
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		05.6661
Familial Hypokalemia-Hypomagnesemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		02.2510
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.6411
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		04.9921
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		03.6411
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.6411
Sweat Gland Diseases
Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.		02.2510
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		08.2310
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.2510
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.6411
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.6411
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.6411
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.6411
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		03.6411
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		03.6411
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.6620
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.6620
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.790
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		04.790
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		07.3110
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.3110
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		02.3110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		010.58242
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		010.58242
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		012.111714
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		012.4774
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.3110
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.3110
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.3110
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.3110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		05.6561
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.3110
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.3110
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		07.3110
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.3110
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		04.9221
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.3110
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.3110
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		04.9221
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.3110
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.3110
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.3110
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.6620
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		07.3110
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.5520
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.5520
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.0610
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.0610
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.1510
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.1510
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		03.5311
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.5420
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.1710
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.921
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.1710
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		04.921
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.540
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.540
Amentia
[description not available]		02.5820
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		07.5820
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		07.8864
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		010.1125
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		112.1125
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		07.8864
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.5220
Foot Deformities, Acquired
Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.		02.1710
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		03.0910
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		03.0910
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		03.0910
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		04.4811
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		09.4811
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.1710
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.1710
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		02.1710
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		04.4811
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.		04.5111
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		04.5111
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		04.5111
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		04.5111
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		04.5111
Atrial Remodeling
Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.		02.1710
Ache
[description not available]		02.2110
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.2110
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.6120
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.2110
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		02.2110
Berger Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		02.1710
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.1710
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.1710
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.1710
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.1710
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.2110
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.2110
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		05.0750
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.2110
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.2110
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.5720
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.5720
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.5720
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.5720
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		07.8464
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		07.8464
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.2110
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.2110
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.2110
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.2110
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.2110
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.9521
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.9521
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		03.5911
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		03.5911
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8330
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		07.8330
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.2110
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.2110
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.2110
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.4520
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		02.0710
Hand Deformities, Acquired
Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.		02.520
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		07.0810
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		04.3911
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		0310
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.110
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.110
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.110
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		03.0110
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0110
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0110
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		03.0110
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.520
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		07.0810
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.0810
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		03.0110
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.110
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		03.8521
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.1110
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.1110
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.1110
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.1110
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.1110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.1110
Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.		02.1110
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		08.0440
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.5320
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		07.5320
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.4920
Bone Spur
[description not available]		02.1310
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.1310
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.1310
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		04.4511
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		04.4511
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.1310
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.1310
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		03.0310
Enthesopathy
A disorder occurring at the site of insertion of TENDONS or LIGAMENTS into bones or JOINT CAPSULES.		02.1510
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		02.1510
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		02.1510
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		07.1510
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		02.1510
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		07.1510
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.0510
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.0510
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0510
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.0510
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.4511
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		03.4511
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		03.4511
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		03.4511
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		02.9810
Catastrophic Illness
An acute or prolonged illness usually considered to be life-threatening or with the threat of serious residual disability. Treatment may be radical and is frequently costly.		02.0610
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase
[description not available]		02.0610
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.0610
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.0610
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.		02.0610
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.0610
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.0610
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		09.6999
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		09.6999
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		04.4530
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		04.4530
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.0710
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.0710
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.0710
Itching
[description not available]		02.0710
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.0710
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.0710
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.0710
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0810
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.0810
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9810
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		01.9810
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		0210
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		0210
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		0210
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		0210